作者感谢安娜 Ciullo, 医学博士为她的课程开发和执行提供帮助。这份报告没有外部资金。

本报告所述的所有方法均被认为不受《机构审查委员会审查。
1. 1 天-测试前评估
<ol><li>打印重要的行动清单, 预先测试的信心调查, 预先认识的多选择考试。</li>
	<li>在 ICU 病床上放置三人-病人模拟器, 其名称如下: 急性呼吸窘迫综合征 (ARDS), 完全肺不张, 继发粘液堵塞和气胸。将模拟器设置在单独的房间里, 或者在很远的距离内, 学习者将无法轻松地听到其他同时执行的会话。将模拟器放置在一个专用的学习空间中。</li>
	<li>插管的人-病人模拟器。不要将气管插管放在模拟器的气管内, 而是通过模拟器内部脸颊上的一个孔, 导致模拟器颈部的背面。<ol>
<li>将波纹气道导管从肺模拟器连接到现在隐藏在模拟器颈部后面的气管导管。一旦连接, 肺模拟器现在功能。用枕头掩盖这个连接。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>打开肺模拟器。从 "病人库" 文件夹的菜单中选择选定的病理状态。在肺模拟器上启动选定的病理学。<ol>
<li>将机械通气机连接到从模拟器口中出来的气管导管。如果呼吸机连接到气管插管前启动肺病理学软件程序, 呼吸机将无法正常工作。</li>
		<li>将人体模拟器与呼吸模拟器连接起来。将插管病人模拟器连接到机械通气机。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>每个病人模拟器放置一个模拟病人监视器。在肺模拟器程序中选择重要的标志软件。选择合适的初始生命体征来模拟病人的表现。启用生命体征监视器。</li>
	<li>上传预先选定的病人的生命体征, 便携式胸部 X 线图像, 心电图和动脉血气测量每一个病人的情况下, 每个病人的监护仪 (如, autoPEEP 图像上传到人-病人模拟器被指定为 autoPEEP 患者)。</li>
	<li>为每个学习者在每一个工作站上设置关键动作检查表, 在任何教员将观察到的情况下。这可能是在一个单向的玻璃或床边的桌子后面, 但在足够的距离, 学习者将无法阅读清单。分配一名教员到每个车站。</li>
	<li>让每个学习者挑选一个四位数的识别码用于信心调查、认知测验和关键行动清单。这些代码可用于以匿名方式查看收集的数据。学习者可以选择任何四位的代码, 他们将始终记住整个课程。</li>
	<li>在一个单独的房间里, 对学习者进行5分钟的预测信心调查。完成后, 对学习者进行25分钟的认知多选考试。</li>
	<li>让学习者向一个电台报告, 每个电台都有一个学生在场。其余的学生可以在单独的房间里等。让学习者为他们的关键行动清单提供四位的识别码。</li>
	<li>让教员们把这个案例读给学习者听。允许学习者每站最多十分钟的时间来完成一个场景。不要在案例中管理反馈。在该方案结束时, 开除学习者返回各自的房间。</li>
	<li>在每个案例完成后, 教师必须为每个学习者填写关键的行动清单。将学习者单独轮换到所有的工作站, 直到所有的学习者都完成所有的工作站。通过纸或电子邮件向学习者分发补充读物。</li>
</ol>2. 2 天-课程和教育干预
<ol><li>如上文所述, 设置五个工作站, 其中有人体模拟器、呼吸器、通风机和监视器。</li>
	<li>为每个工作站分配下列主题之一: ARDS、粘液堵塞继发肺不张、气胸、药物过量后的精神状态改变和动态恶性通货膨胀。在三人的群体中安排学习者。分配一名教员到每个车站。</li>
	<li>允许每个团队10分钟处理案例场景。给教员35分钟提供反馈和床边指导。通过其余四个工作站旋转学习者。</li>
</ol>3. 3 天-测试后评估
<ol><li>打印关键动作清单, 前后信心调查, 测试后认知多选考试。如上文所述, 设置三个工作站, 其中有人体模拟器、呼吸器、通风机和监视器。为每个工作站分配以下主题之一: ARDS, 肺不张, 粘液堵塞, 气胸。</li>
	<li>上传生命体征, 便携式胸部 X 线图像, 心电图和动脉血气测量每一个病人的情况下, 每个病人的监护仪 (例如, autoPEEP 图像上传到人-病人模拟器指定为 autoPEEP病人)。</li>
	<li>在每个工作站上为每个学习者设置关键动作清单。分配一名教员到每个车站。管理5分钟后测试信心调查和25分钟前后认知多选考试。</li>
	<li>让学习者向一个电台报告, 每个电台都有一个学生在场。其余的学生可以在单独的房间里等。让学习者为他们的关键行动清单提供四位的识别码。</li>
	<li>让教员们把这个案例读给学习者听。允许学习者每站最多十分钟的时间来完成一个场景。不要在案例中管理反馈。在该方案结束时, 开除学习者返回各自的房间。</li>
	<li>在每个案例完成后, 教师必须为每个学习者填写关键的行动清单。将学习者单独轮换到所有的工作站, 直到所有的学习者都完成所有的工作站。对所有学习者进行10分钟的后课程调查。</li>
</ol>

<ol><li>Slutsky, A. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((History+of+mechanical+ventilation.+From+vesalius+to+ventilator-induced+lung+injury%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Am+J+Respir+Crit+Care+Med%22%5BJournal%5D)">History of mechanical ventilation. From vesalius to ventilator-induced lung injury.</a> Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 191 (10), 1106-1115 (2015).</li>
<li>Ahmed, N., Devitt, K. S., Keshet, I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((A+Systematic+Review+of+the+Effects+of+Resident+Duty+Hour+Restrictions+in+Surgery%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Ann+Surg%22%5BJournal%5D)">A Systematic Review of the Effects of Resident Duty Hour Restrictions in Surgery.</a> Ann Surg. 259 (6), 1041-1053 (2014).</li>
<li>Ziv, A., Wolpe, P. R., Small, S. D., Glick, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Simulation-Based+Medical+Education%3A+An+Ethical+Imperative%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Acad+Med%22%5BJournal%5D)">Simulation-Based Medical Education: An Ethical Imperative.</a> Acad Med. 78 (8), 783-788 (2003).</li>
<li>Duwat, A., Hubert, V., Deransy, R., Dupont, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Difficult+airway+management%3A+assessment+of+knowledge+and+experience+in+anaesthesiology+residents%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Ann+Fr+Anesth+Reanim%22%5BJournal%5D)">Difficult airway management: assessment of knowledge and experience in anaesthesiology residents.</a> Ann Fr Anesth Reanim. 32 (40), 231-234 (2013).</li>
<li>Lee, M. O., Brown, L. L., Bender, J., Machan, J. T., Overly, F. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((A+medical+simulation-based+educational+intervention+for+emergency+medicine+residents+in+neonatal+resuscitation%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Acad+Emerg+Med%22%5BJournal%5D)">A medical simulation-based educational intervention for emergency medicine residents in neonatal resuscitation.</a> Acad Emerg Med. 19 (5), 577-585 (2012).</li>
<li>Barsuk, J. H., Cohen, E. R., Caprio, T., McGaghie, W. C., Simuni, T., Wayne, D. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Simulation-based+education+with+mastery+learning+improves+residents%27+lumbar+puncture+skills%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Neurology%22%5BJournal%5D)">Simulation-based education with mastery learning improves residents' lumbar puncture skills.</a> Neurology. 79 (2), 132-137 (2012).</li>
<li>Barsuk, J. H., Cohen, E. R., Vozenilek, J. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Simulation-based+education+with+mastery+learning+improves+paracentesis+skills%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22J+Grad+Med+Educ%22%5BJournal%5D)">Simulation-based education with mastery learning improves paracentesis skills.</a> J Grad Med Educ. 4 (1), 23-27 (2012).</li>
<li>Sohmer, B., Hudson, C., Hudson, J., Posner, G. D., Naik, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Transesophageal+echocardiography+simulation+is+an+effective+tool+in+teaching+psychomotor+skills+to+novice+echocardiographers%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Can+J+Anaesth%22%5BJournal%5D)">Transesophageal echocardiography simulation is an effective tool in teaching psychomotor skills to novice echocardiographers.</a> Can J Anaesth. 61 (3), 235-241 (2014).</li>
<li>Sigounas, V. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Evaluation+of+simulation-based+training+model+on+vascular+anastomotic+skills+for+surgical+residents%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Simul+Healthc%22%5BJournal%5D)">Evaluation of simulation-based training model on vascular anastomotic skills for surgical residents.</a> Simul Healthc. 7 (6), 334-338 (2012).</li>
<li>Dawe, S. R., Windsor, J. A., Broeders, J. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((A+systematic+review+of+surgical+skills+transfer+after+simulation-based+training%3A+laparoscopic+cholecystectomy+and+endoscopy%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Ann+Surg%22%5BJournal%5D)">A systematic review of surgical skills transfer after simulation-based training: laparoscopic cholecystectomy and endoscopy.</a> Ann Surg. 259 (2), 236-248 (2014).</li>
<li>Spadaro, S., Karbing, D. S., Fogagnolo, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Simulation+Training+for+Residents+Focused+on+Mechanical+Ventilation%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Simul+Healthc%22%5BJournal%5D)">Simulation Training for Residents Focused on Mechanical Ventilation.</a> Simul Healthc. , (2017).</li>
<li>Yee, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Mechanical+Ventilation+Boot+Camp%3A+A+Simulation-Based+Pilot+Study%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Crit+Care+Res+Pract%22%5BJournal%5D)">Mechanical Ventilation Boot Camp: A Simulation-Based Pilot Study.</a> Crit Care Res Pract. 2016, (2016).</li>
<li>Ryoo, E. N., Ha, E. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((The+Importance+of+Debriefing+in+Simulation-Based+Learning%3A+Comparison+Between+Debriefing+and+No+Debriefing%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Comput+Inform+Nurs%22%5BJournal%5D)">The Importance of Debriefing in Simulation-Based Learning: Comparison Between Debriefing and No Debriefing.</a> Comput Inform Nurs. 33 (12), 538-545 (2015).</li>
<li>Shinnick, M. A., Woo, M., Horwich, T. B., Steadman, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1876139910001982">Debriefing: The Most Important Component in Simulation?</a> Clin Simul Nurs. 7 (3), e105-e111 (2011).</li>
</ol>

作者没有什么可透露的。

新兵训练营由三个独立的疗程组成。在第一天, 学习者完成测试前的信心调查和医学知识测试, 然后再进行五分钟的情况。教师使用预先确定的关键动作评估学习者。下学习者在2天之前被给予异步读取。第二天由干预阶段组成, 2-3 名学习者组通过五种不同的方案进行工作。教职员在床边提供即时和个性化的反馈。第三天是测试后评估, 学习者完成测试后的信心调查和医学知识测试。然后, 他们经历?...

这个新兵训练营是为了教居民如何管理机械通气的病人, 以及诊断呼吸机警报。管理这个病人的人群可能会恐吓新手医生可能有有限的经验与危重病人。通过国家工作小时限制, 在床边教授重要的护理原则使其更加困难1,2, 法医有关3在美国。模拟是一种有效的方法来开发和提炼关键照顾技能4,5, 以及侵入程序6,7,8,9,10.通过模拟, 学习者可能会体验到他们的医疗决策所带来的后果, 而不会让病人处于危险之中。本课程允许各种不同的学习方式, 包括床边教学从一个 intensivist, 实践与呼吸机和补充异步阅读。
以前的研究显示, 在机械通气的基于人体模型的教育中, 有更多的知识11,12。斯巴达et 。11比较了基于计算机的训练与基于人体模型的麻醉学人员在机械通气模拟教学中的训练。接受过人体模型训练的居民有更高的关键行动和全球评分评分。正如我们以前的研究12所指出的, 第一年的居民在这个新兵训练营课程结束后表现出了更好的知识、信心和能力。
如文所写, 这三天的课程允许教育工作者在第一天评估学习者的基线知识, 并评估三天课程完成后的能力、知识和信心的变化。三天是专门为评估, 而第二天的重点是床边教学的内容专家。病理状况 (急性呼吸窘迫综合征 [ARDS], 肺不张继发粘液和气胸) 用于初步评估和最终测试天数, 而改变精神状态站增加在教学一天回顾呼吸机基础。在教学日还增加了动态恶性通货膨胀, 以加强呼吸机诊断和管理, 包括在高原压力高的患者中考虑。教育者可以根据自己的教学需要来替代病理学。
在准备过程中, 模拟教员举行了一个初步的排练日, 以确保所有参与的教育工作者都知道他们的作用, 并确保设备的工作是适当的。当我们使用模拟教员进行评估和危重护理医生的教学时, 教育工作者可以调整教师的角色, 因为资源的支配。这个新兵训练营的执行需要准备后勤规划。第一年的居民应该被安排保护时间, 以确保他们能够完成所有三天的课程。Intensivists 需要提前安排时间去参加床边的教学课程。模拟设备如呼吸模拟器、机械通气机和人体模拟器可能需要购买、租用或借用。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Puritan Bennett 840 Ventilator</td><td>Medtronic</td><td>4-840120EMC-01</td><td>http://www.medtronic.com/covidien/en-us/products/acute-care-ventilation/puritan-bennett-pb840-ventilator.html</td></tr><tr><td>ASL 5000 Breathing Simulator</td><td>IngMar</td><td>31 00 117</td><td>https://www.ingmarmed.com/</td></tr><tr><td>Smart Stat Basic</td><td>Simulaids</td><td>101-8002</td><td>https://www.simulaids.com/product/101-8002</td></tr></tbody></table>

mechanical ventilation boot camp curriculum

机械通气病人的医疗管理对新手提供者是一个挑战。对这一人口的不正确管理可能导致发病率和死亡率的增加。一个三天的基于模拟的引导营服务于提供一对一的指导和关键的护理提供者。这些 intensivists 可能会免除个性化的即时反馈, 因为学习者使用真正的机械通气机进行实际操作。多种不同的病理可以被审查, 可能不会遇到在临床设置。学习者可以直观地看到他们的行为的直接后果, 并且在安全的学习环境中进行疑难解答和提问。我们描述了使用的人-病人模拟器连接到呼吸模拟器和机械通气机。潜在的课程执行器应该知道设备的成本和献身于新兵训练营实施所需的时间;然而, 这种密集的交互式培训已经显示, 以提高提供者的能力, 知识和信心的通风机管理。本课程大纲为如何执行基于模拟的训练营, 培训提供者管理机械通气病人提供指导。

正如在怡和et al中所指出的那样, 第一年在接受这个引导营的居民中显示出了显著提高的信心、知识和性能12。认知知识, 由干预前后的多项选择测试所评估, 从平均分数40.3% 增加到 67.1%, 平均分数变化为 +26.8% (图 1)。
在1和3天, 教师们对关键行动进行了评估。ARDS 病例在1天 (总共5人)...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Mechanical Ventilation Boot Camp Curriculum at JoVE.com

Mechanical Ventilation Boot Camp Curriculum

本课程概述了如何执行基于模拟的新兵训练营, 教导提供者如何管理机械通气病人。

机械通气训练营课程

Medical management of mechanically ventilated patients is challenging to novice providers. Incorrect management of this population may lead to increased ...

mechanical-ventilation-boot-camp-curriculum

Research

Education

JoVE Core

JoVE Journal

Medical-Surgical Nursing

Medicine

Unit 1

Fundamentals of Respiratory Care: Techniques and Management

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

10.2K 次观看.  The Ohio State University. 本课程概述了如何执行基于模拟的新兵训练营, 教导提供者如何管理机械通气病人。

视频: Mechanical Ventilation Boot Camp Curriculum

Evaluation of Respiratory System Mechanics in Mice using the Forced Oscillation Technique

The forced oscillation technique (FOT) is a powerful, integrative and translational tool permitting the experimental assessment of lung function in mice in a comprehensive, detailed, precise and reproducible manner. It provides measurements of respiratory system mechanics through the analysis of pressure and volume signals acquired in reaction to predefined, small amplitude, oscillatory airflow waveforms, which are typically applied at the subject's airway opening. The present protocol details the steps required to adequately execute forced oscillation measurements in mice using a computer-controlled piston ventilator (flexiVent; SCIREQ Inc, Montreal, Qc, Canada). The description is divided into four parts: preparatory steps, mechanical ventilation, lung function measurements, and data analysis. It also includes details of how to assess airway responsiveness to inhaled methacholine in anesthetized mice, a common application of this technique which also extends to other outcomes and various lung pathologies. Measurements obtained in na&iuml;ve mice as well as from an oxidative-stress driven model of airway damage are presented to illustrate how this tool can contribute to a better characterization and understanding of studied physiological changes or disease models as well as to applications in new research areas.

The present protocol provides a detailed step-by-step description of the procedures required to execute measurements of respiratory system mechanics as well as the assessment of airway responsiveness to inhaled methacholine in mice using the forced oscillation technique (flexiVent; SCIREQ Inc, Montreal, Qc, Canada).

使用强迫振动技术在小鼠呼吸系统力学评价

The  forced oscillation technique (FOT) is a powerful, integrative and translational  tool permitting the experimental assessment of lung function in mice ...

科研

生物学

Setup and Execution Of the Blindfolded Code Training Exercise

Miscommunication is the most common cause of preventable patient harm in medicine. Currently, there is limited knowledge of innovative techniques to improve resident physician communication and leadership strategies in high-acuity situations. The blindfolded code training exercise removes visual stimuli from the team leader, forcing the team leader to effectively utilize closed-loop communication. The simple act of blindfolding the team leader creates a learning environment where the leader must utilize a conceptual framework and critical thinking strategies to organize the team and manage the resuscitation. An advantage to this teaching technique is that it does not require any special simulation equipment, making it a low-cost approach. The blindfolded code training exercise can be applied to the management of any critically ill patient where the primary objective is to focus on developing communication skills in acute resuscitations. The purpose of the description of the blindfolded code training exercise is to provide guidance on how to perform this innovative teaching technique to force effective closed-loop communication.

The blindfolded code training exercise, which blindfolds the team leader in a code resuscitation simulation, is an advanced teaching technique to improve closed-loop communication, organizational skills, and critical thinking.&#160;

盲民代码训练练习的设置和执行

Miscommunication is the most common cause of preventable patient harm in medicine. Currently, there is limited knowledge of innovative techniques to ...

医学

Use of an Integrated Low-Flow Anesthetic Vaporizer, Ventilator, and Physiological Monitoring System for Rodents

Low-flow digital vaporizers commonly utilize a syringe pump to directly administer volatile anesthetics into a stream of carrier gas. Per animal welfare recommendations, animals are warmed and monitored during procedures requiring anesthesia. Common anesthesia and physiological monitoring equipment include gas tanks, anesthetic vaporizers and stands, warming controllers and pads, mechanical ventilators, and pulse oximeters. A computer is also necessary for data collection and to run equipment software. In smaller spaces or when performing field work, it can be challenging to configure all this equipment in limited space.
The goal of this protocol is to demonstrate best practices for use of a low-flow digital vaporizer using both compressed oxygen and room air, along with an integrated mechanical ventilator, pulse oximeter, and far infrared warming as an all-inclusive anesthesia and physiological monitoring suite ideal for rodents.

Here, we present a protocol to safely and effectively administer anesthetic gas to mice using a digital, low flow anesthesia system with integrated ventilator and physiological monitoring modules.

使用啮齿动物综合低流量麻醉蒸发器、呼吸机和生理监测系统

Low-flow digital vaporizers commonly utilize a syringe pump to directly administer volatile anesthetics into a stream of carrier gas. Per animal welfare ...

Normothermic Negative Pressure Ventilation Ex Situ Lung Perfusion: Evaluation of Lung Function and Metabolism

Lung transplantation (LTx) remains the standard of care for end-stage lung disease. A shortage of suitable donor organs and concerns over donor organ quality exacerbated by excessive geographic transportation distance and stringent donor organ acceptance criteria pose limitations to current LTx efforts. Ex situ lung perfusion (ESLP) is an innovative technology that has shown promise in attenuating these limitations. The physiologic ventilation and perfusion of the lungs outside of the inflammatory milieu of the donor body affords ESLP several advantages over traditional cold static preservation (CSP). There is evidence that negative pressure ventilation (NPV) ESLP is superior to positive pressure ventilation (PPV) ESLP, with PPV inducing more significant ventilator-induced lung injury, pro-inflammatory cytokine production, pulmonary edema, and bullae formation. The NPV advantage is perhaps due to the homogenous distribution of intrathoracic pressure across the entire lung surface. The clinical safety and feasibility of a custom NPV-ESLP device have been demonstrated in a recent clinical trial involving extender criteria donor (ECD) human lungs. Herein, the use of this custom device is described in a juvenile porcine model of normothermic NPV-ESLP over a 12 h duration, paying particular attention to management techniques. Pre-surgical preparation, including ESLP software initialization, priming, and de-airing of the ESLP circuit, and the addition of anti-thrombotic, anti-microbial, and anti-inflammatory agents, is specified. The intraoperative techniques of central line insertion, lung biopsy, exsanguination, blood collection, cardiectomy, and pneumonectomy are described. Furthermore, particular focus is paid to anesthetic considerations, with anesthesia induction, maintenance, and dynamic modifications outlined. The protocol also specifies the custom device's initialization, maintenance, and termination of perfusion and ventilation. Dynamic organ management techniques, including alterations in ventilation and metabolic parameters to optimize organ function, are thoroughly described. Finally, the physiological and metabolic assessment of lung function is characterized and depicted in the representative results.

Normothermic Negative Pressure Ventilation Ex Situ Lung Perfusion: Evaluation of Lung Function and Metabolism

This paper describes a porcine model of negative pressure ventilation ex situ lung perfusion, including procurement, attachment, and management on the custom-made platform. Focus is made on anesthetic and surgical techniques, as well as troubleshooting.

非原位负压通气肺灌注:肺功能和代谢的评估

Lung transplantation (LTx) remains the standard of care for end-stage lung disease. A shortage of suitable donor organs and concerns over donor organ ...

Employing the Forced Oscillation Technique for the Assessment of Respiratory Mechanics in Adults

There is increasing interest in the use of the forced oscillation technique (FOT) or oscillometry to characterize respiratory mechanics in healthy and diseased individuals. FOT, a complementary method to traditional pulmonary function testing, utilizes a range of oscillatory frequencies superimposed on tidal breathing to measure the functional relationship between airway pressure and flow. This passive assessment provides an estimate of respiratory system resistance (Rrs) and reactance (Xrs) that reflect airway caliber and energy storage and dissipation, respectively. Despite the recent increase in popularity and updated Technical Standards, clinical adoption has been slow which relates, in part, to the lack of standardization regarding the acquisition and reporting of FOT data. The goal of this article is to address the lack of standardization across laboratories by providing a comprehensive written protocol for FOT and an accompanying video. To illustrate that this protocol can be utilized irrespective of a particular device, three separate FOT devices have been employed in the case examples and video demonstration. This effort is intended to standardize the use and interpretation of FOT, provide practical suggestions, as well as highlight future questions that need to be addressed.

As the use of forced oscillation technique (FOT) is increasingly utilized to characterize respiratory mechanics, there is a need to standardize methods with respect to nascent technical guidelines and various manufacturer's recommendations. A detailed protocol is provided including FOT assessment and interpretation for two cases to facilitate the standardization of methods.

采用强制振荡技术评估成人呼吸力学

There is increasing interest in the use of the forced oscillation technique (FOT) or oscillometry to characterize respiratory mechanics in healthy and ...

Ex Vivo Porcine Experimental Model for Studying and Teaching Lung Mechanics

Mechanical ventilation is widely used and requires specific knowledge for understanding and management. Health professionals in this field may feel insecure and lack knowledge because of inadequate training and teaching methods. Therefore, the objective of this article is to outline the steps involved in generating an ex vivo porcine lung model to be used in the future, to study and teach lung mechanics. To generate the model, five porcine lungs were carefully removed from the thorax following the guidelines of the Animal Research Ethics Committee with adequate care and were connected to the mechanical ventilator through a tracheal cannula. These lungs were then subjected to the alveolar recruitment maneuver. Respiratory mechanics parameters were recorded, and video cameras were used to obtain videos of the lungs during this process. This process was repeated for five consecutive days. When not used, the lungs were kept refrigerated. The model showed different lung mechanics after the alveolar recruitment maneuver every day; not being influenced by the days, only by the maneuver. Therefore, we conclude that the ex vivo lung model can provide a better understanding of lung mechanics and its effects, and even of the alveolar recruitment maneuver through visual feedback during all stages of the process.

Ex Vivo Porcine Experimental Model for Studying and Teaching Lung Mechanics

We present an ex vivo pig lung model for the demonstration of pulmonary mechanics and alveolar recruitment maneuvers for teaching purposes. The lungs can be used for more than one day (up to five days) with minimal changes in pulmonary mechanics variables.

离体 猪肺力学研究与教学的实验模型

Mechanical ventilation is widely used and requires specific knowledge for understanding and management. Health professionals in this field may feel ...

Basic Life Support Part II:  Airway/Breathing and Continued Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

Source: <a href="https://www.jove.com/author/Julianna_Jung">Julianna Jung</a>, MD, FACEP, Associate Professor of Emergency Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Maryland, USA
High-quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and defibrillation are the most important interventions for patients with cardiac arrest, and should be the first steps that rescuers perform. This is reflected in the American Heart Association's new "CAB" mnemonic. While rescuers were once taught the "ABCs" of cardiac arrest, they now learn "CAB" - circulation first, followed by airway and breathing. Only once CPR is underway (and defibrillation has been performed, if a defibrillator is available) do we consider providing respiratory support. This video will describe the correct technique for providing respiratory support to a patient in cardiac arrest, and how to continue basic life support over the period of time until help arrives.
This video assumes that all the steps described in "Basic Life Support Part I: Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Defibrillation" have already been completed. This video does NOT depict the initial steps taken when arriving at the scene of a cardiac arrest.

Basic Life Support II: Airway/Breathing &amp; Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

第二部分基本生命支持: 气道/呼吸和继续心肺复苏

Source: Julianna Jung, MD, FACEP, Associate Professor of Emergency Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Maryland, USA
High-quality ...

教育

JoVE Science Education

临床技能

急诊医学和危重护理

Mechanical Ventilation I: Indication and Settings

Mechanical ventilation is a life-saving technique for managing acute respiratory failure and other respiratory complications. The process involves using a machine known as a ventilator to supply oxygen to the lungs and assist in removing carbon dioxide. It serves as a bridge to long-term mechanical ventilation or a temporary measure until ventilatory support is discontinued. The ventilator can maintain this function for a prolonged period, providing critical support for patients until they can breathe independently.
Indications
Mechanical ventilation may be necessary for a variety of reasons. These include managing acute respiratory failure, controlling the patient&#39;s breathing during surgery or treatment, providing adequate oxygenation when the patient&#39;s own ventilatory efforts are insufficient, and allowing the respiratory muscles to rest. Several factors, including thoracic or abdominal surgery, drug overdose, neuromuscular disorders, inhalation injury, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), multiple trauma, circulatory shock, multisystem failure, and coma, can result in respiratory failure and the need for mechanical ventilation. It allows patients on a ventilator to breathe spontaneously, alleviating the exhausting effort it would otherwise require.
Settings of Mechanical Ventilator
The settings of a mechanical ventilator are adjusted based on the patient&#39;s condition, level of consciousness, respiratory muscle strength, chest x-ray, and arterial blood gases (ABGs). These settings include:
<ol style="list-style-type: circle;">
	<li>Respiratory rate: It refers to the number of breaths the ventilator delivers per minute.</li>
	<li>Tidal volume (VT): It is the volume of gas delivered to the patient during each ventilator breath.</li>
	<li>O2 concentration (FIO2): This fraction of inspired O2 delivered to the patient can be set between 30% and 100%.</li>
	<li>Positive-end-expiratory pressure (PEEP): Positive pressure is applied at the end of the expiration of ventilator breaths.</li>
	<li>Pressure support: This is used to augment a patient&#39;s inspiratory pressure during spontaneous breathing.</li>
	<li>I/E ratio: This is the duration of inspiration (I) to the duration of expiration (E).</li>
	<li>Inspiratory flow rate and time: This is the speed with which the VT is delivered.</li>
	<li>Sensitivity: This determines the patient&#39;s effort to initiate a breath from the ventilator.</li>
	<li>Peak inspiratory pressure (PIP): This is the maximal pressure the ventilator can generate to deliver the VT.</li>
</ol>
Manipulating these settings can help correct hypoxemia and hypercarbia. As the patient&#39;s condition improves, the settings can be adjusted to allow them to take more control over their work of breathing.
Types of Mechanical Ventilation
Mechanical ventilators can be classified into two general categories: Negative pressure ventilators and positive-pressure ventilators.
Negative-pressure ventilators, also known as &#34;iron lungs,&#34; are older modes of ventilatory support that are rarely used today.
Positive-pressure ventilators inflate the lungs by exerting positive pressure on the airway, pushing air in, similar to a bellows mechanism, and forcing the alveoli to expand during inspiration. Expiration occurs passively. These ventilators are widely used in hospital settings and include:
<ol style="list-style-type: circle;">
	<li>Volume-Cycled Ventilators</li>
	<li>Pressure-Cycled Ventilators</li>
	<li>High-Frequency Oscillatory Support Ventilators</li>
	<li>Noninvasive Positive-Pressure Ventilation (NIPPV)</li>
	<li>Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)</li>
	<li>Bilevel positive airway pressure (BiPAP)</li>
</ol>
Each ventilator has distinctive features and is employed based on the patient&#39;s needs. The selection of the ventilator type is a critical decision made by healthcare professionals, made by considering the patient&#39;s current health status and the potential benefits and risks associated with each ventilator type.

机械通气 I:适应症和设置

Mechanical ventilation is a method of using a ventilator machine to deliver oxygen and remove carbon dioxide from the lungs when spontaneous breathing is ...

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

Mechanical Ventilation II: Invasive Ventilation

Ventilators are essential medical equipment used to aid patients with respiratory difficulties. Their primary function is to assist or replace spontaneous breathing by providing mechanical ventilation. There are two general classes of mechanical ventilators: negative-pressure and positive-pressure ventilators.
Negative-Pressure Ventilators
Negative-pressure ventilators create a vacuum around the chest or body to draw air into the lungs, simulating breathing. This method does not require an artificial invasive airway; as a result, it is categorized as a form of non-invasive ventilation (NIV).
The &#34;iron lung,&#34; developed in the 1950s during the polio epidemic, was the first form of negative pressure ventilation. It intermittently reduces intrathoracic pressure, causing air to rush into the upper airway, followed by passive expiration when the machine cycles off. Portable negative-pressure ventilators are available for home use, primarily for patients with chronic neuromuscular diseases and central nervous system problems.
Positive-Pressure Ventilators
Positive-pressure ventilators differ from negative-pressure ventilators in their mechanism of lung inflation. Instead of exerting negative pressure to draw air into the lungs, positive-pressure ventilators apply positive pressure to the airway, expanding the alveoli and facilitating inspiration. Expiration occurs passively. These ventilators require ET intubation or tracheostomy and are widely used in hospitals and homes.
Volume-Cycled Ventilators
Volume-cycled ventilators deliver a preset volume of air with each inspiration. The ventilator cycles off after this volume is delivered, allowing passive exhalation. Volume-cycled ventilators ensure consistent breaths but may cause barotrauma due to the potentially excessive pressures needed to deliver breaths.
Pressure-Cycled Ventilators
Pressure-cycled ventilators deliver airflow until a preset pressure is reached, and then they cycle off for passive expiration. The air volume can vary with changes in the patient&#39;s airway resistance or compliance, possibly leading to inconsistent tidal volumes and compromised ventilation.
High-Frequency Oscillatory Support Ventilators
These ventilators deliver high respiratory rates, low tidal volumes, and high airway pressures. They are used to open alveoli in situations characterized by closed small airways, such as atelectasis and ARDS, and are believed to protect the lungs from pressure injury.

机械通气 II:有创通气

Invasive ventilation uses a mechanical ventilator connected to an endotracheal tube or tracheostomy to support breathing.
One common type is ...

Mechanical Ventilation III: Noninvasive Ventilation

Noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation (NIPPV), continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), and bilevel positive airway pressure (BiPAP) are essential methods in respiratory care. These ventilation techniques offer unique benefits for patients with various respiratory conditions, providing adequate support without requiring intubation. Let&#39;s explore how each method is crucial in improving patient outcomes and enhancing respiratory therapy.
Noninvasive Positive-Pressure Ventilation (NIPPV)
NIPPV is a method of positive pressure ventilation that does not require intubation. It involves using facemasks or nasal devices to maintain prescribed pressure, reducing the risk of nosocomial infections. This method is suitable for patients with acute or chronic respiratory failure, acute pulmonary edema, COPD, chronic heart failure, or sleep-related breathing disorders.
Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP)
CPAP maintains a constant positive pressure in the airways throughout the breathing cycle, helping to keep alveoli open and prevent respiratory failure. This method is especially beneficial in treating obstructive sleep apnea, ensuring the airways remain open during sleep.
Bilevel Positive Airway Pressure (BiPAP)
BiPAP offers independent control of inspiratory and expiratory pressures while providing pressure support ventilation. It delivers two levels of positive airway pressure via a nasal or oral mask, nasal pillow, or mouthpiece with a tight seal and a portable ventilator. BiPAP is often used for patients who require ventilatory assistance at night.
Each type has advantages and disadvantages, and the choice depends on the patient&#39;s clinical condition, comfort, and the healthcare provider&#39;s expertise.

机械通气 III:无创通气

Noninvasive ventilation, or NIV, provides ventilatory support without inserting an artificial airway.
This type of ventilation is used in patients with ...

机械通气训练营课程

摘要

探索更多视频

使用强迫振动技术在小鼠呼吸系统力学评价

盲民代码训练练习的设置和执行

使用啮齿动物综合低流量麻醉蒸发器、呼吸机和生理监测系统

非原位负压通气肺灌注:肺功能和代谢的评估

采用强制振荡技术评估成人呼吸力学

离体猪肺力学研究与教学的实验模型

第二部分基本生命支持: 气道/呼吸和继续心肺复苏

机械通气 I:适应症和设置

机械通气 II:有创通气

机械通气 III:无创通气

机械通气训练营课程

摘要

探索更多视频

使用强迫振动技术在小鼠呼吸系统力学评价

盲民代码训练练习的设置和执行

使用啮齿动物综合低流量麻醉蒸发器、呼吸机和生理监测系统

非原位负压通气肺灌注:肺功能和代谢的评估

采用强制振荡技术评估成人呼吸力学

离体 猪肺力学研究与教学的实验模型

第二部分基本生命支持: 气道/呼吸和继续心肺复苏

机械通气 I:适应症和设置

机械通气 II:有创通气

机械通气 III:无创通气

离体猪肺力学研究与教学的实验模型