Name: quantitative in vitro assay to measure neutrophil adhesion to activated primary human microvascular endothelial cells under static conditions
Uploaded: 2013-08-23T12:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Quantitative In vitro Assay to Measure Neutrophil Adhesion to Activated Primary Human Microvascular Endothelial Cells under Static Conditions at JoVE.com

This work was supported by the UCSF Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care.

1. Plating and Maintenance of Microvascular Endothelial Cells
<ol>
	<li>Thaw and grow your microvascular endothelial cells according to the manufacturers supplied instructions. In this protocol, cells were grown in EGM-2 MV media (Lonza), and it is recommended that all experiments are performed within two weeks of thawing to minimize any variation due to passage number. Our experiments with HMVEC-Lung are performed between passages 4 to 9.</li>
	<li>Day 1: When cells reach 80-90% confluency, trypsinize and resuspend at...

<ol>
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The most critical steps for a successful neutrophil / microvascular endothelial cell adhesion assay are: 1) Use of low passage number (&lt;9), healthy endothelial cells; 2) Maintaining the isolated neutrophils at a low density (i.e. &lt;5 x 106 cells / ml) and using them within two hours of isolation; and 3) Fastidious washing of the calcein AM-labeled neutrophils and use of the calcein AM-labeled neutrophils in a timely fashion to minimize EC contamination and loss of calcein from the neutroph...

Since the vascular endothelium is in direct contact with the circulating blood, it is uniquely situated to initiate a rapid inflammatory response during infection or injury. Endothelial cells (ECs) express pattern recognition receptors that recognize a variety of conserved bacterial components and danger molecules, and receptors for host inflammatory mediators such as TNF&alpha;. Activation of these receptors induces ECs to secrete cytokines (e.g. IL-6, IL-8, CXCL1 and CCL2), and to upregulate adhesion molecules (e.g. E/P-selectin, VCAM-1 and ICAM-1) at their cell surface 1,2. These molecules all facilitate the localization of leukocytes to sites of infection and injury in order to clear the host of the infectious agents and initiate tissue repair 3,4.The neutrophil response to infection involves a well-coordinated interplay between the vascular endothelium and the responding neutrophils. Upon EC activation, IL-8 is secreted and forms an intravascular gradient on the endothelium that allows neutrophils to home in to the site of infection or injury 5,6. E/P-selectins mediate neutrophil capture and rolling through relatively weak associations with glycomolecules on the neutrophil cell surface. These interactions, along with IL-8 binding to its cognate receptors, facilitate the robust, integrin-mediated attachment and eventual arrest of neutrophils on the endothelial cell surface 7-10. After arrest, neutrophils can migrate out of the vasculature to the specific sites of infection to directly eliminate pathogens, generate neutrophil extracellular traps to prevent the spread of pathogens, promote wound healing and release additional factors that recruit other leukocytes such as monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells 11-17.
Described in this report is an in vitro method to quantitate neutrophil adherence to microvascular ECs after activation by the host inflammatory mediator TNF&alpha;. This assay is designed to assess the activation of ECs, and not neutrophils. Primary human neutrophils are first isolated using density gradient separation, and are then labeled with calcein acetoxymethyl (AM). Esterases within the live cells hydrolyze calcein AM to the highly fluorescent calcein molecule with an excitation of 492-495 nm and emission of 513-516 nm 18. The fluorescently-labeled neutrophils are then incubated with EC monolayers, and non-adherent neutrophils are subsequently removed. The fluorescence of the remaining, bound neutrophils is then measured using a fluorescence spectrophotometer, and calculated as a percent of total neutrophil fluorescence input per well. This method has the additional advantage that the bound calcein-labeled neutrophils used in spectrophotometry can be directly visualized using fluorescence microscopy to give a more qualitative read out of EC activation. Since this assay is performed under static conditions, only the very initial events that occur in the neutrophil adhesion cascade will be assessed. This is confirmed in this report using E-selectin blocking antibodies to show that neutrophil adherence to TNF&alpha;-treated human lung microvascular EC (HMVEC-Lung) monolayers is drastically reduced when the interaction with E-selectin is disrupted.
In addition to TNF&alpha;, we have successfully used this assay to determine the extent of human umbilical vein EC (HUVEC) activation by the Toll-like receptor 1/2 agonists peptidoglycan-associated lipoprotein (PAL), murein lipoprotein (MLP) and Pam3Cys and HMVEC-Lung activation by Pam3Cys 19,20. In addition, we successfully used this assay with kinase inhibitors and after RNAi-mediated knockdown of surface and cytoplasmic proteins in HMVEC-Lung, suggesting that this methodology is compatible with a variety of biochemical and screening assays 20. In summary, this assay provides an easy to use, reproducible, more functional way to access the extent of EC activation by inflammatory mediators in vitro.

<table border="1">
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td>Name of the reagent</td>
 <td>Company</td>
 <td>Catalogue number</td>
 <td>Comments (optional)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>HMVEC-Lung</td>
 <td>Lonza</td>
 <td>CC-2527</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>EGM-2 MV</td>
 <td>Lonza</td>
 <td>CC-3202</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>HBSS</td>
 <td>Life Technologies</td>
 <td>14175-095</td>
 <td>Can be substituted with any vendor</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>48-well Tissue Culture Plates</td>
 <td>BD Falcon</td>
 <td>353078</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>PBS (without phenol red)</td>
 <td>UCSF Cell Culture Facility</td>
 <td>CCFAL001 </td>
 <td>Can be substituted with any vendor</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>D-PBS (without Ca2+ and Mg2+ and phenol red)</td>
 <td>UCSF Cell Culture Facility</td>
 <td>CCFAL003</td>
 <td>Can be substituted with any vendor</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>RPMI-1640 (without phenol red)</td>
 <td>Life Technologies</td>
 <td>11835-030</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Polymorphprep</td>
 <td>Axis-Shield</td>
 <td>1114683</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>calcein AM</td>
 <td>Life Technologies</td>
 <td>C3099</td>
 <td>(0.995 mM) stock soln</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Trypan Blue Solution</td>
 <td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
 <td>T8154</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>40 &mu;M filters</td>
 <td>VWR</td>
 <td>21008-949</td>
 <td>Can be substituted with any vendor</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>FLUOstar OPTIMA Spectrophotometer</td>
 <td>BMG LABTECH</td>
 <td>-</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>

quantitative in vitro assay to measure neutrophil adhesion to activated primary human microvascular endothelial cells under static conditions

The vascular endothelium plays an integral part in the inflammatory response. During the acute phase of inflammation, endothelial cells (ECs) are activated by host mediators or directly by conserved microbial components or host-derived danger molecules. Activated ECs express cytokines, chemokines and adhesion molecules that mobilize, activate and retain leukocytes at the site of infection or injury. Neutrophils are the first leukocytes to arrive, and adhere to the endothelium through a variety of adhesion molecules present on the surfaces of both cells. The main functions of neutrophils are to directly eliminate microbial threats, promote the recruitment of other leukocytes through the release of additional factors, and initiate wound repair. Therefore, their recruitment and attachment to the endothelium is a critical step in the initiation of the inflammatory response. In this report, we describe an in vitro neutrophil adhesion assay using calcein AM-labeled primary human neutrophils to quantitate the extent of microvascular endothelial cell activation under static conditions. This method has the additional advantage that the same samples quantitated by fluorescence spectrophotometry can also be visualized directly using fluorescence microscopy for a more qualitative assessment of neutrophil binding.

In order to obtain reliable, reproducible results using a neutrophil binding assay, it is essential that the health and the confluency of the microvascular endothelial cells are optimal on the day of the assay, as illustrated with HMVEC-Lung in Figure 1. In addition, it is imperative that low passage number microvascular ECs are used (i.e. less than 9 passages), and accordingly, we recommend performing all experiments within two weeks of thawing. The health of the neutrophils is also of utmost i...

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Quantitative In vitro Assay to Measure Neutrophil Adhesion to Activated Primary Human Microvascular Endothelial Cells under Static Conditions

Neutrophil adherence to the activated endothelium at sites of infection is an integral component of the host's inflammatory response. Described in this report is a neutrophil binding assay that allows for the in vitro quantitation of primary human neutrophil binding to endothelial cells activated by inflammatory mediators under static conditions.

Quantitative In vitro Assay to Measure Neutrophil Adhesion to Activated Primary Human Microvascular Endothelial Cells under Static Conditions

The vascular  endothelium plays an integral part in the inflammatory response. During the  acute phase of inflammation, endothelial cells (ECs) are ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

In Vitro Assay of Bacterial Adhesion onto Mammalian Epithelial Cells

In Vitro Assay of Bacterial Adhesion onto Mammalian Epithelial Cells

To cause infections, bacteria must colonize their host. Bacterial pathogens express various molecules or structures able to promote attachment to host ...

Isolation of Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells and Their Use in the Study of Neutrophil Transmigration Under Flow Conditions

Neutrophils are the most abundant type of white blood cell. They form an essential part of the innate immune system1. During acute inflammation, ...

An In vitro Co-infection Model to Study Plasmodium falciparum-HIV-1 Interactions in Human Primary Monocyte-derived Immune Cells

An In vitro Co-infection Model to Study Plasmodium falciparum-HIV-1 Interactions in Human Primary Monocyte-derived Immune Cells

Plasmodium falciparum, the causative agent  of the deadliest form of malaria, and human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) are among the most important ...

In vitro Coculture Assay to Assess Pathogen Induced Neutrophil Trans-epithelial Migration

In vitro Coculture Assay to Assess Pathogen Induced Neutrophil Trans-epithelial Migration

Mucosal surfaces serve as protective barriers against pathogenic organisms.&#160;Innate immune responses are activated upon sensing pathogen leading to ...

A Flow Adhesion Assay to Study Leucocyte Recruitment to Human Hepatic Sinusoidal Endothelium Under Conditions of Shear Stress

Leucocyte infiltration into human liver tissue is a common process in all adult inflammatory liver diseases. Chronic infiltration can drive the ...

Human Neutrophil Flow Chamber Adhesion Assay

Neutrophil firm adhesion to endothelial cells plays a critical role in inflammation in both health and disease. The process of neutrophil firm adhesion ...

Static Adhesion Assay for the Study of Integrin Activation in T Lymphocytes

T lymphocyte adhesion is required for multiple T cell functions, including migration to sites of inflammation and formation of immunological synapses with ...

Real-time Imaging of Endothelial Cell-cell Junctions During Neutrophil Transmigration Under Physiological Flow

During inflammation, leukocytes leave the circulation and cross the endothelium to fight invading pathogens in underlying tissues. This process is known ...

In Vitro and In Vivo Model to Study Bacterial Adhesion to the Vessel Wall Under Flow Conditions

In Vitro and In Vivo Model to Study Bacterial Adhesion to the Vessel Wall Under Flow Conditions

In order to cause endovascular infections and infective endocarditis, bacteria need to be able to adhere to the vessel wall while being exposed to the ...

Assay of Adhesion Under Shear Stress for the Study of T Lymphocyte-Adhesion Molecule Interactions

Overall, T cell adhesion is a critical component of function, contributing to the distinct processes of cellular recruitment to sites of inflammation and ...