Diese Arbeit wurde von der Australian National Health and Medical Research Council, Star Scientific Foundation (Australien), Tourette-Syndrom Association (USA) unterstützt wird, Trish Die Multiple Sklerose Forschungsgemeinschaft und Multiple-Sklerose-Forschung Australien, Petre Foundation (Australien), die Rebecca L. Cooper Medical Research Foundation (Australien). Wir danken allen Patienten und Familienmitglieder, die Proben für unsere Studie zur Verfügung gestellt.

<html> 1. Subklonierung Strategie zur pIRES2-EGFP Vektor Encoding D2R oder NMDAR Construct <ol><li> Erhalten vollständigen cDNA-Klon des menschlichen D2R oder NMDAR-Untereinheit 1 (NR1). </li><li> Wähle einen Expressionsvektor, wie pIRES2-EGFP, die für die Expression des Transmembranproteine ​​mit Enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP)-Reporter unter der Kontrolle einer internen Ribosomen-Eintrittsstelle (IRES), so dass die beiden Antigene und GFP in koexprimiert werden Zellen getrennt. </li><li> Subklonieren menschlichen cDNA innerhalb pIRES2-EGFP-Vektor. <ol><li> Um subklonieren cDNA, entsprechende Restriktionsenzymen (zB NheI und XhoI Menschen D2R cDNA). </li><li> Ligats Schnitt cDNA-Insert in eingeschränkten pIRES2-EGFP-Vektor. </li><li> Sequenz ligiert pIRES2-EGFP D2R oder NMDAR Vektor zu überprüfen, ob der Vektor der richtigen Reihenfolge enthält. </li><li> Entschlacken und verstärken pIRES2-EGFP D2R oder NMDAR Vektor für die spätere Verwendung in der Transfektion. </li></ol></li></ol>itel &quot;&gt; 2. HEK293 Zelltransfektion für Expression neuronaler Antigen <ol><li> Kultur HEK293-Zellen in Gewebekulturflaschen mit frischem Dulbecco-modifiziertem Eagle-Medium (1 ×) (DMEM) komplett mit 4,5 g / l D-Glucose, L-Glutamin und 110 mg / l Natriumpyruvat, das mit 10% fötalem Rinderserum (FBS) ergänzt, 2 mM Glutamax und 50 ug / ml Gentamicin. </li><li> Nehmen HEK293-Zellen unter Verwendung von Trypsin und Transfer zu einem konischen Rohr. <ol><li> Waschen Zellen durch Zentrifugieren bei 250 g für 6 min und Zellpellet in frischem Komplett DMEM. </li></ol></li><li> Zählen Sie die Zellen und Saatgut 6-Well-Platten bei etwa 8 x 10 5 Zellen / Vertiefung und die Kultur über Nacht in 2 ml DMEM bei 37 ° C und 5% CO 2 im Brutschrank. </li><li> Nachdem sie etwa 70% Konfluenz erreicht haben, zu transfizieren die HEK293-Zellen mit pIRES2-EGFP NR1 (HEK293 NMDAR +-Zellen), pIRES2-EGFP D2R (HEK293 D2R +-Zellen) und pIRES2-EGFP (HEK293 CTL-Zellen; Vektorregelung) wie folgt.Halten Sie einige nicht-transfizierten HEK293-Zellen für die Entschädigung später. <ol><li> Bereiten Sie das erforderliche Volumen der Transfektion Mischung, die 2,5 ug DNA wurden 200 ul 0,9% Natriumchlorid und 4 g / ml Polyethylenimin / gut (jeweils 2 ml frisches Voll DMEM). </li><li> Unmittelbar verwirbeln die Mischung für 10 sec und bei Raumtemperatur (RT) für 10 min, bevor Volumen der Transfektion Mischung in die entsprechenden Vertiefungen. </li><li> Die Platte, wickeln Sie die Seiten mit Parafilm und Zentrifugieren bei 280 g für 5 min zur Transfektion von Zellen unterstützen. </li><li> Entfernen der Parafilm und dann im Inkubator setzen die Kultur bei 37 ° C. </li><li> 18 Stunden später ersetzen Kulturmedien mit frischen kompletten DMEM und pflegen in einer anderen Kultur für 72 Stunden. </li><li> Optional: 72 Stunden nach der Transfektion transfiziert Zellen durch Kultur in komplettem DMEM mit 250 ug / ml Geneticin ergänzt ausgewählt werden, um einen polyklonalen stabilen Transfektanten zu erhalten. </li></ol></li></ol><pclass = &quot;jove_title&quot;&gt; 3. Durchflusszytometrie zellbasierten Assay zum Nachweis von Antikörpern gegen neuronale Antigene Oberflächen <ol><li> Lösen HEK293 NMDAR + HEK293 + D2R und HEK293 CTL-Zellen durch Inkubation mit 500 &amp;mgr; l / Vertiefung Versene für ca. 5 min bei 37 ° C. <ol><li> Resuspendieren in 2ml/well PBS (Ca-2 + / Mg 2 +) mit 2% FBS (PBS / FBS) und die Lösung in einen 15 ml oder 50 ml konischen Röhrchen ergänzt. </li><li> Waschen der Zellen durch Zentrifugation bei 250 x g für 6 Minuten und Resuspendieren des Zellpellets in 15-50 ml PBS / FBS. Wiederholen Wasch 2x. </li><li> Zählen Sie die Zellen und dann in PBS / FBS Resuspendieren in 1 x 10 6 Zellen / ml. </li></ol></li><li> Entwerfen Sie die 96-Loch-Vorlage für die Durchflusszytometrie Erwerb, bedenkt, dass HEK293 D2R + oder HEK293 NMDAR + Zellen sowie HEK293 CTL-Zellen müssen mit jeder Patientenprobe oder primären Antikörper inkubiert werden. </li><li> Samenzellen in einem V-Boden, Platte mit 96 Vertiefungen mit 50.000 Zellen / well nach der Durchflusszytometrie Erfassungsschablone. </li><li> Pellet die Zellen durch Zentrifugieren der 96-Well-Platte bei 450 xg für 5 min und entfernen Sie vorsichtig den Überstand mit Hilfe eines elektronischen oder manuellen Mehrkanalpipette, Kippen der Platte auf einem Winkel und kümmert sich nicht um das Zellpellet abzusaugen. </li><li> Inkubieren HEK293 D2R + HEK293 + NMDAR und HEK293-Zellen, CTL für 1 h bei RT im Dunkeln mit: <ol><li> Serielle Verdünnungen des primären Antikörpers, um Antigen-Oberflächenexpression zu beurteilen. </li><li> Patientenproben, um Antikörper zu erkennen. </li></ol></li><li> Verwenden Sie geeignete Durchflusszytometrie Kompensationskontrollen, zB. ungefärbten transfizierten HEK293-Zellen, HEK293-Zellen GFP + (AF647 -) und nicht-transfizierte HEK293-Zellen AF647 + (GFP). </li><li> Waschen der Zellen durch Zentrifugation bei 450 × g für 5 Minuten und Resuspendieren des Zellpellets in 170 &amp;mgr; l PBS / FBS. Wiederholen Waschschritt noch zweimal. </li><li> Zellen Inkubation für 1 hr bei RT im Dunkeln mit 1:100-Verdünnung von AF647-konjugierten sekundären Antikörper (Anti-Human-IgG für Patientenserum und Anti-Maus-IgG-anti-NR1-oder Anti-D2R primäre Antikörper). </li><li> Dreimal Waschen Sie die Zellen, wie in Schritt 3.7, und resuspendieren in 35 ul PBS / FBS für die Durchflusszytometrie Zell Akquisition. </li><li> Die Hochdurchsatz-Sampler (HTS) auf dem Durchflusszytometer (BDLSRII) ein. </li><li> Erwerben 10.000 Events / Well nach der Durchflusszytometrie Erwerb Vorlage. </li><li> Export und Analyse von Daten für die Analyse unter Verwendung einer Durchflusszytometrie-Software-Paket, wie FlowJo v7.5: <ol><li> Zunächst Tor die Live-HEK293-Zellen auf Basis von vorne (Größe) und Seite (Granularität), der zerstreut. </li><li> Weitere Live-Gate HEK293-Zellen auf der Grundlage hoher GFP-Positivität, nur die transfizierten Zellen zu analysieren. </li><li> Die mittlere Fluoreszenzintensität (MFI) der AF647 Kanal innerhalb der Live GFP-positiven Zellen. </li><li> Exportieren von Daten in Excel oder Prism für die Analyse: <ol><li> Grundstück concentrations des primären Antikörpers (anti-NMDAR oder Anti D2R-Antikörper) gegen den MFI erhalten aus den Zellen mit diesen Antikörpern inkubiert. </li><li> Für jeden Patienten und Kontrollprobe, bestimmen die ΔMFI durch Subtrahieren der MFI des CTL HEK293 Zellen aus der MFI des HEK293 D2R + + NMDAR oder HEK293 Zellen. </li><li> Berechnen Sie die Schwelle von Antikörper-Positivität von über dem Mittelwert ΔMFI des Steuer Kohorte um drei Standardabweichungen. </li><li> Grundstück einzelnen Proben nach ihren Serum Typ gruppiert in einem Diagramm darstellen und die Schwelle als eine Zeile. </li></ol></li></ol></li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Lancaster, E., Martinez-Hernandez, E., Dalmau, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Encephalitis+and+antibodies+to+synaptic+and+neuronal+cell+surface+proteins.">Encephalitis and antibodies to synaptic and neuronal cell surface proteins.</a> Neurol. 77, 179-189 (2011).</li><li>Vincent, A., Bien, C. G., Irani, S. R., Waters, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Autoantibodies+associated+with+diseases+of+the+CNS:+new+developments+and+future+challenges.">Autoantibodies associated with diseases of the CNS: new developments and future challenges.</a> Lancet Neurol. 10, 759-772 (2011).</li><li>Dalmau, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anti-NMDA-receptor+encephalitis:+case+series+and+analysis+of+the+effects+of+antibodies.">Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies.</a> Lancet Neurol. 7, 1091-1098 (2008).</li><li>Dalmau, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Paraneoplastic+anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate+receptor+encephalitis+associated+with+ovarian+teratoma.">Paraneoplastic anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis associated with ovarian teratoma.</a> Ann Neurol. 61, 25-36 (2007).</li><li>Dale, R. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=N-methyl-D-aspartate+receptor+antibodies+in+pediatric+dyskinetic+encephalitis+lethargica.">N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antibodies in pediatric dyskinetic encephalitis lethargica.</a> Ann Neurol. 66, 704-709 (2009).</li><li>Lancaster, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antibodies+to+the+GABA(B)+receptor+in+limbic+encephalitis+with+seizures:+Case+series+and+characterisation+of+the+antigen.">Antibodies to the GABA(B) receptor in limbic encephalitis with seizures: Case series and characterisation of the antigen.</a> Lancet Neurol. 9, 67-76 (2010).</li><li>Lai, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=AMPA+receptor+antibodies+in+limbic+encephalitis+alter+synaptic+receptor+location.">AMPA receptor antibodies in limbic encephalitis alter synaptic receptor location.</a> Ann Neurol. 65, 424-434 (2009).</li><li>Irani, S. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antibodies+to+Kv1+potassium+channel-complex+proteins+leucine-rich,+glioma+inactivated+1+protein+and+contactin-associated+protein-2+in+limbic+encephalitis,+Morvan&#8217;s+syndrome+and+acquired+neuromyotonia.">Antibodies to Kv1 potassium channel-complex proteins leucine-rich, glioma inactivated 1 protein and contactin-associated protein-2 in limbic encephalitis, Morvan&#8217;s syndrome and acquired neuromyotonia.</a> Brain. 133, 2734-2748 (2010).</li><li>Lai, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Investigation+of+LGI1+as+the+antigen+in+limbic+encephalitis+previously+attributed+to+potassium+channels:+a+case+series.">Investigation of LGI1 as the antigen in limbic encephalitis previously attributed to potassium channels: a case series.</a> Lancet Neurol. 9, 776-785 (2010).</li><li>Lancaster, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antibodies+to+metabotropic+glutamate+receptor+5+in+the+Ophelia+syndrome.">Antibodies to metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 in the Ophelia syndrome.</a> Neurol. 77, 1698-1701 (2011).</li><li>Dale, R. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antibodies+to+surface+dopamine-2+receptor+in+autoimmune+movement+and+psychiatric+disorders.">Antibodies to surface dopamine-2 receptor in autoimmune movement and psychiatric disorders.</a> Brain. , (2012).</li><li>Titulaer, M. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Treatment+and+prognostic+factors+for+long-term+outcome+in+patients+with+anti-NMDA+receptor+encephalitis:+an+observational+cohort+study.">Treatment and prognostic factors for long-term outcome in patients with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis: an observational cohort study.</a> Lancet Neurol. 12, 157-165 (2013).</li><li>Hughes, E. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cellular+and+synaptic+mechanisms+of+anti-NMDA+receptor+encephalitis.">Cellular and synaptic mechanisms of anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis.</a> J Neurosci. 30, 5866-5875 (2010).</li><li>Bien, C. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immunopathology+of+autoantibody-associated+encephalitides:+clues+for+pathogenesis.">Immunopathology of autoantibody-associated encephalitides: clues for pathogenesis.</a> Brain. 135, 1622-1638 (2012).</li><li>Waters, P. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Serologic+diagnosis+of+NMO:+a+multicenter+comparison+of+aquaporin-4-IgG+assays.">Serologic diagnosis of NMO: a multicenter comparison of aquaporin-4-IgG assays.</a> Neurol. 78, 665-671 (2012).</li><li>McLaughlin, K. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Age-Dependent+B+Cell+Autoimmunity+to+a+Myelin+Surface+Antigen+in+Pediatric+Multiple+Sclerosis.">Age-Dependent B Cell Autoimmunity to a Myelin Surface Antigen in Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis.</a> J Immunol. 183, 4067-4076 (2009).</li><li>Probstel, A. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antibodies+to+MOG+are+transient+in+childhood+acute+disseminated+encephalomyelitis.">Antibodies to MOG are transient in childhood acute disseminated encephalomyelitis.</a> Neurol. 77, 580-588 (2011).</li><li>Cho, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=N-terminal+Region+of+Dopamine+D2+Receptor,+a+Rhodopsin+Family+GPCR,+Regulates+Proper+Integration+into+Plasma+Membrane+and+Endocytic+Routes.">N-terminal Region of Dopamine D2 Receptor, a Rhodopsin Family GPCR, Regulates Proper Integration into Plasma Membrane and Endocytic Routes.</a> British journal of pharmacology. , (2011).</li><li>Zhou, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+a+pathogenic+antibody+response+to+native+myelin+oligodendrocyte+glycoprotein+in+multiple+sclerosis.">Identification of a pathogenic antibody response to native myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein in multiple sclerosis.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 103, 19057-19062 (2006).</li><li>Brilot, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antibodies+to+native+myelin+oligodendrocyte+glycoprotein+in+children+with+inflammatory+demyelinating+central+nervous+system+disease.">Antibodies to native myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein in children with inflammatory demyelinating central nervous system disease.</a> Ann Neurol. 66, 833-842 (2009).</li><li>Boronat, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Encephalitis+and+Antibodies+to+Dipeptidyl-Peptidase-Like+Protein-6,+a+Subunit+of+Kv4.2.">Encephalitis and Antibodies to Dipeptidyl-Peptidase-Like Protein-6, a Subunit of Kv4.2.</a> Potassium Channels. Ann Neurol. 73, 120-128 (2013).</li><li>Hinson, S. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Aquaporin-4-binding+autoantibodies+in+patients+with+neuromyelitis+optica+impair+glutamate+transport+by+down-regulating+EAAT2.">Aquaporin-4-binding autoantibodies in patients with neuromyelitis optica impair glutamate transport by down-regulating EAAT2.</a> J. Exp. Med. 205, 2473-2481 (2008).</li></ol>

Interessenkonflikt: Ein Patent wurde von FB und RCD (University of Sydney) behauptet D2R als Ziel für die Autoantikörper eingereicht.

Dieser Aufsatz beschreibt eine neuartige Anwendung der Durchflusszytometrie Live-Assay auf Zellbasis, um Antikörper, die gegen spezifische Zelloberflächen neuronale Proteine ​​unter Verwendung eines Hochdurchsatz-Probennehmer erfassen. Mit dieser Technik berichten wir, dass eine Untergruppe von Patienten mit Autoimmun ZNS-Erkrankungen betroffen sind, Serum-Antikörper an die Oberfläche oder in Oberflächen NMDAR D2R. Wesentliche Schritte für eine optimale Antikörpernachweis unter Ve...

In den letzten Jahren haben die Autoimmun Formen des zentralen Nervensystems (ZNS) identifiziert worden. Es hat sich gezeigt, dass diese Krankheiten assoziiert sind und durch die Anwesenheit von Autoantikörpern definiert. Diese Antikörper binden an neuronale Rezeptoren oder synaptische Proteine ​​in 1,2 Neurotransmission beteiligt ist. Unterschiedliche Antigene erkannt wurden, wie N-Methyl-D-Aspartat-Rezeptor (NMDAR) 3-5, γ-Aminobuttersäure-Rezeptor (GABA)-Rezeptor 6, α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4- isoxazolepropionic (AMPA)-Rezeptor 7, spannungsabhängigen Kaliumkanals (VGKC) assoziierte Proteine: Leucin-reichen Gliom-aktivierte Protein-1 (LGL-1) und Contactin-assoziiertes Protein 2 (capsr2) 8,9-, Glutamat-Rezeptor 5,10 und Dopamin-2-Rezeptor (D2R) 11. In der Vergangenheit waren diese Autoimmun ZNS-Störungen (vor allem genannt Enzephalitis) oft nicht diagnostiziert und unbehandelt. Diese neuartigen Antikörper Biomarker, z. B.NMDAR Antikörper oder Antikörper D2R, haben wesentlich verbesserte Diagnose und Bewusstsein und haben die Behandlungsmöglichkeiten für Patienten eröffnet. In der Tat ist eine frühzeitige Behandlung mit Immuntherapien mit verbesserten Ergebnis 11,12 verbunden. Traditionelle Verfahren, um Antikörper, wie Enzym-Immunoassay (ELISA) und Western-Blot erkennen sind zum Nachweis von Antikörpern in Seren eingesetzt. Sie sind jedoch nicht ohne weiteres zu ermöglichen Erkennung von extrazellulären Oberfläche oder Epitope und vielmehr kann die Immunreaktivität gegen ein intrazelluläres Epitop zeigen. Weiterhin Antikörper, die an die extrazelluläre Domäne von wichtigen Proteinen bei der Neurotransmission beteiligt sind, binden wahrscheinlich pathogenen 2,3,7,13,14 sein. Daher ist die Entwicklung von genauen und empfindlichen Assays zu relevanten Zelloberfläche oder der extrazellulären Antikörperzielen bei Patienten entdecken, von größter Bedeutung. Der Goldstandard-Methode im Bereich basiert auf der Verwendung von lebenden Zellen basieren, in so genannten &quot;Zelle-based-Tests &quot;. Dieses Verfahren umfasst die Expression eines Antigens auf der Oberfläche von Säugerzellen (meistens menschliche embryonale Nieren-293 (HEK293-Zellen)) in seiner nativen Form durch Transfektion von Vektoren, die die vollständige cDNA-Sequenz des Antigens von Interesse. Live nonpermeabilized Zellen werden dann mit verdünntem Patientenserum inkubiert, gefolgt von Fluorochrom-konjugierten Anti-Human-Immunglobulin (Ig)-sekundären Antikörper. Die Intensität oder Fluoreszenzgrad wird dann festgestellt und in der Ebene der Autoantikörper-Bindung verbunden sind. Dieses Verfahren ist spezifisch, da nur ein Antigen in Zellen überexprimiert. Die am weitesten verbreitete &quot;read-out&quot; hat nach Immunzytochemie 4,5,8-10 gewesen konfokalen Mikroskopie-Analyse. Jedoch Durchflusszytometrie zellbasierten Assays wurden erfolgreich verwendet, um Antikörper in Patienten mit demyelinisierenden Erkrankungen 15-17 erfassen. Insbesondere Waters et al. 15 Vergleich der Antikörpernachweis unter Verwendung einer Pfanneel des Antikörper-Nachweistechniken, einschließlich Tests auf Zellbasis, gefolgt von Mikroskopie oder Durchflusszytometrie analysiert, und hat gezeigt, Durchflusszytometrie Assay auf Zellbasis, um die empfindlichen, genauen und zuverlässigen Methode. Daher ist die Durchflusszytometrie zellbasierten Assay vorteilhaft, wie es ist quantitativ, nicht Prüfer abhängig, und jede Verwendung von radioaktivem Material nicht um. Es ist auch praktisch, da es ermöglicht vielen Patienten, in einer kurzen Zeit untersucht werden. In jüngerer Zeit haben wir ein Hochdurchsatz-Durchflusszytometrie-Assay auf Zellbasis, um NMDAR Antikörper und D2R-Antikörper in Patienten mit Autoimmunerkrankungen CNS 11 zu erfassen optimiert. Unsere Gruppe vor kurzem erkannt NMDAR Antikörper in Patientenproben mit Durchflusszytometrie zellbasierte Assays. Diese NMDAR Antikörper-positiven Seren wurden zuvor mittels konfokaler Mikroskopie analysiert und ebenfalls als positive 11 zu sein. Dieses Protokoll beschreibt einen Durchflusszytometrie Zellen basierender Test für den Nachweis von conformation empfindlichen ZNS-Antikörper in Patientenserum Verwendung eines automatisierten Hochdurchsatz-Sampler.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="751">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">pIRES2-EGFP vector</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Clontech</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">6029-1</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:255px;">Human HA-Dopamine-2 receptor (D2R) cDNA</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Missouri S&#38;T cDNA Resource Centre</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">DRD020TN00</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:255px;">Human subunit 1 of NMDAR (NR1) cDNA</td>
			<td style="width:187px;"></td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Gift from Prof A. Vincent&#160; (Oxford, UK)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:255px;">Monoclonal purified mouse anti-human NR1 antibody (clone: 54.1)</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">BD Pharmingen</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">556308</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:255px;">Mouse purified monoclonal anti-DRD2 IgG (clone: 1B11)</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">WH0001813M1-50UG</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:255px;">Alexa Fluor 647 donkey anti-mouse IgG (H + L)</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">A31571</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:255px;">Alexa Fluor 647 goat anti-human IgG (H + L)</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">A21445</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:255px;">Dulbecco&#8217;s Modified Eagle Medium (1x) 4.5 g/L D-glucose, L-Glutamine and 110 mg/L sodium pyruvate</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">11995-065</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Foetal bovine serum</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">10099-141</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Gentamicin</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">15710-072</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">GlutaMAX</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">35050-061</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Penicillin-streptomycin</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">15140-122</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Geneticin</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">10131-035</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="45">
			<td height="45" style="height:45px;width:255px;">Dulbecco&#39;s Phosphate-Buffered Saline (1x) (-Ca2+/-Mg2+)</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">14190-144</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">TrypLE Express (1x) with Phenol Red</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">12605-028</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">0.9% Sodium chloride</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Baxter</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">AHF7975</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Polyethylenimine</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Polysciences Inc</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">9002-98-6</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Versene</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">15040-066</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">XhoI</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Roche</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">10899194001</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">NheI</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Roche</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">10885843001</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">PureLink PCR Purification Kit</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">K3100-01</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">JetQuick Gel Extraction Spin Kit</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Genomed</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">420050</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">T4 DNA Ligase</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Roche</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">10481220001</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:255px;">Plasmid&#160;Plus&#160;Maxi Kit</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">12963</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;"></td>
			<td style="width:187px;"></td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:255px;">Name of Equipment/Software</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Model/Version</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:255px;">Flow cytometer with high-throughput sampler system</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td style="width:173px;">BDLSRII with HTS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:255px;">Inverted microscope</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Olympus</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td style="width:173px;">CKX41 (with mercury lamp and U-RFLT50 power supply)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:255px;">Electronic multichannel pipette (15-300 &#956;l)</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">613-2240P</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">12-channel Xplorer Plus</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="56">
			<td height="56" style="height:56px;width:255px;">Excel</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Microsoft</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td style="width:173px;">2010</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Prism</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">GraphPad Software, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td style="width:173px;">v4</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="27">
			<td height="27" style="height:27px;width:255px;">FlowJo</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Treestar</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td style="width:173px;">v7.5</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">50 ml polypropylene conical tubes</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">352070</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">6-well plate</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">353046</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Tissue culture flask (T75)</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">353136</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Parafilm</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Pechiney Plastic Packaging</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">PM-992</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:255px;">V-bottom 96-well plate</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">651180</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

high-throughput flow cytometry cell-based assay to detect antibodies to n-methyl-d-aspartate receptor or dopamine-2 receptor in human serum

In den letzten Jahren haben sich Antikörper gegen Oberflächenproteine ​​und Konformationsänderungen in der Neurotransmission im ZNS Autoimmunerkrankungen bei Kindern und Erwachsenen nachgewiesen. Diese Antikörper wurden verwendet, um die Diagnose und Behandlung zu führen. Zellbasierte Assays zum Nachweis von Antikörpern in Patientenserum verbessert. Sie werden auf der Oberflächenexpression von Gehirn-Antigene auf eukaryotische Zellen, die dann mit verdünntem Patientenserum, gefolgt von Fluorochrom-konjugierten sekundären Antikörper inkubiert basiert. Nach dem Waschen wird sekundären Antikörperbindung dann durch Durchflusszytometrie analysiert. Unsere Gruppe hat ein Hochdurchsatz-Durchflusszytometrie Live zellbasierten Assay entwickelt, um Antikörper gegen bestimmte zuverlässig erkennen Neurotransmitter-Rezeptoren. Diese Durchflusszytometrie Verfahren ist unkompliziert, quantitative, effizient, und die Verwendung eines Hochdurchsatz-Probennehmer System ermöglicht vielen Patienten auf einfache Weise in kurzer Zeit untersucht werden. Außerdem ist diese Zellbasis alssagen kann leicht angepasst, um Antikörper gegen verschiedene antigene Ziele zu erfassen, die beide aus dem zentralen Nervensystem und der Peripherie werden. Entdecken zusätzliche neue Antikörper Biomarker ermöglicht die schnelle und genaue Diagnose und Behandlung zu verbessern von immunvermittelten Erkrankungen.

Leben HEK293 D2R + CTL und HEK293-Zellen wurden mit dem Durchflußzytometer unter Verwendung eines Hochdurchsatz-Probennehmer erworben. Bei der Analyse wurden die Zellen auf Basis von Vorwärtsstreuung (Größe) und Seitenstreuung (Granularität) Parameter (1A und 1D) verknüpft. HEK293-Zellen das Reportermolekül, GFP, im Zytoplasma und nicht transfizierten Zellen wurden von der Analyse (Fig. 1B und 1E) ausgeschlossen. Innerhalb der GFP <sup...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about High-throughput Flow Cytometry Cell-based Assay to Detect Antibodies to N-Methyl-D-aspartate Receptor or Dopamine-2 Receptor in Human Serum at JoVE.com

High-throughput Flow Cytometry Cell-based Assay to Detect Antibodies to N-Methyl-D-aspartate Receptor or Dopamine-2 Receptor in Human Serum

In den letzten Jahren wurden mit lebenden Zellen basierende Tests erfolgreich verwendet worden, um Antikörper gegen Oberflächenantigene erkennen und Konformationsänderungen. Hier beschreiben wir ein Verfahren, das Hochdurchsatz-Durchflusszytometrie ermöglicht die Analyse von großen Kohorten von Patienten. Detektion von neuen Antikörper Diagnose und Behandlung von Autoimmunerkrankungen zu verbessern.

Hochdurchsatz-Durchflusszytometrie zellbasierten Assay auf Antikörper gegen N-Methyl-D-Aspartat-Rezeptor oder Dopamin-2-Rezeptor im menschlichen Serum Detect

Over the recent years, antibodies against surface and conformational proteins involved in neurotransmission have been detected in autoimmune CNS diseases ...

high-throughput-flow-cytometry-cell-based-assay-to-detect-antibodies

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

16.0K Aufrufe.  The University of Sydney.  In den letzten Jahren wurden mit lebenden Zellen basierende Tests erfolgreich verwendet worden, um Antikörper gegen Oberflächenantigene erkennen und Konformationsänderungen. Hier beschreiben wir ein Verfahren, das Hochdurchsatz-Durchflusszytometrie ermöglicht die Analyse von großen Kohorten von Patienten. Detektion von neuen Antikörper Diagnose und Behandlung von Autoimmunerkrankungen zu verbessern. 

Serie: High-throughput Flow Cytometry Cell-based Assay to Detect Antibodies to N-Methyl-D-aspartate Receptor or Dopamine-2 Receptor in Human Serum

The Measurement and Treatment of Suppression in Amblyopia

Amblyopia, a developmental disorder of the visual cortex, is one of the leading causes of visual dysfunction in the working age population. Current estimates put the prevalence of amblyopia at approximately 1-3%1-3, the majority of cases being monocular2. Amblyopia is most frequently caused by ocular misalignment (strabismus), blur induced by unequal refractive error (anisometropia), and in some cases by form deprivation.
Although amblyopia is initially caused by abnormal visual input in infancy, once established, the visual deficit often remains when normal visual input has been restored using surgery and/or refractive correction. This is because amblyopia is the result of abnormal visual cortex development rather than a problem with the amblyopic eye itself4,5 . Amblyopia is characterized by both monocular and binocular deficits6,7 which include impaired visual acuity and poor or absent stereopsis respectively. The visual dysfunction in amblyopia is often associated with a strong suppression of the inputs from the amblyopic eye under binocular viewing conditions8. Recent work has indicated that suppression may play a central role in both the monocular and binocular deficits associated with amblyopia9,10 .
Current clinical tests for suppression tend to verify the presence or absence of suppression rather than giving a quantitative measurement of the degree of suppression. Here we describe a technique for measuring amblyopic suppression with a compact, portable device11,12 . The device consists of a laptop computer connected to a pair of virtual reality goggles. The novelty of the technique lies in the way we present visual stimuli to measure suppression. Stimuli are shown to the amblyopic eye at high contrast while the contrast of the stimuli shown to the non-amblyopic eye are varied. Patients perform a simple signal/noise task that allows for a precise measurement of the strength of excitatory binocular interactions. The contrast offset at which neither eye has a performance advantage is a measure of the "balance point" and is a direct measure of suppression. This technique has been validated psychophysically both in control13,14 and patient6,9,11 populations.
In addition to measuring suppression this technique also forms the basis of a novel form of treatment to decrease suppression over time and improve binocular and often monocular function in adult patients with amblyopia12,15,16 . This new treatment approach can be deployed either on the goggle system described above or on a specially modified iPod touch device15.

Amblyopia is a developmental disorder of the visual cortex that is often accompanied by strong suppression of one eye. We present a new technique for measuring and treating interocular suppression in patients with amblyopia that can be deployed using virtual reality goggles or a portable iPod Touch device.

Die Messung und Behandlung von Unterdrückung in Amblyopie

Amblyopia, a developmental disorder of the visual cortex, is one of the leading causes of visual dysfunction in the working age population. Current ...

Forschung

Medizin

Stereological and Flow Cytometry Characterization of Leukocyte Subpopulations in Models of Transient or Permanent Cerebral Ischemia

Microglia activation, as well as extravasation of haematogenous macrophages and neutrophils, is believed to play a pivotal role in brain injury after stroke. These myeloid cell subpopulations can display different phenotypes and functions and need to be distinguished and characterized to study their regulation and contribution to tissue damage. This protocol provides two different methodologies for brain immune cell characterization: a precise stereological approach and a flow cytometric analysis. The stereological approach is based on the optical fractionator method, which calculates the total number of cells in an area of interest (infarcted brain) estimated by a systematic random sampling. The second characterization approach provides a simple way to isolate brain leukocyte suspensions and to characterize them by flow cytometry, allowing for the characterization of microglia, infiltrated monocytes and neutrophils of the ischemic tissue. In addition, it also details a cerebral ischemia model in mice that exclusively affects brain cortex, generating highly reproducible infarcts with a low rate of mortality, and the procedure for histological brain processing to characterize infarct volume by the Cavalieri method.

Brain myeloid cells characterization following stroke can be performed by stereology using the optical fractionator method, or by a flow cytometric analysis of brain leukocytes suspensions. Both are useful techniques to perform an accurate phenotypical distinction of the main myeloid cell subsets found in the ischemic brain.

Stereo und Durchflusszytometrie Charakterisierung von Leukozyten-Subpopulationen in Models der vorübergehend oder bleibend zerebrale Ischämie

Microglia activation, as well as extravasation of haematogenous macrophages and neutrophils, is believed to play a pivotal role in brain injury after ...

Adapting Human Videofluoroscopic Swallow Study Methods to Detect and Characterize Dysphagia in Murine Disease Models

This study adapted human videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS) methods for use with murine disease models for the purpose of facilitating translational dysphagia research. Successful outcomes are dependent upon three critical components: test chambers that permit self-feeding while standing unrestrained in a confined space, recipes that mask the aversive taste/odor of commercially-available oral contrast agents, and a step-by-step test protocol that permits quantification of swallow physiology. Elimination of one or more of these components will have a detrimental impact on the study results. Moreover, the energy level capability of the fluoroscopy system will determine which swallow parameters can be investigated. Most research centers have high energy fluoroscopes designed for use with people and larger animals, which results in exceptionally poor image quality when testing mice and other small rodents. Despite this limitation, we have identified seven VFSS parameters that are consistently quantifiable in mice when using a high energy fluoroscope in combination with the new murine VFSS protocol. We recently obtained a low energy fluoroscopy system with exceptionally high imaging resolution and magnification capabilities that was designed for use with mice and other small rodents. Preliminary work using this new system, in combination with the new murine VFSS protocol, has identified 13 swallow parameters that are consistently quantifiable in mice, which is nearly double the number obtained using conventional (i.e., high energy) fluoroscopes. Identification of additional swallow parameters is expected as we optimize the capabilities of this new system. Results thus far demonstrate the utility of using a low energy fluoroscopy system to detect and quantify subtle changes in swallow physiology that may otherwise be overlooked when using high energy fluoroscopes to investigate murine disease models.

This study successfully adapted human videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS) methods for use with murine disease models for the purpose of facilitating translational dysphagia research.

Anpassung Menschen Videofluoroscopic Swallow Studienmethoden nachgewiesen und charakterisiert Dysphagie in Murine Krankheitsmodelle

This study adapted human videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS) methods for use with murine disease models for the purpose of facilitating ...

Systems Biology of Metabolic Regulation by Estrogen Receptor Signaling in Breast Cancer

With the advent of the -omics approaches our understanding of the chronic diseases like cancer and metabolic syndrome has improved. However, effective mining of the information in the large-scale datasets that are obtained from gene expression microarrays, deep sequencing experiments or metabolic profiling is essential to uncover and then effectively target the critical regulators of diseased cell phenotypes. Estrogen Receptor &#945; (ER&#945;) is one of the master transcription factors regulating the gene programs that are important for estrogen responsive breast cancers. In order to understand to role of ER&#945; signaling in breast cancer metabolism we utilized transcriptomic, cistromic and metabolomic data from MCF-7 cells treated with estradiol. In this report we described generation of samples for RNA-Seq, ChIP-Seq and metabolomics experiments and the integrative computational analysis of the obtained data. This approach is useful in delineating novel molecular mechanisms and gene regulatory circuits that are regulated by a particular transcription factor which impacts metabolism of normal or diseased cells.

Integration of data from genome-wide sequencing experiments and metabolomics experiments is a challenge. In this paper we report, for the first time, generation, analysis and integration of transcriptome, cistrome and metabolome data from breast cancer cells treated with estradiol.

Systembiologie der Stoffwechselregulation von Estrogen Receptor Signaling bei Brustkrebs

With the advent of the -omics approaches our understanding of the chronic diseases like cancer and metabolic syndrome has improved. However, effective ...

A High Throughput, Multiplexed and Targeted Proteomic CSF Assay to Quantify Neurodegenerative Biomarkers and Apolipoprotein E Isoforms Status

Many neurodegenerative diseases are&#160;still lacking effective treatments. Reliable biomarkers for identifying and classifying these diseases will be important in the development of future novel therapies. Often&#160;potential new biomarkers do not make it&#160;into the clinic&#160;due to limitations&#160;in their development and&#160;high costs.&#160;However,&#160;targeted proteomics using Multiple Reaction Monitoring Liquid Chromatography-tandem/Mass Spectrometry (MRM LC-MS/MS), specifically using triple quadrupole mass spectrometers, is one method that can be used to rapidly evaluate and validate biomarkers&#160;for clinical translation into diagnostic laboratories. Traditionally, this platform has been used extensively for measurement of small molecules&#160;in clinical laboratories, but it is the potential to analyze proteins, that makes it an attractive alternative to ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay)-based methods. We describe here how targeted proteomics can be used to measure multiplexed markers of dementia, including the detection and quantitation of the known risk factor apolipoprotein E isoform 4 (ApoE4).
In order to make the assay suitable for translation, it is designed to be rapid, simple, highly specific and cost effective. To achieve this, every step in the development of the assay must be optimized for the individual proteins and tissues they are analyzed in. This method describes a typical workflow including various tips and tricks to developing a targeted proteomics MRM LC-MS/MS for translation.
The method development is optimized using custom synthesized versions of tryptic quantotypic peptides, which calibrate&#160;the MS for detection and then spiked into CSF to determine correct identification of the endogenous peptide in the chromatographic separation prior to analysis in the MS. To achieve absolute quantitation, stable isotope-labeled internal standard versions of the peptides with short amino acid sequence tags and containing a trypsin cleavage site, are included in the assay.

We describe a high-throughput, multiplex, and targeted proteomic cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) assay developed with potential for clinical translation. The test can quantitate potential markers and risk factors for neurodegeneration, such as the apolipoprotein E variants (E2, E3 and E4), and measure their allelic expression.

Ein hoher Durchsatz, Multiplexed und Proteom-CSF-Assay Gezielte Quantifizieren Neurodegenerative Biomarkers und Apolipoprotein E Isoformen-Status

Many neurodegenerative diseases are&#160;still lacking effective treatments. Reliable biomarkers for identifying and classifying these diseases will be ...

A Kinetic Fluorescence-based Ca2+ Mobilization Assay to Identify G Protein-coupled Receptor Agonists, Antagonists, and Allosteric Modulators

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are of great importance to the pharmaceutical industry as they are involved in many human diseases and include well-validated targets for therapeutic intervention. Discovery of lead compounds, including small synthetic molecules, that specifically inhibit the receptor&#39;s function, is an important initial step in drug development and relies on sensitive, specific, and robust cell-based assays. Here, we describe a kinetic cellular assay with a fluorescent readout primarily designed to identify receptor-specific antagonists that inhibit the intracellular Ca2+ release evoked upon the activation of the CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) by its endogenous ligand, the CXC chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12). A key advantage of this method is that it also enables screening of compounds endowed with intrinsic agonistic properties (i.e., compounds eliciting an increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration in the absence of CXCL12) or compounds modulating the receptor&#39;s function via interaction with allosteric binding sites (i.e., positive and negative allosteric modulators (PAMs and NAMs, respectively)). On the down side, autofluorescent compounds might interfere with the assay&#39;s readout, thereby hampering reliable data interpretation. Most likely this assay can be implemented, with minimal adaptations, as a generic drug discovery assay for many other GPCRs of which the activation leads to a release of intracellular Ca2+.

A Kinetic Fluorescence-based Ca2+ Mobilization Assay to Identify G Protein-coupled Receptor Agonists, Antagonists, and Allosteric Modulators

The described cellular assay is designed for the identification of CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4)-interacting agents that inhibit or stimulate, either competitively or allosterically, the intracellular Ca2+ release initiated by CXCR4 activation.

Eine kinetische Fluoreszenz basierenden Ca2 + Mobilisierung Assay, G-Protein-gekoppelten Rezeptor-Agonisten und Antagonisten allosterische Modulatoren zu identifizieren

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are of great importance to the pharmaceutical industry as they are involved in many human diseases and include ...

Characterization of Immune Cells in Human Adipose Tissue by Using Flow Cytometry

Infiltration of immune cells in the subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue (AT) deposits leads to a low-grade inflammation contributing to the development of obesity-associated complications such as type 2 diabetes. To quantitatively and qualitatively investigate the immune cell subsets in human AT deposits, we have developed a flow cytometry approach. The stromal vascular fraction (SVF), containing the immune cells, is isolated from subcutaneous and visceral AT biopsies by collagenase digestion. Adipocytes are removed after centrifugation. The SVF cells are stained for multiple membrane-bound markers selected to differentiate between immune cell subsets and analyzed using flow cytometry. As a result of this approach, pro- and anti-inflammatory macrophage subsets, dendritic cells (DCs), B-cells, CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells, and NK cells can be detected and quantified. This method gives detailed information about immune cells in AT and the amount of each specific subset. Since there are numerous fluorescent antibodies available, our flow cytometry approach can be adjusted to measure various other cellular and intracellular markers of interest.

This article describes a method to analyze immune cell content of adipose tissue by isolation of immune cells from adipose tissue and subsequent analysis using flow cytometry.

Charakterisierung von Immunzellen im menschlichen Fettgewebe mittels Durchflusszytometrie

Infiltration of immune cells in the subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue (AT) deposits leads to a low-grade inflammation contributing to the ...

A Flow Cytometry-based Assay for Measuring Mitochondrial Membrane Potential in Cardiac Myocytes After Hypoxia/Reoxygenation

Timely and efficient reperfusion of the occluded coronary artery is the best strategy for decreasing myocardial infarct size in patients with a ST-segment elevated myocardial infarction. However, reperfusion per se can result in further cardiomyocyte death, a phenomenon known as reperfusion injury. The opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP), with the decrease of the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), or mitochondrial depolarization, is universally recognized as the final step of reperfusion injury and is responsible for mitochondrial and cardiomyocyte death. JC-1 is a lipophilic cationic dye that accumulates in mitochondria depending on the value of MMP. The higher the MMP is, the more JC-1 accumulates in the mitochondria. The increasing amounts of JC-1 in mitochondria can be reflected by a fluorescence emission shift from green (~530 nm) to red (~590 nm). Therefore, the reduction of the red/green fluorescence intensity ratio can indicate the depolarization of mitochondria. Here, we take advantage of JC-1 to measure MMP, or the opening of mPTP in human cardiac myocytes after hypoxia/reoxygenation, detected by flow cytometry.

Here, we present a protocol that uses JC-1 dye to assess the mitochondrial membrane potential of cells after being exposed to hypoxia/reoxygenation with or without a protective agent.

Ein Flow Cytometry-basierten Test zur Messung der Mitochondrien-Membran-Potential in kardialen Myozyten nach Hypoxie/Flussbettfilters

Timely and efficient reperfusion of the occluded coronary artery is the best strategy for decreasing myocardial infarct size in patients with a ST-segment ...

High-throughput Nitrobenzoxadiazole-labeled Cholesterol Efflux Assay

Atherosclerosis leads to cardiovascular disease (CVD). It is still unclear whether cholesterol-HDL (cHDL) concentration plays a causal role in atherosclerosis development. However, an important factor in early stages of atheroma plaque formation is cholesterol efflux capacity to HDL (the ability of HDL particles to accept cholesterol from macrophages) in order to avoid foam cell formation. This is a key step in avoiding the accumulation of cholesterol in the endothelium and a part of reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) to eliminate cholesterol through the liver. Cholesterol efflux capacity to serum or plasma in macrophage cell models is a promising tool that can be used as biomarker for atherosclerosis. Traditionally, [3H]-cholesterol has been used in cholesterol efflux assays. In this study, we aim to develop a safer and faster strategy using fluorescent labelled-cholesterol (NBD-cholesterol) in a cellular assay to trace the cholesterol uptake and efflux process in THP-1-derived macrophages. Finally, we optimize and standardize the NBD-cholesterol efflux method and develop a high-throughput analysis using 96-well plates.

Measurement of in vitro cholesterol efflux capacity to serum or plasma in macrophage cell models is a promising tool as a biomarker for atherosclerosis. In the present study, we optimize and standardize a fluorescent NBD-cholesterol efflux method and develop a high-throughput analysis using 96-well plates.

Hochdurchsatz-Nitrobenzoxadiazole-Label Cholesterin-Efflux-Assay

Atherosclerosis leads to cardiovascular disease (CVD). It is still unclear whether cholesterol-HDL (cHDL) concentration plays a causal role in ...

Application of Biochip Microfluidic Technology to Detect Serum Allergen-specific Immunoglobulin E (sIgE)

Allergic disease is common in both adults and children. Identification of the causative allergens is significant in disease management and prevention. However, a specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) measurement system with a high price-performance ratio is lacking in mainland China, especially in the primary care hospitals. This paper describes the principle and operation procedures of using a microfluidic cartridge-based chemiluminescence system to detect allergen-specific IgE in serum. The results were compared with those from ImmunoCAP (System 1), the industrial standard, and the reproducibility of the system to detect patients sensitized to common allergens is evaluated. The results showed that in comparison with ImmunoCAP (System 1), the BioIC System (System 2) has good precision and sensitivity in detecting serum-specific IgE against various inhalant and food allergens but with a significantly lower cost. It can serve as a good alternative to System 1 in primary care hospitals in mainland China who have lower financial affordability.

Application of Biochip Microfluidic Technology to Detect Serum Allergen-specific Immunoglobulin E sIgE

This paper presents a protocol for detecting serum-specific immunoglobulin E with a microfluidic cartridge-based chemiluminescence system and the evaluation of its usefulness in allergy diagnoses.

Einsatz von Biochip mikrofluidischen Technologie zur Erkennung Serum Allergen-spezifische Immunglobulin E (sIgE)

Allergic disease is common in both adults and children. Identification of the causative allergens is significant in disease management and prevention. ...