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1. Zellkultur von feline Astrozyten und die Behandlung mit H 2 O 2 <ol><li> Kultur-Zelllinie G355-5 in eine 75 cm 2-Kolben mit DMEM-Medium plus Nährstoffe bei 37 ° C und 5% CO 2 bis zu 60% konfluent (~ 5 Tage). Ersetzen Sie die Medien alle 1-2 Tage oder bei Bedarf auf eine gesunde Kultur aufrecht zu erhalten. </li><li> Entfernen Sie das Medium und 2 ml 0,25% Trypsin. Heben Sie die Zellen durch Pipettieren für 45 s - 1 min bei Raumtemperatur (RT). </li><li> Schnelle Übertragung der Suspension auf eine 15 ml konische Röhrchen mit 10 ml Medium. Vorsichtig mischen. </li><li> Bei 300 g zentrifugiert, 23 ° C für 3 min zu einem Pellet zu erhalten. Überstand verwerfen, ohne das Pellet. </li><li> Fügen Sie 6-7 ml frisches Medium und Zellen. </li><li> Add ~ 1 ml der Zellen in jede Vertiefung einer 6-Well-Platte. Fügen Sie 2-3 ml Medium in jede Vertiefung und inkubieren, bis 80-90% konfluent. </li><li> Bereiten Sie eine 100 &amp;mgr; Lösung von Wasserstoffperoxid (H 2 O 2) in den Medien. </li><li> Entfernen Sie das Medium aus jeder Vertiefung und ersetzen entweder mit 2 ml frisches Medium (Kontrolle), 2 ml H 2 O 2 (Behandlung) oder 2ml DPBS. Bei 37 ° C, 5% CO 2 für 3 h. </li><li> Remove-Lösungen und 1 ml Trypsin auf die Zellen zu heben. Transfer-Zellen zu einem 1,7 ml Eppendorf-Röhrchen mit 0,5 ml DPBS. Dieser Schritt sollte auf jedes Well einzeln durchgeführt werden, um den Zelltod bei längerer Trypsin Inkubation zu verhindern. </li><li> Spin bei 300 xg für 3 min, den Überstand verwerfen und Zellen in 1 ml DPBS. </li></ol> 2. Färbung für ROS <ol><li> Alle Schritte zur Färbung sollte mit minimalen Belichtung zu verhindern Bleichen durchgeführt werden. </li><li> Add 1 ul 50 mM CCCP mit der positiven Kontrolle. Bei 37 ° C, 5% CO 2 für 5 min. </li><li> Add 5 ul einer 10 mM CM-H 2 DCFDA Lösung des H 2 O 2-Gruppe. Bei 37 ° C, 5% CO 2 für 15-30 min. Kein Fleck ist an der Saline Probe zugegeben. </li><li> Wash Proben mit 2 ml DPBS um restliche Fleck zu entfernen. </li><li> Spin bei 300 xg für 3 min zu einem Pellet zu erhalten. </li><li> Die Zellen in 0,5 ml DPBS. Fügen Sie 1 ul PI zu jeder Probe, mit Ausnahme der Kochsalzlösung. </li><li> Transfer-Proben auf eine 5ml Durchflusszytometer Röhre. </li><li> Run am Durchflusszytometer. </li></ol> 3. Durchflusszytometrie <ol><li> Run Proben auf einem Beckman Coulter FC500 (oder gleichwertig) mit einem 488 nm Argon-Laser und die folgenden Bandpässe ausgestattet: 525, 775 und 620 nm, alle ± 20 nm auf. </li><li> Bereiten Sie die entsprechenden Steuerelemente: ungefärbte Zellen, angefärbt CM-H 2 DCFDA nur, PI nur, doppelt gefärbt (Negativ-Kontrolle). </li><li> Machen Sie ein Protokoll, das die folgenden histoplots hat: FS vs SS, PI vs CM-H 2 DCFDA. Es sollte auch die folgenden Histogramme: Zellzahl vs FL1, FL2 und FL3, die die Flecken entspricht. </li><li> Bevor Sie die Proben, überprüfen Ausrüstung, Flüssigkeiten und Abfallbehälter. Warm up die Ausrüstung für mindestens 20 min. </li><li> Reinigen Sie die Ausrüstung und eine Kalibrierung mit den entsprechenden Perlen nach Herstellerangaben Standards. </li><li> Wählen Sie Ihr Protokoll und laufen die Proben. </li><li> Reinigen Sie das Gerät als gemacht vorher. </li><li> Reinigen Sie die Saugleitung nach dem Hersteller-Standards. </li><li> Schalten Sie den Strom und reinigen Sie den Kopf / Vakuum-Leitung. </li><li> Schalten Sie die Software und den Computer neu. </li></ol> 4. Repräsentative Ergebnisse: Durchflusszytometrie Ergebnisse wurden mit FlowJo 7,6 und der Fleck Kontrollen wurden verwendet, um objektiv stellen Sie die Gating. Auf dieser Basis erscheinen gesunde Zellen auf der linken Seite des Histogramms und ROS (oxidativer Stress) wurde als eine Verlagerung von Zellen auf der rechten Seite festgestellt. Abbildung 1 zeigt die Ergebnisse der Wirkung von Wasserstoffperoxid auf gesunde Katzen Astrozyten. Daten von FL1 wurde verwendet, um die Intensität der CM-H 2 DCFDA, die die Anwesenheit von ROS zeigt messen. Wie erwartet, wurde eine größere Menge an ROS in der Probe mit H 2 O 2 behandelt wurden. Dies ist auf das Histogramm als eine Verschiebung in der Fluoreszenzintensität von links nach rechts angezeigt. Beim Vergleich von gesunden Zellen mit DMEM gegenüber DPBS behandelt, es gab keine signifikante Änderung in der Höhe von ROS (Abb. 2). <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2841/2841fig1.jpg" alt="Abbildung 1"/> Abbildung 1. Durchflusszytometrie Ergebnisse der Ebenen von oxidativem Stress bei gesunden Katzen Astrozyten und die Wirkung von H 2 O 2 auf gesunde Zellen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass H 2 O 2 Ebenen der ROS in gesunden Zellen erhöht sich um Zellen, die mit keiner Behandlung (DMEM) verglichen. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2841/2841fig2.jpg" alt="Abbildung 2"/> Abbildung 2. Durchflusszytometrie Ergebnisse Niveau von ROS in gesunden Zellen für 3h mit DPBS inkubiert erkannt.

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Ein häufig vorgeschlagene Mechanismus der Virus-induzierten neuronalen Schädigung ist oxidativer Stress 1, 4, 7, 9, 13, 15, 16, 18-22, 27, 31. Grundsätzlich wird vorgeschlagen, dass durch virale Belastung der Glia (Astrozyten und Mikroglia) Freisetzung reaktiver Sauerstoff-Radikale, wie Hydroxid, Superoxidanion, Stickstoffmonoxid und / oder Wasserstoffperoxid, die giftig für Nervenzellen sind. Ebenso hat oxidativer Stress auch als ein wichtiger Pathomechanismus in Methamphetamin-induzierte Neurotoxizität...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><th> Name des Reagenzes </th><th> Firma </th><th> Katalog-Nummer </th><th> Kommentare (optional) </th></tr><tr><td> DMEM </td><td> CellGro </td><td> 15 bis 013-CV </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> MEM Vitamine </td><td> CellGro </td><td> 25 bis 020-cl </td><td> 1% (v / v) </td></tr><tr><td> L-Glutamin </td><td> Hyclone </td><td> 17-605E </td><td> 1% (v / v) </td></tr><tr><td> Nicht-essentiellen Aminosäuren </td><td> Hyclone </td><td> 25 bis 025-cl </td><td> 1% (v / v) </td></tr><tr><td> FBS </td><td> Hyclone </td><td> SH30071.03 </td><td> 20% (v / v) </td></tr><tr><td> Essentielle Aminosäuren </td><td> CellGro </td><td> 25 bis 030-cl </td><td> 0,2% (v / v) </td></tr><tr><td> 500ml Vakuumfiltration System </td><td> VWR </td><td> 87006-076 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 15 ml konische Röhrchen </td><td> Falke </td><td> 352097 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 75 cm 2 Zellkulturflaschen </td><td> Falke </td><td> 353136 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 6 gut Gewebekulturplatte </td><td> Falke </td><td> 353224 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> CM-H 2 DCFDA </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> C6827 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Propidiumiodid (PI) </td><td> Sigma </td><td> P4170-10mg </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Trypsin </td><td> Lonza </td><td> 17-160F </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> H 2 O 2 </td><td> Sigma </td><td> H6520 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> HyQ Antibiotika </td><td> Hyclone </td><td> SV30079.01 </td><td> 0,1% (v / v) </td></tr><tr><td> G355-5-Zellen </td><td> ATCC </td><td> CRL-2033 </td><td> Normale Katzen Gehirn </td></tr></tbody></table>

screening assay for oxidative stress in a feline astrocyte cell line, g355-5

Eine häufig vorgeschlagene Mechanismus der Virus-induzierten neuronalen Schädigung ist oxidativer Stress. Astrozyten spielen eine wichtige Rolle bei der Kontrolle von oxidativem Stress des Zentralen Nervensystems (ZNS). Astrozyten zur Aufrechterhaltung eines homöostatischen Umgebung für Neuronen sowie Schutz der Neuronen von Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). CM-H2DCFDA ist ein zellpermeablen Indikator für die Anwesenheit von ROS. CM-H 2 DCFDA in die Zelle als nicht-fluoreszierende Verbindung, und wird fluoreszierende nach zelluläre Esterasen entfernen Sie die Acetat-Gruppen, und die Verbindung wird oxidiert. Die Anzahl der Zellen, mittels Durchflusszytometrie gemessen, dass gefunden zu grün fluoreszierenden sind ein Indiz für die Anzahl der Zellen, die in einer oxidativen Zustand sind. CM-H 2 DCFDA ist anfällig für eine Oxidation durch eine große Anzahl verschiedener ROS. Dieser Mangel an Spezifität in Bezug auf die ROS können CM-H 2 DCFDA oxidieren, macht diese Verbindung eine wertvolle Regenten für den Einsatz in den frühen Phasen eines Pathogenese Untersuchung, da dieser Test kann auf dem Bildschirm für eine oxidative zellulären Umgebung, unabhängig von der Sauerstoff verwendet werden Radikal oder Kombination von ROS sind verantwortlich für die zelluläre Bedingungen. Nachdem festgestellt wurde, dass ROS Gegenwart durch Oxidation von CM-H 2 DCFDA, dann weitere Experimente durchgeführt werden, um festzustellen, welche ROS oder eine Kombination von Ross in der jeweiligen Pathogenese beteiligt sind, sind. Die Ergebnisse dieser Studie zeigen, dass mit der Zugabe von Wasserstoffperoxid eine Erhöhung der CM-H 2 DCFDA fluoreszieren wurde gegenüber dem Kochsalzkontrollen, entdeckt darauf hinweist, dass dieser Test ein wertvolles Test zum Nachweis einer oxidativen Umgebung innerhalb G355-5-Zellen, einer ist feline Astrozyten-Zelllinie.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Screening Assay for Oxidative Stress in a Feline Astrocyte Cell Line, G355-5 at JoVE.com

Screening Assay for Oxidative Stress in a Feline Astrocyte Cell Line, G355-5

Ein Screening-Verfahren zur oxidativen zellulären Umgebungen erkennen ist, um die Oxidation von CM-H2DCFDA messen. Sobald in einer Zelle, CM-H2DCFDA Änderungen von nicht-fluoreszierenden in einen fluoreszierenden Verbindung oxidiert. Diese Änderung in der Fluoreszenz wird mittels Durchflusszytometrie gemessen und gibt die Anzahl der Zellen in einer oxidativen Umgebung.

Screening Assay für oxidativen Stress in einem Feline Astrocyte Cell Line, G355-5

An often-suggested mechanism of virus induced neuronal damage is oxidative stress. Astrocytes have an important role in controlling oxidative stress of ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

14.3K Aufrufe.  Western University of Health Sciences. Ein Screening-Verfahren zur oxidativen zellulären Umgebungen erkennen ist, um die Oxidation von CM-H2DCFDA messen. Sobald in einer Zelle, CM-H2DCFDA Änderungen von nicht-fluoreszierenden in einen fluoreszierenden Verbindung oxidiert. Diese Änderung in der Fluoreszenz wird mittels Durchflusszytometrie gemessen und gibt die Anzahl der Zellen in einer oxidativen Umgebung.

Serie: Screening Assay for Oxidative Stress in a Feline Astrocyte Cell Line, G355-5

The Neuroblast Assay: An Assay for the Generation and Enrichment of Neuronal Progenitor Cells from Differentiating Neural Stem Cell Progeny Using Flow Cytometry

Neural stem cells (NSCs) can be isolated and expanded in large-scale, using the neurosphere assay and differentiated into the three major cell types of the central nervous system (CNS); namely, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and neurons. These characteristics make neural stem and progenitor cells an invaluable renewable source of cells for in vitro studies such as drug screening, neurotoxicology and electrophysiology and also for cell replacement therapy in many neurological diseases. In practice, however, heterogeneity of NSC progeny, low production of neurons and oligodendrocytes, and predominance of astrocytes following differentiation limit their clinical applications. Here, we describe a novel methodology for the generation and subsequent purification of immature neurons from murine NSC progeny using fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) technology. Using this methodology, a highly enriched neuronal progenitor cell population can be achieved without any noticeable astrocyte and bona fide NSC contamination. The procedure includes differentiation of NSC progeny isolated and expanded from E14 mouse ganglionic eminences using the neurosphere assay, followed by isolation and enrichment of immature neuronal cells based on their physical (size and internal complexity) and fluorescent properties using flow cytometry technology. Overall, it takes 5-7 days to generate neurospheres and 6-8 days to differentiate NSC progeny and isolate highly purified immature neuronal cells.

This video protocol demonstrates a novel method for the generation and subsequent purification of neuronal progenitor cells from a renewable source of neural stem cells (NSCs) based on their physical (size and internal granularity) and fluorescent properties using flow cytometry technology.

Die Neuroblast Assay: Ein Test für die Erzeugung und Anreicherung von neuronalen Vorläuferzellen aus neuralen Stammzellen differenzieren Progeny mittels Durchflusszytometrie

Neural stem cells (NSCs) can be isolated and expanded in large-scale, using the neurosphere assay and differentiated into the three major cell types of ...

Forschung

Neurowissenschaften

A Quantitative Cell Migration Assay for Murine Enteric Neural Progenitors

Neural crest cells (NCC) are a transient and multipotent cell population that originates from the dorsal neural tube and migrates extensively throughout the developing vertebrate embryo. In addition to providing peripheral glia and neurons, NCC generate melanocytes as well as most of the cranio-facial skeleton. NCC migration and differentiation is controlled by a combination of their axial origin along the neural tube and their exposure to regionally distinct extracellular cues. Such contribution of extracellular ligands is especially evident during the formation of the enteric nervous system (ENS), a complex interconnected network of neural ganglia that locally controls (among other things) gut muscle movement and intestinal motility. Most of the ENS is derived from a small initial pool of NCC that undertake a long journey in order to colonize - in a rostral to caudal fashion - the entire length of the prospective gut. Among several signaling pathways known to influence enteric NCC colonization, GDNF/RET signaling is recognized as the most important. Indeed, spatiotemporally controlled secretion of the RET ligand GDNF by the gut mesenchyme is chiefly responsible for the attraction and guidance of RET-expressing enteric NCC to and within the embryonic gut. Here, we describe an ex vivo cell migration assay, making use of a transgenic mouse line possessing fluorescently labeled NCC, which allows precise quantification of enteric NCC migration potential in the presence of various growth factors, including GDNF.

We present an ex vivo cell migration assay that allows precise quantification of enteric neural crest cell migration potential in the presence of various growth factors.

Eine quantitative Assay für Zellmigration Murine Enteric neuralen Vorläuferzellen

Neural crest cells (NCC) are a transient and multipotent cell population that originates from the dorsal neural tube and migrates extensively throughout ...

Real-Time Impedance-based Cell Analyzer as a Tool to Delineate Molecular Pathways Involved in Neurotoxicity and Neuroprotection in a Neuronal Cell Line

Many brain-related disorders have neuronal cell death involved in their pathophysiology. Improved in vitro models to study neuroprotective or neurotoxic effects of drugs and downstream pathways involved would help gain insight into the molecular mechanisms of neuroprotection/neurotoxicity and could potentially facilitate drug development. However, many existing in vitro toxicity assays have major limitations &#8211; most assess neurotoxicity and neuroprotection at a single time point, not allowing to observe the time-course and kinetics of the effect. Furthermore, the opportunity to collect information about downstream signaling pathways involved in neuroprotection in real-time would be of great importance. In the current protocol we describe the use of a real-time impedance-based cell analyzer to determine neuroprotective effects of serotonin 2A (5-HT2A) receptor agonists in a neuronal cell line under label-free and real-time conditions using impedance measurements. Furthermore, we demonstrate that inhibitors of second messenger pathways can be used to delineate downstream molecules involved in the neuroprotective effect. We also describe the utility of this technique to determine whether an effect on cell proliferation contributes to an observed neuroprotective effect. The system utilizes special microelectronic plates referred to as E-Plates which contain alternating gold microelectrode arrays on the bottom surface of the wells, serving as cell sensors. The impedance readout is modified by the number of adherent cells, cell viability, morphology, and adhesion. A dimensionless parameter called Cell Index is derived from the electrical impedance measurements and is used to represent the cell status. Overall, the real-time impedance-based cell analyzer allows for real-time, label-free assessment of neuroprotection and neurotoxicity, and the evaluation of second messenger pathways involvement, contributing to more detailed and high-throughput assessment of potential neuroprotective compounds in vitro, for selecting therapeutic candidates.

Improved in vitro neurotoxicity assays would aid the identification of new neuroprotective compounds. The utility of a real-time impedance-based cell analyzer to determine cytotoxicity and cytoprotection in neuronal cell lines and to delineate the involvement of second messenger pathways, thus gaining insight in the mechanism of neuroprotection is presented.

Echtzeit-Impedanz-basierte Zellanalyse als Werkzeug, um molekulare Signalwege in Neurotoxizität und Neuroprotektion in einem neuronalen Zelllinie; Delineate

Many brain-related disorders have neuronal cell death involved in their pathophysiology. Improved in vitro models to study neuroprotective or neurotoxic ...

The Indirect Neuron-astrocyte Coculture Assay: An In Vitro Set-up for the Detailed Investigation of Neuron-glia Interactions

Proper neuronal development and function is the prerequisite of the developing and the adult brain. However, the mechanisms underlying the highly controlled formation and maintenance of complex neuronal networks are not completely understood thus far. The open questions concerning neurons in health and disease are diverse and reaching from understanding the basic development to investigating human related pathologies, e.g.,&#160;Alzheimer&#39;s disease and&#160;Schizophrenia. The most detailed analysis of neurons can be performed in vitro. However, neurons are demanding cells and need the additional support of astrocytes for their long-term survival. This cellular heterogeneity is in conflict with the aim to dissect the analysis of neurons and astrocytes. We present here a cell-culture assay that allows for the long-term cocultivation of pure primary neurons and astrocytes, which share the same chemically defined medium, while being physically separated. In this setup, the cultures survive for up to four weeks and the assay is suitable for a diversity of investigations concerning neuron-glia interaction.

The Indirect Neuron-astrocyte Coculture Assay: An In Vitro Set-up for the Detailed Investigation of Neuron-glia Interactions

This protocol describes the indirect neuron-astrocyte coculture for compartmentalized analysis of neuron-glia interactions.

Die indirekte Neuron-Astrozyten Cokultur Assay: Ein<em&gt; In Vitro</em&gt; Für die detaillierte Untersuchung von Neuron-Glia Interaktionen Set-up

Proper neuronal development and function is the prerequisite of the developing and the adult brain. However, the mechanisms underlying the highly ...

Triggering Cell Stress and Death Using Conventional UV Laser Confocal Microscopy

Using a standard confocal setup, a UV ablation method can be utilized to selectively induce cellular injury and to visualize single-cell responses and cell-cell interactions in the CNS in real-time. Previously, studying these cell-specific responses after injury often required complicated setups or the transfer of cells or animals into different, non-physiological environments, confounding immediate and short-term analysis. For example, drug-mediated ablation approaches often lack the specificity that is required to study single-cell responses and immediate cell-cell interactions. Similarly, while high-power pulsed laser ablation approaches provide very good control and tissue penetration, they require specialized equipment that can complicate real-time visualization of cellular responses. The refined UV laser ablation approach described here allows researchers to stress or kill an individual cell in a dose- and time-dependent manner using a conventional confocal microscope equipped with a 405-nm laser. The method was applied to selectively ablate a single neuron within a dense network of surrounding cells in the zebrafish spinal cord. This approach revealed a dose-dependent response of the ablated neurons, causing the fragmentation of cellular bodies and anterograde degeneration along the axon within minutes to hours. This method allows researchers to study the fate of an individual dying cell and, importantly, the instant response of cells-such as microglia and astrocytes-surrounding the ablation site.

Targeted manipulations to cause directed stress or death in individual cells have been relatively difficult to accomplish. Here, a single-cell-resolution ablation approach to selectively stress and kill individual cells in cell culture and living animals is described based on a standard confocal UV laser.

Das Auslösen Zellstress und Tod unter Verwendung von herkömmlichen UV-Laser konfokale Mikroskopie

Using a standard confocal setup, a UV ablation method can be utilized to selectively induce cellular injury and to visualize single-cell responses and ...

Assay Development for High Content Quantification of Sod1 Mutant Protein Aggregate Formation in Living Cells

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease that can be caused by inherited mutations in the gene encoding copper-zinc superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1). The structural instability of SOD1 and the detection of SOD1-positive inclusions in familial-ALS patients supports a potential causal role for misfolded and/or aggregated SOD1 in ALS pathology. In this study, we describe the development of a cell-based assay designed to quantify the dynamics of SOD1 aggregation in living cells by high content screening approaches. Using lentiviral vectors, we generated stable cell lines expressing wild-type and mutant A4V SOD1 tagged with yellow fluorescent protein and found that both proteins were expressed in the cytosol without any sign of aggregation. Interestingly, only SOD1 A4V stably expressed in HEK-293, but not in U2OS or SH-SY5Y cell lines, formed aggregates upon proteasome inhibitor treatment. We show that it is possible to quantify aggregation based on dose-response analysis of various proteasome inhibitors, and to track aggregate-formation kinetics by time-lapse microscopy. Our approach introduces the possibility of quantifying the effect of ALS mutations on the role of SOD1 in aggregate formation as well as screening for small molecules that prevent SOD1 A4V aggregation.

We describe a method to quantify the aggregation of misfolded proteins. Our protocol details lentiviral induced stable cell line generation, automated confocal imaging, and image analysis of protein aggregates. As an illustrative application, we studied the effect of small molecules in promoting SOD1 aggregation in a time- and dose-dependent manner.

Assay-Entwicklung für hohe Content Quantifizierung der Sod1 mutierten Proteins Aggregatbildung in lebenden Zellen

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease that can be caused by inherited mutations in the gene encoding copper-zinc ...

A Novel In Vitro Live-imaging Assay of Astrocyte-mediated Phagocytosis Using pH Indicator-conjugated Synaptosomes

Astrocytes are the major cell type in the brain and directly contact synapses and blood vessels. Although microglial cells have been considered the major immune cells and only phagocytes in the brain, recent studies have shown that astrocytes also participate in various phagocytic processes, such as developmental synapse elimination and clearance of amyloid beta plaques in Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD). Despite these findings, the efficiency of astrocyte engulfment and degradation of their targets is unclear compared with that of microglia. This lack of information is mostly due to the lack of an assay system in which the kinetics of astrocyte- and microglia-mediated phagocytosis are easily comparable. To achieve this goal, we have developed a long-term live-imaging in vitro phagocytosis assay to evaluate the phagocytic capacity of purified astrocytes and microglia. In this assay, real-time detection of engulfment and degradation is possible using pH indicator-conjugated synaptosomes, which emit bright red fluorescence in acidic organelles, such as lysosomes. Our novel assay provides simple and effective detection of phagocytosis through live-imaging. In addition, this in vitro phagocytosis assay can be used as a screening platform to identify chemicals and compounds that can enhance or inhibit the phagocytic capacity of astrocytes. As synaptic pruning malfunction and pathogenic protein accumulation have been shown to cause mental disorders or neurodegenerative diseases, chemicals and compounds that modulate the phagocytic capacity of glial cells should be helpful in treating various neurological disorders.

A Novel In Vitro Live-imaging Assay of Astrocyte-mediated Phagocytosis Using pH Indicator-conjugated Synaptosomes

This protocol presents an in vitro live-imaging phagocytosis assay to measure the phagocytic capacity of astrocytes. Purified rat astrocytes and microglia are used along with pH indicator-conjugated synaptosomes. This method can detect real-time engulfment and degradation kinetics and provides a suitable screening platform to identify factors modulating astrocyte phagocytosis.

Ein neuartiges In vitro- Live-Imaging Assay Astrozyten vermittelt Phagozytose mittels pH Indikator konjugiert Synaptosomes

Astrocytes are the major cell type in the brain and directly contact synapses and blood vessels. Although microglial cells have been considered the major ...

In Vitro Assay for Studying the Aggregation of Tau Protein and Drug Screening

Aggregation of tau protein and formation of paired helical filaments is a hallmark of Alzheimer&#39;s disease and other tauopathies. Compared to other proteins associated with neurodegenerative diseases, the reported in vitro aggregation kinetics for tau protein are less consistent presenting a relatively high variability. Here we describe the development of an in vitro aggregation assay that mimics the expected steps associated with tau misfolding and aggregation in vivo. The assay uses the longest tau isoform (huTau441) which contains both N-terminal acidic inserts as well as four microtubule binding domains (MBD). The in vitro aggregation is triggered by addition of heparin and followed continuously by thioflavin T fluorescence in a 96 well microplate format. The tau aggregation assay is highly reproducible between different wells, experimental runs and batches of the protein. The aggregation leads to tau PHF-like morphology which is very efficient in seeding the formation of de novo fibrillar structures. In addition to its application in studying the mechanism of tau misfolding and aggregation, the current assay is a robust tool for screening drugs that could interfere with the pathogenesis of tau.

In Vitro Assay for Studying the Aggregation of Tau Protein and Drug Screening

The tau aggregation assay described in this manuscript mimics the anticipated features of in vivo tau misfolding and aggregation.

In-vitro- Test zur Untersuchung der Aggregation von Tau-Protein und Drogen-Screening

Aggregation of tau protein and formation of paired helical filaments is a hallmark of Alzheimer&#39;s disease and other tauopathies. Compared to other ...

In Vivo Calcium Imaging of Lateral-line Hair Cells in Larval Zebrafish

Sensory hair cells are mechanoreceptors found in the inner ear that are required for hearing and balance. Hair cells are activated in response to sensory stimuli that mechanically deflect apical protrusions called hair bundles. Deflection opens mechanotransduction (MET) channels in hair bundles, leading to an influx of cations, including calcium. This cation influx depolarizes the cell and opens voltage-gated calcium channels located basally at the hair-cell presynapse. In mammals, hair cells are encased in bone, and it is challenging to functionally assess these activities in vivo. In contrast, larval zebrafish are transparent and possess an externally located lateral-line organ that contains hair cells. These hair cells are functionally and structurally similar to mammalian hair cells and can be functionally assessed in vivo. This article outlines a technique that utilizes a genetically encoded calcium indicator (GECI), GCaMP6s, to measure stimulus-evoked calcium signals in zebrafish lateral-line hair cells. GCaMP6s can be used, along with confocal imaging, to measure in vivo calcium signals at the apex and base of lateral-line hair cells. These signals provide a real-time, quantifiable readout of both mechanosensation- and presynapse-dependent calcium activities within these hair cells. These calcium signals also provide important functional information regarding how hair cells detect and transmit sensory stimuli. Overall, this technique generates useful data about relative changes in calcium activity in vivo. It is less well-suited for quantification of the absolute magnitude of calcium changes. This in vivo technique is sensitive to motion artifacts. A reasonable amount of practice and skill are required for proper positioning, immobilization, and stimulation of larvae. Ultimately, when properly executed, the protocol outlined in this article provides a powerful way to collect valuable information about the activity of hair-cells in their natural, fully integrated states within a live animal.

The zebrafish is a model system that has many valuable features including optical clarity, rapid external development, and, of particular importance to the field of hearing and balance, externally located sensory hair cells. This article outlines how transgenic zebrafish can be used to assay both hair-cell mechanosensation and presynaptic function in toto.

In Vivo Calcium Imaging der Seitenlinie Haarzellen im Larvenstadium Zebrafisch

Sensory hair cells are mechanoreceptors found in the inner ear that are required for hearing and balance. Hair cells are activated in response to sensory ...

Subretinal Transplantation of Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Retinal Tissue in a Feline Large Animal Model

Retinal degenerative (RD) conditions associated with photoreceptor loss such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and Leber Congenital Amaurosis (LCA) cause progressive and debilitating vision loss. There is an unmet need for therapies that can restore vision once photoreceptors have been lost. Transplantation of human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived retinal tissue (organoids) into the subretinal space of an eye with advanced RD brings retinal tissue sheets with thousands of healthy mutation-free photoreceptors and has a potential to treat most/all blinding diseases associated with photoreceptor degeneration with one approved protocol. Transplantation of fetal retinal tissue into the subretinal space of animal models and people with advanced RD has been developed successfully but cannot be used as a routine therapy due to ethical concerns and limited tissue supply. Large eye inherited retinal degeneration (IRD) animal models are valuable for developing vision restoration therapies utilizing advanced surgical approaches to transplant retinal cells/tissue into the subretinal space. The similarities in globe size, and photoreceptor distribution (e.g., presence of macula-like region area centralis) and availability of IRD models closely recapitulating human IRD would facilitate rapid translation of a promising therapy to the clinic. Presented here is a surgical technique of transplanting hPSC-derived retinal tissue into the subretinal space of a large animal model allowing assessment of this promising approach in animal models.

Presented here is a surgical technique for transplanting human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived retinal tissue into the subretinal space of a large animal model.

Subretinale Transplantation von menschlichem embryonalem Stammzellgewebe in einem katzenartigen Großtiermodell

Retinal degenerative (RD) conditions associated with photoreceptor loss such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and ...