Name: preparation of cytoplasmic and nuclear long rnas from primary and cultured cells
Uploaded: 2023-04-07T13:20:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparation of Cytoplasmic and Nuclear Long RNAs from Primary and Cultured Cells at JoVE.com

Supported by grants from the American Society of Hematology, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, the Doris Duke Charitable Foundation, the Edward P. Evans Foundation, and the National Cancer Institute (1K08CA230319).

K562 cells are used for the present study. This protocol has been optimized to work for 1 x 106-5 x 106 million cells. However, the procedure can be scaled up for larger cell quantities by increasing the volumes appropriately.
1. Preparation of the 0.25x lysis buffer
<ol>
	<li>Prepare 0.25x lysis buffer by mixing the following components provided in Table 1A. 
	&#8203;NOTE: Samples require approximately 300 &#956;L of 0.25x lysis b...

<ol>
	<li>Conrad, T., Orom, U. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cellular+fractionation+and+isolation+of+chromatin-associated+RNA.">Cellular fractionation and isolation of chromatin-associated RNA.</a> Methods in Molecular Biology. 1468, 1-9 (2017).</li><li>Bashirullah, A., Cooperstock, R. L., Lipshitz, H. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RNA+localization+in+development.">RNA localization in development.</a> Annual Review of Biochemistry. 67, 335-394 (1998).</li><li>Liu, X., Fagotto, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+method+to+separate+nuclear,+cytosolic,+and+membrane-associated+signaling+molecules+in+cultured+cells.">A method to separate nuclear, cytosolic, and membrane-associated signaling molecules in cultured cells.</a> Science Signaling. 4 (203), (2011).</li><li>Jansen, R. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=mRNA+localization:+message+on+the+move.">mRNA localization: message on the move.</a> Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology. 2 (4), 247-256 (2001).</li><li>Carlevaro-Fita, J., Johnson, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Global+positioning+system:+Understanding+long+noncoding+RNAs+through+subcellular+localization.">Global positioning system: Understanding long noncoding RNAs through subcellular localization.</a> Molecular Cell. 73 (5), 869-883 (2019).</li><li>Voit, E. O., Martens, H. A., Omholt, S. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=150+years+of+the+mass+action+law.">150 years of the mass action law.</a> PLOS Computational Biology. 11 (1), 1004012 (2015).</li><li>El-Tanani, M., Dakir el, H., Raynor, B., Morgan, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanisms+of+nuclear+export+in+cancer+and+resistance+to+chemotherapy.">Mechanisms of nuclear export in cancer and resistance to chemotherapy.</a> Cancers (Basel). 8 (3), 35 (2016).</li><li>Turner, J. G., Dawson, J., Sullivan, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nuclear+export+of+proteins+and+drug+resistance+in+cancer).">Nuclear export of proteins and drug resistance in cancer).</a> Biochemical Pharmacology. 83 (8), 1021-1032 (2012).</li><li>Boesenberg-Smith, K. A., Pessarakli, M. M., Wolk, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessment+of+DNA+yield+and+purity:+an+overlooked+detail+of+PCR+troubleshooting.">Assessment of DNA yield and purity: an overlooked detail of PCR troubleshooting.</a> Clinical Microbiology Newsletter. 34 (1), 1-6 (2012).</li><li>Taylor, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Altered+nuclear+export+signal+recognition+as+a+driver+of+oncogenesis+altered+nuclear+export+signal+recognition+drives+oncogenesis.">Altered nuclear export signal recognition as a driver of oncogenesis altered nuclear export signal recognition drives oncogenesis.</a> Cancer Discovery. 9 (10), 1452-1467 (2019).</li><li>Ayupe, A. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Global+analysis+of+biogenesis,+stability+and+sub-cellular+localization+of+lncRNAs+mapping+to+intragenic+regions+of+the+human+genome.">Global analysis of biogenesis, stability and sub-cellular localization of lncRNAs mapping to intragenic regions of the human genome.</a> RNA Biology. 12 (8), 877-892 (2015).</li><li>Ghuysen, J. -. M., Hakenbeck, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Bacterial Cell Wall. , (1994).</li><li>Fersht, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Enzyme Structure and Mechanism. , (1985).</li><li>Green, M. R., Sambrook, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> How to win the battle with RNase. 2019 (2), (2019).</li><li>Blumberg, D. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Creating+a+ribonuclease-free+environment.">Creating a ribonuclease-free environment.</a> Methods in Enzymology. 152, 20-24 (1987).</li><li>Abmayr, S. M., Yao, T., Parmely, T., Workman, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preparation+of+nuclear+and+cytoplasmic+extracts+from+mammalian+cells.">Preparation of nuclear and cytoplasmic extracts from mammalian cells.</a> Current Protocols in Molecular Biology. , (2006).</li><li>Taylor, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Selinexor,+a+first-in-class+XPO1+inhibitor,+is+efficacious+and+tolerable+in+patients+with+myelodysplastic+syndromes+refractory+to+hypomethylating+agents.">Selinexor, a first-in-class XPO1 inhibitor, is efficacious and tolerable in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes refractory to hypomethylating agents.</a> Blood. 132, 233 (2018).</li></ol>

Throughout the protocol, some steps were taken to optimize the elements to be most effective for the cell line of interest. While the steps within the protocol are relatively straightforward, analysis and minor adjustments during critical aspects of the protocol may be necessary. The most critical step in the protocol is modifying the concentration of the lysis buffer to a proper concentration based on the cell line of interest and the cellular target. Since the utilization of lysis buffer largely depends on the disrupti...

Cellular fractionation into subcellular components allows for the isolation and study of defined biochemical domains and aids in determining the localization of specific cellular processes and how this may impact their function1. Isolation of RNA from different intracellular locations can allow for improved accuracy of genetic and biochemical analysis of transcription level events and other interactions between the nucleus and the cytoplasm, which serves as the primary purpose of the current protocol2. This protocol was developed to ensure the isolation of cytoplasmic and nuclear RNAs to determine their respective roles in nuclear export and to understand how the subcellular localization of RNAs in the nucleus and cytoplasm may impact their function in cellular processes. Using materials from a typical laboratory setting, it was possible to achieve nuclear and cytoplasmic fractionation more effectively and less expensively than previously established protocols without jeopardizing the quality of results3.
Additionally, the exchange of molecules between the cytoplasm and the nucleus can be studied directly by separating these regions. More specifically, understanding the transcriptome is essential for understanding development and disease. However, RNAs may be at different maturation levels at any given time and can complicate downstream analysis. This protocol allows for the ability to isolate RNA from nuclear and cytoplasmic subcellular fractions, which can aid in studies of RNA and allow for a better understanding of a particular RNA of interest, such as the localization of non-coding RNAs or analysis of splice junctions within the nucleus.
This protocol has been optimized for isolating cytoplasmic and nuclear long RNAs, including mRNAs, rRNAs, and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), due to the size selectivity of the RNA purification column utilized, which can be modified to isolate other RNAs of interest. Previously, the function of long RNAs, such as mRNAs and lncRNAs, highly depended on their respective localization within the cell4,5. Therefore, the study of the export from the nucleus to subcellular domains has become more targeted toward understanding the role that exporting RNA or other cellular components can have on the cell. lncRNAs serve as a prime example of this, as their translation and subsequent effects rely largely on proximity and interactions with other forms of RNA6. Furthermore, the exchange of cellular elements between nuclear and cytoplasmic regions is linked to resistance mechanisms to various cancer treatments7. The isolation of intracellular compartments has allowed for the development of nuclear export inhibitors, which has lessened the effects of resistance mechanisms to different therapies8.
Following separating nuclear and cytoplasmic RNA, steps are performed to purify the RNA of interest. Since RNA purification kits are commonly found within laboratories and function to purify and isolate long RNAs, they serve the purpose of this protocol well. For RNA purification, generating 260:280 ratios greater than 1.8 is critical to ensure the quality of samples for RNA sequencing or other similar procedures requiring high levels of purity and isolation. Irregular 260:280 values indicate phenol contamination, demonstrating poor isolation and yielding inaccurate results9.
Once RNA purification is complete and 260:280 values are confirmed to be above an acceptable range, qPCR was utilized to validate the isolation results of nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions. In doing so, primers specific to the region of interest were used to demonstrate the nuclear and cytoplasmic fractionation levels. In this protocol, MALAT1 and TUG1 were used as nuclear and cytoplasmic markers, respectively10. Together, they allow for the demonstration of high levels of nuclear fractionation with MALAT1, while cytoplasmic fractionation is expected to be low. Conversely, when TUG1 is used, cytoplasmic fractionation levels are expected to be higher than nuclear fractionation levels.
Utilizing this protocol, it was possible to isolate RNAs based on their position of action within the cell. Due to widespread access to many materials and utilization of only lysis buffer and density-based centrifugation techniques during this experiment, applicability to other RNA types and other cellular components is widespread. This can provide important information by shedding light on location-specific expression events that would otherwise be indistinguishable without separation.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Agilent Tapestation</td>
			<td>Agilent</td>
			<td>G2991BA</td>
			<td>The Agilent TapeStation system is an automated electrophoresis solution for the sample quality control of DNA and RNA samples.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.5% Nonidet P-40</td>
			<td>Thermo-Fischer</td>
			<td>28324</td>
			<td>Used in the making of lysis buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50 mM Tris-Cl pH 8.0</td>
			<td>Thermo-Fischer</td>
			<td>15568025</td>
			<td>Used in the making of lysis buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MALAT1 GE Assay</td>
			<td>Thermo-Fischer</td>
			<td>Hs00273907_s1</td>
			<td>Utilized for confirmation of Nuclear fraction.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MicroAmp Optical 96-Well Reaction Plate with Barcode</td>
			<td>Thermo-Fischer</td>
			<td>4326659</td>
			<td>The Applied Biosystems MicroAmp Optical 96-Well Reaction Plate with Barcode is optimized to provide unmatched temperature accuracy and uniformity for fast, efficient PCR amplification. This plate, constructed from a single rigid piece of polypropylene in a 96-well format, is compatible with Applied Biosystems 96-Well Real-Time PCR systems and thermal cyclers.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MicroAmp Optical Adhesive Film</td>
			<td>Thermo-Fischer</td>
			<td>4311971</td>
			<td>The Applied Biosystems MicroAmp Optical Adhesive Film reduces the chance of well-to-well contamination and sample evaporation when applied to a microplate during qPCR</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>20012-023</td>
			<td>Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) is a balanced salt solution that is used for a variety of cell culture applications, such as washing cells before dissociation, transporting cells or tissue samples, diluting cells for counting, and preparing reagents.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Qiagen RNA Clean Up Kit-Rneasy Mini Kit</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>74106</td>
			<td>RNA cleanup kits enable efficient RNA cleanup of enzymatic reactions and cleanup of RNA purified by different methods. Includes RW1, RLT, RW1 buffers mentioned throughout protocol.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>QuantStudio 6</td>
			<td>Thermo-Fischer</td>
			<td>A43180</td>
			<td>qPCR software utilized during protocol. Includes Design and Analysis Software for analyzing fractionation samples</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RLT Buffer</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>79216</td>
			<td>Lysis Buffer from RNA clean-up kit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RPE Buffer</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>1018013</td>
			<td>Wash Buffer from RNA clean-up kit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RW1 Buffer</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>1053394</td>
			<td>Wash Buffer from RNA clean-up kit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Taqman Gene Expression Assays</td>
			<td>Thermo-Fischer</td>
			<td>4331182</td>
			<td>Applied Biosystems TaqMan Gene Expression Assays represent the largest collection of predesigned assays in the industry with over 2.8 million assays across 32 eukaryotic species and numerous microbes. TaqMan Gene Expression assays enable you to get results fast with no time wasted optimizing SYBR Green primers and no extra time spent running and analyzing melt curves.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TaqMan Universal PCR Master Mix</td>
			<td>Thermo-Fischer</td>
			<td>4305719</td>
			<td>TaqMan Universal PCR Master Mix is the ideal reagent solution when you need a master mix for multiple 5&#39; nuclease DNA applications. Applied Biosystems reagents have been validated with TaqMan assays and Applied Biosystems real-time systems to ensure sensitive, accurate, and reliable performance every time.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TUG1 GE Assay</td>
			<td>Thermo-Fischer</td>
			<td>Hs00215501_m1</td>
			<td>Utilized for confirmation of Cytoplasmic fraction.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>UltraPure DEPC-Treated Water</td>
			<td>Thermo-Fischer</td>
			<td>750024</td>
			<td>UltraPure DEPC-treated Water is suitable for use with RNA. It is prepared by incubating with 0.1% diethylpyrocarbonate (DEPC), and is then autoclaved to remove the DEPC. Sterile filtered.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

preparation of cytoplasmic and nuclear long rnas from primary and cultured cells

The separation of intracellular components has been a key tool in cellular biology for many years now and has been able to provide useful insight into how their location can impact their function. In particular, the separation of nuclear and cytoplasmic RNA has become important in the context of cancer cells and the quest to find new targets for drugs. Purchasing kits for nuclear-cytoplasmic RNA extraction can be costly when many of the required materials can be found within a typical lab setting. Using the present method, which can replace more expensive kits or other time-consuming processes, only a homemade lysis buffer, a benchtop centrifuge, and RNA isolation purification columns are needed to isolate nuclear and cytoplasmic RNA. Lysis buffer is used to gently lyse the cell's outer membrane without affecting the integrity of the nuclear envelope, allowing for releasing its intracellular components. Then, the nuclei can be isolated by a simple centrifugation step since they possess a higher density than the lysis solution. Centrifugation is utilized to separate these areas based on their density differences to isolate subcellular elements in the nucleus from those in the cytoplasm. Once the centrifugation has isolated the different components, an RNA clean-up kit is utilized to purify the RNA content, and qPCR is performed to validate the separation quality, quantified by the amount of nuclear and cytoplasmic RNA in the different fractions. Statistically significant levels of separation were achieved, illustrating the protocol's effectiveness. In addition, this system can be adapted for the isolation of different types of RNA (total, small RNA, etc.), which allows for targeted studying of cytoplasm-nucleus interactions, and aids in understanding the differences in the function of RNA that reside in the nucleus and cytoplasm.

To ensure nuclear and cytoplasmic isolation had been achieved, a qPCR was performed to validate the results. In doing so, primers specific to the region of interest were utilized to demonstrate the nuclear and cytoplasmic fractionation levels. In this study, MALAT1 and TUG1 were used as nuclear and cytoplasmic primers, respectively. Together, they allow for the demonstration of high levels of nuclear fractionation with MALAT1 as a positive control for nuclear elements, while cytoplasmic fractionation is expected to be lo...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparation of Cytoplasmic and Nuclear Long RNAs from Primary and Cultured Cells at JoVE.com

Preparation of Cytoplasmic and Nuclear Long RNAs from Primary and Cultured Cells

The present protocol offers an efficient and flexible method to isolate RNA from nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions using cultured cells, and then validate using qPCR. This effectively serves as a replacement for other RNA preparation kits.

The separation of intracellular components has been a key tool in cellular biology for many years now and has been able to provide useful insight into how ...

This protocol is necessary to evaluate the different roles of defined biochemical elements in the nucleus and cytoplasm and to analyze intracellular interactions between these domains within various cell lines. This technique utilizes commonplace lab equipment and reagents to more efficiently separate the cytoplasmic and nuclear fractions. This protocol can do so less expensively and quicker than other protocols.As studies on cytoplasmic and nuclear interactions grow more widespread, the impact of localization on intracellular events can become better understood. The exchange between the cytoplasm and the nucleus can be analyzed, indicating whether certain molecules during these exchanges can lead to cancer development, as studies on nuclear proteins have indicated. The most critical step in the protocol is modifying the concentration of the lysis buffer to a proper concentration.As usage of lysis buffer largely depends on the disruption of cell membranes and there is natural variants in the effectiveness of lysis buffer on different cell lines. To begin, pellet the cells, using 1.5 milliliter tubes via centrifugation for five minutes at 2000 G.Discard the supernatant using an aspirating pipette. Resuspend the pellet in 300 microliters of ice cold lysis buffer.Then, spin the tubes at a speed of around 12, 000 G at four degrees Celsius for two minutes. Carefully remove the supernatant and place it in a new 1.5 milliliter tube. The remaining pellet will be the nuclear fraction.Next, add 500 microliters of ice cold PBS to the pellet and centrifuge at 2000 G for five minutes at room temperature. To confirm the separation of the compartments using qPCR, first, convert the RNA into complimentary DNA using a commercially available kit. Prepare reverse transcriptase master mix.Add template RNA. Incubate reactions in a thermocycler. Proceed for performing quantitative polymerase chain reaction and analysis.Start with diluting the cDNA synthesis with DEPC water to have a final concentration of 20 nanograms per milliliter. Using a PCR master mix, prepare the reaction for each sample using manual instructions. Acquire commercial probes necessary to detect cytoplasmic and nuclear fractionation.Use MALAT1 as the nuclear marker and TUG1 as the cytoplasmic marker. Calculate each component's volume by multiplying each component by three for each of the technical replicates for the individual sample. For each nuclear and cytoplasmic sample, acquire the mixes nuclear fraction with MALAT1, cytoplasmic fraction with MALAT1, nuclear fraction with TUG1, and cytoplasmic fraction with TUG1.Vortex briefly to mix solutions and transfer 20 microliters of the mixture to each well of an optical reaction plate. Cover the plate with a clear adhesive film utilized for qPCR and centrifuge the plate briefly to eliminate air bubbles, and then spin the sample down at 300 times G for five minutes at room temperature. Using design and analysis software, select the standard curve for the cycling parameters.Using qPCR software, select setup run. On the data file properties page, select method and input cycle parameters. After inputting cycle parameters, select the plate tab and input the samples to be run.Select start run. After the run is complete, create a data spreadsheet with the sample name, target name, and quantification cycle. Begin with the MALAT1 samples to calculate the nuclear fraction.Subtract MALAT1 cytoplasmic fraction from the MALAT1 nuclear fraction. Continue with the MALAT1 samples to calculate the cytoplasmic fraction. Subtract MALAT1 nuclear fraction from MALAT1 cytoplasmic fraction and then calculate the two raised to negative delta CQ.Perform the calculations with TUG1 samples.When TUG1 is present as a positive control for cytoplasmic elements, the cytoplasmic fractionation levels are expected to be higher than nuclear fractionation levels. A negative result where levels of cytoplasmic fractionation are observed in the sample with MALAT1. This indicates contamination of RNA isolated from the nuclear fraction, potentially due to lysis concentrations that are too low or too high.MALAT1 and TUG1 exhibited the highest correlation with nuclear and cytoplasmic separation as confirmed through a Western blot and RNA electrophoresis, which confirmed the purity and quality of the samples. Additionally, the purity of nuclear and cytoplasmic extracts can be demonstrated by a Western blot using lamin as a marker for nuclear fraction and alpha-tubulin as a positive marker for the cytoplasmic fraction. No peak was observed in the cytoplasmic RNA electrophoresis, demonstrating high quality and little or no contamination in the cytoplasmic RNA sample.The usage of lysis buffer is critical for proper fractionation and optimizing the lysis buffer concentration to the desired cell line of interest is essential. This technique allows for the targeted study of nuclear and cytoplasmic interaction, which is widely applicable to a variety of research topics and allows for a better understanding of how localization of specific biological elements may correlate to their function.

preparation-cytoplasmic-nuclear-long-rnas-from-primary-cultured

Research

JoVE Journal

Cancer Research

Preparation and Metabolic Assay of 3-dimensional Spheroid Co-cultures of Pancreatic Cancer Cells and Fibroblasts

Many cancer types, including pancreatic cancer, have a dense fibrotic stroma that plays an important role in tumor progression and invasion. Activated cancer associated fibroblasts are a key component of the tumor stroma that interact with cancer cells and support their growth and survival. Models that recapitulate the interaction of cancer cells and activated fibroblasts are important tools for studying the stromal biology and for development of antitumor agents. Here, a method is described for the rapid generation of robust 3-dimensional (3D) spheroid co-culture of pancreatic cancer cells and activated pancreatic fibroblasts that can be used for subsequent biological studies. Additionally, described is the use of 3D spheroids in carrying out functional metabolic assays to probe cellular bioenergetics pathways using an extracellular flux analyzer paired with a spheroid microplate. Pancreatic cancer cells (Patu8902) and activated pancreatic fibroblast cells (PS1) were co-cultured and magnetized using a biocompatible nanoparticle assembly. Magnetized cells were rapidly bioprinted using magnetic drives in a 96 well format, in growth media to generate spheroids with a diameter ranging between 400-600 &#181;m within 5-7 days of culture. Functional metabolic assays using Patu8902-PS1 spheroids were then carried out using the extracellular flux technology to probe cellular energetic pathways. The method herein is simple, allows consistent generation of cancer cell-fibroblast spheroid co-cultures and can be potentially adapted to other cancer cell types upon optimization of the current described methodology.

Here, a method is described for the preparation of 3-dimensional (3D) spheroid co-culture of pancreatic cancer cells and fibroblasts, followed by measurement of metabolic functions using an extracellular flux analyzer.

Many cancer types, including pancreatic cancer, have a dense fibrotic stroma that plays an important role in tumor progression and invasion. Activated ...

Preparation of Primary Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Cells in Different Cell Cycle Phases by Centrifugal Elutriation

The ability to synchronize cells has been central to advancing our understanding of cell cycle regulation. Common techniques employed include serum deprivation; chemicals which arrest cells at different cell cycle phases; or the use of mitotic shake-off which exploits their reduced adherence. However, all of these have disadvantages. For example, serum starvation works well for normal cells but less well for tumor cells with compromised cell cycle checkpoints due to oncogene activation or tumor suppressor loss. Similarly, chemically-treated cell populations can harbor drug-induced damage and show stress-related alterations. A technique which circumvents these problems is counterflow centrifugal elutriation (CCE), where cells are subjected to two opposing forces, centrifugal force and fluid velocity, which results in the separation of cells on the basis of size and density. Since cells advancing through the cycle typically enlarge, CCE can be used to separate cells into different cell cycle phases. Here we apply this technique to primary acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells. Under optimal conditions, an essentially pure population of cells in G1 phase and a highly enriched population of cells in G2/M phases can be obtained in excellent yield. These cell populations are ideally suited for studying cell cycle-dependent mechanisms of action of anticancer drugs and for other applications. We also show how modifications to the standard procedure can result in suboptimal performance and discuss the limitations of the technique. The detailed methodology presented should facilitate application and exploration of the technique to other types of cells.

This protocol describes the use of centrifugal elutriation to separate primary acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells into different cell cycle phases.

The ability to synchronize cells has been central to advancing our understanding of cell cycle regulation. Common techniques employed include serum ...

Characterization of Tumor Cells Using a Medical Wire for Capturing Circulating Tumor Cells: A 3D Approach Based on Immunofluorescence and DNA FISH

Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are associated with poor survival in metastatic cancer. Their identification, phenotyping, and genotyping could lead to a better understanding of tumor heterogeneity and thus facilitate the selection of patients for personalized treatment. However, this is hampered because of the rarity of CTCs. We present an innovative approach for sampling a high volume of the patient blood and obtaining information about presence, phenotype, and gene translocation of CTCs. The method combines immunofluorescence staining and DNA fluorescent-in-situ-hybridization (DNA FISH) and is based on a functionalized medical wire. This wire is an innovative device that permits the in vivo isolation of CTCs from a large volume of peripheral blood. The blood volume screened by a 30-min administration of the wire is approximately 1.5-3 L. To demonstrate the feasibility of this approach, epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) expression and the chromosomal translocation of the ALK gene were determined in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines captured by the functionalized wire and stained with an immuno-DNA FISH approach. Our main challenge was to perform the assay on a 3D structure, the functionalized wire, and to determine immuno-phenotype and FISH signals on this support using a conventional fluorescence microscope. The results obtained indicate that catching CTCs and analyzing their phenotype and chromosomal rearrangement could potentially represent a new companion diagnostic approach and provide an innovative strategy for improving personalized cancer treatments.

We present a new approach to characterize tumor cells. We combined immunofluorescence with DNA fluorescent-in-situ-hybridization to evaluate cells captured by a functionalized medical wire capable of in vivo enriching CTCs directly from patient blood.

Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are associated with poor survival in metastatic cancer. Their identification, phenotyping, and genotyping could lead to a ...

An Orthotopic Endometrial Cancer Model with Retroperitoneal Lymphadenopathy Made From In Vivo Propagated and Cultured VX2 Cells

Endometrial cancer is the most common gynecologic malignancy in North America and the incidence is rising worldwide. Treatment consists of surgery with or without adjuvant therapy depending on lymph node involvement as determined by lymphadenectomy. Lymphadenectomy is a morbid procedure, which has not been shown to have a therapeutic benefit in many patients, and thus a new method to diagnose lymph node metastases is required. To test novel imaging agents, a reliable model of endometrial cancer with retroperitoneal lymph node metastases is needed. The VX2 endometrial cancer model has been described frequently in the literature; however, significant variation exists with respect to the method of model establishment. Furthermore, no studies have reported on the use of cultured VX2 cells to create this model as only cells propagated in vivo have been previously used. Herein, we present a standardized surgical method and post-operative monitoring method for the establishment of the VX2 endometrial cancer model and report on the first use of cultured VX2 cells to create this model.

This protocol presents a standardized method to grow VX2 cells in culture and to create an orthotopic VX2 model of endometrial cancer with retroperitoneal lymph node metastases in rabbits. Orthotopic endometrial cancer models are important for the pre-clinical study of novel imaging modalities for the diagnosis of lymph node metastases.

Endometrial cancer is the most common gynecologic malignancy in North America and the incidence is rising worldwide. Treatment consists of surgery with or ...

Extraction of Aqueous Metabolites from Cultured Adherent Cells for Metabolomic Analysis by Capillary Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry

Metabolomic analysis is a promising omics approach to not only understand the specific metabolic regulation in cancer cells compared to normal cells but also to identify biomarkers for early-stage cancer detection and prediction of chemotherapy response in cancer patients. Preparation of uniform samples for metabolomic analysis is a critical issue that remains to be addressed. Here, we present an easy and reliable protocol for extracting aqueous metabolites from cultured adherent cells for metabolomic analysis using capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (CE-MS). Aqueous metabolites from cultured cells are analyzed by culturing and washing cells, treating cells with methanol, extracting metabolites, and removing proteins and macromolecules with spin columns for CE-MS analysis. Representative results using lung cancer cell lines treated with diamide, an oxidative reagent, illustrate the clearly observable metabolic shift of cells under oxidative stress. This article would be especially valuable to students and investigators involved in metabolomics research, who are new to harvesting metabolites from cell lines for analysis by CE-MS.

The purpose of this article is to describe a protocol for extraction of aqueous metabolites from cultured adherent cells for metabolomic analysis, particularly, capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry.

Metabolomic analysis is a promising omics approach to not only understand the specific metabolic regulation in cancer cells compared to normal cells but ...

Subcellular Fractionation of Primary Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Cells to Monitor Nuclear/Cytoplasmic Protein Trafficking

Nuclear export of macromolecules is often deregulated in cancer cells. Tumor suppressor proteins, such as p53, can be rendered inactive due to aberrant cellular localization disrupting their mechanism of action. The survival of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) cells, among other cancer cells, is assisted by the deregulation of nuclear to cytoplasmic shuttling, at least in part through deregulation of the transport receptor XPO1 and the constitutive activation of PI3K-mediated signaling pathways. It is essential to understand the role of individual proteins in the context of their intracellular location to gain a deeper understanding of the role of such proteins in the pathobiology of the disease. Furthermore, identifying processes that underlie cell stimulation and the mechanism of action of specific pharmacological inhibitors, in the context of subcellular protein trafficking, will provide a more comprehensive understanding of the mechanism of action. The protocol described here enables the optimization and subsequent efficient generation of nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions from primary chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. These fractions can be used to determine changes in protein trafficking between the nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions upon cell stimulation and drug treatment. The data can be quantified and presented in parallel with immunofluorescent images, thus providing robust and quantifiable data.

This protocol enables the optimization and subsequent efficient generation of nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions from primary chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. These samples are used to determine protein localization as well as changes in protein trafficking that take place between the nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments upon cell stimulation and drug treatment.

Nuclear export of macromolecules is often deregulated in cancer cells. Tumor suppressor proteins, such as p53, can be rendered inactive due to aberrant ...

Immunofluorescence Imaging of DNA Damage and Repair Foci in Human Colon Cancer Cells

The purpose of the manuscript is to provide a step-by-step protocol for performing immunofluorescence microscopy to study the radiation-induced DNA damage response induced by neutron-gamma mixed-beam used in boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT). Specifically, the proposed methodology is applied for the detection of repair proteins activation which can be visualized as foci using antibodies specific to DNA double-strand breaks (DNA-DSBs). DNA repair foci were assessed by immunofluorescence in colon cancer cells (HCT-116) after irradiation with the neutron-mixed beam. DNA-DSBs are the most genotoxic lesions and are repaired in mammalian cells by two major pathways: non-homologous end-joining pathway (NHEJ) and homologous recombination repair (HRR). The frequencies of foci, immunochemically stained, for commonly used markers in radiobiology like &#947;-H2AX, 53BP1 are associated with DNA-DSB number and are considered as efficient and sensitive markers for monitoring the induction and repair of DNA-DSBs. It was established that &#947;-H2AX foci attract repair proteins, leading to a higher concentration of repair factors near a DSB. To monitor DNA damage at the cellular level, immunofluorescence analysis for the presence of DNA-PKcs representative repair protein foci from the NHEJ pathway and Rad52 from the HRR pathway was planned. We have developed and introduced a reliable immunofluorescence staining protocol for the detection of radiation-induced DNA damage response with antibodies specific for repair factors from NHEJ and HRR pathways and observed radiation-induced foci (RIF). The proposed methodology can be used for investigating repair protein that is highly activated in the case of neutron-mixed beam radiation, thereby indicating the dominance of the repair pathway.

Radiation-induced DNA damage response activated by neutron mixed-beam used in boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) has not been fully established. This protocol provides a step-by-step procedure to detect radiation-induced foci (RIF) of repair proteins by immunofluorescence staining in human colon cancer cell lines after irradiation with the neutron-mixed beam.

The purpose of the manuscript is to provide a step-by-step protocol for performing immunofluorescence microscopy to study the radiation-induced DNA damage ...

Measurement of the Compressibility of Cell and Nucleus Based on Acoustofluidic Microdevice

Cell mechanics play an important role in tumor metastasis, malignant transformation of cells, and radiosensitivity. During these processes, studying the mechanical properties of the cells is often challenging. Conventional measurement methods based on contact such as compression or stretching are prone to cause cell damage, affecting measurement accuracy and subsequent cell culture. Measurements in adherent state can also affect accuracy, especially after irradiation since ionizing radiation will flatten cells and enhance adhesion. Here, a cell mechanics measurement system based on acoustofluidic method has been developed. The cell compressibility can be obtained by recording the cell motion trajectory under the action of the acoustic force, which can realize fast and non-destructive measurement in suspended state. This paper reports in detail the protocols for chip design, sample preparation, trajectory recording, parameter extraction and analysis. The compressibility of different types of tumor cells was measured based on this method. Measurement of the compressibility of nucleus was also achieved by adjusting the resonance frequency of the piezoelectric ceramic and the width of the microchannel. Combined with the molecular level verification of immunofluorescence experiments, the cell compressibility before and after drug-induced epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) were compared. Further, the change of cell compressibility after X-ray irradiation with different doses was revealed. The cell mechanics measurement method proposed in this paper is universal and flexible and has broad application prospects in scientific research and clinical practice.

Here a protocol is presented to build a fast and non-destructive system for measuring cell or nucleus compressibility based on acoustofluidic microdevice. Changes in mechanical properties of tumor cells after epithelial-mesenchymal transition or ionizing radiation were investigated, demonstrating the application prospect of this method in scientific research and clinical practice.

Cell mechanics play an important role in tumor metastasis, malignant transformation of cells, and radiosensitivity. During these processes, studying the ...

Pancreatic Cancer-Derived Tumor Organoids and Fibroblasts from Fresh Tissue

Establishment of Pancreatic Cancer-Derived Tumor Organoids and Fibroblasts From Fresh Tissue

Tumor organoids are three-dimensional (3D) ex vivo tumor models that recapitulate the biological key features of the original primary tumor tissues. Patient-derived tumor organoids have been used in translational cancer research and can be applied to assess treatment sensitivity and resistance, cell-cell interactions, and tumor cell interactions with the tumor microenvironment. Tumor organoids are complex culture systems that require advanced cell culture techniques and culture media with specific growth factor cocktails and a biological basement membrane that mimics the extracellular environment. The ability to establish primary tumor cultures highly depends on the tissue of origin, the cellularity, and the clinical features of the tumor, such as the tumor grade. Furthermore, tissue sample collection, material quality and quantity, as well as correct biobanking and storage are crucial elements of this procedure. The technical capabilities of the laboratory are also crucial factors to consider. Here, we report a validated SOP/protocol that is technically and economically feasible for the culture of ex vivo tumor organoids from fresh tissue samples of pancreatic adenocarcinoma origin, either from fresh primary resected patient donor tissue or patient-derived xenografts (PDX). The technique described herein can be performed in laboratories with basic tissue culture and mouse facilities and is tailored for wide application in the translational oncology field.

Author Spotlight: Establishment of Pancreatic Cancer-Derived Tumor Organoids and Fibroblasts From Fresh Tissue  

Tumor organoids have revolutionized cancer research and the approach to personalized medicine. They represent a clinically relevant tumor model that allows researchers to stay one step ahead of the tumor in the clinic. This protocol establishes tumor organoids from fresh pancreatic tumor tissue samples and patient-derived xenografts of pancreatic adenocarcinoma origin.

Tumor organoids are three-dimensional (3D) ex vivo tumor models that recapitulate the biological key features of the original primary tumor tissues. ...

FISH for Long Non-Coding RNA Localization in Human Osteosarcoma Cells

RNA Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization for Long Non-Coding RNA Localization in Human Osteosarcoma Cells

The important roles of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in cancer have been studied, such as regulating the proliferation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), migration, infiltration, and autophagy of cancer cells. Localization detection of lncRNAs in cells can provide insight into their functions. By designing the lncRNA-specific antisense chain sequence followed by labeling with fluorescent dyes, RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) can be applied to detect the cellular localization of lncRNAs. Together with the development of microscopy, the RNA FISH techniques now even allow for visualization of the poorly expressed lncRNAs. This method can not only detect the localization of lncRNAs alone, but also detect the colocalization of other RNAs, DNA, or proteins by using double-color or multicolor immunofluorescence. Here, we have included the detailed experimental operation procedure and precautions of RNA FISH by using lncRNA small nucleolar RNA host gene 6 (SNHG6) in human osteosarcoma cells (143B) as an example, to provide a reference for researchers who want to perform RNA FISH experiments, especially lncRNA FISH.

Author Spotlight: RNA FISH for Locating lncRNA-SNHG6 in Osteosarcoma Cells 

The present protocol describes a method of RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization to localize the lncRNAs in human osteosarcoma cells.

The important roles of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in cancer have been studied, such as regulating the proliferation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition ...