这项工作得到了阿斯图里亚斯公国 (FC-15-GRUPIN14-053) 的一个项目的支持, 并得到了 Severo 奥乔亚计划 (BP14-030) 的 predoctoral 赠款。我们要感谢安娜 Bujnowska 为她的贡献和希瑟沼泽和奈杰尔沼泽为他们的帮助。

本研究是根据《赫尔辛基宣言》进行的, 它确立了涉及人的研究的伦理原则。该研究的目标、范围和程序也得到了奥维耶大大学和阿斯图里亚斯大学医院伦理委员会的批准。
1. 家长报告
<ol><li>在开始评估议定书之前, 请取得签署的父母同意, 以便对该儿童进行评估。</li>
	<li>与参加者的家人进行有条理的访谈。 注: 结构化访谈已作为附录提供。</li>
	<li>有参加者的家庭和/或教师完成对 ADHD13的评估的规模。这一比例包括20个项目, 提供信息, 说明存在的症状与注意缺陷和多动/冲动, 在诊断和统计手册中提到的精神疾病。<ol>
<li>在本节中, 让治疗师给出以下说明: "现在, 为了获得关于你孩子的重要信息, 你必须完成这份问卷, 指的是可能代表你孩子行为的症状。你必须对你观察这20症状的频率进行分类。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>2. 认知措施
<ol><li>测量注意力变量, 管理认知量表。<ol>
<li>管理认知尺度14 (按照手册中的《议定书》) 评估儿童和青少年在6岁至16岁11月之间的个人智力。</li>
		<li>深入分析由尺度获得的认知轮廓。 注: 考虑到认知量表手册中所包含的信息, 韦克斯勒的结果可能受多动症的影响, 在处理速度和工作记忆方面, 与感性推理和言语相比得分较低。理解.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>3. 采用连续性能测试的执行措施
<ol><li>使用两个 CPTs 分析儿童的性能: 一个基于虚拟现实的 cpt15 , 另一个由传统的 cpt16组成。</li>
	<li>管理基于虚拟现实的 CPT15。这是一个基于虚拟现实环境的 CPT, 它再现了正规教室的条件。它评估6岁至16岁儿童和青少年的注意力、冲动、处理速度和运动活动。构成测试的活动是预设的, 无法更改任务的任何特定特性。<ol>
<li>双击虚拟现实的 CPT 应用程序启动程序。</li>
		<li>输入程序许可证提供的用户名和密码。</li>
		<li>输入参与者信息 (姓名、姓氏和出生日期), 然后点击 "进入虚拟教室" 窗口。</li>
		<li>请参加者佩戴头部安装显示器 (头盔) 眼镜和耳机, 并告知他们在整个测试中佩戴它的重要性。有治疗师说: "现在你需要戴这些特殊的眼镜在虚拟现实的任务, 如果你看不太好或有任何问题, 请告诉我, 我帮助你解决它"。 注: 这些眼镜连接到 PC, 因此治疗师可以看到参与者正在查看的图像, 以确保他们理解测试 (图 2)。</li>
		<li>在开始虚拟注意力任务之前, 请参与者用其主导的手握住按钮。让治疗师说: "你需要按住并按下你写的同一只手的按钮。</li>
		<li>让参与者探索虚拟环境 (一个典型的教室), 并从一个学生坐在黑板上看十五年代的一张桌子 (图 3) 的角度。由虚拟教师执行此部分虽然这些说明: "你好, 你戴的眼镜, 你可以看到整个教室: 向左, 向右, 向上, 向下。你可以看到一切。注意房间里的所有东西, 看看墙壁和其他人, 看看你想要什么。</li>
		<li>让参与者跟随虚拟教师, 指导他们完成任务。参与者执行的第一部分是训练, 它由视觉定位气球和按下按钮弹出。让虚拟教师在本部中指示以下内容: "既然你已经检查了一切, 你就开始做一些有趣的事情。我们在你周围放了一些闪亮的红色气球。你需要通过移动你的头来找到气球。当你找到一个, 仔细看它, 并按下按钮, 使它弹出。你必须找到4气球。我们走吧！挑战现在开始!</li>
		<li>让参与者继续下一步, 这是第一个练习。这是基于 "x 不" 范式 (传统上称为 "不去"), 当参与者在没有看到或听到刺激 "苹果" 时, 必须按下按钮。让虚拟老师说: "现在, 你会看到黑板上的一些图画。我还要跟你说几句话。你必须注意, 并点击按钮, 尽可能快, 当你看到或听到任何东西不是苹果。但要小心!你需要在每次看到或听到其他事情时按下按钮。例如, 如果您听到 "云" 或在黑板上出现云的绘图, 则必须按下该按钮。记住: 当你看到或听到苹果时, 千万不要按按钮!挑战开始了..。现在! 注意: 由于活动是由程序预设的, 因此不可能改变目标刺激 (在这种情况下, 苹果)。</li>
		<li>让参与者完成最后一个练习, 按照指示按下按钮, 每当他/她看到或听到数字 "七"。这一部分由一个 "X" 范式 (或 "去" 任务) 组成。说这些说明: "现在你要处理数字。你会看到黑板上的数字, 你也会听到数字。每次听到或看到数字 "七" 时, 都必须按下该按钮。不要按任何其他号码的按钮。例如, 如果您听到或看到数字 "三", 请不要按按钮。记住: 当你看到或听到 "七" 时, 总是按下按钮!测试现在开始! 注意: 由于活动是由程序预设的, 因此不可能改变目标刺激 (在本例中为七)。</li>
		<li>通过测试网站打印测试结果报告, 添加所评估的孩子的姓名和姓氏。此报告为下列变量编译结果: 遗漏、佣金、响应时间和变异性, 并通过区分这些感官方式 (视觉与听觉)、存在/没有干扰物的方法来补充这些信息,和任务类型 (去 vs, 不去), 从而导致不同的执行配置文件。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>管理传统的 CPT16。这是一个可用于视觉或听觉版本的 CPT, 但在本协议中只使用视觉版本。此测试包含预设任务。根据年龄和性别, CPT 的视觉规范从4年到80岁。<ol>
<li>确保参与者放松, 注意他们的呼吸, 并确保它被控制。如果看起来参与者没有控制他们的呼吸。说明如下: "你应该专注于腹部收缩和控制呼吸"。</li>
		<li>打开 CPT 应用程序, 输入子项的名称和出生日期, 然后按 "好" 按钮。</li>
		<li>单击 "可视任务" 窗口, 然后单击启动按钮, 计算机将开始加载可视任务。</li>
		<li>确保参与者用他/她的主导手握住按钮 (连接到 PC)。重复虚拟现实的步骤5中的指令: "你需要按住并按下你写的同一只手的按钮"。</li>
		<li>通知参与者以下测试说明: "你必须按下按钮, 当你看到一个黑色方块的上部部分, 这是目标刺激。但是, 当黑色方块位于底部时, 请勿按下该按钮 (图 4)。</li>
		<li>让参加者执行训练部分 (持续大约3分钟), 直到它是清楚的参加者了解任务。在 CPT 的训练部分, 目标 (参与者必须响应的刺激) 和非目标 (参与者必须避免反应的刺激) 在屏幕上随机出现;治疗师应观察参与者是否正确按下按钮。如果参与者不按指示按按钮, 请让治疗师再次解释说明, 然后参与者将需要重复培训部分。</li>
		<li>告诉参与者任务很长, 她/他必须保持静止, 集中精力完成任务。</li>
		<li>让参与者完成 CPT 的活动。它分为两部分。测试的第一部分 ("罕见" 或警戒模式) 的特点是目标: 非目标比率为 1:3. 5。这是由不按下按钮的倾向来证明的。在第二部分 ("频繁" 或高响应需求模式) 提出一个目标: 非目标比率为 3.5: 1, 所以孩子必须抑制反应的倾向。</li>
		<li>在 CPT 完成后, 生成编写以下变量的报告: 遗漏、RT (目标刺激和主题响应的表示之间的响应时间)、佣金、可变性、D 素数 (测试中的浓度质量)根据测试中的错误数) 和多动症指数, 可归因于存在或没有注意缺陷与过度活跃。计算此多动症指数的总和: 前半 + D 素数第二半 + 总变异性, 并解释为由于 ADHD 时, 分数低于-1.80。</li>
	</ol></li>
</ol>4. Fp1 和 Fpz/Cz 地区的皮质活化措施 (Hemoencephalography 和量化脑电图) 17
<ol><li>打开 Bioexplorer 软件, 然后选择设计POCKET_HEG_video_1ch_AI_HEGRatio bxd。<ol>
<li>按时间按钮以查看评估期间的时间 (三十五年代)。</li>
		<li>通知参加者, 他/她不能移动, 必须仍然。治疗师告诉参与者在评估血液氧合过程中仍然保持静止的重要性: "现在, 你仍然是非常重要的血液氧合评估, 因为如果你移动, 系统将失败, 这将是需要再次测量。你准备好了吗？</li>
		<li>单击红色按钮, 输入要测量的主题和皮质点的名称 (Fp1 区域以评估抑制能力和 Fpz 评估注意能力)。</li>
		<li>将乐队放在参与者前额的特定区域: Fp1 (用于评估抑制能力) 和 Fpz (用于评估注意能力), 如图 5所示。</li>
		<li>确保没有外接光进入波段。适当地调整乐队到参与者的头, 在这样的方式, 它是不松散的, 并没有脱落在评估期间。</li>
		<li>把 Hemoencephalography-nirHEG (这是连接到头带) 周围的参与者的脖子, 像一条项链。</li>
		<li>打开硬件将频带连接到 PC。</li>
		<li>在大约三十五年代, 通过近红外 HEG 计划测量特定区域的血液氧合. 按绿色按钮开始测量血液的氧合, 三十五年代以后按白色按钮结束评估。</li>
		<li>打印程序提供的输出, 并分析程序提供的参与者的近红外 HEG 比。该工具的平均值为 100 (SD = 20), 用于校准光度计。此外, 还通过近红外 HEG 的方法得到了一个注意指标 (AI), 显示了参与者提高比例和大脑活化的无能。这对于确定注意力问题和测量浓度的能力是有用的。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>使用量化脑电图 (Q 脑电图) 测量参与者的皮质活动水平, 这是一种电脑脑电图系统, 通过β/θ比值提供皮质活化水平。它用于测量一般的注意级别, 而不是执行任务。 注: 对 beta/θ比率的分析是根据以前的研究12进行的。<ol>
<li>在测试过程中, 告知参与者正确的腹部呼吸。</li>
		<li>打开 Bioexplorer 软件, 然后选择设计combined_Theta_Beta bxd。屏幕将出现分为两个窗口 (左侧显示的皮质活动 FP1 和右侧显示的皮质活动的 CZ)</li>
		<li>单击红色按钮, 输入要测量的主题和皮质点的名称 (Fp1 区域以评估抑制能力和 Cz 区域以评估注意能力)。</li>
		<li>将红色电极放在 Fp1 区域和蓝电极中, 应用电极凝胶 (使用 "http://neurologiclabs.com/neuromonitoring/eeg/" 中找到的信息, 以确保电极正确放置) (参见图6).</li>
		<li>将两个控制电极 (黑白电极) 放在 participant´s 左右耳垂上, 应用电极凝胶。</li>
		<li>确保参加者在评估过程中睁开眼睛。治疗师必须在整个评估中观察参与者。如果参与者在任何时间闭上眼睛, 结束评估过程, 并在参与者休息后重复它。</li>
		<li>在右前臂放置一个肌电图 (肌电信号) 传感器, 以确定运动的程度。</li>
		<li>通知参与者, 他/她必须保持放松, 尽量不要在任务中移动缓慢的呼吸。参与者必须集中在计算机屏幕上, 而θ和β波正在发射。治疗师说: "你必须仍然和放松, 在三十五年代, 你唯一需要做的是观看的θ/beta 波将出现在计算机屏幕上"。</li>
		<li>按绿色按钮开始测量皮层活动, 三十五年代后按白色按钮结束评估。</li>
		<li>打印从程序生成的结果并对其进行分析。如果 beta/θ比率低于50% 在 Cz, 这证明了持续关注的赤字。另一方面, 如果 Fp1 的比例也较低, 这一结果与执行控制的损害有关, 这是由于多动症所致。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>

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M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Developmental+normative+data+on+the+Test+of+Variables+of+Attention+(TOVA).">Developmental normative data on the Test of Variables of Attention (TOVA).</a> J Child Psychol Psyc. 34, 1019-1030 (1993).</li><li>Toomim, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intentional+increase+of+cerebral+blood+oxygenation+using+hemoencephalography:+an+efficient+brain+exercise+therapy.">Intentional increase of cerebral blood oxygenation using hemoencephalography: an efficient brain exercise therapy.</a> J Neurother. 8, 5-21 (2005).</li><li>Gonz&#225;lez-Castro, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cortical+activation+and+attentional+control+in+ADHD+subtypes.">Cortical activation and attentional control in ADHD subtypes.</a> Int J Clin Health Psycho. 10 (1), 23-39 (2010).</li><li>Garc&#237;a, T., Gonz&#225;lez-Castro, P., Areces, D., Cueli, M., Rodr&#237;guez, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Executive+functions+in+children+and+adolescents:+The+types+of+assessment+measures+used+and+implications+for+their+validity+in+clinical+and+educational+contexts.">Executive functions in children and adolescents: The types of assessment measures used and implications for their validity in clinical and educational contexts.</a> Papeles del Psic&#243;logo. 35, 215-233 (2014).</li></ol>

以上列出的作者证明, 本研究没有任何金融利益或其他利益冲突。

在这里, 我们提出一个有效的协议, 以评估多动症从6-16 岁。鉴于 ADHD 的症状复杂性及其高患病率, 专业人员必须有可靠和有效的仪器来诊断这种紊乱。通常, 基于行为观察的问卷调查被广泛应用。然而, 使用这些文书作为唯一的评估措施有一定的限制, 包括观察员18部分的潜在主观性。
正如研究结果所显示的, 这个协议强调了一个参与者与 adhd 的区别, 而不是 ad...

本议定书的总目标是制定一个完整的程序或评估模式, 以诊断注意缺陷多动障碍, 否则称为 ADHD。ADHD 是影响学业成绩的问题之一。据了解, 这是一种以注意力、抑制控制和多动症为特点的紊乱, 其性能明显低于对等1,2。最新版本的精神疾病诊断和统计手册 (DSM)1包括来自早期版本的不同更新: ADHD 被归类为神经发育紊乱;症状出现的年龄增加了, 所以现在症状可以在12岁之前表现出来;多动症陈述的期限应该使用而不是亚型 (主要地过度活跃或冲动; 主要地不留神; 并且联合表示法和);最后, 它已被接受为与自闭症频谱紊乱症的共病。
根据分析的国家或地区, 有不同的患病率估计,3,4,5。国际全球系统的3审查观察到平均患病率为5.29%。然而, 根据《精神疾病诊断和统计手册》的标准,4的百分比从5.9 到7.1% 不等。同样, 西班牙人口中 ADHD 的 meta 分析提供了平均 6.8%5。患病率的变化可能是由于使用了不同的评估协议。
虽然有大量的研究表明神经学基础的 ADHD, 这种紊乱的起源仍然不清楚。一些研究将多动症症状与脑皮质 hypoactivation 相关联, 这与多巴胺和肾上腺素能系统中的缺陷有关 6.肾上腺素能系统模块的选择性注意和激活水平需要执行任务。另一方面, 多巴胺能系统负责抑制控制, 无论是在执行和激励水平。与多巴胺和肾上腺素能系统相关的低皮质活化被认为是多动症患者的抑制和注意力缺陷的基础。从这个意义上说, 多动症患儿显示在多巴胺和肾上腺素能系统中皮质活化低, 这是由不同的电皮质活动的外形表现出的休息状态, 证明由增加θ-和减少 beta 活动7、8以及 Fp1 (额叶前左侧) 和 FPz/Cz (前前额皮质中心区) 的血液氧合水平较低。
血液氧合是用近红外光谱测量 HEG, 它使用功能近红外线光谱学测量大脑血液中的颜色变化, 以表明氧饱和度区域;含氧血是鲜红的, 而脱氧血是一种深, 几乎略带紫红色。皮质活化是用量化的脑电图 (Q 脑电图) 来测量的。这是一个电脑脑电图系统, 记录大脑中的电活动, 通过β/θ比值提供皮质活化水平。它从总体上衡量注意力, 独立于正在执行的任务。其他研究集中在多动症人群中存在执行功能 (EF) 损害的问题9, 这将解释患有 adhd 的儿童有控制冲动反应、抵抗干扰或分心的困难,以连续的方式组织活动, 并在执行活动时保持认知努力。
通常, 这些症状的 ADHD 有严重的后果, 导致困难的学术, 社会和家庭环境。患有 adhd 的儿童比没有 adhd 的儿童, 在学校重复评分和/或完成学业成绩的几率较高。此外, 辍学率在青少年中的几率是三倍, 多动症10,11。
考虑到目前版本的精神障碍诊断和统计手册中多动症的修改和新分类1, 有关确定特定大脑皮质活化水平关系的结果区域、执行函数和诊断相关变量7,8,11,12 (i. e, 三种多动症演示文稿之间的差异)。
多动症识别中最常见的问题之一是由于缺乏全球评估协议而导致的疾病过度诊断。专业人士没有基于客观变量的一般协议, 造成多动症的假阳性和假阴性病例占很大比例。这种情况突显出, 专业人士和临床医生需要有一个明确的议定书, 不仅考虑有关的变数, 而且还审议它们之间的关系。
因此, 来自奥维耶大大学的学校学习、困难和学术表现研究小组 (ADIR) 一直致力于制定一项完整的 identifyprofiles 皮质活化和执行控制的协议, 以提供一个比目前使用的多动症更客观的诊断。这个协议是特别重要的, 因为它考虑到的事实, 皮质活化在前额和前额皮质影响执行功能。目前的协议将是有用的临床医生谁有兴趣执行一个完整的评估, 考虑在诊断中的相关变量之间的相互作用。为此, 该议定书基于罗德里格斯et提出的最近一项研究的评估模型。其中考虑到皮层激活和执行变量之间的交互 (图 1)。
总之, 本议定书的目的是为这一发育紊乱提供一个较现有的更客观的诊断程序, 并深入分析激活措施与执行功能措施之间的关系。该程序还将考虑多动症的一些假设决定因素, 无论是在大脑的某些区域激活与执行功能的不同方面 (如遗漏) 的不同表现之间的关系,佣金或响应时间。

<table><tbody><tr><td>EDAH&amp;nbsp;</td><td>TEA Company</td><td></td><td>It is a Scale for the Assessment of ADHD that was administered to families and/or teachers.&lt;br/&gt; &amp;nbsp;It comprises 20 items that provide information on the presence of symptoms relating to attention deficit and hyperactivity/impulsivity, and helps differentiate between the threes subtypes of ADHD. A score above 90% in its subscales indicates attention deficit, hyperactivity/ impulsivity problems, or both.</td></tr><tr><td>Wisc-IV R</td><td>TEA Company</td><td></td><td>The WISC-IV by Wechsler (2005) is a tool that assesses&lt;br/&gt; individual intelligence in children and adolescents between&lt;br/&gt; the ages of 6 years and 16 years 11 months.</td></tr><tr><td>QEEG</td><td>Neurobics pocket</td><td></td><td>Q-EEG (quantified electroencephalogram) is a computerized EEG system,&lt;br/&gt; adapted by Toomin, which provides levels of cortical activation through&lt;br/&gt; the beta/theta ratio. It measures attention in general, independently of the task to be performed.</td></tr><tr><td>NIR-HEG</td><td>Brain trainer company</td><td></td><td>it is a tool used to measure blood oxygenation in expressly selected areas. The nir-HEG employs the translucent property of biological tissue, and low-frequency red and infrared lights with light emitting diodes (LED optodes).&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>AULA Nesplora</td><td>Nesplora Company</td><td></td><td>It is a Continuous Performance Test that evaluates attention, impulsivity, processing speed, and motor activity in participants between 6 and 16 years of age.&lt;br/&gt; The task is performed in a virtual reality environment,&lt;br/&gt; which is shown through three-dimensional (3D) glasses&lt;br/&gt; (Head Mounted Display, HMD) equipped with motion&lt;br/&gt; sensors and headphones.&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>T.O.V.A (Test of Variables of Attention)</td><td>The T.O.V.A.&amp;nbsp; Company</td><td>T.O.V.A. 8 kit</td><td>T.O.V.A. is an objective, accurate, and FDA cleared continuous performance test&amp;nbsp; (CPT) that measures the key components of attention and inhibitory control.&lt;br/&gt; The T.O.V.A. is used by qualified healthcare professionals as an aid in the assessment&lt;br/&gt; of attention deficits, including attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), in children and adults.</td></tr></tbody></table>

using brain activation (nir-heg/q-eeg) and execution measures (cpts) in a adhd assessment protocol

注意缺陷多动障碍 (ADHD) 是一个影响学业成绩的问题, 并产生严重的后果, 导致在学术, 社会和家庭环境的困难。查明这一疾病的最常见的问题之一是, 由于缺乏全球评估协议, 对疾病的诊断明显过度。来自奥维耶大大学的学校学习、困难和学术表现研究小组 (ADIR) 制定了一项完整的协议, 建议存在一定的皮质活化模式和执行控制, 以确定多动症更客观。本议定书考虑了多动症的一些假设性决定因素, 包括激活大脑中选定区域的关系, 以及在执行职能 (如遗漏) 的各个方面表现上的差异,佣金或响应时间, 使用持续性能测试的创新工具 (基于虚拟现实的 cpt 和传统的 cpt) 和大脑激活措施 (基于 Hemoencephalography-nirHEG 的两种不同的工具, 并量化脑电图-Q 脑电图, 分别)。这种评估模式的目的是提供一个有效的评估 ADHD 症状, 以便设计一个准确的干预, 并提出适当的建议, 为家长和教师。

利用这里提出的评估程序, 有可能对多动症症状进行有效的评估, 以便设计出准确的干预措施, 并为家长和教师提出建议。以下是一个参与者的一系列代表性的结果, 多动症和参与者没有 adhd, 这将使专业人士看到两个侧面的差异。
一旦临床医生得到了家属的知情同意, 就对儿童实施认知量表 (WISC IV), 以排除目前能力低下或高容量...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Using Brain Activation nir-HEG/Q-EEG and Execution Measures CPTs in a ADHD Assessment Protocol at JoVE.com

Using Brain Activation nir-HEG/Q-EEG and Execution Measures CPTs in a ADHD Assessment Protocol

这项工作提出了一个新的协议, 以评估注意缺陷多动障碍 (ADHD) 通过提供一个更客观的诊断程序, 这一发展障碍的基础上使用的创新工具。并分析了活化措施与执行功能测度之间的关系。

使用脑激活 (近红外 HEG/Q 脑电图) 和执行措施 (CPTs) 的 ADHD 评估协议

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a problem that impacts academic performance and has serious consequences that result in difficulties in ...

using-brain-activation-nir-hegq-eeg-execution-measures-cpts-adhd

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Using Brain Activation (nir-HEG/Q-EEG) and Execution Measures (CPTs) in a ADHD Assessment Protocol

10.2K 次观看.  Oviedo University. 这项工作提出了一个新的协议, 以评估注意缺陷多动障碍 (ADHD) 通过提供一个更客观的诊断程序, 这一发展障碍的基础上使用的创新工具。并分析了活化措施与执行功能测度之间的关系。

视频: Using Brain Activation nir-HEG/Q-EEG and Execution Measures CPTs in a ADHD Assessment Protocol

Measurement of Fronto-limbic Activity Using an Emotional Oddball Task in Children with Familial High Risk for Schizophrenia

Adolescence is a critical developmental period where the early symptoms of schizophrenia frequently emerge. First-degree relatives of people with schizophrenia who are at familial high risk (FHR) may show similar cognitive and emotional changes. However, the neurological changes underlying the emergence of these symptoms remain unclear. This study sought to identify differences in frontal, striatal, and limbic regions in children and adolescents with FHR using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Groups of 21 children and adolescents at FHR and 21 healthy controls completed an emotional oddball task that relied on selective attention and the suppression of task-irrelevant emotional information. The standard oddball task was modified to include aversive and neutral distractors in order to examine potential group differences in both emotional and executive processing. This task was designed specifically to allow for children and adolescents to complete by keeping the difficulty and emotional image content age-appropriate. Furthermore, we demonstrate a technique for suitable fMRI registration for children and adolescent participants. This paradigm may also be applied in future studies to measure changes in neural activity in other populations with hypothesized developmental changes in executive and emotional processing.

This paper describes how to use the emotional oddball task and fMRI to measure brain activation in children and adolescents at familial high risk for schizophrenia (FHR).&#160;FMRI was used to measure differences in fronto-striato-limbic regions during an emotional oddball task. Children with FHR exhibited abnormal functional activation during adolescence.

的额边缘活度测量在儿童使用情绪穿着或行为古怪的任务与家族性高风险的精神分裂症

Adolescence is a critical developmental period where the early symptoms of schizophrenia frequently emerge. First-degree relatives of people with ...

科研

行为学

Measurement of Neurophysiological Signals of Ignoring and Attending Processes in Attention Control

Attention control is the ability to selectively attend to some sensory signals while ignoring others. This ability is thought to involve two processes: enhancement of sensory signals that are to be attended and the attenuation of sensory signals that are to be ignored. The overall strength of attentional modulation is often measured by comparing the amplitude of a sensory neural response to an external input when attended versus when ignored. This method is robust for detecting attentional modulation, but precludes the ability to assess the separate dynamics of attending and ignoring processes. Here, we describe methodology to measure independently the neurophysiological signals of attending and ignoring using the intermodal attention task (IMAT). This task, when combined with electroencephalography, isolates neurophysiological sensory responses in auditory and visual modalities, when either attending or ignoring, with respect to a passive control. As a result, independent dynamics of attending and of a ignoring can be assessed in either modality. Our results using this task indicate that the timing and cortical sources of attending and ignoring effects differ, as do their contributions to the attention modulation effect, pointing to unique neural trajectories and demonstrating sample utility of measuring them separately.

Attention control comprises enhancement of target signals and attenuation of distractor signals. We describe an approach to measure separately but concurrently, the neurophysiology of attending and ignoring in sustained intermodal attention, utilizing a passive control condition during which neither process is continuously engaged.

忽略并出席在注意控制过程的神经生理信号的测量

Attention control is the ability to selectively attend to some sensory signals while ignoring others. This ability is thought to involve two processes: ...

Event-related Potentials During Target-response Tasks to Study Cognitive Processes of Upper Limb Use in Children with Unilateral Cerebral Palsy

Unilateral Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is a very common cause of disability in childhood. It is characterized by unilateral motor impairments that are frequently dominated in the upper limb. In addition to a reduced movement capacity of the affected upper limb, several children with unilateral CP show a reduced awareness of the remaining movement capacity of that limb. This phenomenon of disregarding the preserved capacity of the affected upper limb is regularly referred to as Developmental Disregard (DD). Different theories have been postulated to explain DD, each suggesting slightly different guidelines for therapy. Still, cognitive processes that might additionally contribute to DD in children with unilateral CP have never been directly studied. The current protocol was developed to study cognitive aspects involved in upper limb control in children with unilateral CP with and without DD. This was done by recording event-related potentials (ERPs) extracted from the ongoing EEG during target-response tasks asking for a hand-movement response. ERPs consist of several components, each of them associated with a well-defined cognitive process (e.g., the N1 with early attention processes, the N2 with cognitive control and the P3 with cognitive load and mental effort). Due to its excellent temporal resolution, the ERP technique enables to study several covert cognitive processes preceding overt motor responses and thus allows insight into the cognitive processes that might contribute to the phenomenon of DD. Using this protocol adds a new level of explanation to existing behavioral studies and opens new avenues to the broader implementation of research on cognitive aspects of developmental movement restrictions in children.

Several children with unilateral Cerebral Palsy seem to disregard the preserved capacity of their affected upper limb. This Developmental Disregard is extensively described in the literature but the involved cognitive processes have not been studied. To study underlying cognitive factors of upper limb control, an event-related potential protocol was developed.

事件相关电位在目标响应的任务，研究的上肢使用在儿童认知过程单侧脑性麻痹

Unilateral Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is a very common cause of disability in childhood. It is characterized by unilateral ...

Correlating Behavioral Responses to fMRI Signals from Human Prefrontal Cortex: Examining Cognitive Processes Using Task Analysis

The aim of this methods paper is to describe how to implement a neuroimaging technique to examine complementary brain processes engaged by two similar tasks. Participants' behavior during task performance in an fMRI scanner can then be correlated to the brain activity using the blood-oxygen-level-dependent signal. We measure behavior to be able to sort correct trials, where the subject performed the task correctly and then be able to examine the brain signals related to correct performance. Conversely, if subjects do not perform the task correctly, and these trials are included in the same analysis with the correct trials we would introduce trials that were not only for correct performance. Thus, in many cases these errors can be used themselves to then correlate brain activity to them. We describe two complementary tasks that are used in our lab to examine the brain during suppression of an automatic responses: the stroop1 and anti-saccade tasks. The emotional stroop paradigm instructs participants to either report the superimposed emotional 'word' across the affective faces or the facial 'expressions' of the face stimuli1,2. When the word and the facial expression refer to different emotions, a conflict between what must be said and what is automatically read occurs. The participant has to resolve the conflict between two simultaneously competing processes of word reading and facial expression. Our urge to read out a word leads to strong 'stimulus-response (SR)' associations; hence inhibiting these strong SR's is difficult and participants are prone to making errors. Overcoming this conflict and directing attention away from the face or the word requires the subject to inhibit bottom up processes which typically directs attention to the more salient stimulus. Similarly, in the anti-saccade task3,4,5,6, where an instruction cue is used to direct only attention to a peripheral stimulus location but then the eye movement is made to the mirror opposite position. Yet again we measure behavior by recording the eye movements of participants which allows for the sorting of the behavioral responses into correct and error trials7 which then can be correlated to brain activity. Neuroimaging now allows researchers to measure different behaviors of correct and error trials that are indicative of different cognitive processes and pinpoint the different neural networks involved.

The goal of our research is to correlate behavior to brain activity. Accurate behavioral measures and imaging techniques allow us to elucidate brain-behavior relationships.

关联从人类前额叶皮层的fMRI信号的行为反应：检查的认知过程，使用任务分析

The aim of this methods paper is to describe how to implement a neuroimaging technique to examine complementary brain processes engaged by two similar ...

神经科学

An Electrophysiology Protocol to Measure Reward Anticipation and Processing in Children

We present a protocol designed to measure the neural correlates of reward in children. The protocol allows researchers to measure both reward anticipation and processing. Its purpose is to create a reward task that is appropriate for young children with and without autism while controlling reward properties between two conditions: social and nonsocial. The current protocol allows for comparisons of brain activity between social and nonsocial reward conditions while keeping the reward itself identical between conditions. Using this protocol, we found evidence that neurotypical children demonstrate enhanced anticipatory brain activity during the social condition. Furthermore, we found that neurotypical children anticipate social reward more robustly than children with autism diagnoses. As the task uses snacks as a reward, it is most appropriate for young children. However, the protocol may be adapted for use with adolescent or adult populations if snacks are replaced by monetary incentives. The protocol is designed to measure electrophysiological events (event-related potentials), but it may be customized for use with eye-tracking or fMRI.

This protocol is designed to measure reward anticipation and processing in young children with and without autism. Specifically, the protocol is designed to study the neural correlates of reward during social and nonsocial conditions while controlling for reward between conditions.

儿童奖励预期与处理的电生理学协议

We present a protocol designed to measure the neural correlates of reward in children. The protocol allows researchers to measure both reward anticipation ...

Three Laboratory Procedures for Assessing Different Manifestations of Impulsivity in Rats

The present article provides a guide for the conduction and analysis of three conditioning-based protocols to evaluate impulsivity in rats. Impulsivity is a meaningful concept because it is associated with psychiatric conditions in humans and with maladaptive behavior in non-human animals. It is believed that impulsivity is composed of separate factors. There are laboratory protocols devised to assess each of these factors using standardized automated equipment. Delay discounting is associated with the incapacity to be motivated by delayed outcomes. This factor is evaluated through intertemporal choice protocols, which consist&#160;of presenting the individual with a choice situation involving an immediate reward and a larger but delayed reward. Response inhibition deficit is associated with the incapacity to withhold prepotent responses. Differential reinforcement of low rates (DLR) and feature-negative discrimination protocols assess the response inhibition deficit factor of impulsivity. The former imposes a condition to a motivated individual in which most wait a minimum period of time for a response to be rewarded. The latter evaluates the capacity of individuals to refrain from food seeking responses when a signal of the absence of food is presented. The purpose of these protocols is to construct an objective quantitative measure of impulsivity, which serves to make cross-species comparisons, allowing the possibility of translational research. The advantages of these particular protocols include their easy set-up and application, which stems from the relatively small amount of equipment needed and the automated nature of these protocols.

We present three protocols that assess different forms of impulsivity in rats and other small mammals. Intertemporal choice procedures evaluate the tendency to discount the value of delayed outcomes. Differential reinforcement of low rates and feature-negative discrimination evaluate response inhibition capacity with and without punishment for inappropriate responses, respectively.

评估大鼠冲动不同表现的三个实验室程序

The present article provides a guide for the conduction and analysis of three conditioning-based protocols to evaluate impulsivity in rats. Impulsivity is ...

The Adventures of Fundi Intervention Based on the Cognitive and Emotional Processing in Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder Patients

Many children with attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD) are known to have executive dysfunction, which weakens their abilities to learn and behave in daily living. This protocol describes the methodology that is required for the intervention (psychotherapy) based on planning, attention, successive, and simultaneous (PASS theory) cognitive processing and fear emotional processing. It provides guiding principles and practical recommendations. A disproportionately high level of fear (dysregulation) increases the vulnerability for dysfunction in learning and behavior. We explain the interplay between emotion and cognition at the neurological level.
A go/no go task (The Adventures of Fundi), which involves decision making, is administered in a PC- mode to a sample of 66 ADHD subjects. The Adventures of Fundi, a computer program, was constructed to induce successive or simultaneous processing when involving the training of planning and selective attention. It aims to improve the executive function with planning and selective attention. If executive function improves, learning improves, and behavior ameliorates. After intervention over 6 months, remission was achieved in 70% of subjects.
The instructor encourages the use of appropriate strategies and points out the ways in which the strategies can be useful in finding the solution to the problem (go/no go). The emphasis is not on rehearsing and adult instructed verbal sequence. The verbalization may reveal the conscious verbalized strategy to solve a task that is not really the strategy being unconsciously used in that case. A self-verbal report is unreliable. This is an inductive learning rather than deductive rule-learning approach central to cognitive PASS training. This inductive training has proved to produce not only near transfer but also far transfer.
Noncognitive factors (emotional factors) must be considered to maximize the benefit of cognitive training. Indirect and metaphorical communication considers the emotional factor.

This protocol illustrates a remedial therapy based on inductive learning and indirect communication (Ericksonian metaphorical hypnosis) that can be applied to children with Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD). Particularly, this protocol is intended to test the effectiveness of a go/no-go decision task. Neuroscientific rationale is presented throughout the text.

基于注意力缺陷过度活跃障碍患者的认知和情感处理的 Fundi 干预的冒险

Many children with attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD) are known to have executive dysfunction, which weakens their abilities to learn and ...

Multimodal Protocol for Assessing Metacognition and Self-Regulation in Adults with Learning Difficulties

Learning disabilities (LDs) encompass disorders of those who have difficulty learning and using academic skills, exhibiting performance below expectations for their chronological age in the areas of reading, writing, and/or mathematics. Each of the disorders making up the LDs involve different deficits; however, some commonalities can be found within that heterogeneity, such in terms of learning self-regulation and metacognition. Unlike in early ages and later educational levels, there are hardly any evidence-based evaluation protocols for adults with LDs. LDs influence academic performance but also have serious consequences in professional, social, and family contexts. In response to this, the current work proposes a multimodal evaluation protocol focused on metacognitive, self-regulation of learning, and emotional processes, which make up the basis of the difficulties in adults with LDs. The assessment is carried out through analysis of the on-line learning process using a variety methods, techniques, and sensors (e.g., eye tracking, facial expressions of emotion, physiological responses, concurrent verbalizations, log files, screen recordings of human-machine interactions) and off-line methods (e.g., questionnaires, interviews, and self-report measures). This theoretically-driven and empirically-based guideline aims to provide an accurate assessment of LDs in adulthood in order to design effective prevention and intervention proposals.

The current work proposes a multimodal evaluation protocol focused on metacognitive, self-regulation of learning, and emotional processes, which make up the basis of the difficulties in adults with LDs.

评估学习困难成人元认知和自我调节的多式联运协议

Learning disabilities (LDs) encompass disorders of those who have difficulty learning and using academic skills, exhibiting performance below expectations ...

Online Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Protocol for Measuring Cortical Physiology Associated with Response Inhibition

We describe the development of a reproducible, child-friendly motor response inhibition task suitable for online Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) characterization of primary motor cortex (M1) excitability and inhibition. Motor response inhibition prevents unwanted actions and is abnormal in several neuropsychiatric conditions. TMS is a non-invasive technology that can quantify M1 excitability and inhibition using single- and paired-pulse protocols and can be precisely timed to study cortical physiology with high temporal resolution. We modified the original Slater-Hammel (S-H) stop signal task to create a &#34;racecar&#34; version with TMS pulses time-locked to intra-trial events. This task is self-paced, with each trial initiating after a button push to move the racecar towards the 800 ms target. GO trials require a finger-lift to stop the racecar just before this target. Interspersed randomly are STOP trials (25%) during which the dynamically adjusted stop signal prompts subjects to prevent finger-lift. For GO trials, TMS pulses were delivered at 650 ms after trial onset; whereas, for STOP trials, the TMS pulses occurred 150 ms after the stop signal. The timings of the TMS pulses were decided based on electroencephalography (EEG) studies showing event-related changes in these time ranges during stop signal tasks. This task was studied in 3 blocks at two study sites (n=38) and we recorded behavioral performance and event-related motor-evoked potentials (MEP). Regression modelling was used to analyze MEP amplitudes using age as a covariate with multiple independent variables (sex, study site, block, TMS pulse condition [single- vs. paired-pulse], trial condition [GO, successful STOP, failed STOP]). The analysis showed that TMS pulse condition (p&#60;0.0001) and its interaction with trial condition (p=0.009) were significant. Future applications for this online S-H/TMS paradigm include the addition of simultaneous EEG acquisition to measure TMS-evoked EEG potentials. A potential limitation is that in children, the TMS pulse sound could&#160;affect behavioral task performance.

We describe an experimental procedure to quantify excitability and inhibition of primary motor cortex during a motor response inhibition task by using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation throughout the course of a Stop Signal Task.

在线经颅磁刺激测量与反应抑制相关的皮质生理

We describe the development of a reproducible, child-friendly motor response inhibition task suitable for online Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) ...

Event Related Potentials (ERPs) and other EEG Based Methods for Extracting Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction: Examples from Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Neuropsychiatric diagnoses like ADHD are based on subjective methods like interviews, rating scales and observations. There is a need for more brain-based supplements. Stimulant medication is the most common treatment for ADHD. Clinically useful predictors of response have so far not been reported. The aim of this paper is to describe the EEG based methods we apply to extract potential biomarkers for brain dysfunction. Examples relate to biomarkers for pediatric ADHD, and prediction of medication response. The main emphasis is on Event Related Potentials (ERPs).
A nineteen channel EEG is recorded during a 3 min eyes-opened task, a 3 min eyes-closed task, and a 20 min cued visual GO/NOGO task (VCPT). ERPs are recorded during this task. The goal of the ERP protocol is to extract biomarkers of assumed brain dysfunctions that significantly differentiate between a patient group and healthy controls. The protocol includes recording during standard conditions and artifact correction. ERP waves can be used or transformed into latent components. The components of the patient group are compared with controls, empathizing components that, when compared, show relatively high effect sizes. Sub-groups of the patients are selected on the basis of the cluster analysis in the space of the components. Treatment procedure (such as medication, tDCS or neurofeedback protocol) can be applied and the changes in components related to treatment in the subgroups are observed, forming the basis for clinical recommendations.
The methods described were applied in a study of 87 pediatric ADHD patients. The index of medication response discriminated significantly between responders and non-responders with a large, and clinically meaningful effect size (d = 1.84). In an ongoing study comparing ADHD children with matched controls, several variables discriminate significantly between patients and controls. The global index will exceed d = .8. The EEG based methods described here could be clinically meaningful.

Event Related Potentials ERPs and other EEG Based Methods for Extracting Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction: Examples from Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder ADHD

EEG-methods are applied for extracting biomarkers of brain dysfunctions. The focus is on multi-channel event-related potentials (ERPs) recorded in a cued GO/NOGO task. Non-brain artifacts are corrected and ERPs are compared with the normative data. Examples relate to biomarkers for ADHD diagnosis and prediction of medication response.

事件相关电位 （ERPs） 和其他基于脑电图的提取大脑功能障碍生物标志物的方法:从小儿注意力缺陷/多动障碍 （ADHD） 中的例子

Neuropsychiatric diagnoses like ADHD are based on subjective methods like interviews, rating scales and observations. There is a need for more brain-based ...

使用脑激活 (近红外 HEG/Q 脑电图) 和执行措施 (CPTs) 的 ADHD 评估协议

摘要

探索更多视频

的额边缘活度测量在儿童使用情绪穿着或行为古怪的任务与家族性高风险的精神分裂症

忽略并出席在注意控制过程的神经生理信号的测量

事件相关电位在目标响应的任务，研究的上肢使用在儿童认知过程单侧脑性麻痹

关联从人类前额叶皮层的fMRI信号的行为反应：检查的认知过程，使用任务分析

儿童奖励预期与处理的电生理学协议

评估大鼠冲动不同表现的三个实验室程序

基于注意力缺陷过度活跃障碍患者的认知和情感处理的 Fundi 干预的冒险

评估学习困难成人元认知和自我调节的多式联运协议

在线经颅磁刺激测量与反应抑制相关的皮质生理

事件相关电位（ERPs）和其他基于脑电图的提取大脑功能障碍生物标志物的方法:从小儿注意力缺陷/多动障碍（ADHD）中的例子

使用脑激活 (近红外 HEG/Q 脑电图) 和执行措施 (CPTs) 的 ADHD 评估协议

摘要

探索更多视频

的额边缘活度测量在儿童使用情绪穿着或行为古怪的任务与家族性高风险的精神分裂症

忽略并出席在注意控制过程的神经生理信号的测量

事件相关电位在目标响应的任务，研究的上肢使用在儿童认知过程单侧脑性麻痹

关联从人类前额叶皮层的fMRI信号的行为反应：检查的认知过程，使用任务分析

儿童奖励预期与处理的电生理学协议

评估大鼠冲动不同表现的三个实验室程序

基于注意力缺陷过度活跃障碍患者的认知和情感处理的 Fundi 干预的冒险

评估学习困难成人元认知和自我调节的多式联运协议

在线经颅磁刺激测量与反应抑制相关的皮质生理

事件相关电位 （ERPs） 和其他基于脑电图的提取大脑功能障碍生物标志物的方法:从小儿注意力缺陷/多动障碍 （ADHD） 中的例子

事件相关电位（ERPs）和其他基于脑电图的提取大脑功能障碍生物标志物的方法:从小儿注意力缺陷/多动障碍（ADHD）中的例子