NIH R01 CA128919 und NIH R01 HL092923: Diese Arbeit wurde durch die folgenden Stipendien an Eva Sevick unterstützt.

Alle Tierversuche wurden in Übereinstimmung mit den Standards der University of Texas Health Science Center (Houston, TX), Abteilung für Vergleichende Medizin und Zentrum für Molekulare Bildgebung nach Prüfung und Genehmigung des Protokolls durch ihre jeweiligen Institutional Animal Care durchgeführt und Verwenden Ausschuss (IACUC) oder Animal Welfare Committee (AWC). Ein. Vorbereitung der Tiere 24 Stunden vor dem Imaging Die folgenden Schritte müssen getan (bei ​​Bedarf) am Tag vor lymphatischen Abbildung erfolgt. <ol><li> Tier in einer Induktion Box und sedate mit Isofluran. </li><li> Sobald das Tier in einen Zustand tiefer Narkose (überwachten mit Vorspur Pinch Manöver), Ort sedierten Tieren auf einer Windel / Flusen-Pad und der Position der Nase in einem Nasenkonus verbunden Isofluran Gas. </li><li> Clip alle Haare / Fell (falls vorhanden) in der Umgebung abgebildet werden soll. </li><li> Bewerben Enthaarungsmittel (NAIR) an der zugeschnittenen und lassen Sie es on die Haut für bis zu 3 min. </li><li> Wischen Sie alle Enthaarungsmittel mit warmen, feuchten Gaze oder Papiertuch. </li><li> Vorsichtig spülen Sie die Haut mit warmem Wasser und sanft trocknen Sie den Bereich mit Gaze oder einem Papiertuch. </li><li> Damit sich die Tiere auf einem Heizkissen oder unter einer Wärmelampe zu erholen, und kehren zu ihrem Käfig. </li></ol> 2. Day of Imaging <ol><li> Rekonstituieren Bildgebungsmittel mit sterilem Wasser, dann verdünnt mit sterilem, normal (0,85%) Salzlösung bis 645 pM (5 &amp;mgr; g/10 ul) für ICG oder 200 pM (6,8 &amp;mgr; g/10 ul) zum CABD-IRDye800 erreichen. Halten Lösungen im Dunkeln Bedingungen und innerhalb von 6 Stunden nach der Rekonstitution. </li><li> Tier in einer Induktion Box und sedate mit Isofluran. </li><li> Sobald das Tier in einen Zustand tiefer Narkose (überwacht mit Toe-Prise Manöver), Ort sedierten Tier auf einer Seite auf eine Windel / Flusen Pad und Position Nase in einem Nasenkonus mit Gas Isofluran. </li><li> Schalten Sie das Licht (so der Raumdunkel). Falls erforderlich, kann ein kleiner Schreibtisch Halogenlicht für eine geringe Lichtmenge auf Injektionen siehe verwendet werden. </li><li> Verwendung eines Insulin-Spritze mit einer 31-Gauge-Nadel, injizieren ID 5 bis 50 ul ul ICG-oder CABD IRDye800 im dorsalen jedes Hinterpfote und / oder auf der linken und rechten Seite der Basis des Schwanzes, abhängig von der Bereich von Interesse (siehe Diskussion). Jede Dosis kann injiziert 0,083-1,25 mg / kg (ICG) oder 0,113 bis 1,7 mg / kg (CABD-IRDye800) reichen. Injektionsvolumina wird mit tierischen Anspannung und Injektionsstelle variieren. Für athymischen Mäusen, kann das Volumen der Einspritzung 5 ul (Hinterpfote) oder 10 ul (Rutenansatz) sein. Wenn das Tier nicht unter dem Bildgebungssystem für die Injektion (en) werden die Tiere unter dem Bildgebungssystem unmittelbar nach dem Injektion (en). </li><li> Wenn keine Farbstoffaufnahme in die Lymphbahnen zu sehen ist, wird Schritt 2.5 wiederholt zu werden brauchen, wie pro Tier-Protokoll benötigt. </li><li> Sobald Lymphbahnen zu sehen sind, die Injektionsstelle mit schwarzem Isolierband oder schwarz paper. </li><li> Erwerben lymphatischen Bilder für bis zu 1 Stunde unter Verwendung von V + +-Software und ein kleines Tier, NIRF Bildgebungssystems. (Tiere mit Isofluran sediert und Respirationen werden überwacht, während Bilder zu erwerben sind.) Während kleine Tier, NIRF Imager sind kommerziell erhältlich, nutzen wir eine angepasste Kleintier NIRF Abbildungssystem, bestehend aus einem 785-nm-Laserdiode (1005-9mm-78.503 , Intense, North Brunswick, NJ) mit einer asphärischen Linse (C24TME-B, Thorlabs, Newton, NJ), Diffusor (ED1-C20, Thorlabs) ausgestattet, und Filter (LD01-785/10-25, Semrock, Rochester, NY ), um eine gleichmäßige Anregung Feld, das Tier mit einem Einfallswinkel beleuchtet Fluenz von weniger als 1,4 mW pro Quadratzentimeter 10. Ein Elektron Multiplikation Charged-Coupled-Gerät (EMCCD, PhotonMax512, Princeton Instruments, Trenton, NJ)-Kamera-System mit zwei 830-nm-Filter (AND11333, Andover Corp, Salem, NH) und einem 28-mm-Nikkor-Objektiv (1992, Nikon, Melville, NY) verwendet, um Bilder mit lymphatischen Integration tim einzufangenes von 200 ms für dynamische Bildgebung und 800 ms für statische Bildgebung 5. Siehe Abbildung 1 für die Systemkonfiguration, die Tabelle für weitere Details der einzelnen Komponenten und die Diskussion für eine kurze Diskussion der wichtigsten Imager Eigenschaften. </li><li> Damit sich die Tiere auf einem Heizkissen oder unter einer Wärmelampe erholen und wieder in ihren Käfig oder einschläfern. </li><li> Analysieren von Bildern mit ImageJ oder MATLAB-Software. Siehe Abbildung 6. </li></ol>

<ol>
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J., Xing, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Near-infrared+lymphatic+imaging+demonstrates+the+dynamics+of+lymph+flow+and+lymphangiogenesis+during+the+acute+versus+chronic+phases+of+arthritis+in+mice.">Near-infrared lymphatic imaging demonstrates the dynamics of lymph flow and lymphangiogenesis during the acute versus chronic phases of arthritis in mice.</a> Arthritis Rheum. 62, 1881-1889 (2010).</li><li>Adams, K. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Direct+evidence+of+lymphatic+function+improvement+after+advanced+pneumatic+compression+device+treatment+of+lymphedema.">Direct evidence of lymphatic function improvement after advanced pneumatic compression device treatment of lymphedema.</a> Biomed. Opt. Express. 1, 114-125 (2010).</li><li>Tan, I. 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A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Near-infrared+fluorescence+imaging+of+lymphatics+in+head+and+neck+lymphedema.">Near-infrared fluorescence imaging of lymphatics in head and neck lymphedema.</a> Head Neck. 34, 448-453 (2012).</li><li>Galanzha, E. I., Tuchin, V. V., Zharov, V. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Advances+in+small+animal+mesentery+models+for+in+vivo+flow+cytometry,+dynamic+microscopy,+and+drug+screening.">Advances in small animal mesentery models for in vivo flow cytometry, dynamic microscopy, and drug screening.</a> World J. Gastroenterol. 13, 192-218 (2007).</li><li>Schramm, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+cervical+lymph+node+preparation:+a+novel+approach+to+study+lymphocyte+homing+by+intravital+microscopy.">The cervical lymph node preparation: a novel approach to study lymphocyte homing by intravital microscopy.</a> Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society. 55, 160-167 (2006).</li><li>Hall, M. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Imaging+prostate+cancer+lymph+node+metastases+with+a+multimodality+contrast+agent.">Imaging prostate cancer lymph node metastases with a multimodality contrast agent.</a> Prostate. 72, 129-146 (2012).</li><li>Zhu, B., Sevick-Muraca, E. 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Autoren haben nichts zu offenbaren, aber einige Autoren auf einem Patent aufgeführt.

Wir verwenden eine benutzerdefinierte, kleines Tier NIRF Imaging-System, um Bilder von markierten Lymphgefäße in Mäusen zu erfassen. Um Filme von Lymphe Bewegung konstruieren, sind 300 oder mehr Bilder gesammelt. Zur funktionellen Analyse der Lymphbahnen aus Filmen, werden zwei oder mehr ROIs manuell entlang einer Lymphgefäß gezogen. Die Abmessungen des ROIs konstant gehalten werden für jedes Schiff sind und etwa den Durchmesser des Gefäßes. Während ganze Tier räumliche Auflösung fluoreszierende Lymphgefäße...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Solutions, Reagenzien und Geräte </td><td> Firma </td><td> Catalog Number </td><td> Kommentare </td></tr><tr><td> Indocyaningrün (ICG) </td><td> Patheon Italia SPA </td><td> NDC 25431-424-02 </td><td> Rekonstituieren bis 645 pM (5 &amp;mgr; g/10 ul) </td></tr><tr><td> Zyklische Albumin-bindende Domäne (Abd) </td><td> Bachem </td><td> Brauch </td><td> Rekonstituieren bis 200 uM (6,8 &amp;mgr; g/10 ul) </td></tr><tr><td> IRDye800 </td><td> Li-COR </td><td> IRDye 800CW </td><td> Rekonstituieren gemäß Herstellerangaben Befehlen; mit CABD konjugieren bei Konzentrationen equilmolar </td></tr><tr><td> Steriles Wasser </td><td> Hospira, Inc., Lake Forest, IL </td><td> NDC 0409-4887-10 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> NAIR </td><td> Church &amp; Dwight Co.,Inc. </td><td> Lokale Shops </td><td> <a href="http://www.nairlikeneverbefore.com" target="_blank">www.nairlikeneverbefore.com</a> </td></tr><tr><td> Imaging System (Komponenten siehe unten) </td><td> Center for Molecular Imaging </td><td> N / A </td><td> In unseren Labors Custom-gebaut. </td></tr><tr><td> Elektronenstrahl-multiplizierenden charge-coupled device (EMCCD)-Kamera </td><td> Princeton Instruments, Trenton </td><td> Photon Max 512 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Nikon Kamera-Objektiv </td><td> Nikon Inc., Melville, NY </td><td> Modell Nr. 1992, Nikkor 28mm </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Optische Filter </td><td> Andover Corp, Salem, NH </td><td> ANDV11333 </td><td> Zwei 830.0/10.0 nm Bandpass-Filter werden vor der Linse verwendet </td></tr><tr><td> 785-nm-Laserdiode </td><td> Intensive Ltd, North Brunswick, NJ </td><td> 1005-9MM-78503 </td><td> 500 mW optischer Leistung </td></tr&gt; <tr><td> Kollimationsoptik </td><td> Thorlabs, Newton, NJ </td><td> C240TME-B </td><td> Kollimiert Laserleistung vor cleanup-Filter </td></tr><tr><td> Clean-up-Filter </td><td> Semrock, Inc., Rochester, NY </td><td> LD01-785/10-25 </td><td> Entfernt Laseremission in Fluoreszenzbande </td></tr><tr><td> Optische Diffusor </td><td> Thorlabs, Newton, NJ </td><td> ED1-C20 </td><td> Diffundiert der Laser über das Tier </td></tr><tr><td> V + + </td><td> Digital Optics, Browns Bay, Auckland, New Zealand </td><td> Version 5.0 </td><td> Software zur Kamera-System steuern und Speichern von Bildern auf den Computer. <a href="http://digitaloptics.net/" target="_blank">http://digitaloptics.net/</a> </td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> Analytic Software Entweder der folgenden Software-Pakete können für die Bildanalyse verwendet werden </td></tr><tr><td> ImageJ </td><td> National InstituteInstitute of Health, Bethesda, MD </td><td> Die meisten aktuellen Version verfügbar </td><td> Freeware verfügbar <a href="http://rsbweb.nih.gov/ij/" target="_blank">http://rsbweb.nih.gov/ij/</a> </td></tr><tr><td> MATLAB </td><td> MathWorks, Natick, MA </td><td> Version 2008a oder später </td><td> <a href="http://www.mathworks.com/" target="_blank">http://www.mathworks.com/</a> </td></tr></tbody></table>

non-invasive optical imaging of the lymphatic vasculature of a mouse

Das lymphatische Gefäßsystem ist ein wichtiger Bestandteil des Kreislaufsystems, die Flüssigkeitshomöostase unterhält, bietet Immunüberwachung und vermittelt Fettaufnahme im Darm. Doch trotz seiner kritischen Funktion gibt es vergleichsweise wenig Verständnis dafür, wie das lymphatische System passt sich diese Funktionen in Gesundheit und Krankheit 1 dienen. Vor kurzem haben wir die Möglichkeit, dynamisch image lymphatischen Architektur und Lymphe &quot;Pumpen&quot;-Aktion in normalen menschlichen Probanden sowie Personen, die unter lymphatischen Funktionsstörungen mit trace Verabreichung einer Nah-Infrarot-Fluoreszenz (NIRF) Farbstoff und eine benutzerdefinierte gezeigt, Gen III- intensiviert Bildgebungssystem 2-4. NIRF Bildgebung zeigten dramatische Veränderungen in den lymphatischen Architektur und Funktion mit menschlichen Krankheiten. Es bleibt unklar, wie sich diese Veränderungen auftreten und neue Tiermodelle entwickelt, um ihre genetischen und molekularen Grundlagen aufzuklären. In diesem Protokoll präsentieren wir NIRF Lymph-, sMall tierischen Bildgebung mit 5,6 Indocyaningrün (ICG), ein Farbstoff, der für 50 Jahre bei Menschen 7 verwendet wurde, und eine NIRF Farbstoffmarkiertes cyclischen Albumin-Bindungsdomäne (CABD-IRDye800) Peptid, vorzugsweise an Maus und Human-Albumin 8 . Etwa 5,5 mal heller als ICG hat Abd-IRDye800 eine ähnliche lymphatischen Lichtraumprofil und kann in kleineren Dosen als ICG ausreichende NIRF Signale für bildgebende 8 zu erreichen injiziert werden. Da sowohl Abd-IRDye800 und ICG binden an Albumin im interstitiellen Raum 8, können sie sowohl aktive Protein-Transport in die und innerhalb der Lymphgefäße darstellen. Intradermale (ID) Injektionen (5-50 ul) von ICG (645 pM) oder CABD-IRDye800 (200 pM) in Kochsalzlösung werden dorsal jedes Hinterpfote und / oder der linken und rechten Seite der Basis des verabreichten Schwanz eines Isofluran-Narkose Maus. Die resultierende Farbstoffkonzentration im Tier ist 83-1,250 ug / kg für ICG oder 113-1,700 ug / kg für&#39;Abd-IRDye800. Unmittelbar nach Injektionen, wird die funktionale lymphatischen Bildgebung für bis zu 1 Stunde mit Hilfe einer angepassten, kleines Tier NIRF Imaging-System durchgeführt. Ganztier räumliche Auflösung darstellen kann fluoreszierenden Lymphgefäßen von 100 Mikron oder weniger, und Bilder von Strukturen bis zu 3 cm tief erworben 9 werden. Die Bilder werden aufgenommen mit V + +-Software analysiert und mit ImageJ oder MATLAB-Software. Während der Analyse werden aufeinander Regions of Interest (ROI), die die gesamte Gefäßdurchmesser entlang einer vorgegebenen Lymphgefäß gezogen. Die Abmessungen für jeden ROI konstant gehalten werden für ein bestimmtes Schiff und NIRF Intensität für jeden ROI gemessene die quantitative Erfassung &quot;Pakete&quot; von Lymphe Bewegen durch Gefäße.

Beispiel für NIRF Lymphatische Imaging in Mäuse Wenn ICG-oder CABD IRDye800 ID wird an der Basis des Schwanzes einer normalen Maus injiziert, sollte das lymphatische Gefäßsystem zwischen der Injektionsstelle an der Basis des Schwanzes und des inguinale Lymphknoten (LN) unmittelbar visualisiert. Kurz nach der Injektion (ein paar Sekunden bis Minuten), sollte die Lymphgefäße zwischen der Leistengegend LN und der axillären LN visualisiert werden, wie in Abbildung 2 zu sehen...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Non-invasive Optical Imaging of the Lymphatic Vasculature of a Mouse at JoVE.com

Non-invasive Optical Imaging of the Lymphatic Vasculature of a Mouse

Kürzlich entwickelte Bildgebungsverfahren mittels Nah-Infrarot-Fluoreszenz (NIRF) kann helfen erläutern die Rolle spielt das Lymphsystem in Krebsmetastasen, Immunantwort, Wundheilung und anderen lymphatischen-assoziierten Krankheiten.

Nicht-invasive optische Abbildung des lymphatischen Gefäßsystem eines Maus

The lymphatic  vascular system is an important component of the circulatory system that  maintains fluid homeostasis, provides immune surveillance, and ...

non-invasive-optical-imaging-of-the-lymphatic-vasculature-of-a-mouse

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

16.0K Aufrufe.  University of Texas Health Science Center-Houston. Kürzlich entwickelte Bildgebungsverfahren mittels Nah-Infrarot-Fluoreszenz (NIRF) kann helfen erläutern die Rolle spielt das Lymphsystem in Krebsmetastasen, Immunantwort, Wundheilung und anderen lymphatischen-assoziierten Krankheiten.

Serie: Non-invasive Optical Imaging of the Lymphatic Vasculature of a Mouse

Non-invasive Imaging of Leukocyte Homing and Migration in vivo

Two-photon (2P) microscopy is a high resolution imaging technique that has been broadly adapted by biologists. The value of 2P microscopy is that it provides rich spatiotemporal information regarding cell behaviors within intact tissues and in live mice. Leukocyte recruitment plays a significant role in host defense against infection and when unchecked, can contribute to inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Studying leukocyte recruitment in vivo is technically challenging since cells are moving rapidly within vessels located deep within light scattering tissues. To date, most intravital imaging studies require surgical preparation to expose the blood vessels and tissues. To avoid the tissue damage and inflammation induced by surgery itself, here, we describe a non-invasive single-cell imaging approach that can be used to study leukocyte trafficking in the mouse footpad and phalanges. We discuss the technical aspects of our 2P imaging preparation and walk the reader through a typical experiment from initial set up to execution and data collection.

Non-invasive Imaging of Leukocyte Homing and Migration in vivo

Here, we describe a non-invasive two-photon (2P) microscopy approach to study leukocyte homing in the mouse footpad. We discuss the technical aspects of our tissue imaging preparation and walk the reader through a typical experiment from initial set up to execution and data collection.

Nicht-invasive Bildgebung von Leukozyten Homing und Migration In vivo</em

Two-photon (2P) microscopy is a high resolution imaging technique that has been broadly adapted by biologists.  The value of 2P microscopy is that it ...

Forschung

Immunologie und Infektion

Preparation of Mouse Pituitary Immunogen for the Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Hypophysitis

Autoimmune hypophysitis is a chronic inflammation of the pituitary gland caused or accompanied by autoimmunity1. It has traditionally been considered a rare disease but reporting has increased markedly in recent years. Hypophysitis, in fact, develops not uncommonly as a "side effect" in cancer patients treated with antibodies that block inhibitory receptors expressed on T lymphocytes, such as CTLA-42 and PD-1 receptors. Autoimmune hypophysitis can be induced experimentally by injecting mice with pituitary proteins mixed with an adjuvant3. In this video article we demonstrate how to extract proteins from mouse pituitary glands and how to prepare them in a form suitable for inducing autoimmune hypophysitis in SJL mice.

Autoimmune hypophysitis can be reproduced in mice by injecting an extract of mouse pituitary proteins.

Vorbereitung der Maus Pituitary Immunogen für die Induktion der experimentellen autoimmunen Hypophysitis

Autoimmune hypophysitis is a chronic inflammation of the pituitary gland caused or accompanied by autoimmunity1.  It has traditionally been considered a ...

Use of an Optical Trap for Study of Host-Pathogen Interactions for Dynamic Live Cell Imaging

Dynamic live cell imaging allows direct visualization of real-time interactions between cells of the immune system1, 2; however, the lack of spatial and temporal control between the phagocytic cell and microbe has rendered focused observations into the initial interactions of host response to pathogens difficult. Historically, intercellular contact events such as phagocytosis3 have been imaged by mixing two cell types, and then continuously scanning the field-of-view to find serendipitous intercellular contacts at the appropriate stage of interaction. The stochastic nature of these events renders this process tedious, and it is difficult to observe early or fleeting events in cell-cell contact by this approach. This method requires finding cell pairs that are on the verge of contact, and observing them until they consummate their contact, or do not. To address these limitations, we use optical trapping as a non-invasive, non-destructive, but fast and effective method to position cells in culture.
Optical traps, or optical tweezers, are increasingly utilized in biological research to capture and physically manipulate cells and other micron-sized particles in three dimensions4. Radiation pressure was first observed and applied to optical tweezer systems in 19705, 6, and was first used to control biological specimens in 19877. Since then, optical tweezers have matured into a technology to probe a variety of biological phenomena8-13.
We describe a method14 that advances live cell imaging by integrating an optical trap with spinning disk confocal microscopy with temperature and humidity control to provide exquisite spatial and temporal control of pathogenic organisms in a physiological environment to facilitate interactions with host cells, as determined by the operator. Live, pathogenic organisms like Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus, which can cause potentially lethal, invasive infections in immunocompromised individuals15, 16 (e.g. AIDS, chemotherapy, and organ transplantation patients), were optically trapped using non-destructive laser intensities and moved adjacent to macrophages, which can phagocytose the pathogen. High resolution, transmitted light and fluorescence-based movies established the ability to observe early events of phagocytosis in living cells. To demonstrate the broad applicability in immunology, primary T-cells were also trapped and manipulated to form synapses with anti-CD3 coated microspheres in vivo, and time-lapse imaging of synapse formation was also obtained. By providing a method to exert fine spatial control of live pathogens with respect to immune cells, cellular interactions can be captured by fluorescence microscopy with minimal perturbation to cells and can yield powerful insight into early responses of innate and adaptive immunity.

A method is described to individually select, manipulate, and image live pathogens using an optical trap coupled to a spinning disk microscope. The optical trap provides spatial and temporal control of organisms and places them adjacent to host cells. Fluorescence microscopy captures dynamic intercellular interactions with minimal perturbation to cells.

Die Verwendung einer optischen Falle für das Studium der Wirt-Pathogen-Interaktionen für Dynamic Live Cell Imaging

Dynamic live cell imaging allows direct visualization of real-time interactions between cells of the immune system1, 2; however, the lack of spatial and ...

A Method for Labeling Vasculature in Embryonic Mice

The establishment of a functional blood vessel network is an essential part of organogenesis, and is required for optimal organ function. For example, in the thymus proper vasculature formation and patterning is essential for thymocyte entry into the organ and mature T-cell exit to the periphery. The spatial arrangement of blood vessels in the thymus is dependent upon signals from the local microenvironment, namely thymic epithelial cells (TEC). Several recent reports suggest that disruption of these signals results in thymus blood vessel defects 1,2. Previous studies have described techniques used to label the neonatal and adult thymus vasculature 1,2. We demonstrate here a technique for labeling blood vessels in the embryonic thymus. This method combines the use of FITC-dextran or Griffonia (Bandeiraea) Simplicifolia Lectin I (GSL 1 - isolectin B4) facial vein injections and CD31 antibody staining to identify thymus vascular structures and PDGFR-&beta; to label thymic perivascular mesenchyme 3-5. The option of using cryosections or vibratome sections is also provided. This protocol can be used to identify thymus vascular defects, which is critical for defining the roles of TEC-derived molecules in thymus blood vessel formation. As the method labels the entire vasculature, it can also be used to analyze the vascular networks in multiple organs and tissues throughout the embryo including skin and heart 6-10.

This article describes a method for labeling embryonic skin and thymus blood vessels.

Ein Verfahren zur Markierung Gefäßsystem in embryonalen Mäuse

The establishment of a functional blood vessel network is an essential part of organogenesis, and is required for optimal organ function. For example, in ...

Intravital Imaging of the Mouse Popliteal Lymph Node

Lymph nodes (LNs) are secondary lymphoid organs, which are strategically located throughout the body to allow for trapping and presentation of foreign antigens from peripheral tissues to prime the adaptive immune response. Juxtaposed between innate and adaptive immune responses, the LN is an ideal site to study immune cell interactions1,2. Lymphocytes (T cells, B cells and NK cells), dendritic cells (DCs), and macrophages comprise the bulk of bone marrow-derived cellular elements of the LN. These cells are strategically positioned in the LN to allow efficient surveillance of self antigens and potential foreign antigens3-5. The process by which lymphocytes successfully encounter cognate antigens is a subject of intense investigation in recent years, and involves an integration of molecular contacts including antigen receptors, adhesion molecules, chemokines, and stromal structures such as the fibro-reticular network2,6-12. 
Prior to the development of high-resolution real-time fluorescent in vivo imaging, investigators relied on static imaging, which only offers answers regarding morphology, position, and architecture. While these questions are fundamental in our understanding of immune cell behavior, the limitations intrinsic with this technique does not permit analysis to decipher lymphocyte trafficking and environmental clues that affect dynamic cell behavior. Recently, the development of intravital two-photon laser scanning microscopy (2P-LSM) has allowed investigators to view the dynamic movements and interactions of individual cells within live LNs in situ12-16. In particular, we and others have applied this technique to image cellular behavior and interactions within the popliteal LN, where its compact, dense nature offers the advantage of multiplex data acquisition over a large tissue area with diverse tissue sub-structures11,17-18. It is important to note that this technique offers added benefits over explanted tissue imaging techniques, which require disruption of blood, lymph flow, and ultimately the cellular dynamics of the system. Additionally, explanted tissues have a very limited window of time in which the tissue remains viable for imaging after explant. With proper hydration and monitoring of the animal's environmental conditions, the imaging time can be significantly extended with this intravital technique. Here, we present a detailed method of preparing mouse popliteal LN for the purpose of performing intravital imaging.

Recent advances in 2-photon microscopy have enabled real-time in situ imaging of live tissues in animal models, thereby enhancing our ability to investigate cellular behavior in both physiologic and pathologic conditions. Here, we outline the preparations required to perform intravital imaging of the mouse popliteal lymph node.

Bildgebung des dem Maus-Kniekehlen-Lymphknoten

Lymph nodes (LNs) are secondary lymphoid organs, which are strategically located throughout the body to allow for trapping and presentation of foreign ...

Non-invasive Imaging of Disseminated Candidiasis in Zebrafish Larvae

Disseminated candidiasis caused by the pathogen Candida albicans is a clinically important problem in hospitalized individuals and is associated with a 30 to 40% attributable mortality6. Systemic candidiasis is normally controlled by innate immunity, and individuals with genetic defects in innate immune cell components such as phagocyte NADPH oxidase are more susceptible to candidemia7-9. Very little is known about the dynamics of C. albicans interaction with innate immune cells in vivo. Extensive in vitro studies have established that outside of the host C. albicans germinates inside of macrophages, and is quickly destroyed by neutrophils10-14. In vitro studies, though useful, cannot recapitulate the complex in vivo environment, which includes time-dependent dynamics of cytokine levels, extracellular matrix attachments, and intercellular contacts10, 15-18. To probe the contribution of these factors in host-pathogen interaction, it is critical to find a model organism to visualize these aspects of infection non-invasively in a live intact host. 
The zebrafish larva offers a unique and versatile vertebrate host for the study of infection. For the first 30 days of development zebrafish larvae have only innate immune defenses2, 19-21, simplifying the study of diseases such as disseminated candidiasis that are highly dependent on innate immunity. The small size and transparency of zebrafish larvae enable imaging of infection dynamics at the cellular level for both host and pathogen. Transgenic larvae with fluorescing innate immune cells can be used to identify specific cells types involved in infection22-24. Modified anti-sense oligonucleotides (Morpholinos) can be used to knock down various immune components such as phagocyte NADPH oxidase and study the changes in response to fungal infection5. In addition to the ethical and practical advantages of using a small lower vertebrate, the zebrafish larvae offers the unique possibility to image the pitched battle between pathogen and host both intravitally and in color. 
The zebrafish has been used to model infection for a number of human pathogenic bacteria, and has been instrumental in major advances in our understanding of mycobacterial infection3, 25. However, only recently have much larger pathogens such as fungi been used to infect larva5, 23, 26, and to date there has not been a detailed visual description of the infection methodology. Here we present our techniques for hindbrain ventricle microinjection of prim25 zebrafish, including our modifications to previous protocols. Our findings using the larval zebrafish model for fungal infection diverge from in vitro studies and reinforce the need to examine the host-pathogen interaction in the complex environment of the host rather than the simplified system of the Petri dish5.

The rapid development, small size and transparency of zebrafish are tremendous advantages for the study of innate immune control of infection1-4. Here we demonstrate techniques for infecting zebrafish larvae using the fungal pathogen Candida albicans by microinjection, methodology recently used to implicate phagocyte NADPH oxidase activity in control of fungal dimorphism5.

Nicht-invasive Bildgebung von disseminierter Candidiasis in Zebrafischlarven

Disseminated candidiasis caused by the pathogen Candida albicans is a clinically important problem in hospitalized individuals and is associated with a 30 ...

Non-Invasive Model of Neuropathogenic Escherichia coli Infection in the Neonatal Rat

Investigation of the interactions between animal host and bacterial pathogen is only meaningful if the infection model employed replicates the principal features of the natural infection. This protocol describes procedures for the establishment and evaluation of systemic infection due to neuropathogenic Escherichia coli K1 in the neonatal rat. Colonization of the gastrointestinal tract leads to dissemination of the pathogen along the gut-lymph-blood-brain course of infection and the model displays strong age dependency. A strain of E. coli O18:K1 with enhanced virulence for the neonatal rat produces exceptionally high rates of colonization, translocation to the blood compartment and invasion of the meninges following transit through the choroid plexus. As in the human host, penetration of the central nervous system is accompanied by local inflammation and an invariably lethal outcome. The model is of proven utility for studies of the mechanism of pathogenesis, for evaluation of therapeutic interventions and for assessment of bacterial virulence.

Non-Invasive Model of Neuropathogenic Escherichia coli Infection in the Neonatal Rat

Here, a procedure is described for the establishment of systemic infection in the neonatal rat with cultures of Escherichia coli K1. This non-invasive procedure permits colonization of the gastrointestinal tract, translocation of the pathogen to the systemic circulation, and invasion of the central nervous system at the choroid plexus.

Nichtinvasive Modell Neuropathogenic<em&gt; Escherichia coli</em&gt; Infektion in der neonatalen Ratten

Investigation of the interactions between animal host and bacterial pathogen is only meaningful if the infection model employed replicates the principal ...

Complete Thymectomy in Adult Rats with Non-invasive Endotracheal Intubation

Thymectomy in neonatal rodents is an established and reliable procedure for immunological studies. However, in adult rats, complications of hemorrhage and pneumothorax from pleural disruption can result in a significant mortality rate. This protocol is a simple method of rat thymectomy that utilizes a mini-sternotomy and endotracheal intubation. Intubation is accomplished with a non-invasive and easily reproducible method and allows for positive pressure ventilation to prevent pneumothorax and a controlled airway that allows sufficient time for careful thymus dissection to minimize pleural disruption. A 1.5 cm sternal incision decreases contact with mediastinal vessels and pleura, while still providing full visualization of the thymus. Following exposure of the mediastinum, the thymus is removed by blunt dissection under magnification. The pleural space is then sealed by suture closure of the pre-tracheal muscles followed by the application of surgical glue. The thorax is then closed by suture closure of the sternum, followed by suture closure of the skin. All thymectomies were complete as evidenced by immunohistochemical (IHC) staining of mediastinal tissue, and absence of na&#239;ve T-cells by flow cytometry, and the procedure had a 96% survival rate. This method is suitable when complete thymectomy with minimal complications is desired for further immunological studies in athymic adult rats.

Rodent thymectomy is a valuable technique in immunological research. Here, a protocol for complete thymectomy in adult rats using a mini-sternotomy along with non-invasive intubation and positive pressure ventilation to minimize perioperative morbidity and mortality is described.

Komplette Thymektomie bei erwachsenen Ratten mit Nicht-invasive Intubation

Thymectomy in neonatal rodents is an established and reliable procedure for immunological studies. However, in adult rats, complications of hemorrhage and ...

Non-invasive Imaging of the Innate Immune Response in a Zebrafish Larval Model of Streptococcus iniae Infection

The aquatic pathogen, Streptococcus iniae, is responsible for over 100 million dollars in annual losses for the aquaculture industry and is capable of causing systemic disease in both fish and humans. A better understanding of S. iniae disease pathogenesis requires an appropriate model system. The genetic tractability and the optical transparency of the early developmental stages of zebrafish allow for the generation and non-invasive imaging of transgenic lines with fluorescently tagged immune cells. The adaptive immune system is not fully functional until several weeks post fertilization, but zebrafish larvae have a conserved vertebrate innate immune system with both neutrophils and macrophages. Thus, the generation of a larval infection model allows the study of the specific contribution of innate immunity in controlling S. iniae infection.
The site of microinjection will determine whether an infection is systemic or initially localized. Here, we present our protocols for otic vesicle injection of zebrafish aged 2-3 days post fertilization as well as our techniques for fluorescent confocal imaging of infection. A localized infection site allows observation of initial microbe invasion, recruitment of host cells and dissemination of infection. Our findings using the zebrafish larval model of S. iniae infection indicate that zebrafish can be used to examine the differing contributions of host neutrophils and macrophages in localized bacterial infections. In addition, we describe how photolabeling of immune cells can be used to track individual host cell fate during the course of infection.

Non-invasive Imaging of the Innate Immune Response in a Zebrafish Larval Model of Streptococcus iniae Infection

Here, we present a protocol for the generation and imaging of a localized bacterial infection in the zebrafish otic vesicle.

Nicht-invasive Bildgebung von der angeborenen Immunantwort in einem Zebrafisch-Larven Modell<em&gt; Streptococcus iniae</em&gt; Infektions

The aquatic pathogen, Streptococcus iniae, is responsible for over 100 million dollars in annual losses for the aquaculture industry and is capable of ...

A Non-invasive and Technically Non-intensive Method for Induction and Phenotyping of Experimental Bacterial Pneumonia in Mice

Although community-acquired pneumonia remains a major public health problem, murine models of bacterial pneumonia have recently facilitated significant preclinical advances in our understanding of the underlying cellular and molecular pathogenesis. In vivo mouse models capture the integrated physiology and resilience of the host defense response in a manner not revealed by alternative, simplified ex vivo approaches. Several methods have been described in the literature for intrapulmonary inoculation of bacteria in mice, including aerosolization, intranasal delivery, peroral endotracheal cannulation under &#39;blind&#39; and visualized conditions, and transcutaneous endotracheal cannulation. All methods have relative merits and limitations. Herein, we describe in detail a non-invasive, technically non-intensive, inexpensive, and rapid method for intratracheal delivery of bacteria that involves aspiration (i.e., inhalation) by the mouse of an infectious inoculum pipetted into the oropharynx while under general anesthesia. This method can be used for pulmonary delivery of a wide variety of non-caustic biological and chemical agents, and is relatively easy to learn, even for laboratories with minimal prior experience with pulmonary procedures. In addition to describing the aspiration pneumonia method, we also provide step-by-step procedures for assaying the subsequent in vivo pulmonary innate immune response of the mouse, in particular, methods for quantifying bacterial clearance and the cellular immune response of the infected airway. This integrated and simple approach to pneumonia assessment allows for rapid and robust evaluation of the effect of genetic and environmental manipulations upon pulmonary innate immunity.

Several methods have been described in the literature for modeling bacterial pneumonia in mice. Herein, we describe a non-invasive, inexpensive, rapid method for inducing pneumonia via aspiration (i.e., inhalation) of a bacterial inoculum pipetted into the oropharynx. Downstream methods for assessment of the pulmonary innate immune response are also detailed.

Ein Nicht-invasive und in technischer Hinsicht nicht intensive Verfahren zur Induktion und Phänotypisierung für experimentelle bakterielle Pneumonie bei Mäusen

Although community-acquired pneumonia remains a major public health problem, murine models of bacterial pneumonia have recently facilitated significant ...