作者要感谢西澳大利亚州尼德兰兹市查尔斯盖尔德纳爵士医院的超声学家 James Rippey 博士，他为如何在实验中创建所使用的仿真模型提供了指导和说明。该项目没有得到任何机构财政支持。

这项研究得到了埃迪斯科文大学人类研究伦理委员会的批准，参考编号 REMS 2021-02489-STEINWANDEL。从研讨会参与者那里获得了知情同意，并提供了参与者信息表的副本。只有在 2021 年至 2022 年的交付期间参加过其中一个超声研讨会的研讨会参与者才被邀请参加并纳入本研究。2023 年和 2024 年的所有后续研讨会参与者均被排除在本研究之外。
1. 创建和准备仿真模型12
<ol><li>用锋利的菜刀水平切一块普通的生鸡胸肉，以允许插入三个或更多充满液体的人工血管，这将在本实验中模拟人体血管。</li>
	<li>人工血管的准备<ol><li>使用 260 mL 导管尖端注射器用冷玫瑰果茶或用红色食用色素制备的水填充造型气球（260Q 号）。用准备好的液体填充建模气球，并去除气球中多余的空气。</li>
		<li>将液体推入气球，同时通过反复将注射器推入和推出建模气球来去除任何气泡。当这个重复的过程完成后，气球必须没有气泡并略微加压。</li>
		<li>用一个结拧紧建模气球，以避免任何液体泄漏。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>将充满液体的造型气球放在鸡胸肉的下半部分。将另一块鸡胸肉对折（放在上面）。用透明薄膜包裹这个鸡胸肉模拟模型，并将其放在托盘上（图 1）。</li>
</ol><img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/66905/66905fig01.jpg"> 图 1：仿真模型。 仿真模型由生鸡胸肉和充满液体的建模气球 （260Q） 创建。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/66905/66905fig01large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本。</a>
2. 模拟血管通路插管
<ol><li>将带有线性探头和探头盖的带电 POCUS 设备（便携式或固定式）放在步骤 1 中准备的患者组织的模拟模型上。</li>
	<li>将一些超声凝胶涂抹在仿真模型中的感兴趣区域。戴上一双未消毒的手套。</li>
</ol>3. 测量容器的深度和卡尺
<ol><li>在仿真模型中模拟血管的横向视图中，通过将超声探头放在仿真模型的顶部，并将血管视图居中在超声设备屏幕的中间，使模拟血管可视化并实现感兴趣血管的良好视野，在那里它将显示为黑色圆形结构。确保可以识别出合理尺寸的容器，至少占据屏幕的 1 /3。</li>
	<li>通过在仿真模型上移动超声探头，将该血管放置在 POCUS 设备屏幕的中央，以便可以看到整个血管结构。如果需要，调整超声设备上的图像大小和对比度设置，以获得血管和周围组织的最佳视野，以区分血管空间和周围组织。按超声设备上的 Freeze 功能按钮冻结图像。</li>
	<li>在冻结的图像上，放置数字标记，以指示血管中心的深度。放置数字标记以测量容器的直径（卡尺）（图 2）。 注意：此信息有助于观察者对所需套管的大小和长度做出关键决定，这可能适合可能到达该特定血管并实现成功插管。</li>
</ol><img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/66905/66905fig02.jpg"> 图 2：容器测量。 在超声屏幕上测量模拟血管（横视图）。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/66905/66905fig02large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本。</a>
4. 观察船舶方向
<ol><li>将超声探头旋转 90° 以获得血管的纵向视图。该视图允许观察者对容器的方向和预期的插管做出决定，在实际插管的后续过程之前提供关键信息。</li>
	<li>观察血管与超声探头对齐的方向。一旦观察到血管方向，使用它来决定插管放置的方向可能有用并且对于插管的插入和放置也很成功，即使血管可能看起来更深并且可能无法触及或从外部看到（图 3）。</li>
</ol><img alt="Figure 3" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/66905/66905fig03.jpg"> 图 3：模拟船舶的纵视图。<a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/66905/66905fig03large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本。</a>
5. 深血管插管
注意：结合所有这些信息，在观察者的脑海中创建了一个该容器的虚拟画面;随后是血管插管的过程。
<ol><li>将线性探针置于血管的横向视图中。取下 PIVC 套管的保护针盖以开始插管程序。</li>
	<li>将血管的横视装置放在 POCUS 设备的屏幕上中央。在线性探针的中间以大约 40° 的角度缓慢小心地插管（垂直）模拟模型，并瞄准血管的顶部（上端）。</li>
	<li>将针尖推进到模拟模型的组织中并瞄准血管。尝试在 POCUS 设备穿过组织时通过同时推进针头但用超声探头跟随针尖来目视识别 POCUS 设备屏幕上的针尖（图 4）。</li>
	<li>使用 POCUS 最终放置套管<ol><li>进一步将针头穿过组织推向血管，然后缓慢跟随超声探头，针尖与针头推进同时进行相同的运动。 注意：通过这种方式，临床医生可以确保针尖在模拟模型组织内的所需解剖空间中始终可见，然后向血管内空间移动。</li>
		<li>可视化针尖进入血管内空间，然后将针头调平到较浅的角度，并进一步推进针头，最后将其放在模拟模型血管的中心（最终目的地）。</li>
		<li>使用 POCUS 设备验证针尖的位置，方法是通过改变超声探头的角度或以小 （mm） 的增量来来回移动超声，直到针尖在屏幕上视觉上消失/重新出现。</li>
		<li>观察 PIVC 的另一端是否有红色液体的一些证据，以确认放置正确。从 PIVC 中取出管心针（视频 1）。</li>
	</ol></li>
</ol><img alt="Figure 4" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/66905/66905fig04.jpg"> 图 4：模拟船舶的横视图。<a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/66905/66905fig04large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看此图的较大版本。</a>
视频 1：套管推进到血管中心。<a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/66905/Video.zip" target="_blank">请点击此处下载此视频。</a>

使用仿真模型培训 POCUS 血管插管的新手

<ol>
	<li>Higgins, N., Iu, P., Carr, P., Ware, R., Van Zundert, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Techniques+to+select+site+of+insertion+for+a+peripheral+intravenous+catheter+with+vessel+locating+devices+using+light,+sounds+or+tactile+actions+(or+palpations).">Techniques to select site of insertion for a peripheral intravenous catheter with vessel locating devices using light, sounds or tactile actions (or palpations).</a> J Clin Nurs. 30 (7-8), 1091-1098 (2021).</li><li>Schults, J. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Peripheral+intravenous+catheter+insertion+and+use+of+ultrasound+in+patients+with+difficult+intravenous+access:+Australian+patient+and+practitioner+perspectives+to+inform+future+implementation+strategies.">Peripheral intravenous catheter insertion and use of ultrasound in patients with difficult intravenous access: Australian patient and practitioner perspectives to inform future implementation strategies.</a> PLoS One. 17 (6), e0269788 (2022).</li><li>Armson, A. M., Moynihan, R., Stafford, N., Jacobs, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultrasound-guided+cannulation+for+medical+students.">Ultrasound-guided cannulation for medical students.</a> Clin Teach. 18 (3), 295-300 (2021).</li><li>Burton, S. O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+point+of+care+ultrasound+(pocus)+by+intensive+care+paramedics+to+achieve+peripheral+intravenous+access+in+patients+predicted+to+be+difficult:+An+out-of-hospital+pilot+study.">Use of point of care ultrasound (pocus) by intensive care paramedics to achieve peripheral intravenous access in patients predicted to be difficult: An out-of-hospital pilot study.</a> Australas Emerg Care. 26 (2), 164-168 (2023).</li><li>Dornhofer, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+a+point-of-care+ultrasound+curriculum+taught+by+medical+students+for+physicians,+nurses,+and+midwives+in+rural+Indonesia.">Evaluation of a point-of-care ultrasound curriculum taught by medical students for physicians, nurses, and midwives in rural Indonesia.</a> J Clin Ultrasound. 48 (3), 145-151 (2020).</li><li>JoVE Science Education Database. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Physical Examination IV. , (2024).</li><li>Archer-Jones, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluating+an+ultrasound-guided+peripheral+intravenous+cannulation+training+program+for+emergency+clinicians:+An+Australian+perspective.">Evaluating an ultrasound-guided peripheral intravenous cannulation training program for emergency clinicians: An Australian perspective.</a> Australas Emerg Care. 23 (3), 151-156 (2020).</li><li>Steinwandel, U., Coventry, L. L., Kheirkhah, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+a+point-of-care+ultrasound+(pocus)+workshop+for+peripheral+intravenous+cannulation.">Evaluation of a point-of-care ultrasound (pocus) workshop for peripheral intravenous cannulation.</a> BMC Med Educ. 23 (1), 451 (2023).</li><li>Feinsmith, S., Huebinger, R., Pitts, M., Baran, E., Haas, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Outcomes+of+a+simplified+ultrasound-guided+intravenous+training+course+for+emergency+nurses.">Outcomes of a simplified ultrasound-guided intravenous training course for emergency nurses.</a> J Emerg Nurs. 44 (2), 169-175.e2 (2018).</li><li>Feinsmith, S. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Performance+of+peripheral+catheters+inserted+with+ultrasound+guidance+versus+landmark+technique+after+a+simulation-based+mastery+learning+intervention.">Performance of peripheral catheters inserted with ultrasound guidance versus landmark technique after a simulation-based mastery learning intervention.</a> J Vasc Access. 24 (4), 630-638 (2023).</li><li>Bahl, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+standardized+educational+program+to+improve+peripheral+vascular+access+outcomes+in+the+emergency+department:+A+quasi-experimental+pre-post+trial.">A standardized educational program to improve peripheral vascular access outcomes in the emergency department: A quasi-experimental pre-post trial.</a> J Vasc Access. , 11297298231219776 (2024).</li><li>Rippey, J. C., Blanco, P., Carr, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+affordable+and+easily+constructed+model+for+training+in+ultrasound-guided+vascular+access.">An affordable and easily constructed model for training in ultrasound-guided vascular access.</a> J Vasc Access. 16 (5), 422-427 (2015).</li><li>Birrane, J., Misran, H., Creaney, M., Shorten, G., Nix, C. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+scoping+review+of+ultrasound+teaching+in+undergraduate+medical+education.">A scoping review of ultrasound teaching in undergraduate medical education.</a> Med Sci Educ. 28 (1), 45-56 (2018).</li><li>Van Loon, F. H. J., Scholten, H. J., Van Erp, I., Bouwman, A. R. A., Daele, A. T. M. D. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Establishing+the+required+components+for+training+in+ultrasoundguided+peripheral+intravenous+cannulation:+A+systematic+review+of+available+evidence.">Establishing the required components for training in ultrasoundguided peripheral intravenous cannulation: A systematic review of available evidence.</a> Med Ultrason. 21 (4), 464-473 (2019).</li><li>Spencer, T. R., Bardin-Spencer, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pre-+and+post-review+of+a+standardized+ultrasound-guided+central+venous+catheterization+curriculum+evaluating+procedural+skills+acquisition+and+clinician+confidence.">Pre- and post-review of a standardized ultrasound-guided central venous catheterization curriculum evaluating procedural skills acquisition and clinician confidence.</a> J Vasc Access. 21 (4), 440-448 (2020).</li><li>Adhikari, S., Schmier, C., Marx, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Focused+simulation+training:+Emergency+department+nurses'+confidence+and+comfort+level+in+performing+ultrasound-guided+vascular+access.">Focused simulation training: Emergency department nurses' confidence and comfort level in performing ultrasound-guided vascular access.</a> J Vasc Access. 16 (6), 515-520 (2015).</li><li>Stone, R., Walker, R. M., Marsh, N., Ullman, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Educational+programs+for+implementing+ultrasound+guided+peripheral+intravenous+catheter+insertion+in+emergency+departments:+A+systematic+integrative+literature+review.">Educational programs for implementing ultrasound guided peripheral intravenous catheter insertion in emergency departments: A systematic integrative literature review.</a> Australas Emerg Care. 26 (4), 352-359 (2023).</li><li>Thomas, S., Moore, C. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+vanishing+target+sign:+Confirmation+of+intraluminal+needle+position+for+ultrasound+guided+vascular+access.">The vanishing target sign: Confirmation of intraluminal needle position for ultrasound guided vascular access.</a> Acad Emerg Med. 20 (10), e17-e18 (2013).</li><li>Schott, C. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retention+of+point-of-care+ultrasound+skills+among+practicing+physicians:+Findings+of+the+VA+national+Pocus+training+program.">Retention of point-of-care ultrasound skills among practicing physicians: Findings of the VA national Pocus training program.</a> Am J Med. 134 (3), 391-399.e8 (2021).</li><li>Smith, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Should+nurses+be+trained+to+use+ultrasound+for+intravenous+access+to+patients+with+difficult+veins.">Should nurses be trained to use ultrasound for intravenous access to patients with difficult veins.</a> Emerg Nurse. 26 (2), 18-24 (2018).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=AIUM+practice+parameter+for+the+use+of+ultrasound+to+guide+vascular+access+procedures.">AIUM practice parameter for the use of ultrasound to guide vascular access procedures.</a> J Ultrasound Med. 38 (3), E4-E18 (2019).</li><li>Keogh, S., Mathew, S., Alexandrou, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Peripheral intravenous catheters: A review of guidelines and research. , (2019).</li><li>Lian, A., Rippey, J. C. R., Carr, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Teaching+medical+students+ultrasound-guided+vascular+access+-+which+learning+method+is+best.">Teaching medical students ultrasound-guided vascular access - which learning method is best.</a> J Vasc Access. 18 (3), 255-258 (2017).</li><li>Armenteros-Yeguas, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prevalence+of+difficult+venous+access+and+associated+risk+factors+in+highly+complex+hospitalised+patients.">Prevalence of difficult venous access and associated risk factors in highly complex hospitalised patients.</a> J Clin Nurs. 26 (23-24), 4267-4275 (2017).</li><li>Van Loon, F. H. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+modified+a-diva+scale+as+a+predictive+tool+for+prospective+identification+of+adult+patients+at+risk+of+a+difficult+intravenous+access:+A+multicenter+validation+study.">The modified a-diva scale as a predictive tool for prospective identification of adult patients at risk of a difficult intravenous access: A multicenter validation study.</a> J Clin Med. 8 (2), 144 (2019).</li><li>Yalcinli, S., Akarca, F. K., Can, O., Sener, A., Akbinar, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Factors+affecting+the+first-attempt+success+rate+of+intravenous+cannulation+in+older+people.">Factors affecting the first-attempt success rate of intravenous cannulation in older people.</a> J Clin Nurs. 28 (11-12), 2206-2213 (2019).</li><li>Nickel, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Infusion therapy standards of practice. , (2024).</li><li>Coritsidis, G. N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Point-of-care+ultrasound+for+assessing+arteriovenous+fistula+maturity+in+outpatient+hemodialysis.">Point-of-care ultrasound for assessing arteriovenous fistula maturity in outpatient hemodialysis.</a> J Vasc Access. 21 (6), 923-930 (2020).</li><li>Ballard, H. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+a+simulation-based+mastery+learning+curriculum+to+improve+ultrasound-guided+vascular+access+skills+of+pediatric+anesthesiologists.">Use of a simulation-based mastery learning curriculum to improve ultrasound-guided vascular access skills of pediatric anesthesiologists.</a> Paedia Anaesthesia. 30 (11), 1204-1210 (2020).</li><li>Russell, C., Mullaney, K., Campbell, T., Sabado, J., Haut, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Outcomes+of+a+pediatric+ultrasound-guided+short+peripheral+catheter+training+program+and+hands-on+poultry+simulation+course.">Outcomes of a pediatric ultrasound-guided short peripheral catheter training program and hands-on poultry simulation course.</a> J Infusion Nurs. 44 (4), 204-215 (2021).</li><li>Feinsmith, S. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Performance+of+peripheral+catheters+inserted+with+ultrasound+guidance+versus+landmark+technique+after+a+simulation-based+mastery+learning+intervention.">Performance of peripheral catheters inserted with ultrasound guidance versus landmark technique after a simulation-based mastery learning intervention.</a> J Vasc Access. 24 (4), 630-638 (2021).</li><li>Amick, A. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simulation-based+mastery+learning+improves+ultrasound-guided+peripheral+intravenous+catheter+insertion+skills+of+practicing+nurses.">Simulation-based mastery learning improves ultrasound-guided peripheral intravenous catheter insertion skills of practicing nurses.</a> Simulation in Healthcare. 17 (1), 7-14 (2022).</li><li>Bahl, A., Mielke, N., Diloreto, E., Gibson, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Operation+stick:+A+vascular+access+specialty+program+for+the+generalist+emergency+medicine+clinician.">Operation stick: A vascular access specialty program for the generalist emergency medicine clinician.</a> J Vasc Access. , (2024).</li><li>Oh, E. J., Lee, J. -. H., Kwon, E. J., Min, J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simulation-based+training+using+a+vessel+phantom+effectively+improved+first+attempt+success+and+dynamic+needle-tip+positioning+ability+for+ultrasound-guided+radial+artery+cannulation+in+real+patients:+An+assessor-blinded+randomized+controlled+study.">Simulation-based training using a vessel phantom effectively improved first attempt success and dynamic needle-tip positioning ability for ultrasound-guided radial artery cannulation in real patients: An assessor-blinded randomized controlled study.</a> PLoS One. 15 (6), e0234567 (2020).</li></ol>

作者声明不存在利益冲突。

困难静脉疾病的血管通路插管需要经验、手部灵活性以及在套管穿过人体组织进入血管内间隙时持续观察针尖位置的进展18。虽然超声在静脉通路困难的患者2 中的使用变得更加普遍，但初级临床医生和新手也有必要熟悉超声在血管通路空间中的使用，并接受足够的培训 17,19,20.在使用 POCUS 和...

大多数被紧急医院收治的患者至少接受一根外周静脉导管 （PIVC），目的是抽血、输液和/或给药以及诊断目的1。首次尝试插入失败是很常见的，据报道，高达 50% 的住院患者存在静脉通路困难 （DIVA）2。为了缓解这种情况，使用超声引导下 PIVC 插入 （USGPIVC） 已被证明可以提高插入成功率，并且已建议多个医疗保健专业进行培训和实践教育 3,4,5。如今，床边的床旁超声 （POCUS） 更频繁地用于建立血管通路。POCUS 也被描述为增强体格检查教学和学习的有用工具6。虽然有几项研究描述了 USGPIVC 的培训可能会提高临床医生的技能 7,8,9,10，但尚未详细描述该培训的哪些具体要素是在将 POCUS 应用于 USGPIVC 时实现预期结果的基本组成部分。为了实现这一目标，开发了 POCUS 和 USGPIVC 联合培训课程，涵盖了培训的基本方面，这些方面被认为是 USGPIVC 研讨会的基本方面和学习目标，包括理论背景和实践方面。
在血管通路插管之前和期间培训新手使用 POCUS 需要一个理想的模拟环境，以实现有效的学习成功，从而复制与人体解剖环境中类似的解剖条件11。因此，由鸡胸肉和充满液体的建模球囊创建的仿真模型被发现是理想的，可用于生成这样的仿真模型12。这种方法教会学习者观察技能，首先在安全的模拟环境中评估个体患者水平的血管状况，这有助于选择所需套管长度、评估血管深度和宽度以及个体患者的血管方向的整体决策过程。这允许对任何未来患者的个体解剖状况进行严格评估，临床医生可能希望随后决定计划的插管是否可能成功。为了获得这些信息，当 POCUS 获得的图像被正确解释时，通常会提供可靠和关键的信息元素，除了临床医生的经验和手动灵活性外，这些信息还可能导致插管成功。
在第二步中，学习者在这个模拟环境中被教导发展使用超声探头的手部灵巧性，同时在视觉下将套管插入模拟血管的手部技能，观察 POCUS 屏幕和插入部位。这种不断可视化模拟血管并在插入过程中仔细观察针尖的观察技能是该模拟活动总体学习目标中最重要的方面，直到针尖最终放置在感兴趣的解剖区域，在这种情况下位于模拟血管的中心。这个过程对于避免意外和不必要的血管损伤、组织、出血或外渗至关重要，因为该技术旨在随后由参与者在临床环境中用于患者。
一些作者之前曾建议使用低成本的模拟模型和小型教学小组13 将超声实施并整合到医学院课程中。其他人建议制定结构化的培训计划，然后在模拟环境中进行实践课程14。还描述说，使用超声有助于手术成功，并可能降低患者的风险15。其他人观察到，使用 POCUS 和 USGPIVC 培训急诊科 （ED） 的临床医生在短期内增加了这种方法的使用。尽管如此，血管通路的正式教育计划也可能缺乏一致性 7,16,17。相比之下，其他人描述说，正规的血管通路培训可以提高对 PIVC 插入最佳实践的依从性11。
这种教育方法的目的是为学习者模拟类似的视觉和灵巧体验，以便他们能够在临床环境和将来的患者中复制和应用这项技能。选择了一种观察性纵向混合方法研究方法，并使用电子调查来评估使用超声 （POCUS） 与外周静脉插管相关的研讨会参与者的信心水平。这些调查首先用于模拟模型，随后用于入院患者的研讨会参与者的临床专业。
研讨会分为三个部分。首先，向参与者介绍了在交互式学习环境中在血管通路插管空间使用超声的一些基本原理和理论。在第二种方法中，研讨会主持人使用模拟器演示了血管通路评估方法，并创建了模拟的人工血管，演示了通过横向和纵向视图以及使用 POCUS 进行观察来观察血管深度、大小和方向。随后通过研讨会主持人使用 POCUS 和模拟器进行了演示插管，然后邀请参与者在他们的个人模拟器上自己练习这项任务。在研讨会结束时，参与者在模拟器中使用横向和纵向视图识别和测量血管大小、深度和方向的技能进行了单独评估，然后对模拟血管进行超声引导插管。参加研讨会后，参与者被邀请在电子调查中评估他们对使用 USPIVC 的信心技能。在参加研讨会后 8 周，参与者再次被邀请在电子调查中回答他们是否在个人临床环境中应用了这项采用的技能。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>BD Insyte Autogard BC Pro shielded IV catheter with blood control technology (PIVC)</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>318054</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Catheter tipped syringe 30 or 50 ml</td>
			<td>BD Plastipak&#160;</td>
			<td>301229, 300865</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Celeste Nitrile Powder Free Examination gloves sizes S/M/L (non-sterile)</td>
			<td>Celeste</td>
			<td>CLS121</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goliath Cling wrap</td>
			<td>Goliath</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>modelling balloons 260 Q</td>
			<td>Qualatex&#160;</td>
			<td>99321</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Point-of care ultrasound device, eg. Philips Lumify or Vscan Air</td>
			<td>Philips or GE Healthcare</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>https://www.usa.philips.com/healthcare/product/HC989605450382/lumify-c5-2-curved-array-transducer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>probe cover for Philips lumify</td>
			<td>Philips&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>https://www.usa.philips.com/healthcare/product/HC989605450382/lumify-c5-2-curved-array-transducer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>raw chicken breast</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sunsonic Ultrasound Transmission Gel 250 ml</td>
			<td>Sunsonic</td>
			<td>LG250</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tasty Herbal Infusion Rosehip Tea</td>
			<td>Tasty</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Victorinox Fibrox Chef&#39;s Knife 20 cm</td>
			<td>Victorinox</td>
			<td>40520</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

using simulation models to train clinicians in the use of point-of-care ultrasound

临床医生使用床旁超声 （POCUS） 已被证明是一种有益的无创血管通路评估方法，它可以提供视觉和可测量信息的关键要素，这些信息被证明在血管通路插管的情况下是有用的，并结合临床医生的实践技能进行插管。然而，在这种情况下使用 POCUS 是为了实际训练和使使用该技术的新手能够熟练地随后以谨慎和成功的方式对患者执行这项任务。这些血管状况的模拟可能有助于帮助医疗保健专业人员学习、理解、应用和建立安全血管插管的实用技能，以达到预期的结果。该项目旨在通过参加为期半天的研讨会，建立将 POCUS 与仿真模型结合使用并执行特定任务的技能，使临床医生能够在临床实践中使用该方法为患者进行血管通路插管。采用混合方法纵向研究设计来评估床旁超声研讨会对外周静脉插管插入的效果，包括参与者在模拟模型上执行的特定任务。共有 81 人参加了 2021 年和 2022 年的 11 场半天研讨会。提供一个将仿真模型与各种 POCUS 设备结合使用的研讨会有助于在临床医生中建立这种新学到的技能，例如在插管前使用 POCUS 测量静脉的深度、卡尺和方向，为操作者提供基本的解剖学事实，这增加了插管首次成功的可能性。

2021 年至 2022 年期间，共有 81 人参加了 11 次为期半天的研讨会。大多数参与者是住院医务人员 （n=43， 53%），其次是员工发展/临床护士和临床护士顾问 （n=19， 25.3%），平均具有 8 年的临床经验。一半的参与者 （n=40， 49%） 只有 2 年或更短的临床经验。还有一些其他研讨会参与者，例如核医学技术专家、牙科镇静师和诊断放射科医生。近四分之一的参与者受雇于卫星血液透析 （HD） 诊所。几乎?...

作者聚焦：通过模拟培训评估临床医生对超声引导下血管插管的采用情况

本方案描述了一种理想的解决方案，可以培训新手使用床旁超声设备，以掌握在患者使用床旁超声进行预期的静脉血管插管之前和期间目视评估不同个体解剖血管状况的实用临床技能。

使用仿真模型培训临床医生使用床旁超声 

The use of point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) has shown to be a beneficial non-invasive vascular access assessment method by clinicians, which can provide ...

using-simulation-models-to-train-clinicians-use-point-care

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Using Simulation Models to Train Clinicians in the Use of Point-of-Care Ultrasound

789 次观看.  Edith Cowan University. 该实验试图回答不熟悉超声用于血管插管的临床医生的问题，他们可能能够在模拟模型中学习和练习超声引导插管的技能，并随后能够将这项技能应用于临床环境。便携式超声设备在临床领域越来越普及，因为它们现在比过去更实惠，但临床医生需要接受有关如何成功使用它们的培训。当新手有机会在模拟模型上进行培训并在将相同技术应用于临床?...

视频: 作者聚焦：通过模拟培训评估临床医生对超声引导下血管插管的采用情况

Rapid Point-of-Care Assay of Enoxaparin Anticoagulant Efficacy in Whole Blood

There is the need for a clinical assay to determine the extent to which a patient's blood is effectively anticoagulated by the low-molecular-weight-heparin (LMWH), enoxaparin. There are also urgent clinical situations where it would be important if this could be determined rapidly. The present assay is designed to accomplish this. We only assayed human blood samples that were spiked with known concentrations of enoxaparin. The essential feature of the present assay is the quantification of the efficacy of enoxaparin in a patient's blood sample by degrading it to complete inactivity with heparinase. Two blood samples were drawn into Vacutainer tubes (Becton-Dickenson; Franklin Lakes, NJ) that were spiked with enoxaparin; one sample was digested with heparinase for 5 min at 37 &deg;C, the other sample represented the patient's baseline anticoagulated status. The percent shortening of clotting time in the heparinase-treated sample, as compared to the baseline state, yielded the anticoagulant contribution of enoxaparin. We used the portable, battery operated Hemochron 801 apparatus for measurements of clotting times (International Technidyne Corp., Edison, NJ). The apparatus has 2 thermostatically controlled (37 &deg;C) assay tube wells. We conducted the assays in two types of assay cartridges that are available from the manufacturer of the instrument. One cartridge was modified to increase its sensitivity. We removed the kaolin from the FTK-ACT cartridge by extensive rinsing with distilled water, leaving only the glass surface of the tube, and perhaps the detection magnet, as activators. We called this our minimally activated assay (MAA). The use of a minimally activated assay has been studied by us and others. 2-4 The second cartridge that was studied was an activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) assay (A104). This was used as supplied from the manufacturer. The thermostated wells of the instrument were used for both the heparinase digestion and coagulation assays. The assay can be completed within 10 min. The MAA assay showed robust changes in clotting time after heparinase digestion of enoxaparin over a typical clinical concentration range. At 0.2 anti-Xa I.U. of enoxaparin per ml of blood sample, heparinase digestion caused an average decrease of 9.8% (20.4 sec) in clotting time; at 1.0 I.U. per ml of enoxaparin there was a 41.4% decrease (148.8 sec). This report only presents the experimental application of the assay; its value in a clinical setting must still be established.

Demonstration of a rapid quantitative assay of the inhibition of blood coagulation by the low-molecular-weight-heparin, enoxaparin. The contribution of enoxaparin is assessed by removing its influence through digestion with heparinase. A fuller description of the assay is detailed in our published paper.1 The assay still requires clinical confirmation.

快速点护理依诺肝素的抗凝血剂功效的测定全血中

There is the need for a clinical assay to determine the extent to which a patient's blood is effectively anticoagulated by the ...

科研

医学

Protocol and Guidelines for Point-of-Care Lung Ultrasound in Diagnosing Neonatal Pulmonary Diseases Based on International Expert Consensus

Ultrasound is a safe bedside imaging tool that obviates the use of ionizing radiation diagnostic procedures. Due to its convenience, the lung ultrasound has received increasing attention from neonatal physicians. Nevertheless, clear reference standards and guideline limits are needed for accurate application of this diagnostic modality. This document aims to summarize expert opinions and to provide precise guidance to help facilitate the use of the lung ultrasound in the diagnosis of neonatal lung diseases.

Lung ultrasound is a noninvasive and valuable tool for bedside evaluation of neonatal lung diseases. However, a relative lack of reference standards, protocols and guidelines may limit its application. Here, we aim to develop a standardized neonatal lung ultrasound diagnostic protocol to be used in clinical decision-making.

基于国际专家共识的护理点肺超声诊断新生儿肺病的协议和指南

Ultrasound is a safe bedside imaging tool that obviates the use of ionizing radiation diagnostic procedures. Due to its convenience, the lung ultrasound ...

Point-Of-Care Ultrasound Screening for Proximal Lower Extremity Deep Venous Thrombosis

Acute lower extremity deep venous thrombosis (DVT) is a serious vascular disorder that requires accurate and early diagnosis to prevent life-threatening sequelae. While whole leg compression ultrasound with color and spectral Doppler is commonly performed in radiology and vascular labs, point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) is becoming more common in the acute care setting. Providers appropriately trained in focused POCUS can perform a rapid bedside examination with high sensitivity and specificity in critically ill patients. This paper describes a simplified yet validated approach to POCUS by describing a three-zone protocol for lower extremity DVT POCUS image acquisition. The protocol explains the steps in obtaining vascular images at six compression points in the lower extremity. Beginning at the level of the proximal thigh and moving distally to the popliteal space, the protocol guides the user through each of the compression points in a stepwise manner: from the common femoral vein to the femoral and deep femoral vein bifurcation, and, finally, to the popliteal vein. Further, a visual aid is provided that may assist providers during real-time image acquisition. The goal in presenting this protocol is to help make proximal lower extremity DVT exams more accessible and efficient for POCUS users at the patient&#39;s bedside.

Traditionally, lower extremity deep venous thrombosis (DVT) is diagnosed by radiology-performed venous duplex ultrasound. Providers appropriately trained in focused point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) can perform a rapid bedside examination with high sensitivity and specificity in critically ill patients. We describe the scanning technique for focused POCUS DVT lower extremity examination.

下肢近端深静脉血栓形成的即时超声筛查

Acute lower extremity deep venous thrombosis (DVT) is a serious vascular disorder that requires accurate and early diagnosis to prevent life-threatening ...

Point-of-Care Lung Ultrasound in Adults: Image Acquisition

Consultative ultrasound performed by radiologists has traditionally not been used for imaging the lungs, as the lungs&#39; air-filled nature normally prevents direct visualization of the lung parenchyma. When showing the lung parenchyma, ultrasound typically generates a number of non-anatomic artifacts. However, over the past several decades, these artifacts have been studied by diagnostic point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) practitioners, who have identified findings that have value in narrowing the differential diagnoses of cardiopulmonary dysfunction. For instance, in patients presenting with dyspnea, lung POCUS is superior to chest radiography (CXR) for the diagnosis of pneumothorax, pulmonary edema, lung consolidations, and pleural effusions. Despite its known diagnostic value, the utilization of lung POCUS in clinical medicine remains variable, in part because training in this modality across hospitals remains inconsistent. To address this educational gap, this narrative review describes lung POCUS image acquisition in adults, including patient positioning, transducer selection, probe placement, acquisition sequence, and image optimization.

Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) of the lungs provides quick answers in rapidly changing clinical scenarios. We present an efficient and informative protocol for image acquisition for use in acute care settings.

成人床旁肺部超声:图像采集

Consultative ultrasound performed by radiologists has traditionally not been used for imaging the lungs, as the lungs&#39; air-filled nature normally ...

Point-of-Care Ultrasound: A Review of Ultrasound Parameters for Predicting Difficult Airways

Airway management remains a crucial part of perioperative care. The conventional approach to assessing potentially difficult airways emphasizes the LEMON method, which looks for and evaluates the Mallampati classification, signs of obstruction, and neck mobility. Clinical findings help predict a higher likelihood of difficult tracheal intubation, but no clinical result reliably excludes difficult intubation. Ultrasound as an adjunct to clinical examination can provide the clinician with a dynamic anatomical airway assessment, which is impossible with clinical examination alone. In the hands of anesthesiologists, ultrasound is becoming more popular in the perioperative period. This method is particularly applicable for identifying proper endotracheal tube positioning in specific patient populations, such as those who are morbidly obese and patients with head and neck cancer or trauma. The focus is on identifying the normal anatomy, correctly positioning the endotracheal tube, and refining the parameters that predict difficult intubation. Several ultrasound measurements are clinical indicators of difficult direct laryngoscopy in the literature. A meta-analysis revealed that the distance from the skin to the epiglottis (DSE) is most associated with a difficult laryngoscopy. An ultrasound of the airway could be applied in routine practice as an adjunct to the clinical examination. A full stomach, rapid sequence intubation, gross visual anatomical abnormalities, and restricted neck flexibility prevent using ultrasound to assess the airway. The airway evaluation is performed with a linear array transducer of 12-4 MHz, with the patient in the supine position, with no pillow, and with the head and neck in a neutral position. The central axis of the neck is where the ultrasound parameters are measured. These image acquisitions guide the standard ultrasound examination of the airway.

A point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) is a simple, non-invasive, and portable tool that enables dynamic airway assessment. Several studies have attempted to determine the role of ultrasound parameters as an adjunct to clinical examination in predicting difficult laryngoscopies.

床旁超声:预测困难气道的超声参数综述

Airway management remains a crucial part of perioperative care. The conventional approach to assessing potentially difficult airways emphasizes the LEMON ...

Optic Nerve Sheath Point of Care Ultrasound: Image Acquisition

The goal of this protocol is to develop a standardized method for acquiring images of the optic nerve sheath and measuring the optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD). Diagnostic ultrasound of the ONSD to detect intracranial hypertension has traditionally faced many problems because of methodologic discrepancies. Due to inconsistencies in the measuring techniques, the potential for ONSD to become a non-invasive bedside monitoring tool for ICP has been hampered. However, establishing a transparent, consistent methodology for measuring the ONSD would support its use as a valid and reliable method of identifying intracranial hypertension. This is important as it has both high sensitivity and specificity in acute care settings. This narrative review describes ONSD POCUS image acquisition, including patient positioning, transducer selection, probe placement, the acquisition sequence, and image optimization. Further, visual aids are provided to assist in real-time during image acquisition. This method should be considered for patients for whom there are concerns regarding intracranial hypertension but who do not have an intracranial monitor in place.

Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) of the optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) has been shown to be useful in identifying patients with increased intracranial pressure (ICP). However, the non-standardized technique for this POCUS has hampered its use. We present a standardized image acquisition protocol for use in the acute care setting.

视神经鞘床旁超声:图像采集

The goal of this protocol is to develop a standardized method for acquiring images of the optic nerve sheath and measuring the optic nerve sheath diameter ...

使用床旁超声对腹主动脉进行成像

An Approach to Point-Of-Care Ultrasound Evaluation of the Abdominal Aorta

Disorders of the abdominal aorta, including aneurysms and dissection, have potentially high rates of morbidity and mortality. While computed tomography (CT) is the current gold standard to image the abdominal aorta, the process of obtaining a CT may be time-consuming, requires the use of intravenous contrast dye, and involves exposure to ionizing radiation. Point-of-care Ultrasound (POCUS) can be performed at the bedside and has excellent sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of abdominal aortic aneurysm and excellent specificity for the diagnosis of abdominal aortic dissection. Additionally, POCUS is non-invasive, cost-effective, lacks ionizing radiation, requires no intravenous contrast dye, and can be performed without taking the patient from a critical care area. Screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) can be done in primary care settings as well. 
This article will review the approach to POCUS of the abdominal aorta to evaluate such critical pathology. In this paper, we will review the sonographic anatomy of the abdominal aorta as well as the choice of the ultrasound probe, description of POCUS image acquisition, and some pearls and pitfalls of using POCUS to aid in the diagnosis of potentially life-threatening abdominal aortic pathology.

作者聚焦：使用床旁超声全面评估腹主动脉

This protocol reviews the steps to image the abdominal aorta with point-of-care ultrasound. We discuss image acquisition, troubleshooting imaging pitfalls and artifacts, and the recognition of life-threatening abdominal aortic pathology.

腹主动脉床旁超声评估方法

Disorders of the abdominal aorta, including aneurysms and dissection, have potentially high rates of morbidity and mortality. While computed tomography ...

胃超声技术减轻围手术期误吸风险

Gastric Point of Care Ultrasound in Adults: Image Acquisition and Interpretation

Over the past two decades, diagnostic point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) has emerged as a rapid and non-invasive bedside tool for addressing clinical inquiries related to gastric content. One emerging concern pertains to patients about to undergo sedation and/or endotracheal intubation: the elevated risk of aspiration from the patient&#39;s stomach contents. Aspiration of gastric contents into the lungs poses a serious and potentially life-threatening complication. This occurs more frequently when the stomach is considered &#34;full&#34; and can be affected by the techniques employed for airway management, making it potentially preventable. To mitigate the risk of peri-procedural aspiration, two distinct medical specialties (anesthesiology and critical care medicine) have independently developed techniques to utilize ultrasonography for identifying patients requiring &#34;full stomach&#34; precautions. Due to these separate specialties, the work of each group remains relatively unfamiliar outside its respective field. This article presents descriptions of both techniques for gastric ultrasound. Furthermore, it explains how these approaches can complement each other when one of them falls short. Regarding image acquisition, the article covers the following topics: indications and contraindications, selection of the appropriate probe, patient positioning, and troubleshooting. The article also delves into image interpretation, complete with example images. Additionally, it demonstrates how one of the two techniques can be employed to estimate gastric fluid volume. Lastly, the article briefly discusses medical decision-making based on the findings of this examination.

作者聚焦：用于围手术期护理中胃内容物评估和风险分层的床旁超声 

This protocol introduces two methods for image acquisition in gastric ultrasonography. Additionally, tips are provided for interpreting this information to assist in medical decision-making.

成人胃旁超声：图像采集和解释

Over the past two decades, diagnostic point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) has emerged as a rapid and non-invasive bedside tool for addressing clinical ...