Name: isolation and quantification of zika virus from multiple organs in a mouse
Uploaded: 2019-08-15T13:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation and Quantification of Zika Virus from Multiple Organs in a Mouse at JoVE.com

Dr. Pinto is funded by a seed grant from the Saint Louis University School of Medicine and startup funds from Saint Louis University School of Medicine. Dr. Brien is funded by a K22AI104794 early investigator award from the NIH NIAID as well a seed grant from the Saint Louis University School. For all funded individuals the funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

All procedures of the present study are in accordance with the guidelines set by the St. Louis University Animal Care and Use Committee. SLU is fully accredited by the Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care International (AAALAC).
1. Organ Isolation
NOTE: The virus is not stable at room temperature (RT) so the number of animals harvested at one time must be planned carefully to preserve viral titers.
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K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+and+Murine+IFIT1+Proteins+Do+Not+Restrict+Infection+of+Negative-Sense+RNA+Viruses+of+the+Orthomyxoviridae,+Bunyaviridae,+and+Filoviridae+Families.">Human and Murine IFIT1 Proteins Do Not Restrict Infection of Negative-Sense RNA Viruses of the Orthomyxoviridae, Bunyaviridae, and Filoviridae Families.</a> Journal of Virology. 89 (18), 9465-9476 (2015).</li><li>Hassert, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CD4+T+cells+mediate+protection+against+Zika+associated+severe+disease+in+a+mouse+model+of+infection.">CD4+T cells mediate protection against Zika associated severe disease in a mouse model of infection.</a> PLoS Pathog. 14 (9), e1007237 (2018).</li><li>Pinto, A. 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ZIKV infection can cause a neurological disease therefore the current animal models to study pathogenesis, immune responses and protective efficacy of vaccines and antivirals need to focus on viral control within the CNS. One of the challenges in focusing on CNS disease is that it often comes at the expense of studying peripheral infection. The organ isolation methods proposed here focuses on the need to rapidly evaluate ZIKV infection in both the periphery and the CNS in order to assess CNS mediated ZIKV associated dise...

Zika virus (ZIKV) is an arbovirus that belongs to the flaviviridae family, which includes important neuroinvasive human pathogens such as Powassan virus (POWV), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), and West Nile virus (WNV)1. Following its isolation and identification, there have been periodic reports of human ZIKV infections in Africa and Asia2,3,4,5, and epidemics within Central and South America (reviewed in reference6). However, it was not until recently that ZIKV was thought to cause severe disease7. Now there are thousands of cases of neurological disease and birth defects linked to ZIKV infections. The rapid emergence of ZIKV has prompted many questions relating to: why there is an increase in disease severity, what is the immunological response to ZIKV infection and are there viral and/or immune mediated pathologies linked to the increase in neurological manifestations and birth defects. There is now a rush to understand the central nervous system (CNS) related disease associated with ZIKV as well as the need to rapidly test the efficacy of the antivirals and vaccines against ZIKV. It is against this backdrop that we have developed methods for the rapid analysis of ZIKV titers in both the periphery and CNS using a ZIKV-specific focus forming assays (FFA).
Small animal models are important for understanding disease progression and for the early evaluation of vaccines, therapeutics, and anti-virals. We have established small animal models for the study of arbovirus disease by using various mouse strains to model human infection and protection against viral pathogens8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22. Using this prior experience, we began to modify techniques used for the assessment of WNV and Dengue virus, a related flavivirus for the assessment of ZIKV titer in both peripheral organs as well as the CNS21,23,24. The advantages of these methods over other assays are: 1) that they combine the ability to harvest both peripheral and CNS organs for the analysis; 2) the methods are adaptable for flow cytometry, for measurements of innate and adaptive immune responses, along with viral titers on the same animal in the same organ; 3) the harvest technique is adaptable for histological analysis; 4) the ZIKV FFA is a rapid high throughput method for viral titer analysis; and 5) these methods can be applied to the assessment of viral titers in the organs of animals infected with most pathogens25.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>1-bromo-3-chloropropane (BCP)</td>
			<td>MRC gene</td>
			<td>BP151</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10cc syringe</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BD 309642</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>18G needle</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>22-557-145</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1cc TB syringe</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>14-823-16H</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>20cc syringe</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>05-561-66</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>24 tube beadmill</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>15 340 163</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3.2 mm stainless steel beads</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>NC9084634</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>37C Tissue Culture incubator</td>
			<td>Nuair</td>
			<td>5800</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4G2 antibody</td>
			<td>in house</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96 well flat bottom plates</td>
			<td>Midsci</td>
			<td>TP92696</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96well round bottom plates</td>
			<td>Midsci</td>
			<td>TP92697</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Basix 1.5ml eppendorf tubes</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>02-682-002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Concentrated Germicidal Bleach</td>
			<td>Staples</td>
			<td>30966CT</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CTL S6 Analyzer</td>
			<td>CTL</td>
			<td>CTL S6 Universal Analyzer</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>curved cutting scissors</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>14061-11</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#8217;s Modified Eagle&#8217;s Medium - high glucose With 4500 mg/L glucose</td>
			<td>MilliporeSigma</td>
			<td>D5671</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol (molecular biology-grade)</td>
			<td>MilliporeSigma</td>
			<td>e7023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td>MilliporeSigma</td>
			<td>F0926-500ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Forceps</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>11036-20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glacial acetic acid</td>
			<td>MilliporeSigma</td>
			<td>537020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat anti-mouse HRP-labeled antibody</td>
			<td>MilliporeSigma</td>
			<td>8924</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES 1 M</td>
			<td>MilliporeSigma</td>
			<td>H3537-100ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isopropanol (molecular biology-grade)</td>
			<td>MilliporeSigma</td>
			<td>I9516</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ketamine/Xylazine cocktail</td>
			<td>Comparative Medicine</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-glutamine</td>
			<td>MilliporeSigma</td>
			<td>g7513</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magmax RNA purification kit</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>AM1830</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Methylcellulose</td>
			<td>MilliporeSigma</td>
			<td>M0512</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microcentrifuge</td>
			<td>Ependorf</td>
			<td>5424R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MiniCollect 0.5ml EDTA tubes</td>
			<td>Bio-one</td>
			<td>450480</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>o-ring tubes</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>21-403-195</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>one step q RT-PCR mix</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>4392938</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>EMS- 15713-S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate Buffered Saline</td>
			<td>MilliporeSigma</td>
			<td>d8537-500ml</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Proline multichannel pipettes</td>
			<td>Sartorius</td>
			<td>72230/72240</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Proline single channel pipettes</td>
			<td>Sartorius</td>
			<td>728230</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RNAse free water</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>10-977-023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RNAzol BD</td>
			<td>MRC gene</td>
			<td>RB192</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rocking Platform</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>11-676-333</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RPMI 1640</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>MT10040CV</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Saponin</td>
			<td>MilliporeSigma</td>
			<td>s7900</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>spoon/spatula</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>10090-17</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>straight cutting scissors</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>14060-11</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>MilliporeSigma</td>
			<td>t8787</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>True Blue Substrate</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>95059-168</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin</td>
			<td>MilliporeSigma</td>
			<td>T3924-100ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
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isolation and quantification of zika virus from multiple organs in a mouse

The methods being presented demonstrate laboratory procedures for the isolation of organs from Zika virus infected animals and the quantification of viral load. The purpose of the procedure is to quantify viral titers in peripheral and CNS areas of the mouse at different time points post infection or under different experimental conditions to identify virologic and immunological factors that regulate Zika virus infection. The organ isolation procedures demonstrated allow for both focus forming assay quantification and quantitative PCR assessment of viral titers. The rapid organ isolation techniques are designed for the preservation of virus titer. Viral titer quantification by focus forming assay allows for the rapid throughput assessment of Zika virus. The benefit of the focus forming assay is the assessment of infectious virus, the limitation of this assay is the potential for organ toxicity reducing the limit of detection. Viral titer assessment is combined with quantitative PCR, and using a recombinant RNA copy control viral genome copy number within the organ is assessed with low limit of detection. Overall these techniques provide an accurate rapid high throughput method for the analysis of Zika viral titers in the periphery and CNS of Zika virus infected animals and can be applied to the assessment of viral titers in the organs of animals infected with most pathogens, including Dengue virus.

To evaluate ZIKV titers using the protocol described above Ifnar1-/- mice were infected with ZIKV (PRVABC59) via subcutaneous (SC) injection to the footpad. Here, the administration of 1 x 105 FFU of ZIKV to 8-12 week old Ifnar1-/- mice SC is not lethal but the virus can replicate in both the periphery and CNS. This dose and route are used to study host pathogen immune responses and pathogenicity. Administration of 1 x 105 FFU ...

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Isolation and Quantification of Zika Virus from Multiple Organs in a Mouse

The goal of the protocol is to demonstrate the techniques used to investigate viral disease by isolating and quantifying Zika virus, from multiple organs in a mouse following infection.

The methods being presented demonstrate laboratory procedures for the isolation of organs from Zika virus infected animals and the quantification of viral ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

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