작품은 건강과 미국 폐 협회의 국립 연구소의 재정 지원으로 실시되었다.

1. M.의 성장 biofilms 250mL 나사 덮힌 병의 결핵 <ol><li> 미디어 준비 : 물 900mL에 글리세롤의 60mL, 산화철 구연산 암모늄의 0.05g MgSO 4 KH 2 PO 4 0.5g, L-아스파라긴의 4g, 구연산 산성의 2g의 0.5g 디졸브. NaOH로 7.0으로 산도를 조정합니다. 압력솥, 시원하고 직전에 실험을 시작으로, 0.1 % w의 최종 농도로 멸균 ZnSO 4를 추가 / 대 MC 2 7000 판토텐산 auxotroph이므로 이러한 변형은 또한 최종 농도 10μg/mL에서 판토텐산이 필요합니다. </li></ol> 참고 : 이것은 M. 결핵에 사용 Sauton의 미디어의 표준 구성입니다. 필요한 경우에는 다른 전문 미디어는 또한 다른 mycobacterial 종의 사용할 수 있습니다. <ol start="2"><li> Inoculums 준비 : M.을 키운 0.05 % 0.7-1.0 중 한 주 동안 십대 초반-80, 또는 OD 600 7H9OADC에서 결핵. 세제곱lture 직접 1:100 희석에 inoculum으로 사용할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 250mL 나사 뒤덮힌 폴리스티렌 병 (코닝)에 Sauton의 미디어 25mL 하는걸. 아주 단단히 매체, 캡 병에 inoculum의 250μl를 추가, 3 주 동안 humidified 37 ° C 배양기에서 그대로 가져 오십시오. 전혀 오염이 없다는 것을 보장하기 위해 매일 한 번씩 병을 관찰. </li><li> 셋째 주말에, M의 추가 성장을 허용하도록 병 뚜껑을 느슨하게 인터페이스에서 결핵. 뚜껑이 단계에서 느슨하게하지 않는 경우 다음 컨테이너에 부족한 산소 농도는 박테리아의 추가 성장을 병신 것입니다. </li></ol> 2. M.의 성장 12 잘 접시에 결핵 biofilms <ol><li> 섹션 A1과 A2에서 설명한대로 두 MC 7000의 미디어와 inoculum를 준비합니다. </li><li> inoculum의 600μl와 미디어 60mL를 섞는다. 4.5m 특면플레이트의 각도에 혼합물의 패. 뚜껑이있는 접시를 덮어. parafilm으로 접시를 여러 번 감싸주세요. 오주 동안 37 ° C에서 humidified 인큐베이터에서 그대로 접시를 품어. </li></ol> 3. M.에서 마약 관용 persisters의 주파수를 결정 결핵 biofilms <ol><li> M.을 키운 섹션 B. 이것은에 설명된대로 12도 형식으로 결핵 biofilms은 약 5 주간의 합계를 취할 것입니다. </li><li> biofilms가 성숙되면 (인큐베이션의 5 주 후에) 피펫으로 microtip을 사용 biofilms 아래 미디어에 원하는 농도에서 항생제의 선택을 주입. </li></ol> 참고 : pellicles 아래 미디어의 볼륨이 약 3.0mL를 줄여줍니다. 그래서 수사관들이 적절하게 약물의 양을 계산한다. <ol start="3"><li> 소용돌이 항생제가 철저하게 중간에 한짓되어 부드럽게되도록 접시. 통계적으로 의미있는 결과를 얻으려면 antibi 투입네 우물의 귀의. 병렬에서 항생제가 다른 네 우물에서 해체되는 용매의 동일한 볼륨을 삽입하고, 온전히 접시의 마지막 네 우물 둡니다. 뚜껑에 커버 플레이트와 플레이트 주변 parafilm 신선한 레이어를 넣어. 원하는 기간 동안 인큐베이터에 다시 놓습니다. </li><li> 배양이 끝나면 플레이트를 열고 우물 각 0.1 %의 최종 농도 (부피 / 부피)에 십대 초반-80 추가합니다. 소용돌이 세제의 균일한 분산을위한 부드럽게 전체 판. 15 분 동안 상온에서 접시를 품어. 그 전체 내용이 균일하게 15mL 원뿔 튜브로 전송 수 있도록 피펫 여러 번 각 우물의 내용을 섞는다. </li><li> 상온에서 10 분 동안 4000rpm에서 튜브의 내용을 봐. 신선한 세차 버퍼 (10 % 글리세롤 및 0.05 % 십대 초반-80와 PBS)의 5mL에 펠렛을 Resuspend. 세탁 세 번 반복합니다. 세차 버퍼의 5mL에 펠렛을 Resuspend. O를 위해 로커에 보관4에 vernight ° C. </li></ol> 참고 : 저온 원래 M. smegmatis (분산 동안 성장을 최소화하기 위해)를 위해 개발뿐만 M. 결핵에 사용되었지만, 느린 성장하는 수종은 대부분 결과에 어떤 영향없이 상온에서 누볐어 수 있습니다. BSL-3 시설에서 근무하는 경우에는 실온에서 출렁 이는 것은 필요할 수 있습니다. <ol start="6"><li> , 적절한 크기의 넓은 끝을 절단 주사기에 맞추려고하고 parafilm로 포장하여 microtip (2-200μl)를 들으며 멸균 주사기를 준비합니다. 팁-장착되어 주사기를 통해 튜브의 전체 내용을 전달하고 신선한 15mL 튜브에 수집합니다. 당신은 매우 동질적인 서스펜션을 관찰할 때까지이 단계에게 5-6 회 반복합니다. </li><li> 각 우물에 가능한 콜로니의 수를 결정하는 7H11OADC 접시 서스펜션과 접시 dilutions의 일련 dilutions을 준비합니다. 37 ° C 배양기에서 3 주 동안 번호판을 품어. frequen를 결정용매 처리 접시에서 얻은 이들에게 치료를 항생제로 얻은 콜로니 수의 비율을 계산하여 biofilm 인구의 persisters의 사. </li></ol> 4. 대표 결과 M. 한 병에서 배양해, 성장 결핵은 첫 번째 주말에 병 기지에서 볼 수 있습니다. 공기 미디어 인터페이스의 성장이 세 번째 주 (그림 1A)의 끝 부분에 지속적으로 볼 수 있지만 두 번째 주말함으로써, 공기 미디어 인터페이스에 대한 박테리아의 누덕누덕 기운 성장은 볼 수있다. 이때 용기의 벽에 박테리아의 부착도 관찰됩니다. 이 시점 이후로 문화의 성장은 주로 에어 미디어 인터페이스에서 발생합니다. 표면 성장을 아래에 액체가 분명하다. 일반적으로 구조는 다섯 번째 주 (그림의 1B)의 말까지 자라게. 부화가 장기간 경우 구조 컨테이너의 바닥에 침몰하기 시작합니다. Intriguingly,셋째 주말까지 뚜껑의 강화하는 과정에서 중요한 단계이며, 알려지지 않은 이유로 느슨한 덮인 병을 크게 인터페이스 9 성장의 개시를 retards. 12 음 형식에서는 공기 미디어 인터페이스에서 강력한 biofilm 다섯 주 (그림 2A)의 끝에 우물 각각 볼 수있다. 접시가 완전히 포장되지 않은 경우 다음 차동 biofilm 성장을 준수하고 있습니다. 최악의 경우에는 상당한 미디어 증발은 박테리아의 성장 (그림 2B)이 정지될 수 있습니다. 따라서, 번호판을 배치하는 것은 모두 증발을 방지하기 위해뿐만 아니라 biofilm 형성 (이전 단락을 참조) 환경을 제공하기 위해 필요합니다. 이 기법으로 결정 biofilms의 유력한 bacilli의 수는 아주 재현할 수있다. M.의 응답 결핵 biofilms는 항생제의 성격에 따라 다릅니다. 같은 rifampicin과 같은 bactericidal 항생제의 경우 생존의 손실 bipha을 따른다<html> SIC 동향 9. 인구의 작은 비율에 관계없이 항생제 또는 노출 시간 농도의 항생제에 완전히 고집 불통 남아있는 영구적인 단계 다음에 첫 번째 3~4일 동안 생존의 급격한 하락. 그림 3은 rifampicin의 50μg/mL에 7 일간 노출 (MIC보다 50 배 이상) 후 성숙 biofilms의 유력한 bacilli의 개수를 보여줍니다. <img alt="그림 1A." src="/files/ftp_upload/3820/3820fig1A.jpg" /> M.의 그림 1A. 초기 모습 배양 3 주 후에 박테리아의 공기 미디어 인터페이스 결핵 bacilli. <img alt="1B 그림." src="/files/ftp_upload/3820/3820fig1B.jpg" /> 그림 1B 있습니다. M.의 biofilms를 성숙 인큐베이션 다섯 주 후에 공기 미디어 인터페이스에 대한 결핵. 820/3820fig2A.jpg &quot;/&gt; M.의 그림 2A 있습니다. 5 주 오래된 biofilms 결핵은 12도 형식으로 재배. <img alt="그림 2B." src="/files/ftp_upload/3820/3820fig2B.jpg" /> 그림 2B. parafilm없이 12 잘 플레이트에서 M. 결핵 biofilms 양성하는데 실패 시도. <img alt="그림 3." src="/files/ftp_upload/3820/3820fig3.jpg" /> M.에서 마약 관용 persisters의 빈도를 보여주는 3. 대표 플롯 그림 결핵은 12도 형식으로 재배하고 이레 동안 Rifampicin으로 50μg/mL에 노출 biofilms.

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우리는 공개 할게 없다.

은 Mycobacterium 결핵의 감염에 의한 결핵 (TB)는, 세계 공중 건강에 큰 위협이 남아있다. 세계 인구의 거의 삼분의 일은 asymptomatically 병원체에 의해 감염된 것으로 추정되며, 9 백만에 관한 새로운 환자가 활성 결핵 및 감염의 약 170 만 다이 매년 11 증상으로 매년 병원에 표시됩니다. 질병의 큰 부담은 주로 백신과 6~9개월 걸쳐 실시 multidrug 섭생과 관련된 매우 복잡한 화학 요법의 부족?...

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Equipment and supplies</td>
			<td>SUPPLIER</td>
			<td>CATALOG NUMBER</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Incubator</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>Model # 1923/25</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polystyrene culture bottles</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>03-374-300</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>12-well tissue culture plate</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>62406-165</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50-mL conical tubes</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>89039-660</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rocker</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>57019-662</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chromatographic refrigerator</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>55702-520</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>petri dish</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>25384-342</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>REAGENT</td>
			<td>SUPPLIER</td>
			<td>CATALOG NUMBER</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KH2PO4 (monobasic)</td>
			<td>EMD</td>
			<td>PX1565-1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MgSO4</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>M65-500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-asparagine</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A4284-100G</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>citric acid</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>C1857-100G</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ferric ammonium citrate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>F5879-100G</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>glycerol</td>
			<td>EMD</td>
			<td>GX0185-5</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaOH</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>S8045-500G</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ZnSO4</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>Z4750-500G</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D-pantothenic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P2250-25G</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Difco Middlebrook 7H9 Broth</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td>271310</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Middlebrook OADC Enrichment</td>
			<td>BBL</td>
			<td>212351</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tween-80</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>T164-500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>250mL storage bottle</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>430281</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>12 well plates</td>
			<td>Falcon (BD)</td>
			<td>353043</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>rifampicin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>R3501-1G</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>methanol</td>
			<td>J.T. Baker</td>
			<td>9070-05</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10mlLsyringe</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td>301604</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1-200&mu;L pipet tips</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>89079-458</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>parafilm M</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>PM-996</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15mL centrifuge tube</td>
			<td>Greiner Bio-One</td>
			<td>188-285</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Difco Mycobacteria 7H11 Agar</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td>283810</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>BP358-1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KCl</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P9333-500G</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Na2HPO4 (dibasic)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>S0876-500G</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

growth of mycobacterium tuberculosis biofilms

결핵은 Mycobacterium 인간 결핵의 etiologic 에이전트, 항생제를 포함하여 환경 스트레스에 대한 생존을 위해 특별한 능력이있다. 비록 M.의 스트레스 내성 결핵은 결핵 1 6 개월 동안 화학 요법에 대한 가능성 참여자 중 하나입니다, 병원체의 특성 표현형의 기본 분자 메커니즘은 불분명 남아있다. 대부분의 미생물 종은 biofilms 2-4이라는 조직화 첨부 표면, 그리고 매트릭스 캡슐 구조로 자기 조립에 의해 스트레스 환경에서 생존하기 위해 진화했습니다. 지역 사회의 성장 미생물 선호하는 생존 전략이 될 것 같습니다, 그리고 표면 부착, 세포 통신, 그리고 세포외 고분자 물질의 합성 (EPS) 5,6 조절 유전자 구성 요소를 통해 이루어진다. 환경 스트레스에 대한 내성 가능성이 높습 physiolo에 의해 아마 EPS에 의해 촉진하고있다biofilms 7의 복잡한 아키텍처 내에서 이기종 microenvironments 개별 bacilli의 gical 적응. 최근 논문 일련의 우리는 그 설립 M. 결핵은 Mycobacterium의 smegmatis과 50 개 이상의 배 안티 - 결핵 약물 isoniazid와 rifampicin의 8-10의 최소 억제 농도를 용인할 수 biofilms라는 조직 다세포 구조로 성장하는 강한 성향을,,합니다. M. 미디어뿐만 아니라 분위기 9 공기의 제한된 교류 : 결핵 그러나 intriguingly 헤드 스페이스의 특정 9시 1분 비율로 성숙 biofilms를 형성하는 특정 조건이 필요합니다. 특수 환경 조건의 요구는 것도 M. 사실에 링크된 수 결핵은 의무를지게 인간 병원체이며, 따라서 조직 환경에 적응하고있다. 본 출판물에서 우리는 culturing M.하는 방법을 보여줍니다 결핵병 및 세균뿐만 아니라 유전자 연구를위한 편리한 12 잘 플레이트 형식의 biofilms. 우리는 M.의 감쇠 변형을 위해 프로토콜을 설명했습니다 병원체 9 생체내 성장을위한 중요한 두 loci, panCD 및 RD1에서 삭제와 결핵, MC이 7000. 이 변형은 안전 따라서 고가의 BSL-3 시설의 요건을 피하 결핵 병원체의 기본적인 생물학을 이해하기위한 BSL-2 억제에 사용할 수 있습니다. 방법은 다른 culturable mycobacterial 종 biofilm 성장을 위해, 미디어의 적절한 수정으로 연장하실 수 있습니다. 전반적으로, culturing mycobacterial biofilms의 유니폼 프로토콜 mycobacteria의 기본 탄력적인 특성을 공부에 관심이 수사를하는 데 도움이됩니다. 또한, 성장 mycobacterial biofilms의 분명하고 간결한 방법도 임상 및 제약 인보이스 도움이 될 것입니다estigators는 잠재적인 약물의 효능을 테스트합니다.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Biofilms at JoVE.com

Growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Biofilms

특정 조건에서 배양해 때 결핵은 Mycobacterium 마약 허용 biofilms를 형성합니다. 여기 culturing M.하는 방법을 설명 결핵 biofilms 및 약물 관용 persisters의 주파수를 결정. 이러한 프로토콜은 M.의 약물 내성의 메커니즘에 대한 연구를 위해 도움이 될 것입니다 결핵.

의 성장 결핵은 Mycobacterium Biofilms

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the etiologic agent of human tuberculosis, has an extraordinary ability to survive against environmental stresses including ...

growth-of-mycobacterium-tuberculosis-biofilms

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Biofilms

23.6K 조회수.  University of Pittsburgh. 특정 조건에서 배양해 때 결핵은 Mycobacterium 마약 허용 biofilms를 형성합니다. 여기 culturing M.하는 방법을 설명 결핵 biofilms 및 약물 관용 persisters의 주파수를 결정. 이러한 프로토콜은 M.의 약물 내성의 메커니즘에 대한 연구를 위해 도움이 될 것입니다 결핵.

비디오: Growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Biofilms

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Complex for First and Second Line Drugs by Broth Dilution in a Microtiter Plate Format

The rapid detection of antimicrobial resistance is important in the effort to control the increase in resistant Mycobacterium 
tuberculosis (Mtb). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) of Mtb has traditionally been performed by the agar method of proportion or by 
macrobroth testing on an instrument such as the BACTEC (Becton Dickinson, Sparks, MD), VersaTREK (TREK Diagnostics, Cleveland, OH) or BacT/ALERT (bioM&eacute;rieux, Hazelwood, MO). The agar proportion method, while considered the &#x201C;gold&#x201D; standard of AST, is labor intensive and requires calculation of resistance by performing colony counts on drug-containing agar as compared to drug-free agar. If there is &ge;1% growth on the drug-containing medium as compared to drug-free medium, the organism is considered resistant to that drug. The macrobroth methods require instrumentation and test break point ("critical") drug concentrations for the first line drugs (isoniazid, ethambutol, rifampin, and pyrazinamide). The method described here is commercially available in a 96 well microtiter plate format [MYCOTB (TREK Diagnostics)] and contains increasing concentrations of 12 antimicrobials used for treatment of tuberculosis including both first (isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol) and second line drugs (amikacin, cycloserine, ethionamide, kanamycin, moxifloxacin, ofloxacin, para-aminosalicylic acid, rifabutin, and streptomycin). Pyrazinamide, a first line drug, is not included in the microtiter plate due to its need for acidic test conditions. Advantages of the microtiter system include both ease of set up and faster turn around time (14 days) compared with traditional agar proportion (21 days). In addition, the plate can be set up from inoculum prepared using either broth or solid medium. Since the microtiter plate format is new and since Mtb presents unique safety challenges in the laboratory, this protocol will describe how to safely setup, incubate and read the microtiter plate.

Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is challenging but critical for patient care. This microtiter plate format offers testing of 12 antimycobacterial drugs and provides minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values, which will aid in appropriate treatment.

Microtiter 플레이트 형식의 맛을 희석하여 첫 번째와 두 번째 라인 의약품 Mycobacterium 결핵의 복합 항균 자화율 테스트

The rapid detection of antimicrobial resistance is important in the effort to control the increase in resistant Mycobacterium 
tuberculosis (Mtb). ...

연구

면역학 및 감염병학

Sample Preparation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Extracts for Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Metabolomic Studies

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a major cause of mortality in human beings on a global scale. The emergence of both multi- (MDR) and extensively-(XDR) drug-resistant strains threatens to derail current disease control efforts. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop drugs and vaccines that are more effective than those currently available. The genome of M. tuberculosis has been known for more than 10 years, yet there are important gaps in our knowledge of gene function and essentiality. Many studies have since used gene expression analysis at both the transcriptomic and proteomic levels to determine the effects of drugs, oxidants, and growth conditions on the global patterns of gene expression. Ultimately, the final response of these changes is reflected in the metabolic composition of the bacterium including a few thousand small molecular weight chemicals. Comparing the metabolic profiles of wild type and mutant strains, either untreated or treated with a particular drug, can effectively allow target identification and may lead to the development of novel inhibitors with anti-tubercular activity. Likewise, the effects of two or more conditions on the metabolome can also be assessed. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a powerful technology that is used to identify and quantify metabolic intermediates. In this protocol, procedures for the preparation of M. tuberculosis cell extracts for NMR metabolomic analysis are described. Cell cultures are grown under appropriate conditions and required Biosafety Level 3 containment,1 harvested, and subjected to mechanical lysis while maintaining cold temperatures to maximize preservation of metabolites. Cell lysates are recovered, filtered sterilized, and stored at ultra-low temperatures. Aliquots from these cell extracts are plated on Middlebrook 7H9 agar for colony-forming units to verify absence of viable cells. Upon two months of incubation at 37 &deg;C, if no viable colonies are observed, samples are removed from the containment facility for downstream processing. Extracts are lyophilized, resuspended in deuterated buffer and injected in the NMR instrument, capturing spectroscopic data that is then subjected to statistical analysis. The procedures described can be applied for both one-dimensional (1D) 1H NMR and two-dimensional (2D) 1H-13C NMR analyses. This methodology provides more reliable small molecular weight metabolite identification and more reliable and sensitive quantitative analyses of cell extract metabolic compositions than chromatographic methods. Variations of the procedure described following the cell lysis step can also be adapted for parallel proteomic analysis.

Sample Preparation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Extracts for Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Metabolomic Studies

The metabolomic profile of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is determined after growth in broth cultures. Conditions can be varied to test the effects of nutritional supplements, oxidants, and anti-tuberculosis agents on the metabolic profile of this microorganism. Procedure for extract preparation is applicable for both 1D 1H and 2D 1H-13C NMR analyses.

의 샘플 준비<em&gt; Mycobacterium 결핵</em핵 자기 공명 Metabolomic의 연구&gt; 압축을 풉니 다

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a major cause of mortality in human beings on a global scale. The emergence of both multi- (MDR) and extensively-(XDR) ...

An Experimental Model to Study Tuberculosis-Malaria Coinfection upon Natural Transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Plasmodium berghei

Coinfections naturally occur due to the geographic overlap of distinct types of pathogenic organisms. Concurrent infections most likely modulate the respective immune response to each single pathogen and may thereby affect pathogenesis and disease outcome. Coinfected patients may also respond differentially to anti-infective interventions. Coinfection between tuberculosis as caused by mycobacteria and the malaria parasite Plasmodium, both of which are coendemic in many parts of sub-Saharan Africa, has not been studied in detail. In order to approach the challenging but scientifically and clinically highly relevant question how malaria-tuberculosis coinfection modulate host immunity and the course of each disease, we established an experimental mouse model that allows us to dissect the elicited immune responses to both pathogens in the coinfected host. Of note, in order to most precisely mimic naturally acquired human infections, we perform experimental infections of mice with both pathogens by their natural routes of infection, i.e. aerosol and mosquito bite, respectively.

An Experimental Model to Study Tuberculosis-Malaria Coinfection upon Natural Transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Plasmodium berghei

Tuberculosis and malaria are two of the most prevalent infections in humans and major causes of morbidity and mortality in impoverished populations in the tropics. We established an experimental model system to study outcome of malaria-tuberculosis coinfection in mice after challenge with both pathogens via their natural route of infection.

자연의 전송에 결핵 말라리아 동시 감염을 연구하는 실험 모델 결핵균와 변형체 berghei</i

Coinfections naturally occur due to the geographic overlap of distinct types of pathogenic organisms. Concurrent infections most likely modulate the ...

Demonstrating a Multi-drug Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Amplification Microarray

Simplifying microarray workflow is a necessary first step for creating MDR-TB microarray-based diagnostics that can be routinely used in lower-resource environments. An amplification microarray combines asymmetric PCR amplification, target size selection, target labeling, and microarray hybridization within a single solution and into a single microfluidic chamber. A batch processing method is demonstrated with a 9-plex asymmetric master mix and low-density gel element microarray for genotyping multi-drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MDR-TB). The protocol described here can be completed in 6 hr and provide correct genotyping with at least 1,000 cell equivalents of genomic DNA. Incorporating on-chip wash steps is feasible, which will result in an entirely closed amplicon method and system. The extent of multiplexing with an amplification microarray is ultimately constrained by the number of primer pairs that can be combined into a single master mix and still achieve desired sensitivity and specificity performance metrics, rather than the number of probes that are immobilized on the array. Likewise, the total analysis time can be shortened or lengthened depending on the specific intended use, research question, and desired limits of detection. Nevertheless, the general approach significantly streamlines microarray workflow for the end user by reducing the number of manually intensive and time-consuming processing steps, and provides a simplified biochemical and microfluidic path for translating microarray-based diagnostics into routine clinical practice.

Demonstrating a Multi-drug Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Amplification Microarray

An amplification microarray combines asymmetric PCR amplification and microarray hybridization into a single chamber, which significantly streamlines microarray workflow for the end user. Simplifying microarray workflow is a necessary first step for creating microarray-based diagnostics that can be routinely used in lower-resource environments.

다중 약물 내성을 보여<em&gt; 결핵균</em&gt; 증폭 마이크로 어레이

Simplifying microarray workflow is a necessary first step for creating MDR-TB microarray-based diagnostics that can be routinely used in lower-resource ...

A Novel Microdissection Approach to Recovering Mycobacterium tuberculosis Specific Transcripts from Formalin Fixed Paraffin Embedded Lung Granulomas

Microdissection has been used for the examination of tissues at DNA, RNA, and protein levels for over a decade. Laser capture microscopy (LCM) is the most common microdissection technique used today. In this technique, a laser is used to focally melt a thermoplastic membrane that overlies a dehydrated tissue section1. The tissue section composite is then lifted and separated from the membrane. Although this technique can be used successfully for tissue examination, it is time consuming and expensive. Furthermore, the successful completion of procedures using this technique requires the use of a laser, thus limiting its use. A new more affordable and practical microdissection approach called mesodissection is a possible solution to the pitfalls of LCM. This technique employs the MESO-1/MeSectr system to mill the desired tissue from a slide mounted tissue sample while concurrently dispensing and aspirating fluid to recover the desired tissue sample into a consumable mill bit. Before the dissection process begins, the user aligns the formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) slide with a hematoxylin and eosin stained (H&#38;E) reference slide. Thereafter, the operator annotates the desired dissection area and proceeds to dissect the appropriate segment. The program generates an archived image of the dissection. The main advantage of mesodissection is the short duration needed to dissect a slide, taking an average of ten minutes from set up to sample generation in this experiment. Additionally, the system is significantly more cost effective and user friendly. A slight disadvantage is that it is not as precise as laser capture microscopy. In this article we demonstrate how mesodissection can be used to extract RNA from slides from FFPE granulomas caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb).

A Novel Microdissection Approach to Recovering Mycobacterium tuberculosis Specific Transcripts from Formalin Fixed Paraffin Embedded Lung Granulomas

Microdissection has been extensively employed for the examination of DNA, RNA, and protein within tissue. Laser capture microscopy (LCM) is the most commonly used method, but a new milling technique, mesodissection, is recently available. We demonstrate RNA extraction from mesodissected formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue slides of Mycobacterium tuberculosis granulomas.

복구하는 새로운 미세 절제 접근<em&gt; 결핵균</em폐 육아종 임베디드 포르말린 고정 파라핀에서&gt; 특정 성적 증명서

Microdissection has been used for the examination of tissues at DNA, RNA, and protein levels for over a decade. Laser capture microscopy (LCM) is the most ...

A 3D Human Lung Tissue Model for Functional Studies on Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection

Tuberculosis (TB) still holds a major threat to the health of people worldwide, and there is a need for cost-efficient but reliable models to help us understand the disease mechanisms and advance the discoveries of new treatment options. In vitro cell cultures of monolayers or co-cultures lack the three-dimensional (3D) environment and tissue responses. Herein, we describe an innovative in vitro model of a human lung tissue, which holds promise to be an effective tool for studying the complex events that occur during infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis). The 3D tissue model consists of tissue-specific epithelial cells and fibroblasts, which are cultured in a matrix of collagen on top of a porous membrane. Upon air exposure, the epithelial cells stratify and secrete mucus at the apical side. By introducing human primary macrophages infected with M. tuberculosis to the tissue model, we have shown that immune cells migrate into the infected-tissue and form early stages of TB granuloma. These structures recapitulate the distinct feature of human TB, the granuloma, which is fundamentally different or not commonly observed in widely used experimental animal models. This organotypic culture method enables the 3D visualization and robust quantitative analysis that provides pivotal information on spatial and temporal features of host cell-pathogen interactions. Taken together, the lung tissue model provides a physiologically relevant tissue micro-environment for studies on TB. Thus, the lung tissue model has potential implications for both basic mechanistic and applied studies. Importantly, the model allows addition or manipulation of individual cell types, which thereby widens its use for modelling a variety of infectious diseases that affect the lungs.

A 3D Human Lung Tissue Model for Functional Studies on Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection

Human tuberculosis infection is a complex process, which is difficult to model in vitro. Here we describe a novel 3D human lung tissue model that recapitulates the dynamics that occur during infection, including the migration of immune cells and early granuloma formation in a physiological environment.

에 대한 기능성 연구를위한 3D 인간의 폐 조직 모델<em&gt; 결핵균</em&gt; 감염

Tuberculosis (TB) still holds a major threat to the health of people worldwide, and there is a need for cost-efficient but reliable models to help us ...

Ratiometric Imaging of Extracellular pH in Dental Biofilms

The pH in bacterial biofilms on teeth is of central importance for dental caries, a disease with a high worldwide prevalence. Nutrients and metabolites are not distributed evenly in dental biofilms. A complex interplay of sorption to and reaction with organic matter in the biofilm reduces the diffusion paths of solutes and creates steep gradients of reactive molecules, including organic acids, across the biofilm. Quantitative fluorescent microscopic methods, such as fluorescence life time imaging or pH ratiometry, can be employed to visualize pH in different microenvironments of dental biofilms. pH ratiometry exploits a pH-dependent shift in the fluorescent emission of pH-sensitive dyes. Calculation of the emission ratio at two different wavelengths allows determining local pH in microscopic images, irrespective of the concentration of the dye. Contrary to microelectrodes the technique allows monitoring both vertical and horizontal pH gradients in real-time without mechanically disturbing the biofilm. However, care must be taken to differentiate accurately between extra- and intracellular compartments of the biofilm. Here, the ratiometric dye, seminaphthorhodafluor-4F 5-(and-6) carboxylic acid (C-SNARF-4) is employed to monitor extracellular pH in in vivo grown dental biofilms of unknown species composition. Upon exposure to glucose the dye is up-concentrated inside all bacterial cells in the biofilms; it is thus used both as a universal bacterial stain and as a marker of extracellular pH. After confocal microscopic image acquisition, the bacterial biomass is removed from all pictures using digital image analysis software, which permits to exclusively calculate extracellular pH. pH ratiometry with the ratiometric dye is well-suited to study extracellular pH in thin biofilms of up to 75 &#181;m thickness, but is limited to the pH range between 4.5 and 7.0.

A pH-sensitive ratiometric dye is used in combination with confocal laser scanning microscopy and digital image analysis to monitor extracellular pH in dental biofilms in real-time.

치과 바이오 필름에 세포 외 pH를 비례 영상

The pH in bacterial biofilms on teeth is of central importance for dental caries, a disease with a high worldwide prevalence. Nutrients and metabolites ...

System for Efficacy and Cytotoxicity Screening of Inhibitors Targeting Intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. With the increased spread of multi drug-resistant TB (MDR-TB), there is a real urgency to develop new therapeutic strategies against M. tuberculosis infections. Traditionally, compounds are evaluated based on their antibacterial activity under in vitro growth conditions in broth; however, results are often misleading for intracellular pathogens like M. tuberculosis since in-broth phenotypic screening conditions are significantly different from the actual disease conditions within the human body. Screening for inhibitors that work inside macrophages has been traditionally difficult due to the complexity, variability in infection, and slow replication rate of M. tuberculosis. In this study, we report a new approach to rapidly assess the effectiveness of compounds on the viability of M. tuberculosis in a macrophage infection model. Using a combination of a cytotoxicity assay and an in-broth M. tuberculosis viability assay, we were able to create a screening system that generates a comprehensive analysis of compounds of interest. This system is capable of producing quantitative data at a low cost that is within reach of most labs and yet is highly scalable to fit large industrial settings.

System for Efficacy and Cytotoxicity Screening of Inhibitors Targeting Intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis

We have developed a modular high-throughput screening system for discovering novel compounds against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, targeting intracellular and in-broth growing bacteria as well as cytotoxicity against the mammalian host cell.

세포 내 타겟팅 억제제의 효능 및 세포 독성 검사를위한 시스템<em&gt; 결핵균</em

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. With the increased spread ...

A High-throughput Compatible Assay to Evaluate Drug Efficacy against Macrophage Passaged Mycobacterium tuberculosis

The early drug development process for anti-tuberculosis drugs is hindered by the inefficient translation of compounds with in vitro activity to effectiveness in the clinical setting. This is likely due to a lack of consideration for the physiologically relevant cellular penetration barriers that exist in the infected host. We recently established an alternative infection model that generates large macrophage aggregate structures containing densely packed M. tuberculosis (Mtb) at its core, which was suitable for drug susceptibility testing. This infection model is inexpensive, rapid, and most importantly BSL-2 compatible. Here, we describe the experimental procedures to generate Mtb/macrophage aggregate structures that would produce macrophage-passaged Mtb for drug susceptibility testing. In particular, we demonstrate how this infection system could be directly adapted to the 96-well plate format showing throughput capability for the screening of compound libraries against Mtb. Overall, this assay is a valuable addition to the currently available Mtb drug discovery toolbox due to its simplicity, cost effectiveness, and scalability.

A High-throughput Compatible Assay to Evaluate Drug Efficacy against Macrophage Passaged Mycobacterium tuberculosis

New models and assays that would improve the early drug development process for next-generation anti-tuberculosis drugs are highly desirable. Here, we describe a quick, inexpensive, and BSL-2 compatible assay to evaluate drug efficacy against Mycobacterium tuberculosis that can be easily adapted for high-throughput screening.

높은 처리량을 지원 분석은 대식 세포 계대에 대한 약물 효능을 평가하기<em&gt; 결핵균</em

The early drug development process for anti-tuberculosis drugs is hindered by the inefficient translation of compounds with in vitro activity to ...

Analysis of 18FDG PET/CT Imaging as a Tool for Studying Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection and Treatment in Non-human Primates

Mycobacterium tuberculosis remains the number one infectious agent in the world today. With the emergence of antibiotic resistant strains, new clinically relevant methods are needed that evaluate the disease process and screen for potential antibiotic and vaccine treatments. Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography (PET/CT) has been established as a valuable tool for studying a number of afflictions such as cancer, Alzheimer&#39;s disease, and inflammation/infection. Outlined here are a number of strategies that have been employed to evaluate PET/CT images in cynomolgus macaques that are infected intrabronchially with low doses of M. tuberculosis. Through evaluation of lesion size on CT and uptake of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) in lesions and lymph nodes in PET images, these described methods show that PET/CT imaging can predict future development of active versus latent disease and the propensity for reactivation from a latent state of infection. Additionally, by analyzing the overall level of lung inflammation, these methods determine antibiotic efficacy of drugs against M. tuberculosis in the most clinically relevant existing animal model. These image analysis methods are some of the most powerful tools in the arsenal against this disease as not only can they evaluate a number of characteristics of infection and drug treatment, but they are also directly translatable to a clinical setting for use in human studies.

Analysis of 18FDG PET/CT Imaging as a Tool for Studying Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection and Treatment in Non-human Primates

Here, we present a protocol to describe the analysis of 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging in non-human primates that have been infected with M. tuberculosis to study disease process, drug treatment, and disease reactivation.

18FDG PET/CT 영상 공부 결핵균 감염 및 비 인간 영장류에서 치료 도구로 서의 분석

Mycobacterium tuberculosis remains the number one infectious agent in the world today. With the emergence of antibiotic resistant strains, new clinically ...