Name: isolation of primary murine skeletal muscle microvascular endothelial cells
Uploaded: 2019-03-06T13:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation of Primary Murine Skeletal Muscle Microvascular Endothelial Cells at JoVE.com

This work was supported by the &#34;Else Kr&#246;ner-Fresenius-Stiftung&#34; (2018_A03 to TR), &#34;Innovative Medizinische Forschung (IMF) M&#252;nster&#34; (I-RU211811 to TR) and German Research Foundation (DFG, INST 2105/27-1, ME 3283/5-1, and ME 3283/6-1 to SGM). Illustrated images provided by Heike Blum.

All animal experiments were approved by the local authorities and conducted according to the German animal welfare act (84-02.05.20.13.097).
1. General Remarks on Animal Experiments
<ol>
	<li>Perform all mouse experiments in accordance with the guidelines of the respective institutional animal care and use committee.</li>
	<li>Keep mice under standardized conditions and according to international guidelines such as the Federation for Laboratory Animal Science Associations (FELASA). 
	<s...

<ol>
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Microvascular endothelial cells provide barrier functions in all tissues and their dysfunction results in disease of the associated organs 3. Moreover, organ-specific studies of microvascular EC could pave the way for new therapeutic strategies. Therefore, a deeper understanding of microvascular EC function under physiological and pathophysiological conditions is of great scientific interest. Modulation of leukocyte/endothelium interaction is successfully used to treat multiple sclerosis patients ...

Via bloodstream, cells and organs are supplied with oxygen, substrates and other necessary molecules. This interchange takes place in capillaries, the smallest vessels. Capillaries are formed by an inner endothelial cell (EC) layer whose integrity remains a prerequisite to successful regulation of muscle homeostasis between the intravascular and interstitial space. To ensure a selective transition of soluble factors and cells, EC constitute a monolayer interconnected by tight and adherens junctions 1. Besides its role as barrier for nutrients or metabolic products, EC regulate the recruitment of leukocytes in inflammatory processes. Inflammation or tissue damage leads to an up-regulation of adhesion molecules on the EC surface and production of chemokines facilitating leukocyte attachment and transmigration into the target tissue 2. Consequently, EC are critically involved in the regulation of inflammatory processes such as the defense against pathogens or tissue repair.
A dysfunction of EC is directly associated with vascular diseases, chronic kidney failure, venous thrombosis severe pathogen infections. Furthermore, EC are virtually always involved in organ-specific autoimmunity such as diabetes mellitus or multiple sclerosis 3. The barrier function between blood stream and organs is therefore controlled by a concerted interplay of different cell types. In the skeletal muscle microvascular endothelial cells (MMEC) together with muscle cells, fibroblasts and pericytes form a functional unit, the &#34;myovascular unit&#34; (MVU). Therefore, a dysfunction of the MVU might play a critical role in the pathophysiology of myopathies. However, a deeper understanding of these regulatory mechanisms is still missing and currently precludes the identification of new, urgently needed, therapeutic targets in myopathies.
To investigate the complex physiological and pathophysiological mechanisms, animal models are commonly used. However, in vitro models offer the advantage to focus on the subject of interest by excluding a variety of confounding factors. To investigate processes in vitro it is necessary to isolate pure and viable primary cells. In contrast to cell lines, primary cells isolated from transgenic animals enable to investigate the consequences of genetic modifications in vitro.
Here, a method to isolate primary murine MMEC is described by using mechanical and enzymatic dissociation followed by magnetic activated cell sorting techniques (MCS) for purification. For this purpose, magnetic beads against specific surface markers are used. Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM1, CD31) is mainly expressed on EC and can be used to enrich this cell type. To warrant high cell purity, cells of hematopoietic origin are excluded by a negative selection for protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type C (PTPRC, CD45). Further, quality controls, cultivation of primary murine MMEC, potential applications and limitations as well as special considerations are presented.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>0,25% Trypsin-EDTA</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>25200-056</td>
			<td>ready to use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ACK buffer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>150 mM NH4Cl, 10 mM KHCO3, 0.1 mM EDTA in water at a pH of 7.3</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-mouse CD31-FITC (clone MEC13.3)</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>102506</td>
			<td>Isotype control: FITC Rat IgG2a, &#954; Isotype Ctrl</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-mouse CD45-PE (clone 30-F11)</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>103106</td>
			<td>Isotype control: PE Rat IgG2b, &#954; Isotype Ctrl</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>bFGF</td>
			<td>Peprotech</td>
			<td>100-18B</td>
			<td>Basic fibroblast growth factor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BSA</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>A4503</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD31 MicroBeads mouse</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td>130-097-418</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD45 MicroBeads mouse</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td>130-052-301</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagenase-Dispase</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>10269638001</td>
			<td>Collagenase from V. alginolyticus, Dispase from B. polymyxa</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Corning Costar TC-Treated Multiple 6-Well Plates</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>3516</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cy3-conjugated anti-rat IgG antibody</td>
			<td>dianova</td>
			<td>712-166-153</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DAPI (ProLong Gold antifade reagent with DAPI)</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>P36935</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Desoxyribonuclease</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>D4513</td>
			<td>Deoxyribonuclease I from bovine pancreas</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Diethylpyrocarbonat treated water</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>AM9916</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM, containing Glutamin Supplement and pyruvate</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>31966-021</td>
			<td>warm up to 37 &#176;C before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>dNTP Mix (10 mM)</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>R0192</td>
			<td>1 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EDTA</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>E5134</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FACS tubes</td>
			<td>Sarstedt</td>
			<td>551,579</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Falcon 70 &#956;m Cell Strainer</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>352350</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FC buffer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>0.1% BSA, 0.2% NaN3, 2 mM EDTA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal calf serum</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>F6178</td>
			<td>Fetal calf serum</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fixable Viability Dye eFluor780</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>65-0865-14</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Forceps (serrated, straight, 12 cm)</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>11002-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Forceps (serrated, straight, 12 cm)</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>11009-13</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Insulin syringe 100 Solo 1ml (Omnifix)</td>
			<td>Braun</td>
			<td>9161708V</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>large magnetiv columns (LS columns)</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td>130-042-401</td>
			<td>for CD45-MACS-step</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MCS buffer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>0.5% BSA, 2 mM EDTA in PBS at a pH of 7.2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Medium magnetic column (MS column)</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td>130-042-201</td>
			<td>for CD31-MACS-step</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nuclease free water</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>R0581</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Phosphate buffered saline, ready to use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PCR buffer (5x)</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>EP0742</td>
			<td>in a kit with the reverse transcriptase</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pecam1 rat &#945;-mouse</td>
			<td>SantaCruz</td>
			<td>Sc-52713</td>
			<td>100 &#181;g/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin-Streptomycin</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>P4333</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>primary murine muscle cells</td>
			<td>celprogen</td>
			<td>66066-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Primer Cdh15 (M-Cadherin)</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>Mm00483191_m1</td>
			<td>FAM labeled</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Primer Cldn5 (claudin-5)</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>Mm00727012_s1</td>
			<td>FAM labeled</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Primer Ocln (occludin)</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>Mm00500912_m1</td>
			<td>FAM labeled</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Primer Pax-7</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>Mm01354484_m1</td>
			<td>FAM labeled</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Primer Tjp-1 (Zonula occludens 1)</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>Mm00493699_m1</td>
			<td>FAM labeled</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Primer 18s rRNA (Eukaryotic endogenous control)</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>4310893E</td>
			<td>VIC labeled</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>qPCR buffer (Maxima Probe/ROX qPCR Master Mix (2X)</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>K0231</td>
			<td>2 x 1,25 mL; for 200 reactions each</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Random mixture of single-stranded primer</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>SO142</td>
			<td>Random Hexamer Primer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Reverse Transcriptase (200 U/&#956;L) + PCR buffer (5x)</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>EP0742</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rnase Inhibitor (40 U/&#956;L)</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>EO0381</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scissor (cutting edge 23 mm, sharp/sharp) )</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>14088-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scissor (cutting edge 42 mm, sharp/blunt)</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>14001-13</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Speed Coating solution</td>
			<td>PeloBiotech</td>
			<td>PB-LU-000-0002-00</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

isolation of primary murine skeletal muscle microvascular endothelial cells

The endothelial cells of skeletal muscle capillaries (muscle microvascular endothelial cells, MMEC) build up the barrier between blood stream and skeletal muscles regulating the exchange of fluids and nutrients as well as the immune response against infectious agents by controlling immune cell migration. For these functions, MMEC form a functional &#34;myovascular unit&#34; (MVU), with further cell types, such as fibroblasts, pericytes and skeletal muscle cells. Consequently, a dysfunction of MMEC and therefore the MVU contributes to a vast variety of myopathies. However, regulatory mechanisms of MMEC in health and disease remain insufficiently understood and their elucidation precedes more specific treatments for myopathies. The isolation and in-depth investigation of primary MMEC functions in the context of the MVU might facilitate a better understanding of these processes.
This article provides a protocol to isolate primary murine MMEC of the skeletal muscle by mechanical and enzymatic dissociation including purification and culture maintenance steps.

One day after isolation, primary murine MMEC and residual other cells form conglomerates and adhere to the bottom of culture dishes (Figure 1A day 1). From day 7 on, flat and elongated cells can be observed. However, contamination of other, mostly spheroid cells, is still visible (Figure 1A day 7). Thus, another cycle of CD31 positive selection via MCS is required. Hereafter, primary murine MMEC proliferate to a density ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation of Primary Murine Skeletal Muscle Microvascular Endothelial Cells at JoVE.com

Isolation of Primary Murine Skeletal Muscle Microvascular Endothelial Cells

Microvascular endothelial cells of skeletal muscles (MMEC) shape the inner wall of muscle capillaries and regulate both, exchange of fluids/molecules and migration of (immune) cells between muscle tissue and blood. Isolation of primary murine MMEC, as described here, enables comprehensive in vitro investigations of the &#34;myovascular unit&#34;.

The endothelial cells of skeletal muscle capillaries (muscle microvascular endothelial cells, MMEC) build up the barrier between blood stream and skeletal ...

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