本研究得到西班牙经济和竞争力部 (BFU2014-56692-R 和 BFU2017-82375-R) 赠款的支持。

这里所描述的所有方法都得到了巴塞罗那大学 Autònoma 动物和人类研究伦理学委员会 (CEEAH) 的批准。
1. 视觉刺激的创作和展示
<ol><li>根据期望的目标创建视频刺激。<ol>
<li>确定哪些变量对视频刺激感兴趣。 注: 例如, 在目前的调查中, 主要的兴趣变量是编辑风格。<ol>
<li>根据实验的兴趣决定视频的持续时间、内容和风格。要确定所有这些变量, 请考虑参与者要观看多少视频以及参与者将在屏幕上观看多长时间, 评估视频的叙述是否符合兴趣, 并决定视频的视觉风格。</li>
		</ol>
</li>
		<li>编写脚本, 注意所选的变量。</li>
		<li>用高质量的摄像机录制视频, 并根据需要编辑视频。必要时寻求专业帮助。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>为刺激演示文稿设计适当的上下文。<ol>
<li>确定数据获取的位置, 并设计一个舒适的空间来显示刺激。参与者应该感到安心。</li>
		<li>为视频的演示选择高质量的屏幕。屏幕的质量越高, 效果越好。</li>
		<li>如果有几个视频影片要呈现, 选择一个方法来随机化他们的演示文稿。 注意: 为了避免由于参与者感知刺激的顺序而导致不确定的结果, 在整个主题中随机的刺激呈现是很方便的。</li>
		<li>选择一个软件包来展示视频。 注意: 有各种各样的选择, 允许研究员显示不同的刺激与相互试验的定时器和指示, 甚至随机的介绍。在选择软件时, 考虑其与数据采集设备同步的能力至关重要。由于该协议分析参与者的上只是一眨眼率, 视觉刺激和脑电图装置的视觉呈现之间的同步是至关重要的。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>2. 选择参加者
<ol><li>建立选择参与者的标准。当要分析特定变量时, 需要一个控制组。记下标准并与同事商量, 以改进学习设计。</li>
	<li>选择参与者并征求遵循相关准则和条例的道德委员会的批准。 注: 大多数大学和研究中心都有一个道德委员会。要申请批准, 就必须通知他们调查目标。共同的要求包括解释研究方法、调查对社会的好处、如何获得知情同意、是否会对参与者进行财务报偿以及如何管理从参与者收集的数据。花时间设计这个请求。这是非常重要的, 得到一个道德委员会的批准, 以分享的结果与科学界。在这方面可以有用的一些文件是《赫尔辛基宣言》、《纽伦堡法典和贝尔蒙特报告。</li>
	<li>为参加者设计知情同意表, 并遵循道德委员会的标准。</li>
	<li>向每个潜在参与者解释实验。让参与者知道所有重要的信息, 但是要避免不重要的信息, 或者会影响实验结果。 注意: 例如, 在上只是一眨眼检测协议中, 不能告诉参与者 eyeblinks 将被检测到, 因为这可能会修改自然的上只是一眨眼速率。征求他们的同意参加。给每个参与者提供知情同意的文件, 让他们有足够的时间阅读, 理解课文, 最后签署。</li>
	<li>与每个参与者预约进行实验。给参加者以下指示: 到达休息和与最近被洗涤的头发;化学产品, 如发胶,等, 应避免, 因为它们可能影响脑电图记录。给参与者所有必要的联系信息。</li>
</ol>3. 准备工作
<ol><li>在参加者到来之前准备好实验课程。与同事排练会话。如果检测到不正确的内容, 则对实验会话进行相应的修改。<ol>
<li>准备将要使用的所有设备之间的连接, 并检查它们的同步 (可视化刺激演示和数据获取)。 注意: 硬件和软件之间的连接至关重要。执行测试以确认同步是可取的。如有需要, 与制造商或软件开发人员进行讨论。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>让受试者在实验室感到舒适: 欢迎参加者, 为他们的东西 (包和其他) 准备一个空间。</li>
	<li>向参与者解释整个协议: 参与者将坐在哪里, 将显示多少视觉刺激, 以及会话的长度。解释参与者的合作是极其重要的。</li>
	<li>由于无线脑电图记录系统将被使用, 解释这些录音是多么困难, 并且为了获得适当的电生理信号与低工件, 参加者不应该不必要地移动。</li>
</ol>4. 数据采集
<ol><li>清洁参与者的皮肤表面, 去除毛发制品的污垢或残余痕迹。</li>
	<li>测量参与者的头部。测量 nasion 和 inion 之间的距离, 并将半方向点标记为顶点。</li>
	<li>使用10-20 系统在脑电图帽中准备电极。</li>
	<li>将 cap 置于标记之后, 以便顶点与 cap 的中心零 (Cz) 点匹配。</li>
	<li>将导电凝胶在注射器的帮助下应用于电极;确保帽子与主题的头部吻合得很好。</li>
	<li>将参考电极和 EOG 电极放在主语头上。</li>
	<li>确保参加者能舒舒服服地坐下来, 准备好参加会议。</li>
	<li>将高清摄像机对准参与者的面部特写。这将用于手动检测参与者的 eyeblinks。</li>
	<li>检查是否已同步所有设备。</li>
	<li>检查脑电图控制盒是否正确连接到注册数据的计算机上。</li>
	<li>检查每个电极的信号是否正确;如果没有, 检查有问题的电极。 注意: 从电极上发出坏信号的一些常见原因是电极上缺乏导电凝胶, 电极在头上的位置不好, 或者电极电缆与其控制盒的连接不良。</li>
	<li>当一切就绪, 开始录制实验 (并播放视频)。</li>
</ol>5. 实验后会议
<ol><li>从参与者的头部移除 cap, 并在可能的情况下, 向参与者提供与感兴趣的主题相关的调查表。</li>
	<li>将所有数据保存到外部硬盘驱动器。 注意: 推荐备份数据。一个好的选择是将数据保存到两个外部硬盘驱动器, 并将它们存储在不同的位置。在设计最佳程序时, 必须考虑道德委员会批准的数据存储协议。</li>
	<li>清洁电极和瓶盖;大多数电极在使用后需要立即清洗。<ol>
<li>在水龙头下和没有化学产品的情况下, 用充足的水清洁电极和瓶盖 (除非设备制造商另有说明). 小心干燥电极以防止腐蚀。如果此协议不足以清洗瓶盖, 则通常可以在洗衣机中清洗 (请参阅制造商的说明)。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>6. 数据分析
<ol><li>组织上只是一眨眼检测数据。<ol>
<li>将 EEG 文件导入到适合数据分析的软件包中。</li>
		<li>根据与可视化刺激演示软件一起使用的同步触发器, 选择感兴趣的 EEG 区域。筛选数据并应用上只是一眨眼筛选器查看生成 eyeblinks 的次数和时间。 注意: 大多数商业和免费软件包都有过滤器来检测脑电图中的 eyeblinks。</li>
		<li>选择参与者脸部的 HD 视频, 并手动将 eyeblinks 与脑电图数据中发现的图像匹配。</li>
		<li>创建一个电子表格矩阵与每个参与者的 eyeblinks 的最终列表, 并计算每分钟的速度, 而主题是看刺激。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>进行统计分析。<ol>
<li>将矩阵导入到相应的软件中进行统计分析。</li>
		<li>在统计软件程序中, 设计所需的分析来对比最初的假设并完成它们。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>

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作者没有什么可透露的。

本文介绍了一种利用目的视频制作分析媒体内容视觉感知的方法。许多其他的研究试图分析在叙事语境中的媒体内容与预先存在的电影的知觉。本方法建议根据感兴趣的标准来创建具有叙事结构的视觉内容, 并基于上只是一眨眼速率与查看者的注意9 相连接的建议。为此, 研究人员在观察媒体内容的同时, 在不同的条件下 (编辑风格和媒体专业化) 对参与者的 eyeblinks 进行了比较。</...

此方法的目的
该方法提出了一种检测 eyeblinks 的双协议。其目的是通过使用脑电图记录和高清视频记录系统, 分析观众对媒体内容的视觉感知, 专门为此次调查创建的。
这种方法的发展和/或使用背后的基本原理
每个上只是一眨眼隐藏 150-400毫秒1、2的可视流.闪烁有生理学的3,4,5和心理6,7函数。注意和上只是一眨眼率之间的联系已被研究和证明在不同的研究8。较高的注意力会降低上只是一眨眼率, 根据先前的研究, 人类共享一种机制来控制眨眼的时间, 搜索最佳时刻, 以避免丢失重要的视觉信息9。因此, 分析观众在观看屏幕时的上只是一眨眼行为, 可以提供有关媒体内容关注程度的信息。
一种检测自发性上只是一眨眼率的方法是利用脑电图电极记录电活动。Eyeblinks 可以很容易地检测到前额和 electrooculogram 电极连接到脑电图记录系统。在大多数脑电图分析中, eyeblinks 被认为是工件。因此, 为分析 EEG 数据而设计的许多软件包都有上只是一眨眼检测器10。使用 EEG 检测 eyeblinks 的优点是高时间分辨率 (以毫秒为单位), 以及在与那些 eyeblinks 同步的电影中记录不同叙事和切割的脑部效应的可能性-这是一个可以进一步研究。使用高清照相机录制参与者的脸部也可以用于匹配/对比目的9。
替代方法的优越性与相关研究的借鉴意义
有多种方法来计数眼睛眨眼。一些用于检测闪烁的专用仪器有磁性线圈、红外线 (IR) 光束、具有眼球运动分析的光电运动探测器, 如眼球跟踪技术, 以及基于生物电信号的几种技术,例如,electrooculography (EOG), 肌电图和脑电图。另一个更准确, 但耗时的选项是手动计数从框架帧视频录制11闪烁。今天的技术可以大致分为两组: a) 无接触录音, 包括两种方式, 直接眨眼检测使用计算机视觉和离线眨眼检测使用眼跟踪, b) 基于接触的记录使用通过 EOG 和脑电图设备的生物信号12,13。
眼球跟踪系统是一种广泛应用的技术, 从传统的基于图像的被动设计到目前主要用于高分辨率摄像机的主动近红外方法。后者利用红外光照下的瞳孔反射特性14。现代眼球追踪方法的概念是瞳孔中心角膜反射 (PCCR), 它涉及相机跟踪瞳孔的中心, 光线从角膜反射。然而, 目前还没有为眼球追踪协议发布的闪烁检测算法。此外, 虽然市场上不同的眼球跟踪模型提供了与闪烁检测相集成的软件, 但源代码并非总是由制造商提供, 因此很难修改或了解算法如何工作12。同时, 在眼球跟踪实验中, 还有导致数据丢失的事件, 例如跟踪延迟和显著的头部或凝视动作。在视频捕获中, 眼睛区域非常小, 这是计算眨眼持续时间的一个问题, 有时会引入各种类型的工件15。
本实验采用脑电图和 EOG 方法。脑电图通常不单独用于检测 eyeblinks。然而, 分析脑电电极记录的 eyeblinks 是研究眼睑移位的标准程序。这一过程使研究人员能够准确了解 eyeblinks 发生的时间。检测闪烁的最常见信号模式是峰值点, 表示垂直运动响应。有几种峰值检测算法适用于原始脑电图、时域或频域信号。峰值识别过程包括峰值检测、特征提取和分类。Eyeblinks 对脑电信号的额通道有相当大的影响。通常, 通过使用预先确定的振幅阈值16, 在 EEG 中检测到 eyeblinks。本实验所用分析软件中的算法基于信号的标准偏差和预滤波 EEG 信号的根均方根 (RMS);它们是开源的, 可供科学界17使用。然而, 一些不涉及 eyeblinks 的眼球运动可能会引起可能混淆的电活动。由于这个原因, 第二种方法-记录观众的脸与高清摄像机-允许研究员匹配 eyeblinks 通过手动计数。利用这种双重方法, 研究者实现了一个 eyeblinks 矩阵, 可以很容易地用统计工具进行分析。
因此, 所提出的方法使用两个不同的源进行数据三角化来验证检测到的 eyeblinks。此方法基于浩et指示9进行确认。同时, 它还使研究人员能够收集大脑活动和频带信息, 以便进一步分析。这里描述的实验是更广泛的未来调查的一部分, 对剪辑风格的削减影响枕和前额脑区。
确定方法是否适合调查
该实验协议使观众的 eyeblinks, 同时观看视频内容在三实验条件下进行研究。首先, 使用两种互补技术检测上只是一眨眼率: EEG 和录制的高清视频。在这里, 我们使用20频道的无线脑电图。其次, 建立适应实验的特定刺激, 使研究者能够管理视觉内容的所有变量。在这里, 三视频与相同的叙事, 但不同的视频编辑风格创建。这个故事包括一个走进房间的男人, 坐在办公桌前, 用三个球, 打开一台笔记本电脑, 在一些书上查到一些信息, 在笔记本电脑上打字, 关上它, 吃苹果, 直接看着相机, 离开房间。三视频刺激最后198s 每个。第一个是一拍的电影;第二个被编辑了根据古典好莱坞样式规则与33不同的射击;第三个是按照 MTV 风格的规则编辑的, 有79张照片。第四刺激也被提出在其中叙述是相同的, 但格式是真正的代表与演员而不是录影。这第四非视频刺激在最初的编辑风格差异的研究中没有使用, 但在不同的调查中用于比较实际表示法和屏蔽媒体8之间的上只是一眨眼率差异。第三, 不同的参与者组根据他们以前在视频分析中的专长进行选择。目的是确定不同的上只是一眨眼率的主题组观看相同的视觉刺激。在这种情况下, 40 名受试者参加了调查。其中半数为媒体专业人员 (16 男4女; 年龄30-56 岁, 平均年龄44.15 ±7.15 岁), 其余为非媒体专业人员 (15 名男性, 5 名女性; 年龄28-56 岁, 平均年龄43.25 岁)。选择媒体专业人员的标准是6年以上的工作经验, 在与媒体编辑相关的日常工作中作出决定。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1126">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:276px;">EEG Device</td>
			<td style="width:279px;">Neurolectrics</td>
			<td style="width:344px;">Enobio 20 EEG/EMG system&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:227px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Ag/AgCl Electrodes</td>
			<td>Neuroelectrics</td>
			<td>[NE022b] GelTrode</td>
			<td style="width:227px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Recording EEG software</td>
			<td>Neuroelectrics</td>
			<td>NicOffline software</td>
			<td style="width:227px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">HD-video camera</td>
			<td>Sony Corporation&#160;</td>
			<td>Sony HDR-GW55VE</td>
			<td style="width:227px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Syringe</td>
			<td>Monoject</td>
			<td>Monoject 412, curved tip syringe, 50/box</td>
			<td style="width:227px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:276px;">Saline electrode EMG gel</td>
			<td>Signa-Gel</td>
			<td>X32-204: Signa Gel</td>
			<td style="width:227px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Visual Stimuli Presentation Software</td>
			<td>Paradigm Stimulus Presentation</td>
			<td>Perception Research System Incorporated</td>
			<td style="width:227px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="50">
			<td height="50" style="height:51px;">EEG software analysis</td>
			<td style="width:279px;">Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Montreal Neurological Institute</td>
			<td>Brainstorm3</td>
			<td style="width:227px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">EEG software analysis</td>
			<td>The MathWorks Inc.</td>
			<td>MATLAB 2013b</td>
			<td style="width:227px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">TV for video presentation</td>
			<td>Panasonic Corporation</td>
			<td>PanasonicTH- 42PZ70EA&#160; - 50&#34;</td>
			<td style="width:227px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">PC for presenting stimuli</td>
			<td>MacBook Air</td>
			<td>Year 2013, running Mac OSX Mountain Lion</td>
			<td style="width:227px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">PC for recording stimuli</td>
			<td>MacBook&#160;</td>
			<td>Year 2009 running Windows 7</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">With a bootcamp partition of the disk for providing Windows OS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Statistical Analysis</td>
			<td>Systat Software Inc.</td>
			<td>Sigmaplot 11.0&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:227px;"></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

using electroencephalography measurements and high-quality video recording for analyzing visual perception of media content

本文探讨了一种检测人类视觉知觉差异的方法。所使用的方法是基于 eyeblinks 的心理 (或 "认知") 功能。在观看专门为调查创建的视频时, 检测并获取参与者的 eyeblinks。在20通道脑电图 (EEG) 无线设备的帮助下, 对 eyeblinks 进行了检测和采集。国际10-20 系统为电极安置被跟随了。高清晰度 (HD) 摄像机用于记录参与者的面部表情, 以进行对比。除了使用预先存在的媒体内容之外, 还根据调查的特定标准创建了专门制作的视频内容, 并通过刺激使研究人员能够管理感兴趣的精确参数。否则, 结果可能被不受控制的变量所污染。视频刺激的呈现与脑电图记录的同步需要以毫秒为单位进行。对采集的数据进行分析, 用健壮的软件对大矩阵进行处理。与媒体专业化和编辑风格相关的上只是一眨眼率差异有统计学意义, 并与实验程序进行了比较。

运用本文所介绍的程序, 分析了40名观众观看三部不同视频电影时的上只是一眨眼率。对于媒体专业化的比较分析, 有一半的参与者是媒体专业人士。他们是根据至少6年的工作经验, 在作出有关媒体编辑和视听削减的决策的标准。对于编辑风格的比较分析, 三视频的刺激是用完全相同的叙事, 但不同的编辑风格来创建的。一个是一次性电影, 一枪开着, 没有相机动作。另一种?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Using Electroencephalography Measurements and High-quality Video Recording for Analyzing Visual Perception of Media Content at JoVE.com

Using Electroencephalography Measurements and High-quality Video Recording for Analyzing Visual Perception of Media Content

利用脑电图测量和高质量视频记录分析媒体内容的视觉感知

我们在观看媒体内容的同时, 对上只是一眨眼率进行检测、获取和分析。

This article explores a method to detect differences in visual perception in humans. The method used is based on the psychological (or "cognitive") ...

using-electroencephalography-measurements-high-quality-video

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

6.8K 次观看.  Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona. 我们在观看媒体内容的同时, 对上只是一眨眼率进行检测、获取和分析。

视频: Using Electroencephalography Measurements and High-quality Video Recording for Analyzing Visual Perception of Media Content

Best Current Practice for Obtaining High Quality EEG Data During Simultaneous fMRI

Simultaneous EEG-fMRI allows the excellent temporal resolution of EEG to be combined with the high spatial accuracy of fMRI. The data from these two modalities can be combined in a number of ways, but all rely on the acquisition of high quality EEG and fMRI data. EEG data acquired during simultaneous fMRI are affected by several artifacts, including the gradient artefact (due to the changing magnetic field gradients required for fMRI), the pulse artefact (linked to the cardiac cycle) and movement artifacts (resulting from movements in the strong magnetic field of the scanner, and muscle activity). Post-processing methods for successfully correcting the gradient and pulse artifacts require a number of criteria to be satisfied during data acquisition. Minimizing head motion during EEG-fMRI is also imperative for limiting the generation of artifacts.
Interactions between the radio frequency (RF) pulses required for MRI and the EEG hardware may occur and can cause heating. This is only a significant risk if safety guidelines are not satisfied. Hardware design and set-up, as well as careful selection of which MR sequences are run with the EEG hardware present must therefore be considered.
The above issues highlight the importance of the choice of the experimental protocol employed when performing a simultaneous EEG-fMRI experiment. Based on previous research we describe an optimal experimental set-up. This provides high quality EEG data during simultaneous fMRI when using commercial EEG and fMRI systems, with safety risks to the subject minimized. We demonstrate this set-up in an EEG-fMRI experiment using a simple visual stimulus. However, much more complex stimuli can be used. Here we show the EEG-fMRI set-up using a Brain Products GmbH (Gilching, Germany) MRplus, 32 channel EEG system in conjunction with a Philips Achieva (Best, Netherlands) 3T MR scanner, although many of the techniques are transferable to other systems.

Simultaneous electroencephalography (EEG) and functional Magnetic Resonance imaging (fMRI) is a powerful neuroimaging tool. However, the inside of an MRI scanner forms a difficult environment for EEG data recording and safety must be considered whenever operating EEG equipment inside a scanner. Here, we present an optimised EEG-fMRI data acquisition protocol.

获得高质量的脑电数据在同步功能磁共振成像的当前最佳实践

Simultaneous  EEG-fMRI allows the excellent temporal resolution of EEG to be combined with the  high spatial accuracy of fMRI. The data  from these two ...

科研

行为学

Simultaneous Scalp Electroencephalography (EEG), Electromyography (EMG), and Whole-body Segmental Inertial Recording for Multi-modal Neural Decoding

Recent studies support the involvement of supraspinal networks in control of bipedal human walking. Part of this evidence encompasses studies, including our previous work, demonstrating that gait kinematics and limb coordination during treadmill walking can be inferred from the scalp electroencephalogram (EEG) with reasonably high decoding accuracies. These results provide impetus for development of non-invasive brain-machine-interface (BMI) systems for use in restoration and/or augmentation of gait- a primary goal of rehabilitation research. To date, studies examining EEG decoding of activity during gait have been limited to treadmill walking in a controlled environment. However, to be practically viable a BMI system must be applicable for use in everyday locomotor tasks such as over ground walking and turning. Here, we present a novel protocol for non-invasive collection of brain activity (EEG), muscle activity (electromyography (EMG)), and whole-body kinematic data (head, torso, and limb trajectories) during both treadmill and over ground walking tasks. By collecting these data in the uncontrolled environment insight can be gained regarding the feasibility of decoding unconstrained gait and surface EMG from scalp EEG.

Simultaneous Scalp Electroencephalography EEG, Electromyography EMG, and Whole-body Segmental Inertial Recording for Multi-modal Neural Decoding

Development of an effective brain-machine-interface (BMI) system for restoration and rehabilitation of bipedal locomotion requires accurate decoding of user's intent. Here we present a novel experimental protocol and data collection technique for simultaneous non-invasive acquisition of neural activity, muscle activity, and whole-body kinematics during various locomotion tasks and conditions.

同时头皮脑电图（EEG），肌电图（EMG）和全身分部惯性录制多模态神经解码

Recent  studies support the involvement of supraspinal networks in control of bipedal  human walking. Part of this evidence  encompasses studies, ...

Contextual and Cued Fear Conditioning Test Using a Video Analyzing System in Mice

The contextual and cued fear conditioning test is one of the behavioral tests that assesses the ability of mice to learn and remember an association between environmental cues and aversive experiences. In this test, mice are placed into a conditioning chamber and are given parings of a conditioned stimulus (an auditory cue) and an aversive unconditioned stimulus (an electric footshock). After a delay time, the mice are exposed to the same conditioning chamber and a differently shaped chamber with presentation of the auditory cue. Freezing behavior during the test is measured as an index of fear memory. To analyze the behavior automatically, we have developed a video analyzing system using the ImageFZ application software program, which is available as a free download at http://www.mouse-phenotype.org/. Here, to show the details of our protocol, we demonstrate our procedure for the contextual and cued fear conditioning test in C57BL/6J mice using the ImageFZ system. In addition, we validated our protocol and the video analyzing system performance by comparing freezing time measured by the ImageFZ system or a photobeam-based computer measurement system with that scored by a human observer. As shown in our representative results, the data obtained by ImageFZ were similar to those analyzed by a human observer, indicating that the behavioral analysis using the ImageFZ system is highly reliable. The present movie article provides detailed information regarding the test procedures and will promote understanding of the experimental situation.

This article presents a protocol for a contextual and cued fear conditioning test using a video analyzing system to assess fear learning and memory in mice.

背景和线索恐惧制约试验小鼠中使用视频分析系统

The contextual and cued fear conditioning test is one of the behavioral tests that assesses the ability of mice to learn and remember an association ...

Automated Visual Cognitive Tasks for Recording Neural Activity Using a Floor Projection Maze

Neuropsychological tasks used in primates to investigate mechanisms of learning and memory are typically visually guided cognitive tasks. We have developed visual cognitive tasks for rats using the Floor Projection Maze1,2&#160;that are optimized for visual abilities of rats permitting stronger comparisons of experimental findings with other species.
In order to investigate neural correlates of learning and memory, we have integrated electrophysiological recordings into fully automated cognitive tasks on the Floor Projection Maze1,2. Behavioral software interfaced with an animal tracking system allows monitoring of the animal's behavior with precise control of image presentation and reward contingencies for better trained animals. Integration with an in vivo electrophysiological recording system enables examination of behavioral correlates of neural activity at selected epochs of a given cognitive task.
We describe protocols for a model system that combines automated visual presentation of information to rodents and intracranial reward with electrophysiological approaches. Our model system offers a sophisticated set of tools as a framework for other cognitive tasks to better isolate and identify specific mechanisms contributing to particular cognitive processes.

We describe protocols for training rats for chronic electrophysiological recordings in fully automated cognitive tasks on a Floor Projection Maze.

使用地面投影迷宫自动化视觉认知任务记录神经活动

Neuropsychological tasks used in primates to investigate mechanisms of learning and memory are typically visually guided cognitive tasks. We have ...

Combined Shuttle-Box Training with Electrophysiological Cortex Recording and Stimulation as a Tool to Study Perception and Learning

Shuttle-box avoidance learning is a well-established method in behavioral neuroscience and experimental setups were traditionally custom-made; the necessary equipment is now available by several commercial companies. This protocol provides a detailed description of a two-way shuttle-box avoidance learning paradigm in rodents (here Mongolian gerbils; Meriones unguiculatus) in combination with site-specific electrical intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) and simultaneous chronical electrophysiological in vivo recordings. The detailed protocol is applicable to study multiple aspects of learning behavior and perception in different rodent species.
Site-specific ICMS of auditory cortical circuits as conditioned stimuli here is used as a tool to test the perceptual relevance of specific afferent, efferent and intracortical connections. Distinct activation patterns can be evoked by using different stimulation electrode arrays for local, layer-dependent ICMS or distant ICMS sites. Utilizing behavioral signal detection analysis it can be determined which stimulation strategy is most effective for eliciting a behaviorally detectable and salient signal. Further, parallel multichannel-recordings using different electrode designs (surface electrodes, depth electrodes, etc.) allow for investigating neuronal observables over the time course of such learning processes. It will be discussed how changes of the behavioral design can increase the cognitive complexity (e.g. detection, discrimination, reversal learning).

Shuttle-box avoidance learning is well-established in behavioral neuroscience. This protocol describes how shuttle-box learning in rodents can be combined with site-specific electrical intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) and simultaneous chronical in vivo recordings as a tool to study multiple aspects of learning and perception.

联合穿梭盒子训练与电的Cortex记录和刺激作为一种工具来研究感知和学习

Shuttle-box avoidance learning is a well-established method in behavioral neuroscience and experimental setups were traditionally custom-made; the ...

Utilizing Electroencephalography Measurements for Comparison of Task-Specific Neural Efficiencies: Spatial Intelligence Tasks

Spatial intelligence is often linked to success in engineering education and engineering professions. The use of electroencephalography enables comparative calculation of individuals&#39; neural efficiency as they perform successive tasks requiring spatial ability to derive solutions. Neural efficiency here is defined as having less beta activation, and therefore expending fewer neural resources, to perform a task in comparison to other groups or other tasks. For inter-task comparisons of tasks with similar durations, these measurements may enable a comparison of task type difficulty. For intra-participant and inter-participant comparisons, these measurements provide potential insight into the participant&#39;s level of spatial ability and different engineering problem solving tasks. Performance on the selected tasks can be analyzed and correlated with beta activities. This work presents a detailed research protocol studying the neural efficiency of students engaged in the solving of typical spatial ability and Statics problems. Students completed problems specific to the Mental Cutting Test (MCT), Purdue Spatial Visualization test of Rotations (PSVT:R), and Statics. While engaged in solving these problems, participants&#39; brain waves were measured with EEG allowing data to be collected regarding alpha and beta brain wave activation and use. The work looks to correlate functional performance on pure spatial tasks with spatially intensive engineering tasks to identify the pathways to successful performance in engineering and the resulting improvements in engineering education that may follow.

This manuscript describes an approach to measure neural activity of humans while solving spatially focused engineering problems. The electroencephalogram methodology helps interpret beta brain wave measurements in terms of neural efficiency, with the aim of ultimately enabling comparisons of task performance both between problem types and between participants.

利用脑电图测量任务特定神经效率的比较:空间智能任务

Spatial intelligence is often linked to success in engineering education and engineering professions. The use of electroencephalography enables ...

Concurrent Electroencephalography Recording During Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS)

Oscillatory brain activities are considered to reflect the basis of rhythmic changes in transmission efficacy across brain networks and are assumed to integrate cognitive neural processes. Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) holds the promise to elucidate the causal link between specific frequencies of oscillatory brain activity and cognitive processes. Simultaneous electroencephalography (EEG) recording during tACS would offer an opportunity to directly explore immediate neurophysiological effects of tACS. However, it is not trivial to measure EEG signals during tACS, as tACS creates a huge artifact in EEG data. Here we explain how to set up concurrent tACS-EEG experiments. Two necessary considerations for successful EEG recording while applying tACS are highlighted. First, bridging of the tACS and EEG electrodes via leaking EEG gel immediately saturates the EEG amplifier. To avoid bridging via gel, the viscosity of the EEG gel is the most important parameter. The EEG gel must be viscous to avoid bridging, but at the same time sufficiently fluid to create contact between the tACS electrode and the scalp. Second, due to the large amplitude of the tACS artifact, it is important to consider using an EEG system with a high resolution analog-to-digital (A/D) converter. In particular, the magnitude of the tACS artifact can exceed 100 mV at the vicinity of a stimulation electrode when 1 mA tACS is applied. The resolution of the A/D converter is of importance to measure good quality EEG data from the vicinity of the stimulation site. By following these guidelines for the procedures and technical considerations, successful concurrent EEG recording during tACS will be realized.

Concurrent Electroencephalography Recording During Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation tACS

In this article we explain how to set up a concurrent transcranial alternating current stimulation and EEG experiment.

并行脑电图记录在经颅交流电刺激（TACS）

Oscillatory brain activities are considered to reflect the basis of rhythmic changes in transmission efficacy across brain networks and are assumed to ...

Visualization Method for Proprioceptive Drift on a 2D Plane Using Support Vector Machine

Proprioceptive drift, which is a perceptual shift in body-part position from the unseen real body to a visible body-like image, has been measured as the behavioral correlate for the sense of ownership. Previously, the estimation of proprioceptive drift was limited to one spatial dimension, such as height, width, or depth. As the hand can move freely in 3D, measuring proprioceptive drift in only one dimension is not sufficient for the estimation of the drift in real life situations. In this article, we provide a novel method to estimate proprioceptive drift on a 2D plane using the mirror illusion by combining an objective behavioral measurement (hand position tracking) and subjective, phenomenological assessment (subjective assessment of hand position and questionnaire) with a sophisticated machine learning approach. This technique permits not only an investigation of the underlying mechanisms of the sense of ownership and agency but also assists in the rehabilitation of a missing or paralyzed limb and in the design rules of real-time control systems with a self-body-like usability, in which the operator controls the system as if it were part of his/her own body.

This article describes a novel method to estimate proprioceptive drift on a 2D plane using the mirror illusion and combining a psychophysical procedure with an analysis using machine learning.

对2D平面本体感受漂移的支持向量机可视化方法

Proprioceptive drift, which is a perceptual shift in body-part position from the unseen real body to a visible body-like image, has been measured as the ...

Implantation and Recording of Wireless Electroretinogram and Visual Evoked Potential in Conscious Rats

The full-field electroretinogram (ERG) and visual evoked potential (VEP) are useful tools to assess retinal and visual pathway integrity in both laboratory and clinical settings. Currently, preclinical ERG and VEP measurements are performed with anesthesia to ensure stable electrode placements. However, the very presence of anesthesia has been shown to contaminate normal physiological responses. To overcome these anesthesia confounds, we develop a novel platform to assay ERG and VEP in conscious rats. Electrodes are surgically implanted sub-conjunctivally on the eye to assay the ERG and epidurally over the visual cortex to measure the VEP. A range of amplitude and sensitivity/timing parameters are assayed for both the ERG and VEP at increasing luminous energies. The ERG and VEP signals are shown to be stable and repeatable for at least 4 weeks post surgical implantation. This ability to record ERG and VEP signals without anesthesia confounds in the preclinical setting should provide superior translation to clinical data.

We show surgical implantation and Recording procedures to measure visual electrophysiological signals from the eye (electroretinogram) and brain (visual evoked potential) in conscious rats, which is more analogous to the human condition where recordings are conducted without anesthesia confounds.

植入和无线电图记录和视觉诱发电位清醒大鼠

The full-field electroretinogram (ERG) and visual evoked potential (VEP) are useful tools to assess retinal and visual pathway integrity in both ...

Exploring Infant Sensitivity to Visual Language using Eye Tracking and the Preferential Looking Paradigm

We discuss the use of the preferential looking paradigm in eye tracking studies in order to study how infants develop, understand, and attend to the world around them. Eye tracking is a safe and non-invasive way to collect gaze data from infants, and the preferential looking paradigm is simple to design and only requires the infant to be attending to the screen. By simultaneously showing two visual stimuli that differ in one dimension, we can assess whether infants show different looking behavior for either stimulus, thus demonstrating sensitivity to that difference. The challenges in such experimental approaches are that experiments must be kept brief (no more than 10 min) and be carefully controlled such that the two stimuli differ in only one way. The interpretation of null results must also be carefully considered. In this paper, we illustrate a successful example of an infant eye tracking study with a preferential looking paradigm to discover that 6-month-olds are sensitive to linguistic cues in a signed language despite having no prior exposure to signed language, suggesting that infants possess intrinsic or innate sensitivities to these cues.

Eye tracking studies using a preferential looking paradigm can be used to study infants&#39;&#160;emerging understanding of, and attention to, their external visual world.

利用眼动追踪和偏好外观范式探索婴儿对视觉语言的敏感度

We discuss the use of the preferential looking paradigm in eye tracking studies in order to study how infants develop, understand, and attend to the world ...