Die Arbeit wurde mit finanzieller Unterstützung durch die National Institutes of Health und American Lung Association durchgeführt.

1. Wachsende Biofilmen von M. Tuberkulose in einer 250ml-Flasche mit Schraubverschluss gelagert <ol><li> Medien-Herstellung: 0,5 g KH 2 PO 4, 0,5 g MgSO 4, 4g L-Asparagin, 2 g Zitronensäure, 0,05 g Eisenammoniumcitrat, 60ml von Glycerin in 900 ml Wasser. Der pH-Wert mit NaOH auf 7,0. Autoklav, abgekühlt und unmittelbar vor dem Beginn des Versuchs, fügen sterilen ZnSO 4 bis zu einer Endkonzentration von 0,1% w / v. Seit 7000 mc 2 ist ein Pantothenat auxotroph dieser Stamm erfordert auch Pantothensäure bei 10μg/mL der Endkonzentration. </li></ol> Hinweis: Dies ist ein Standard Zusammensetzung Sauton Medien für M. tuberculosis verwendet. Falls erforderlich, wird andere spezielle Vorlagen können auch nach anderen mykobakteriellen Arten verwendet werden. <ol start="2"><li> Zuchtansätze Zubereitung: Grow M. Tuberkulose in 7H9OADC mit 0,05% Tween-80 für eine Woche, oder OD 600 von 0,7 bis 1,0. Die culture können direkt als Inokulum werden bei einer Verdünnung von 1:100 verwendet. </li><li> Dispense 25ml Sauton die Medien zu einer 250ml-Flasche mit Schraubverschluss gelagert Polystyrol (Corning). Fügen Sie 250μl des Inokulums auf das Medium, Kappe der Flasche sehr fest und legen Sie sie ungestört in einem befeuchteten Inkubator bei 37 ° C für 3 Wochen. Beachten Sie die Flasche einmal täglich, um sicherzustellen, dass es keine Verschmutzung. </li><li> Am Ende der dritten Woche, lösen Sie den Verschluss der Flasche, um das weitere Wachstum von M. erlauben Tuberkulose an der Grenzfläche. Wenn die Kappe wird in diesem Stadium nicht gelockert dann die unzureichende Sauerstoffkonzentration im Behälter wird weiter verzögern das Wachstum von Bakterien. </li></ol> 2. Wachstum von M. Tuberkulose Biofilmen in 12-Well-Platten <ol><li> Bereiten Sie die Medien und Inokulum von mc 2 7000, wie in A1 und A2 beschrieben. </li><li> Mischen Sie 60 ml Medium mit 600μl des Inokulums. Dispense 4.5mL des Gemisches in jede Vertiefung der Platte. Die Platte mit Deckel. Wickeln Sie die Platte mehrmals mit Parafilm. Die Platte ungestört in befeuchteten Inkubator bei 37 ° C für 5 Wochen. </li></ol> 3. Um die Frequenz des Arzneimittels toleranten persisters in M. Tuberkulose Biofilmen <ol><li> Grow M. Tuberkulose Biofilmen in einer 12-Well Format, wie in Abschnitt B dieser beschriebenen dauert insgesamt ca. 5-Wochen. </li><li> Sobald die Biofilme gereift sind (nach 5 Wochen Inkubation) injizieren Ihre Wahl des Antibiotikums in der gewünschten Konzentration in den Medien unter den Biofilmen mit einer Mikrospitze in einer Pipette. </li></ol> Hinweis: Die Lautstärke der Medien unter den Häutchen reduziert sich auf etwa 3,0 ml. So Ermittler sollte entsprechend berechnen die Menge der Droge. <ol start="3"><li> Strudel die Platte vorsichtig, so dass das Antibiotikum gründlich in dem Medium diffundiert. Für statistisch signifikante Ergebnisse, injizieren die Antibiotiotic in vier Brunnen. Parallel dazu spritzen die gleiche Menge an Lösungsmittel, in dem das Antibiotikum in den anderen vier Brunnen aufgelöst wurde, und lassen Sie die letzten vier Vertiefungen der Platte unberührt. Die Platte mit Deckel und stellte neue Schichten von Parafilm um die Platte herum. Legen Sie sie zurück in den Inkubator für gewünschten Zeitraum. </li><li> Am Ende der Inkubation zu öffnen und die Platte hinzuzufügen Tween-80 bis zu einer Endkonzentration von 0,1% (Volumen / Volumen) in jeder der Vertiefungen. Schwenken Sie die ganze Platte für eine gleichmäßige Verteilung sanft des Waschmittels. Anschließend wird die Platte bei Raumtemperatur für 15 Minuten. Mischen Sie den Inhalt jedes Wells mit Pipette mehrmals, so dass gesamte Inhalt gleichmäßig auf eine 15 ml konische Röhrchen übertragen werden können. </li><li> Anzentrifugieren den Inhalt des Rohrs bei 4000rpm für 10 Minuten bei Raumtemperatur. Das Pellet in 5 ml frischem Waschpuffer (PBS mit 10% Glycerin und 0,05% Tween-80). Wiederholen Sie die dreimaligem Waschen. Das Pellet in 5 ml Waschpuffer. Halten Sie es auf der Wippe für overnight bei 4 ° C </li></ol> Hinweis: Obwohl niedrige Temperatur wurde ursprünglich für M. smegmatis (um sein Wachstum während der Dispersion zu minimieren) entwickelt und verwendet für M. tuberculosis als auch die langsam wachsenden Arten können am ehesten bei Raumtemperatur ohne Einfluss auf Ergebnis geschaukelt zu werden. Rocking bei Raumtemperatur könnte notwendig sein, wenn Arbeiten im BSL-3-Anlage. <ol start="6"><li> Bereiten Sie eine sterile Spritze mit Mikrospitze (2-200 ul) durch Abschneiden seiner breiten Ende auf die entsprechende Größe, passend sie auf die Spritze und wickelte sie mit Parafilm versehen. Führen Sie den gesamten Inhalt des Rohres durch die Spitze montierten Spritze und sammeln sich in einem frischen 15 ml Tuben. Wiederholen Sie diesen Schritt 5 bis 6 mal, bis du eine ziemlich homogene Suspension zu beobachten. </li><li> Verdünnungsreihe der Suspension und die Platte Verdünnungen auf 7H11OADC Platte, um die Anzahl der lebensfähigen Kolonien in jeder Vertiefung zu bestimmen. Die Inkubation erfolgt für drei Wochen in 37 ° C Inkubator. Bestimmen Sie die Frequenzcy der persisters im Biofilm Bevölkerung durch Berechnen des Verhältnisses der Anzahl der Kolonien in der Antibiotika behandelt, um die auf Lösungsmittel behandelt Platten erhalten werden. </li></ol> 4. Repräsentative Ergebnisse Wenn in einer Flasche kultiviert, das Wachstum von M. Tuberkulose kann an der Basis der Flasche bis zum Ende der ersten Woche zu sehen. Am Ende der zweiten Woche, kann lückenhaft Wachstum von Bakterien auf der Luft-Media-Schnittstelle erkannt, obwohl das Wachstum an der Luft-Medium-Schnittstelle ist konsistent sichtbar am Ende der dritten Woche (1A). Zu diesem Zeitpunkt die Anlagerung der Bakterien an der Wand des Behälters beobachtet. Von diesem Punkt an das Wachstum der Kultur tritt vor allem auf die Luft-media-Schnittstelle. Die Flüssigkeit unter der Oberfläche Wachstum ist klar. Typischerweise reift der Struktur am Ende der fünften Woche (1B). Wenn Inkubation verlängert wird, werden die Strukturen beginnen, auf den Boden des Behälters sinken. InteressanterweiseAnziehen der Kappe bis zum Ende der dritten Woche ist ein wichtiger Schritt in diesem Prozess, und aus unbekannten Gründen eine lose-verschlossenen Flasche erheblich verzögert Initiierung des Wachstums auf die Schnittstelle 9. In der 12-Well-Format wird ein robuster Biofilm an der Luft-Media-Schnittstelle in jeder der Vertiefungen am Ende von fünf Wochen (2A) gesehen. Wenn die Platten nicht vollständig eingewickelt dann Differential Biofilmwachstum beobachtet wird. Im schlimmsten Fall kann bedeutende Medien Verdampfen Strömungsabriss das Wachstum der Bakterien (Fig. 2B). So Einwickeln der Platte ist notwendig, sowohl um die Verdunstung zu verhindern sowie zu Umwelt für die Biofilmbildung (siehe vorigen Absatz) zu schaffen. Die Zahl der lebensfähigen Bazillen in Biofilmen mit dieser Technik bestimmt ist ziemlich reproduzierbar. Antwort von M. Tuberkulose Biofilme hängt von der Art der Antibiotika. Für eine bakterizide Antibiotika wie Rifampicin, folgt ein Verlust der Lebensfähigkeit bipha<html> sic Trend 9. Ein rascher Rückgang der Rentabilität in den ersten drei bis vier Tagen durch eine anhaltende Phase, in der ein kleiner Prozentsatz der Bevölkerung bleiben völlig widerspenstig gegen Antibiotika unabhängig von der Konzentration des Antibiotikums oder der Zeitpunkt der Exposition gefolgt. Abbildung 3 zeigt die Anzahl der lebensfähigen Bazillen in reife Biofilme nach einer 7-tägigen Exposition gegenüber 50μg/mL (50 mal höher als die MHK) von Rifampicin. <img alt="1A." src="/files/ftp_upload/3820/3820fig1A.jpg" /> 1A. Frühe Auftreten von M. Tuberkelbazillen auf dem Luft-Media-Interface von Bakterien nach 3 Wochen Inkubationszeit. <img alt="Abbildung 1B." src="/files/ftp_upload/3820/3820fig1B.jpg" /> Abbildung 1B. Gereift Biofilmen von M. Tuberkulose auf dem Luft-Media-Schnittstelle nach fünf Wochen der Inkubation. 820/3820fig2A.jpg &quot;/&gt; 2A. 5-Wochen alte Biofilme von M. Tuberkulose in 12-Well-Format entwickelt. <img alt="2B." src="/files/ftp_upload/3820/3820fig2B.jpg" /> 2B. Ein gescheiterter Versuch, M. tuberculosis Biofilmen in 12-Well-Platte wachsen, ohne Parafilm. <img alt="Abbildung 3." src="/files/ftp_upload/3820/3820fig3.jpg" /> Abbildung 3. Ein Vertreter Diagramm, das die Häufigkeit des Drogenkonsums tolerant persisters in M. Tuberkulose Biofilme wachsen in 12-Well-Format und ausgesetzte von Rifampicin für sieben Tage 50μg/mL.

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Tuberkulose (TB), durch die Infektion von Mycobacterium tuberculosis verursacht wird, bleibt eine große Bedrohung für die globale öffentliche Gesundheit. Fast ein Drittel der Weltbevölkerung schätzungsweise asymptomatisch durch den Erreger infiziert werden, zeigen etwa 9 Millionen neue Fälle in Klinik jedes Jahr mit den Symptomen einer aktiven TB und rund 1,7 Millionen sterben an der Infektion jedes Jahr 11. Die enorme Belastung der Krankheit ist in erster Linie durch einen Mangel an einem Impf...

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Equipment and supplies</td>
			<td>SUPPLIER</td>
			<td>CATALOG NUMBER</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Incubator</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>Model # 1923/25</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polystyrene culture bottles</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>03-374-300</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>12-well tissue culture plate</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>62406-165</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50-mL conical tubes</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>89039-660</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rocker</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>57019-662</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chromatographic refrigerator</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>55702-520</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>petri dish</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>25384-342</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>REAGENT</td>
			<td>SUPPLIER</td>
			<td>CATALOG NUMBER</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KH2PO4 (monobasic)</td>
			<td>EMD</td>
			<td>PX1565-1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MgSO4</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>M65-500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-asparagine</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A4284-100G</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>citric acid</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>C1857-100G</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ferric ammonium citrate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>F5879-100G</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>glycerol</td>
			<td>EMD</td>
			<td>GX0185-5</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaOH</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>S8045-500G</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ZnSO4</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>Z4750-500G</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D-pantothenic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P2250-25G</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Difco Middlebrook 7H9 Broth</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td>271310</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Middlebrook OADC Enrichment</td>
			<td>BBL</td>
			<td>212351</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tween-80</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>T164-500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>250mL storage bottle</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>430281</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>12 well plates</td>
			<td>Falcon (BD)</td>
			<td>353043</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>rifampicin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>R3501-1G</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>methanol</td>
			<td>J.T. Baker</td>
			<td>9070-05</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10mlLsyringe</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td>301604</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1-200&mu;L pipet tips</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>89079-458</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>parafilm M</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>PM-996</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15mL centrifuge tube</td>
			<td>Greiner Bio-One</td>
			<td>188-285</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Difco Mycobacteria 7H11 Agar</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td>283810</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>BP358-1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KCl</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P9333-500G</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Na2HPO4 (dibasic)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>S0876-500G</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

growth of mycobacterium tuberculosis biofilms

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, dem Erreger der menschlichen Tuberkulose, hat eine außerordentliche Fähigkeit, gegen Umweltbelastungen einschließlich Antibiotika überleben. Obwohl Stresstoleranz von M. Tuberkulose ist eine der wahrscheinlich Mitwirkenden an den 6-monatigen Chemotherapie der Tuberkulose ein, bleiben die molekularen Mechanismen dieser charakteristischen Phänotyp des Erregers unklar. Viele mikrobielle Spezies entwickelt haben, um in stark beanspruchenden Umgebungen von sich selbst organisierenden überleben in hoch organisierten, Oberfläche angebracht und Matrix eingekapselt Strukturen, so genannte Biofilme 2-4. Das Wachstum in den Gemeinden scheint eine bevorzugte Überlebensstrategie von Mikroben sein, und wird durch genetische Komponenten, die Oberfläche Befestigung, interzelluläre Kommunikation, und die Synthese von extrazellulären polymeren Substanzen (EPS) 5,6 Regulierung erreicht. Die Toleranz gegenüber widrigen Umweltbedingungen wird wahrscheinlich durch EPS erleichtert, und vielleicht durch die physiogische Anpassung einzelner Bazillen auf heterogene Mikroumgebung innerhalb der komplexen Architektur von Biofilmen 7. In einer Reihe von neueren Arbeiten haben wir festgestellt, dass M. tuberculosis und Mycobacterium smegmatis haben eine starke Neigung, in organisierten vielzelligen Strukturen wachsen genannten Biofilmen, die vertragen mehr als 50 Mal können die minimalen Hemmkonzentrationen der Anti-Tuberkulose-Medikamente Isoniazid und Rifampicin 10.08. M. Tuberkulose, aber faszinierend erfordert spezielle Bedingungen, um reife Biofilme, insbesondere 9:1-Verhältnis von Headspace bilden: Medien sowie eingeschränkte Luftaustausch mit der Atmosphäre 9. Bedarf an spezialisierten Umweltbedingungen könnte möglicherweise auf die Tatsache, dass M. verknüpft werden Tuberkulose ist ein obligat humanpathogene und damit hat sich um Gewebe-Umgebungen angepasst. In dieser Veröffentlichung zeigen wir Methoden zur Kultivierung von M. TuberkuloseBiofilme in einer Flasche und einer 12-Well-Platte-Format, die bequem für bakteriologische sowie genetische Studien ist. Wir haben das Protokoll eines abgeschwächten Stamm von M. beschriebenen Tuberkulose, mc 2 7000, mit einer Deletion in den zwei Loci, panCD und RD1, die kritisch für die in vivo das Wachstum des Erregers 9 sind. Dieser Stamm kann sicher in einer BSL-2 Containment werden für das Verständnis der biologischen Grundlagen der Tuberkulose-Erreger wodurch die Anforderung eines teuren BSL-3-Anlage verwendet. Die Methode kann erweitert werden, mit entsprechenden Modifikationen in den Medien, um Biofilm von anderen kultivierbaren Mykobakterien wachsen. Insgesamt wird ein einheitliches Protokoll zur Kultivierung von Mykobakterien Biofilmen helfen den Ermittlern bei der Untersuchung der grundlegenden elastischen Eigenschaften von Mykobakterien interessiert. Darüber hinaus wird eine klare und präzise Verfahren zur Züchtung von Mykobakterien Biofilme auch helfen, die klinische und pharmazeutische investigators zur Prüfung der Wirksamkeit eines potentiellen Arzneimittels.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Biofilms at JoVE.com

Growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Biofilms

Mycobacterium tuberculosis bildet Wirkstoff toleranten Biofilme, wenn unter bestimmten Bedingungen kultiviert. Hier beschreiben wir Verfahren zur Kultivierung von M. Tuberkulose Biofilmen und die Bestimmung der Häufigkeit des Drogenkonsums tolerant persisters. Diese Protokolle werden für weitere Studien sinnvoll in die Mechanismen der Verträglichkeit der Medikamente in M. Tuberkulose.

Wachstum von Mycobacterium tuberculosis Biofilme

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the etiologic agent of human tuberculosis, has an extraordinary ability to survive against environmental stresses including ...

growth-of-mycobacterium-tuberculosis-biofilms

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Biofilms

23.6K Aufrufe.  University of Pittsburgh. Mycobacterium tuberculosis bildet Wirkstoff toleranten Biofilme, wenn unter bestimmten Bedingungen kultiviert. Hier beschreiben wir Verfahren zur Kultivierung von M. Tuberkulose Biofilmen und die Bestimmung der Häufigkeit des Drogenkonsums tolerant persisters. Diese Protokolle werden für weitere Studien sinnvoll in die Mechanismen der Verträglichkeit der Medikamente in M. Tuberkulose.

Serie: Growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Biofilms

Sample Preparation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Extracts for Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Metabolomic Studies

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a major cause of mortality in human beings on a global scale. The emergence of both multi- (MDR) and extensively-(XDR) drug-resistant strains threatens to derail current disease control efforts. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop drugs and vaccines that are more effective than those currently available. The genome of M. tuberculosis has been known for more than 10 years, yet there are important gaps in our knowledge of gene function and essentiality. Many studies have since used gene expression analysis at both the transcriptomic and proteomic levels to determine the effects of drugs, oxidants, and growth conditions on the global patterns of gene expression. Ultimately, the final response of these changes is reflected in the metabolic composition of the bacterium including a few thousand small molecular weight chemicals. Comparing the metabolic profiles of wild type and mutant strains, either untreated or treated with a particular drug, can effectively allow target identification and may lead to the development of novel inhibitors with anti-tubercular activity. Likewise, the effects of two or more conditions on the metabolome can also be assessed. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a powerful technology that is used to identify and quantify metabolic intermediates. In this protocol, procedures for the preparation of M. tuberculosis cell extracts for NMR metabolomic analysis are described. Cell cultures are grown under appropriate conditions and required Biosafety Level 3 containment,1 harvested, and subjected to mechanical lysis while maintaining cold temperatures to maximize preservation of metabolites. Cell lysates are recovered, filtered sterilized, and stored at ultra-low temperatures. Aliquots from these cell extracts are plated on Middlebrook 7H9 agar for colony-forming units to verify absence of viable cells. Upon two months of incubation at 37 &deg;C, if no viable colonies are observed, samples are removed from the containment facility for downstream processing. Extracts are lyophilized, resuspended in deuterated buffer and injected in the NMR instrument, capturing spectroscopic data that is then subjected to statistical analysis. The procedures described can be applied for both one-dimensional (1D) 1H NMR and two-dimensional (2D) 1H-13C NMR analyses. This methodology provides more reliable small molecular weight metabolite identification and more reliable and sensitive quantitative analyses of cell extract metabolic compositions than chromatographic methods. Variations of the procedure described following the cell lysis step can also be adapted for parallel proteomic analysis.

Sample Preparation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Extracts for Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Metabolomic Studies

The metabolomic profile of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is determined after growth in broth cultures. Conditions can be varied to test the effects of nutritional supplements, oxidants, and anti-tuberculosis agents on the metabolic profile of this microorganism. Procedure for extract preparation is applicable for both 1D 1H and 2D 1H-13C NMR analyses.

Probenvorbereitung von<em&gt; Mycobacterium tuberculosis</em&gt; Extrakte für Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Metabolomic Studies

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a major cause of mortality in human beings on a global scale. The emergence of both multi- (MDR) and extensively-(XDR) ...

Forschung

Immunologie und Infektion

An Experimental Model to Study Tuberculosis-Malaria Coinfection upon Natural Transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Plasmodium berghei

Coinfections naturally occur due to the geographic overlap of distinct types of pathogenic organisms. Concurrent infections most likely modulate the respective immune response to each single pathogen and may thereby affect pathogenesis and disease outcome. Coinfected patients may also respond differentially to anti-infective interventions. Coinfection between tuberculosis as caused by mycobacteria and the malaria parasite Plasmodium, both of which are coendemic in many parts of sub-Saharan Africa, has not been studied in detail. In order to approach the challenging but scientifically and clinically highly relevant question how malaria-tuberculosis coinfection modulate host immunity and the course of each disease, we established an experimental mouse model that allows us to dissect the elicited immune responses to both pathogens in the coinfected host. Of note, in order to most precisely mimic naturally acquired human infections, we perform experimental infections of mice with both pathogens by their natural routes of infection, i.e. aerosol and mosquito bite, respectively.

An Experimental Model to Study Tuberculosis-Malaria Coinfection upon Natural Transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Plasmodium berghei

Tuberculosis and malaria are two of the most prevalent infections in humans and major causes of morbidity and mortality in impoverished populations in the tropics. We established an experimental model system to study outcome of malaria-tuberculosis coinfection in mice after challenge with both pathogens via their natural route of infection.

Eine experimentelle Modell zum Studium Tuberkulose-Koinfektion auf Natur Malaria Übertragung von Mycobacterium tuberculosis Und Plasmodium berghei</i

Coinfections naturally occur due to the geographic overlap of distinct types of pathogenic organisms. Concurrent infections most likely modulate the ...

Demonstrating a Multi-drug Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Amplification Microarray

Simplifying microarray workflow is a necessary first step for creating MDR-TB microarray-based diagnostics that can be routinely used in lower-resource environments. An amplification microarray combines asymmetric PCR amplification, target size selection, target labeling, and microarray hybridization within a single solution and into a single microfluidic chamber. A batch processing method is demonstrated with a 9-plex asymmetric master mix and low-density gel element microarray for genotyping multi-drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MDR-TB). The protocol described here can be completed in 6 hr and provide correct genotyping with at least 1,000 cell equivalents of genomic DNA. Incorporating on-chip wash steps is feasible, which will result in an entirely closed amplicon method and system. The extent of multiplexing with an amplification microarray is ultimately constrained by the number of primer pairs that can be combined into a single master mix and still achieve desired sensitivity and specificity performance metrics, rather than the number of probes that are immobilized on the array. Likewise, the total analysis time can be shortened or lengthened depending on the specific intended use, research question, and desired limits of detection. Nevertheless, the general approach significantly streamlines microarray workflow for the end user by reducing the number of manually intensive and time-consuming processing steps, and provides a simplified biochemical and microfluidic path for translating microarray-based diagnostics into routine clinical practice.

Demonstrating a Multi-drug Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Amplification Microarray

An amplification microarray combines asymmetric PCR amplification and microarray hybridization into a single chamber, which significantly streamlines microarray workflow for the end user. Simplifying microarray workflow is a necessary first step for creating microarray-based diagnostics that can be routinely used in lower-resource environments.

Der Nachweis eines multiresistenten<em&gt; Mycobacterium tuberculosis</em&gt; Verstärkung Microarray

Simplifying microarray workflow is a necessary first step for creating MDR-TB microarray-based diagnostics that can be routinely used in lower-resource ...

A Novel Microdissection Approach to Recovering Mycobacterium tuberculosis Specific Transcripts from Formalin Fixed Paraffin Embedded Lung Granulomas

Microdissection has been used for the examination of tissues at DNA, RNA, and protein levels for over a decade. Laser capture microscopy (LCM) is the most common microdissection technique used today. In this technique, a laser is used to focally melt a thermoplastic membrane that overlies a dehydrated tissue section1. The tissue section composite is then lifted and separated from the membrane. Although this technique can be used successfully for tissue examination, it is time consuming and expensive. Furthermore, the successful completion of procedures using this technique requires the use of a laser, thus limiting its use. A new more affordable and practical microdissection approach called mesodissection is a possible solution to the pitfalls of LCM. This technique employs the MESO-1/MeSectr system to mill the desired tissue from a slide mounted tissue sample while concurrently dispensing and aspirating fluid to recover the desired tissue sample into a consumable mill bit. Before the dissection process begins, the user aligns the formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) slide with a hematoxylin and eosin stained (H&#38;E) reference slide. Thereafter, the operator annotates the desired dissection area and proceeds to dissect the appropriate segment. The program generates an archived image of the dissection. The main advantage of mesodissection is the short duration needed to dissect a slide, taking an average of ten minutes from set up to sample generation in this experiment. Additionally, the system is significantly more cost effective and user friendly. A slight disadvantage is that it is not as precise as laser capture microscopy. In this article we demonstrate how mesodissection can be used to extract RNA from slides from FFPE granulomas caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb).

A Novel Microdissection Approach to Recovering Mycobacterium tuberculosis Specific Transcripts from Formalin Fixed Paraffin Embedded Lung Granulomas

Microdissection has been extensively employed for the examination of DNA, RNA, and protein within tissue. Laser capture microscopy (LCM) is the most commonly used method, but a new milling technique, mesodissection, is recently available. We demonstrate RNA extraction from mesodissected formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue slides of Mycobacterium tuberculosis granulomas.

A Novel Microdissection Ansatz zur Wiederherstellung<em&gt; Mycobacterium tuberculosis</em&gt; Spezifische Transkripte aus Formalin fixierten und in Paraffin eingebetteten Lung Granulome

Microdissection has been used for the examination of tissues at DNA, RNA, and protein levels for over a decade. Laser capture microscopy (LCM) is the most ...

A 3D Human Lung Tissue Model for Functional Studies on Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection

Tuberculosis (TB) still holds a major threat to the health of people worldwide, and there is a need for cost-efficient but reliable models to help us understand the disease mechanisms and advance the discoveries of new treatment options. In vitro cell cultures of monolayers or co-cultures lack the three-dimensional (3D) environment and tissue responses. Herein, we describe an innovative in vitro model of a human lung tissue, which holds promise to be an effective tool for studying the complex events that occur during infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis). The 3D tissue model consists of tissue-specific epithelial cells and fibroblasts, which are cultured in a matrix of collagen on top of a porous membrane. Upon air exposure, the epithelial cells stratify and secrete mucus at the apical side. By introducing human primary macrophages infected with M. tuberculosis to the tissue model, we have shown that immune cells migrate into the infected-tissue and form early stages of TB granuloma. These structures recapitulate the distinct feature of human TB, the granuloma, which is fundamentally different or not commonly observed in widely used experimental animal models. This organotypic culture method enables the 3D visualization and robust quantitative analysis that provides pivotal information on spatial and temporal features of host cell-pathogen interactions. Taken together, the lung tissue model provides a physiologically relevant tissue micro-environment for studies on TB. Thus, the lung tissue model has potential implications for both basic mechanistic and applied studies. Importantly, the model allows addition or manipulation of individual cell types, which thereby widens its use for modelling a variety of infectious diseases that affect the lungs.

A 3D Human Lung Tissue Model for Functional Studies on Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection

Human tuberculosis infection is a complex process, which is difficult to model in vitro. Here we describe a novel 3D human lung tissue model that recapitulates the dynamics that occur during infection, including the migration of immune cells and early granuloma formation in a physiological environment.

Ein 3D-humanem Lungengewebe Modell für funktionelle Studien auf<em&gt; Mycobacterium tuberculosis</em&gt; Infektions

Tuberculosis (TB) still holds a major threat to the health of people worldwide, and there is a need for cost-efficient but reliable models to help us ...

System for Efficacy and Cytotoxicity Screening of Inhibitors Targeting Intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. With the increased spread of multi drug-resistant TB (MDR-TB), there is a real urgency to develop new therapeutic strategies against M. tuberculosis infections. Traditionally, compounds are evaluated based on their antibacterial activity under in vitro growth conditions in broth; however, results are often misleading for intracellular pathogens like M. tuberculosis since in-broth phenotypic screening conditions are significantly different from the actual disease conditions within the human body. Screening for inhibitors that work inside macrophages has been traditionally difficult due to the complexity, variability in infection, and slow replication rate of M. tuberculosis. In this study, we report a new approach to rapidly assess the effectiveness of compounds on the viability of M. tuberculosis in a macrophage infection model. Using a combination of a cytotoxicity assay and an in-broth M. tuberculosis viability assay, we were able to create a screening system that generates a comprehensive analysis of compounds of interest. This system is capable of producing quantitative data at a low cost that is within reach of most labs and yet is highly scalable to fit large industrial settings.

System for Efficacy and Cytotoxicity Screening of Inhibitors Targeting Intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis

We have developed a modular high-throughput screening system for discovering novel compounds against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, targeting intracellular and in-broth growing bacteria as well as cytotoxicity against the mammalian host cell.

System zur Wirksamkeit und Zytotoxizität Screening von Inhibitoren Targeting intrazellulärer<em&gt; Mycobacterium tuberculosis</em

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. With the increased spread ...

A High-throughput Compatible Assay to Evaluate Drug Efficacy against Macrophage Passaged Mycobacterium tuberculosis

The early drug development process for anti-tuberculosis drugs is hindered by the inefficient translation of compounds with in vitro activity to effectiveness in the clinical setting. This is likely due to a lack of consideration for the physiologically relevant cellular penetration barriers that exist in the infected host. We recently established an alternative infection model that generates large macrophage aggregate structures containing densely packed M. tuberculosis (Mtb) at its core, which was suitable for drug susceptibility testing. This infection model is inexpensive, rapid, and most importantly BSL-2 compatible. Here, we describe the experimental procedures to generate Mtb/macrophage aggregate structures that would produce macrophage-passaged Mtb for drug susceptibility testing. In particular, we demonstrate how this infection system could be directly adapted to the 96-well plate format showing throughput capability for the screening of compound libraries against Mtb. Overall, this assay is a valuable addition to the currently available Mtb drug discovery toolbox due to its simplicity, cost effectiveness, and scalability.

A High-throughput Compatible Assay to Evaluate Drug Efficacy against Macrophage Passaged Mycobacterium tuberculosis

New models and assays that would improve the early drug development process for next-generation anti-tuberculosis drugs are highly desirable. Here, we describe a quick, inexpensive, and BSL-2 compatible assay to evaluate drug efficacy against Mycobacterium tuberculosis that can be easily adapted for high-throughput screening.

Ein Hochdurchsatz-Assay unterstützte Wirksamkeit von Medikamenten gegen Makrophagen agierten zur Bewertung<em&gt; Mycobacterium tuberculosis</em

The early drug development process for anti-tuberculosis drugs is hindered by the inefficient translation of compounds with in vitro activity to ...

Analysis of 18FDG PET/CT Imaging as a Tool for Studying Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection and Treatment in Non-human Primates

Mycobacterium tuberculosis remains the number one infectious agent in the world today. With the emergence of antibiotic resistant strains, new clinically relevant methods are needed that evaluate the disease process and screen for potential antibiotic and vaccine treatments. Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography (PET/CT) has been established as a valuable tool for studying a number of afflictions such as cancer, Alzheimer&#39;s disease, and inflammation/infection. Outlined here are a number of strategies that have been employed to evaluate PET/CT images in cynomolgus macaques that are infected intrabronchially with low doses of M. tuberculosis. Through evaluation of lesion size on CT and uptake of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) in lesions and lymph nodes in PET images, these described methods show that PET/CT imaging can predict future development of active versus latent disease and the propensity for reactivation from a latent state of infection. Additionally, by analyzing the overall level of lung inflammation, these methods determine antibiotic efficacy of drugs against M. tuberculosis in the most clinically relevant existing animal model. These image analysis methods are some of the most powerful tools in the arsenal against this disease as not only can they evaluate a number of characteristics of infection and drug treatment, but they are also directly translatable to a clinical setting for use in human studies.

Analysis of 18FDG PET/CT Imaging as a Tool for Studying Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection and Treatment in Non-human Primates

Here, we present a protocol to describe the analysis of 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging in non-human primates that have been infected with M. tuberculosis to study disease process, drug treatment, and disease reactivation.

Analyse der 18FDG PET/CT Imaging als Werkzeug für Studium Mycobacterium-Tuberkulose -Infektion und Behandlung bei nicht-menschlichen Primaten

Mycobacterium tuberculosis remains the number one infectious agent in the world today. With the emergence of antibiotic resistant strains, new clinically ...

Imaging Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Mice with Reporter Enzyme Fluorescence

Reporter enzyme fluorescence (REF) utilizes substrates that are specific for enzymes present in target organisms of interest for imaging or detection by fluorescence or bioluminescence. We utilize BlaC, an enzyme expressed constitutively by all M. tuberculosis strains. REF allows rapid quantification of bacteria in lungs of infected mice. The same group of mice can be imaged at many time points, greatly reducing costs, enumerating bacteria more quickly, allowing novel observations in host-pathogen interactions, and increasing statistical power, since more animals per group are readily maintained. REF is extremely sensitive due to the catalytic nature of the BlaC enzymatic reporter and specific due to the custom flourescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) or fluorogenic substrates used. REF does not require recombinant strains, ensuring normal host-pathogen interactions. We describe the imaging of M. tuberculosis infection using a FRET substrate with maximal emission at 800 nm. The wavelength of the substrate allows sensitive deep tissue imaging in mammals. We will outline aerosol infection of mice with M. tuberculosis, anesthesia of mice, administration of the REF substrate, and optical imaging. This method has been successfully applied to evaluating host-pathogen interactions and efficacy of antibiotics targeting M. tuberculosis.

Imaging Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Mice with Reporter Enzyme Fluorescence

We describe the optical imaging of mice infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) using reporter enzyme fluorescence (REF). This protocol facilitates the sensitive and specific detection of M. tuberculosis in pre-clinical animal models for pathogenesis, therapeutics and vaccine research.

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis in Mäusen mit Reporter Enzym Fluoreszenz Imaging

Reporter enzyme fluorescence (REF) utilizes substrates that are specific for enzymes present in target organisms of interest for imaging or detection by ...

Modeling Tuberculosis in Mycobacterium marinum Infected Adult Zebrafish

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is currently the deadliest human pathogen causing 1.7 million deaths and 10.4 million infections every year. Exposure to this bacterium causes a wide disease spectrum in humans ranging from a sterilized infection to an actively progressing deadly disease. The most common form is the latent tuberculosis, which is asymptomatic, but has the potential to reactivate into a fulminant disease. Adult zebrafish and its natural pathogen Mycobacterium marinum have recently proven to be an applicable model to study the wide disease spectrum of tuberculosis. Importantly, spontaneous latency and reactivation as well as adaptive immune responses in the context of mycobacterial infection can be studied in this model. In this article, we describe methods for the experimental infection of adult zebrafish, the collection of internal organs for the extraction of nucleic acids for the measurement of mycobacterial loads and host immune responses by quantitative PCR. The in-house-developed, M. marinum-specific qPCR assay is more sensitive than the traditional plating methods as it also detects DNA from non-dividing, dormant or recently dead mycobacteria. As both DNA and RNA are extracted from the same individual, it is possible to study the relationships between the diseased state, and the host and pathogen gene-expression. The adult zebrafish model for tuberculosis thus presents itself as a highly applicable, non-mammalian in vivo system to study host-pathogen interactions.

Modeling Tuberculosis in Mycobacterium marinum Infected Adult Zebrafish

Here, we present a protocol to model human tuberculosis in an adult zebrafish using its natural pathogen Mycobacterium marinum. Extracted DNA and RNA from the internal organs of infected zebrafish can be used to reveal the total mycobacterial loads in the fish and the host&#39;s immune responses with qPCR.

Modellierung von Tuberkulose Mycobacterium Marinum infizierten Erwachsenen Zebrafisch

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is currently the deadliest human pathogen causing 1.7 million deaths and 10.4 million infections every year. Exposure to this ...

Methods Article

Wachstum von Mycobacterium tuberculosis Biofilme