作者感谢成都中医药大学附属医院妇科的温毅医生和其他医务人员的帮助。

本研究的所有程序均按照临床试验注册进行，并已获得成都中医药大学附属医院伦理委员会的批准（备案号：2021KL-004）。本研究中的所有患者都对研究者在试验期间使用数据、图像和相关视频拍摄表示知情同意。
1. 手术前的准备
<ol><li>纳入标准如下：包括符合西医盆腔炎诊断标准 8,9 和中医湿热瘀证型10 的患者，年龄 20-25 岁。</li>
	<li>设定以下排除标准： 盆腔痛或下腹痛的其他原因;过去 6 个月内怀孕、哺乳或准备怀孕;影响心脏、肝脏、肾脏和造血系统的严重疾病，使治疗无法耐受;无法或不愿合作;容易过敏或形成瘢痕疙瘩的个体;上个月有类似药物或物理治疗史。</li>
	<li>准备好以下材料：无菌手套、一次性肠线嵌入针、一次性埋线工具包（治疗托盘、无菌纱布、无菌棉签、碘伏棉签、镊子、“0”肠线、医用贴片; 图 1）。</li>
	<li>让患者仰卧，放松，充分露出腹部和下肢。</li>
	<li>检查目标穴位位置的皮肤状况，如果没有异常，请继续手术。 注意：穴位皮肤有感染、溃疡或疤痕的患者不应进行包埋。如果患者极度饥饿、疲劳或承受巨大的精神压力，则不应立即进行手术。避免对经期患者进行该程序。</li>
	<li>让医生进行常规手部消毒并戴无菌手套。</li>
	<li>检查一次性埋线针芯与针管是否配合顺畅（图 2A）。</li>
	<li>右手拿着镊子，将肠线放入针管中（图 2B）。 注意： 肠线需要完全插入针管中。</li>
</ol>2. 操作步骤
<ol><li>选择以下穴位（国际代码）：中鸡 （RN3）、观元 （RN4）、气海 （RN6）、桂来 （ST29）、自贡 （EX-CA1）、雪哈 （SP10）、祖三里 （ST36）、银灵泉 （SP9） 和三阴角 （SP6; 图 3）。</li>
	<li>进针<ol><li>用左手收紧进针部位的皮肤，用右手的拇指、食指和中指捏住针管。</li>
		<li>以 90° 角快速向下插入针头与皮肤（图 2C、D）。</li>
		<li>当患者出现酸痛、麻木、腹胀等气感（针感）时，停止插针，推动针芯，拔出针管，将肠线留在气接收区。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>拔针：左手按压穴皮肤，右手拔出针芯和针筒。 注意：肠线必须完全皮内，不应留在皮下或暴露在皮下注射剂外。</li>
	<li>用消毒过的干棉球压缩针孔 30 秒，并在针孔上涂抹 2 天。</li>
</ol>3. 埋入肠线后的注意事项
<ol><li>确保嵌入的部位在前 48 小时内不与水接触。</li>
	<li>建议患者在手术后 7 天内避免剧烈的体力活动，尤其是在埋线区域周围。</li>
</ol>4. 不良反应和管理
<ol><li>患者不适<ol><li>疼痛<ol><li>告诉患者疼痛是一种常见的不良反应11 并且他们的疼痛会在 5-7 天后大部分消失。</li>
			<li>在手术过程中使用细线嵌入针和肠线体。</li>
			<li>对于对疼痛敏感且没有已知禁忌症的患者，考虑术前口服镇痛药11;如有必要，在嵌入肠线12 之前用利多卡因进行局部麻醉。</li>
		</ol></li>
		<li>针头相关性昏厥 注意：这是指在穴位埋肠治疗期间突然出现头晕、视力模糊、心悸、恶心甚至晕厥。<ol><li>如果患者晕倒，请立即停止肠线嵌入并观察患者的生命体征。对于较轻的情况，请患者躺下一会儿，喝温水或喝含糖饮料。在症状没有缓解的情况下，采用现代急救措施。</li>
		</ol></li>
		<li>出血或局部血肿<ol><li>如果包埋部位出现术后出血，请用干棉签轻轻按压局部部位以止血。</li>
			<li>如果形成血肿，请在 24 小时内进行冷敷，然后在 24 小时后进行热敷以促进血肿吸收。 注意：如果出血持续或大量出血，则可能表明血管损伤，需要手术干预。</li>
		</ol></li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>肠体排斥反应<ol><li>发烧 注意：任何发烧通常会在 1 周内消失。<ol><li>指导患者多喝水。用物理降温或口服解热药治疗持续发热。</li>
			<li>当出现长时间的高热时，请确保外科专家及时冷却并去除嵌入的肠线。</li>
		</ol></li>
		<li>过敏反应<ol><li>寻找过敏症状，例如局部发红、皮疹和瘙痒;提供抗组胺药（如马来酸氯苯那敏、西替利嗪、氯雷他定）或皮质类固醇（如地塞米松）进行过敏管理，必要时从体内清除包埋的肠线。</li>
		</ol></li>
		<li>结节或肿块<ol><li>小结节通常会自行消退。对于局部坚硬的肿块，采用艾灸和穴位注射等方法13。</li>
		</ol></li>
		<li>线程溢出<ol><li>通过修剪或提取挤出的肠线，然后重新嵌入来管理线程溢出。</li>
		</ol></li>
		<li>感染<ol><li>在肠线包埋后的前 5 天内，局部部位可能会出现不同程度的炎症。如果包埋部位有过多分泌物或有脓性变化的迹象，请使用抗生素治疗以控制感染。如有必要，寻求手术干预。</li>
		</ol></li>
	</ol></li>
</ol>5. 观察指标
<ol><li>临床疗效评价14<ol><li>将恢复定义为所有相关症状和体征（如盆腔疼痛）的改善，评分下降 ≥95%。</li>
		<li>将显著效应定义为 70% ≤分数降低< 95%。</li>
		<li>如果 30% ≤评分降低< 70%，则认为治疗有效。</li>
		<li>如果分数降低 <30%，则认为治疗无效。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>使用简化的麦吉尔疼痛量表 （SF-MPQ）15 来评估治疗前后的疼痛情绪和严重程度，分数越高表示疼痛越严重。</li>
	<li>使用中医湿热瘀滞证量表对中医证16 分进行评分。分数越高，症状越严重。</li>
	<li>使用盆腔体征量表17 评估治疗前后的腹部压痛或反弹痛、子宫压痛、颈部抬高和摆动痛以及附件压痛。分数越高，骨盆疼痛越严重。</li>
	<li>使用世界卫生组织生活质量 （WHOQOL） - BREF 量表18 对患者的生存质量进行评分，并积极计算领域分数，这意味着分数越高，生活质量越好。</li>
</ol>6. 统计分析
<ol><li>将符合正态分布的测量数据表示为平均值±标准差 （SD）。</li>
	<li>使用独立样本 t 检验进行组比较，使用配对样本 t 检验进行治疗前后的比较。</li>
	<li>将不符合正态分布的数据表示为 M （25%，75%）。</li>
	<li>使用秩和检验进行组比较，并使用配对秩和检验进行治疗前后的比较。</li>
	<li>将计数或序数数据表示为分量比率。</li>
	<li>使用 Fisher 精确概率法或卡方检验执行组比较。</li>
	<li>对前后控制使用配对设计 t 检验。进行双侧假设检验至 α= 0.05;认为 P < 0.05 具有统计学意义。</li>
</ol>

穴位肠埋入术治疗慢性盆腔疼痛

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L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficacy+observation+of+chronic+pelvic+inflammation+of+different+differentiated+patterns/syndromes+treated+with+acupoint+embedding+therapy.">Efficacy observation of chronic pelvic inflammation of different differentiated patterns/syndromes treated with acupoint embedding therapy.</a> Zhongguo Zhen Jiu. 32 (12), 1081-1083 (2012).</li><li>Huang, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+systematic+review+of+the+cost+of+chronic+pelvic+pain+in+women.">A systematic review of the cost of chronic pelvic pain in women.</a> J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 44 (3), 286-293 (2022).</li><li>Wang, X. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+adverse+reactions+of+acupoint+catgut+embedding+therapy.">Analysis of adverse reactions of acupoint catgut embedding therapy.</a> Zhongguo Zhen Jiu. 40 (2), 193-196 (2020).</li><li>Xue, H. Q., Ma, L., Zhang, Y. Q., Shi, X. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+the+selection+pattern+of+acupuncture+points+for+chronic+pelvic+pain+in+the+sequelae+of+pelvic+inflammatory+diseases+[J].">Analysis of the selection pattern of acupuncture points for chronic pelvic pain in the sequelae of pelvic inflammatory diseases [J].</a> Guangming Traditional Chinese Medicine. 38 (15), 2950-2953 (2023).</li><li>Wu, X. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+electroacupuncture+on+pain+threshold+and+expression+of+pain-related+factors+cyclooxygenase-2,+prostaglandin+E2+and+&#946;-endorphin+in+rats+with+chronic+pelvic+pain+syndrome.">Effect of electroacupuncture on pain threshold and expression of pain-related factors cyclooxygenase-2, prostaglandin E2 and &#946;-endorphin in rats with chronic pelvic pain syndrome.</a> Zhen Ci Yan Jiu. 47 (6), 531-536 (2022).</li><li>Liu, Y. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Acupuncture+combined+with+western+medication+on+chronic+pelvic+pain+after+pelvic+inflammatory+disease:+a+multi-center+randomized+controlled+trial.">Acupuncture combined with western medication on chronic pelvic pain after pelvic inflammatory disease: a multi-center randomized controlled trial.</a> Zhongguo Zhen Jiu. 41 (1), 31-35 (2021).</li><li>Xiang, D. F., Sun, Q. Z., Liang, X. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+abdominal+acupuncture+on+pain+of+pelvic+cavity+in+patients+with+endometriosis.">Effect of abdominal acupuncture on pain of pelvic cavity in patients with endometriosis.</a> Zhongguo Zhen Jiu. 31 (2), 113-116 (2011).</li></ol>

作者声明他们没有利益冲突。

古代中医书籍中没有慢性盆腔痛的记载，根据其症状特点，可与“腹痛”、“女性腹痛”、“月经腹痛”等疾病相互参照。根据中医理论，当血管张开时，护理不当可能会导致病原因子的侵袭，如湿热，这些病原因素会在子宫及其通道中停滞，导致病原因素与健康能量的斗争，表现为盆腔炎性疾病。如果盆腔炎性疾病未经治疗或治疗不当，病情可能会持续存在并发展为盆腔炎性疾病的后遗症。盆?...

慢性盆腔疼痛 （CPP） 是指持续 6 个月以上的盆腔疼痛，是非周期性的，并且对非阿片类药物无反应。最新研究表明，CPP 的全球发病率为 ~5%-26%1。序贯盆腔炎 （SPID） 是导致 CPP 的主要疾病之一，占女性所有慢性盆腔疼痛病例的 23%-30%2。由于现有镇痛药在缓解这种疼痛方面的疗效有限，超过 50% 的 CPP 患者可能会寻求非药物治疗3。目前，主要的非药物治疗包括盆底物理治疗、心理治疗、神经调节和饮食治疗。然而，它们也有局限性，例如疼痛缓解效果不佳和难以实现长期控制。大多数患有 CPP 的 SPID 女性会因反复发作的疼痛而感到焦虑、抑郁和生活质量下降4。因此，寻找一种能够缓解患者疼痛症状的有效治疗方法已成为临床上迫切关注的问题。
针灸是中医中两种主要的外用治疗方法，在治疗与疼痛相关的疾病方面显示出良好的疗效，并已广泛用于临床实践，特别是在缓解慢性疼痛方面，它们的有效性超过了其他非药物治疗 CPP 5,6.在一项关于中医治疗 CPP 的横断面研究中，7.63% 的慢性疼痛患者被选择接受针灸治疗，治疗效果极佳7。本文介绍的穴位肠埋植法是针灸法的延伸和发展。是指使用专门设计的一次性医疗器械，将可吸收的肠线植入相应的穴位，提供持久持续的穴位刺激，达到镇痛效果的一种中医外治技术。作者的团队利用这项技术治疗由 SPID 引起的女性复发性和无法治愈的盆腔疼痛，并产生了积极的结果。它既可以作为独立治疗，也可以作为综合中医治疗计划的重要组成部分或中西医结合。本文以最常见的中医证候（湿热瘀型）SPID 患者为例，对穴位肠埋设程序进行详细演示。

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			<td>disposable catgut embedding needles</td>
			<td>Yangzhou Junbang Technology Development Co., Ltd</td>
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			<td>disposable thread embedding kit</td>
			<td>Shangdong Weigao Ruixin Medical Technology Co.,Ltd.</td>
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			<td>statistical analysis software&#160;</td>
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			<td>sterile gloves</td>
			<td>Fitone Latex Products Co.,Ltd Guangdong.</td>
			<td>20172140158</td>
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acupoint catgut embedding for treatment of chronic pelvic pain due to the sequelae of pelvic inflammatory disease

炎症性盆腔疾病后遗症引起的慢性盆腔疼痛是女性盆腔疼痛的常见临床病症。目前，其治疗面临的主要挑战是缓解疼痛的效果有限，症状频繁复发，严重影响患者的生活质量，给患者带来相当大的心理负担。这是一种临床上具有挑战性的疾病。在总结多年的治疗经验后，作者的团队发现，穴位肠线包埋在治疗盆腔炎后遗症引起的慢性盆腔痛方面显示出显著的临床疗效。与现有的西医治疗方法相比，穴位肠埋伏术具有镇痛效果好、复发率低、经济效益好、手术相对简单等优点。本文为将可吸收肠线嵌入患者穴位治疗女性盆腔炎后遗症引起的慢性盆腔痛提供了全面的指南。

在这项临床研究中，最初共招募了 88 名参与者，其中 8 名退出（4 名来自治疗组，4 名来自另一名）。其余 80 名参与者使用随机数字表分为治疗组和对照组，每组 40 名参与者。治疗过程包括每 10 天埋入肠线一次，避免月经，连续持续 3 个月。治疗组患者也每天服用一剂中药，月经期间停药，连续 3 个月。使用的口服中草药是四泥苗石小散的改良配方，包括以下成分： 醋北柴湖 10 克、 ?...

Read this Scientific Article Protocol about Acupoint Catgut Embedding for Treatment of Chronic Pelvic Pain due to the Sequelae of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease at JoVE.com

作者聚焦：通过穴位肠埋法增强女性慢性盆腔疼痛管理

本文概述了穴位肠埋葬疗法治疗盆腔炎性疾病后遗症引起的慢性盆腔痛。

穴位肠埋葬治疗盆腔炎后遗症引起的慢性盆腔痛

Chronic pelvic pain caused by the sequelae of inflammatory pelvic disease is a common clinical condition of pelvic pain in women. At present, the main ...

我们的研究重点是开发有效的治疗方法，治疗盆腔炎后遗症引起的慢性盆腔疼痛。我们的研究发现，穴位可以改善患者的临床症状和生活质量。与现有的西医治疗方法相比，穴位肠埋伏术具有镇痛效果好、复发率低、经济效益好、手术相对简单等优点。我们将重点研究外用中药缓解女性慢性盆腔疼痛的疗效以及治疗方案的发展。

acupoint-catgut-embedding-for-treatment-chronic-pelvic-pain-due-to

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Acupoint Catgut Embedding for Treatment of Chronic Pelvic Pain Due to the Sequelae of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

515 次观看.  Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. 我们的研究重点是开发有效的治疗方法，治疗盆腔炎后遗症引起的慢性盆腔疼痛。我们的研究发现，穴位可以改善患者的临床症状和生活质量。与现有的西医治疗方法相比，穴位肠埋伏术具有镇痛效果好、复发率低、经济效益好、手术相对简单等优点。我们将重点研究外用中药缓解女性慢性盆腔疼痛的疗效以及治疗方案的发展。

视频: 作者聚焦：通过穴位肠埋法增强女性慢性盆腔疼痛管理

The Measurement and Treatment of Suppression in Amblyopia

Amblyopia, a developmental disorder of the visual cortex, is one of the leading causes of visual dysfunction in the working age population. Current estimates put the prevalence of amblyopia at approximately 1-3%1-3, the majority of cases being monocular2. Amblyopia is most frequently caused by ocular misalignment (strabismus), blur induced by unequal refractive error (anisometropia), and in some cases by form deprivation.
Although amblyopia is initially caused by abnormal visual input in infancy, once established, the visual deficit often remains when normal visual input has been restored using surgery and/or refractive correction. This is because amblyopia is the result of abnormal visual cortex development rather than a problem with the amblyopic eye itself4,5 . Amblyopia is characterized by both monocular and binocular deficits6,7 which include impaired visual acuity and poor or absent stereopsis respectively. The visual dysfunction in amblyopia is often associated with a strong suppression of the inputs from the amblyopic eye under binocular viewing conditions8. Recent work has indicated that suppression may play a central role in both the monocular and binocular deficits associated with amblyopia9,10 .
Current clinical tests for suppression tend to verify the presence or absence of suppression rather than giving a quantitative measurement of the degree of suppression. Here we describe a technique for measuring amblyopic suppression with a compact, portable device11,12 . The device consists of a laptop computer connected to a pair of virtual reality goggles. The novelty of the technique lies in the way we present visual stimuli to measure suppression. Stimuli are shown to the amblyopic eye at high contrast while the contrast of the stimuli shown to the non-amblyopic eye are varied. Patients perform a simple signal/noise task that allows for a precise measurement of the strength of excitatory binocular interactions. The contrast offset at which neither eye has a performance advantage is a measure of the "balance point" and is a direct measure of suppression. This technique has been validated psychophysically both in control13,14 and patient6,9,11 populations.
In addition to measuring suppression this technique also forms the basis of a novel form of treatment to decrease suppression over time and improve binocular and often monocular function in adult patients with amblyopia12,15,16 . This new treatment approach can be deployed either on the goggle system described above or on a specially modified iPod touch device15.

Amblyopia is a developmental disorder of the visual cortex that is often accompanied by strong suppression of one eye. We present a new technique for measuring and treating interocular suppression in patients with amblyopia that can be deployed using virtual reality goggles or a portable iPod Touch device.

测量和制止在弱视治疗

Amblyopia, a developmental disorder of the visual cortex, is one of the leading causes of visual dysfunction in the working age population. Current ...

科研

医学

Intraoperative Detection of Subtle Endometriosis: A Novel Paradigm for Detection and Treatment of Pelvic Pain Associated with the Loss of Peritoneal Integrity

Endometriosis is a common disease affecting 40 to 70% of reproductive-aged women with chronic pelvic pain (CPP) and/or infertility. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the use of a blue dye (methylene blue) to stain peritoneal surfaces during laparoscopy (L/S) to detect the loss of peritoneal integrity in patients with pelvic pain and suspected endometriosis. Forty women with CPP and 5 women without pain were evaluated in this pilot study. During L/S, concentrated dye was sprayed onto peritoneal surfaces, then aspirated and rinsed with Lactated Ringers solution. Areas of localized dye uptake were evaluated for the presence of visible endometriotic lesions. Areas of intense peritoneal staining were resected and some fixed in 2.5% buffered gluteraldehyde and examined by scanning (SEM) electron microscopy. Blue dye uptake was more common in women with endometriosis and chronic pelvic pain than controls (85% vs. 40%). Resection of the blue stained areas revealed endometriosis by SEM and loss of peritoneal cell-cell contact compared to normal, non-staining peritoneum. Affected peritoneum was associated with visible endometriotic implants in most but not all patients. Subjective pain relief was reported in 80% of subjects. Based on scanning electron microscopy, we conclude that endometrial cells extend well beyond visible implants of endometriosis and appear to disrupt the underlying mesothelium. Subtle lesions of endometriosis could therefore cause pelvic pain by disruption of peritoneal integrity, allowing menstrual or ovulatory blood and associated pain factors access to underlying sensory nerves. Complete resection of affected peritoneum may provide a better long-term treatment for endometriosis and CPP. This simple technique appears to improve detection of subtle or near invisible endometriosis in women with CPP and minimal visual findings at L/S and may serve to elevate diagnostic accuracy for endometriosis at laparoscopy.

Loss of peritoneal integrity provides a new paradigm to understand and treat chronic pelvic pain in women with mild forms of endometriosis and can be easily detected using intraoperative instillation of dye at the time of laparoscopy.

术中的微妙的子宫内膜异位症的检测:A新型范式为相关联的与的的腹膜的完整性之亏损盆腔疼痛的的的的检测和治疗的

Endometriosis is a  common disease affecting 40 to 70% of reproductive-aged women with chronic  pelvic pain (CPP) and/or infertility. The purpose of this ...

Urinary Bladder Distention Evoked Visceromotor Responses as a Model for Bladder Pain in Mice

Approximately 3-8 million people in the United States suffer from interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS), a debilitating condition characterized by increased urgency and frequency of urination, as well as nocturia and general pelvic pain, especially upon bladder filling or voiding. Despite years of research, the cause of IC/BPS remains elusive and treatment strategies are unable to provide complete relief to patients. In order to study nervous system contributions to the condition, many animal models have been developed to mimic the pain and symptoms associated with IC/BPS. One such murine model is urinary bladder distension (UBD). In this model, compressed air of a specific pressure is delivered to the bladder of a lightly anesthetized animal over a set period of time. Throughout the procedure, wires in the superior oblique abdominal muscles record electrical activity from the muscle. This activity is known as the visceromotor response (VMR) and is a reliable and reproducible measure of nociception. Here, we describe the steps necessary to perform this technique in mice including surgical manipulations, physiological recording, and data analysis. With the use of this model, the coordination between primary sensory neurons, spinal cord secondary afferents, and higher central nervous system areas involved in bladder pain can be unraveled. This basic science knowledge can then be clinically translated to treat patients suffering from IC/BPS.

Approximately 3-8 million people in the United States suffer from interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS), a debilitating condition characterized in part by pelvic pain. In order to study nervous system contributions to the condition, a physiological model of urinary bladder pain is used in mice and rats.

膀胱胀诱发内脏运动反应为膀胱疼痛小鼠模型

Approximately 3-8 million people in the United States suffer from interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS), a debilitating condition ...

Chronic Constriction Injury of the Rat's Infraorbital Nerve (IoN-CCI) to Study Trigeminal Neuropathic Pain

Animal models are important tools to study the pathophysiology and pharmacology of neuropathic pain. This manuscript describes the surgical and behavioral procedures to study trigeminal neuropathic pain in rats. To meet the specificity of trigeminal neuropathic pain syndromes, the infraorbital nerve (IoN) is subjected to a chronic constriction injury (CCI) by loosely ligating the nerve. An intra-orbital approach is presented here to expose and ligate the IoN in the orbital cavity. After IoN ligation, rats exhibit changes in spontaneous behavior and in response to von Frey hair stimulation that are indicative of persistent pain and mechanical allodynia. Two phases can be defined in the development of the behavioral changes. During the first week following IoN-CCI (phase 1), rats show an increased and asymmetric face grooming activity, i.e., with face wash strokes primarily directed to the nerve-injured IoN territory. A distinction is made between face grooming behavior that is part of a more general body grooming behavior, which remains largely unaffected by IoN-CCI, and face grooming that is neither preceded nor followed by body grooming, which is significantly increased after IoN-CCI. During this period, responsiveness to mechanical stimulation of the IoN territory is reduced. This hyporesponsiveness is abruptly replaced by an extreme hyperresponsiveness whereby even very weak stimulus intensities provoke nocifensive behavior (phase 2). The phenomenological similarities between these behavioral alterations and reported signs of facial pain (i.e., responses to noxious stimulation of the face) suggest the presence of dysesthesia/paresthesia and mechanical allodynia in the ligated IoN territory.

Chronic Constriction Injury of the Rat's Infraorbital Nerve IoN-CCI to Study Trigeminal Neuropathic Pain

This manuscript describes a rodent model to study trigeminal neuropathic pain. The methods described include surgical procedures to perform a chronic constriction injury of the rat&#8217;s infraorbital nerve and the post-surgical behavioral tests to measure the changes in spontaneous and evoked behavior that are indicative of persistent pain and allodynia.

老鼠的眶下神经（ION-CCI）研究三叉神经性疼痛性损伤

Animal models are important tools to study the pathophysiology and pharmacology of neuropathic pain. This manuscript describes the surgical and behavioral ...

Transvaginal Mesh Insertion in the Ovine Model

This protocol describes mesh insertion into the rectovaginal septum in sheep using a single vaginal incision technique, with and without the trocar-guided insertion of anchoring arms. Parous sheep underwent the dissection of the rectovaginal septum, followed by the insertion of an implant with or without four anchoring arms, both designed to fit the ovine anatomy. The anchoring arms were put in place using a trocar and an "outside-in" technique. The cranial arms were passed through the obturator, gracilis, and adductor magnus muscles. The caudal arms were fixed near the sacrotuberous ligament, through the coccygeus muscles. This technique allows for the mimicking of surgical procedures performed in women suffering from pelvic organ prolapse. The anatomical spaces and elements are easily identified. The most critical part of the procedure is the insertion of the cranial trocar, which can easily penetrate the peritoneal cavity or the surrounding pelvic organs. This can be avoided by a more extensive retroperitoneal dissection and by guiding the trocar more laterally. This approach is designed only for experimental testing of novel implants in large animal models, as trocar-guided insertion is currently not used clinically.

This protocol describes mesh implantation in the ovine rectovaginal septum using a single vaginal incision technique, with and without the trocar-guided insertion of anchoring arms.

经阴道网格插入在牛模型中

This protocol describes mesh insertion into the rectovaginal septum in sheep using a single vaginal incision technique, with and without the trocar-guided ...

Development of Recombinant Proteins to Treat Chronic Pain

Chronic pain is difficult to treat and new approaches to resolve persistent pain are urgently needed. Anti-inflammatory cytokines are promising candidates for treating debilitating pain conditions due to their capacity to regulate aberrant neuro-immune interactions. However, physiologically they work in a network of various cytokines, and therefore their therapeutic effect may not be optimal when used as stand-alone drugs. To overcome this limitation, we developed a fusion protein of the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL4 and IL10. Here, we describe the methods for production and quality control of IL4-10 recombinant fusion protein and we test the effectiveness of the IL4-10 fusion protein to resolve pain in a mouse model of persistent inflammatory pain.

In this paper we provide details for the methods of production and quality control of an IL4-10 recombinant fusion protein. We also show how to test the effectiveness of this protein to resolve pain in a mouse model of inflammatory pain.

重组蛋白治疗慢性疼痛的研究进展

Chronic pain is difficult to treat and new approaches to resolve persistent pain are urgently needed. Anti-inflammatory cytokines are promising candidates ...

Anogenital Distance and Perineal Measurements of the Pelvic Organ Prolapse (POP) Quantification System

Anogenital distance (AGD) is a sexually dimorphic attribute, twice longer in males than in females, and a marker of intrauterine hormonal environment. Interest in AGD measurements is increasing due to mounting evidence on their potential clinical implications. A parallel set of perineal measurements, the Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantification System (POP-Q), include similar, but not exactly the same, landmarks: the perineal body (PB) and the genital hiatus (GH) lengths. However, clinical reproducibility of both perineal measurements and their usefulness to describe perineal anthropometry needs to be elucidated. To our knowledge, there is no publication in video format showing the methodology of these measurements. The main objective of this work is to show how to properly perform perineal anthropometry, including measurements of the AGD in its two variants [anoclitoral (AGDAC) and anofourchette (AGDAF)], genital hiatus (GH) and perineal body (PB). Moreover, we explored if there were differences in these measurements in women with and without Pelvic Organ Prolapse (POP). We research whether the anthropometric characteristics of the perineum, such as AGD (which is determined prenatally), may be altered in these women and be an independent etiological factor for pelvic floor dysfunction. We show two different ways of measuring perineal lengths, as they might be quite comparable. Our suggestion is that unifying perineal measurements could be useful for clinical and biomedical investigation. More studies are needed in order to compare GH and PB measurements and its AGD counterparts to analyze which procedures are more reproducible with less intra and interobserver variability.

Anogenital Distance and Perineal Measurements of the Pelvic Organ Prolapse POP Quantification System

This manuscript describes the procedures to perform anogenital distance (AGD) and perineal measurements standardized by the Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantification System (POP-Q): perineal body (PB) and genital hiatus (GH). These measurements are compared in women with and without pelvic organ prolapse.

盆腔器官脱垂 (POP) 定量系统的生殖器距离和会阴测量

Anogenital distance (AGD) is a sexually dimorphic attribute, twice longer in males than in females, and a marker of intrauterine hormonal environment. ...

Robot-assisted Total Mesorectal Excision and Lateral Pelvic Lymph Node Dissection for Locally Advanced Middle-low Rectal Cancer

Since their approval for clinical use, da Vinci surgical robots have shown great advantages in gastrointestinal surgical operations, especially in complex procedures. The high-quality 3-D visual, multijoint arm and natural tremor filtration allow the surgeon to expose and dissect more accurately with minimal invasion. Total mesorectal excision is the standard surgical technique for the treatment of resectable rectal cancer. To reduce the lateral recurrence rate, lateral pelvic lymph node dissection can be performed, as it is a safe and feasible procedure for locally advanced middle-low rectal cancer with a high possibility of metastasis to the lateral lymph nodes. However, the complexity of the anatomic structures and the high postoperative complication rate limit its application. Recently, several surgeons have increasingly used robotic techniques for total mesorectal excision and lateral pelvic lymph node dissection. Compared with open and laparoscopic surgery, the robotic technique has several advantages, such as less blood loss, fewer blood transfusions, minimal trauma, shorter postoperative hospitalization, and quicker recovery. A robotic approach is generally regarded as a reasonable alternative for complicated procedures such as lateral pelvic lymph node dissection, although there are a limited number of high-quality prospective randomized controlled studies reporting direct evidence. Here, we provide the detailed steps of robot-assisted total mesorectal excision and lateral pelvic lymph node dissection performed at the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi&#39;an Jiaotong University.

The robotic technique described herein aims to detail a stepwise approach to robot-assisted total mesorectal excision and lateral pelvic lymph node dissection for locally advanced (T3/T4) rectal cancer located below the peritoneal reflection.

机器人辅助全直肠系膜切除术和盆腔外侧淋巴结清扫术治疗局部晚期中低直肠癌

Since their approval for clinical use, da Vinci surgical robots have shown great advantages in gastrointestinal surgical operations, especially in complex ...

Laparoscopic Non-Mesh Cerclage Pectopexy for Pelvic Organ Prolapse

Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is widespread among the female population and significantly impairs the patient's quality of life. It is important to restore apical support for treating POP. Sacrocolpopexy and pectopexy are indicated for apical prolapse. Using a synthetic mesh in these techniques increases success by enhancing apical support. However, the implantation of synthetic mesh is associated with mesh-related complications. In addition, the exorbitant cost of synthetic mesh and lack of universal access limit the popularity of these procedures. The current study develops a unique technique known as laparoscopic non-mesh cerclage pectopexy (LNMCP), in which permanent cervical cerclage sutures are embedded in the round ligament until the iliopectineal ligament. The iliopectineal ligament was sutured, resulting in a firm cervical suspension. The procedure was successfully performed in 16 cases in the hospital. The surgical duration was 67.8 min &plusmn; 15.5 min, and the blood loss was 73.1 mL &plusmn; 51.1 mL. No procedural complications were seen. LNMCP is associated with an objective success rate of 100% and a subjective success rate of 93.8%. LNMCP for patients with apical prolapse obviates the need for a mesh, thereby avoiding complications associated with mesh erosion and reducing medical costs. In addition, it is easy to perform even in resource-poor areas without access to synthetic mesh.

The present pilot study describes the development of laparoscopic non-mesh cerclage pectopexy to treat pelvic organ prolapse. The procedure can be used to prevent any complications associated with the use of mesh.

腹腔镜非网片环扎胸肌固定术治疗盆腔器官脱垂

Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is widespread among the female population and significantly impairs the patient's quality of life. It is important to restore ...

Partial Sciatic Nerve Ligation: A Mouse Model of Chronic Neuropathic Pain to Study the Antinociceptive Effect of Novel Therapies

Management of chronic pain remains challenging to this day, and current treatments are associated with adverse effects, including tolerance and addiction. Chronic neuropathic pain results from lesions or diseases in the somatosensory system. To investigate potential therapies with reduced side effects, animal pain models are the gold standard in preclinical studies. Therefore, well-characterized and well-described models are crucial for the development and validation of innovative therapies. 
Partial ligation of the sciatic nerve (pSNL) is a procedure that induces chronic neuropathic pain in mice, characterized by mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity, ongoing pain, and changes in limb temperature, making this model a great fit to study neuropathic pain preclinically. pSNL is an advantageous model to study neuropathic pain as it reproduces many symptoms observed in humans with neuropathic pain. Furthermore, the surgical procedure is relatively fast and straightforward to perform. Unilateral pSNL of one limb allows for comparison between the ipsilateral and contralateral paws, as well as evaluation of central sensitization. 
To induce chronic neuropathic hypersensitivity, a 9-0 non-absorbable nylon thread is used to ligate the dorsal third of the sciatic nerve. This article describes the surgical procedure and characterizes the development of chronic neuropathic pain through multiple commonly used behavioral tests. As a plethora of innovative therapies are now being investigated to treat chronic pain, this article provides crucial concepts for standardization and an accurate description of surgeries required to induce neuropathic pain.

Partial sciatic nerve ligation induces long-lasting chronic neuropathic pain, characterized by exaggerated responses to thermal and mechanical stimuli. This mouse model of neuropathic pain is commonly used to study innovative therapies for pain management. This article describes in detail the surgical procedure to improve standardization and reproducibility.

部分坐骨神经结扎术:慢性神经性疼痛的小鼠模型，用于研究新疗法的抗伤害感受作用

Management of chronic pain remains challenging to this day, and current treatments are associated with adverse effects, including tolerance and addiction. ...