Nina Irland, Weston Havens Foundation, NIMH R01 MH081880 und NIMH R37 MH049428 Autism Speaks,: Diese Arbeit wurde durch Zuschüsse aus JLRR unterstützt. PRW wurde durch ein Stipendium der National Science Council von Taiwan unterstützt. SFS wurde durch F32 (MH103003) unterstützt.

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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

Die Verwendung von GABAergen kortikalen Internvorstufen aus den embryonalen Ganglien Eminenzen (GES) für Zelltherapien ist vielversprechend für viele Bedingungen 12 -1 4. Präzise molekulare Techniken sind erforderlich, um zu verfolgen und Express Gene von Interesse in bestimmten Interngruppen. Hier stellen wir ein ausführliches Protokoll zur Markierung embryonalen MGE Zellen mit Lentiviren vor der Transplantation, und zeigen, wie diese Technik verwendet werden, um Gene von Interesse in spezifischen kortik...

GABAerge kortikalen Interneuronen umfassen ~ 20-30% der Neuronen im Säuger-Neocortex, der Rest entsprechen, glutamatergen Neuronen Haupt exzitatorischen. Inter sind sehr unterschiedlich in elektrophysiologischen Eigenschaften, Axon und Dendriten Morphologie und synaptischen Ziel 1 und Ungleichgewichte in exzitatorischen / hemmende Ton werden die Hypothese aufgestellt, einige Phänotypen der neurologischen / neuropsychiatrische Störungen einschließlich Autismus, Schizophrenie und Epilepsie 2 zugrunde liegen. Das Gesamtziel des hierin beschriebenen Protokolls ist es, eine Einrichtung zu GABAergen kortikalen Intern Progenitoren vor der Transplantation in vivo Analysen effizienter genetisch zu verändern ist. Kortikale GABAergen Interneuronen sind in den medialen und kaudalen Ganglien Eminenzen (MGE und CGE, beziehungsweise) 3,4 sowie die präoptischen Bereich 5 geboren. Kortikale Intern Vorfahren unterziehen Fern tangentiale Migration gefolgtdurch radiale Migration ihrer endgültigen Ziele zu erreichen. Nach der Ankunft am Zielort, müssen diese kortikale Inter richtig in die bestehende neuronale Netzwerk zu integrieren, und jedes einzelne Interngruppe wird auf kortikale Schaltkreise in spezifischer Weise bei. Vier Hauptgruppen können durch molekulare Marker unterscheiden: MGE-abgeleitete Somatostatin (SST) + und Parvalbumin (PV) + Untergruppen und CGE-abgeleitete vasoaktive intestinale Peptid (VIP) + und Reelin +, SST - 6 Untergruppen. Verschiedenen kortikalen Interngruppen werden über verschiedenen Zeiten während der Embryonalentwicklung im MGE und CGE 7, 8 getragen. Diese und andere kortikalen GABAergen Intern Marker wurden verwendet, um spezifische Cre-Treiberleitungen für viele dieser Untergruppen 9-11 zu erzeugen. Die Transplantation von MGE Vorfahren hat als potenzielle zellbasierte Therapie zu Störungen, die durch Ungleichgewichte verursacht werden können, zu behandeln tauchtin Anregungs- / Hemmung 12-24. Diese therapeutische Nutzen kann zum Teil auf der einzigartigen Fähigkeit von MGE Vorfahren (zu zerstreuen, zu differenzieren und in eine Wirts Gehirn integriert) oder möglicherweise, weil viele Rand somatischen hemmende PV + Zellen aus dem MGE abgeleitet sein. MGE Zellen können auch schnell und effizient mit Lentiviren vor der Transplantation 15 transduziert, so dass Zellen, die in vitro genetisch modifiziert sind, um in vivo untersucht werden. Der Grund für die Entwicklung dieses Ansatzes war es, Hindernisse bei der Untersuchung GABAergen kortikalen Intern Entwicklung und Reifung zu überwinden. Insbesondere erlaubt MGE Transplantation Forscher die Entwicklung von mutierten Zellen in vivo zu untersuchen, wenn das mutierte Maus sonst haben starb in einem frühen Zeitpunkt. Weiterhin kann durch die Einführung von Genen von Interesse vor der Transplantation, die Auswirkungen spezifischer Gene auf einem mutierten Phänotyp könnte in einer eff beurteileniziente Weise. Hier bieten wir ein ausführliches Protokoll zu MGE Zellen mit Lentiviren vor der Transplantation zu transduzieren. Darüber hinaus zeigen wir, wie diese Technik angepasst werden, um ein Gen von Interesse an bestimmten Interngruppen aus einer heterogenen Gruppe von kortikalen Intern Vorläufer zu exprimieren, mit einer Kombination von Cre-abhängige Expression Lentiviren und verfügbare Cre-Treibermauslinien. Außerdem führt dieses Protokoll Techniken und eine Plattform für Forscher auf genetisch GABAergen kortikalen Intern Vorstufen zur in-vivo-Studien zu modifizieren in einer einzigartigen Weise. Ein Vorteil dieser Technik gegenüber anderen aktuellen Ansätzen ist, dass die transplantierten Zellen MGE wird von der Injektionsstelle zu zerstreuen. Auch im Gegensatz zu Schwervirusinjektionen nach MGE Zellen verteilen ihre Morphologie ist leichter zu beurteilen. Dieser Ansatz kann verwendet werden, um den Effekt der Einführung von Genen von Interesse in Wildtyp- oder mutierte Zellen, die Einführung eines Zelltyp-spezifische studierenReporter Morphologie beurteilen, oder potentiell, um die Wirkung des Krankheits Allele in vivo zu studieren.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Reagents and equipment for MGE cell transplantation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 ml syringe</td>
			<td>REF 309602</td>
			<td colspan="2">BD, Becton Dickinson and company</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>301/2 gauge needle</td>
			<td>305106</td>
			<td colspan="2">BD, Becton Dickinson and company</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Precision bore to deliver 5 &#181;l (comes with plunger)</td>
			<td>5-000-1005</td>
			<td colspan="2">Drummond scientific company</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Parafilm</td>
			<td>PM-999</td>
			<td colspan="2">Polysciences, Inc.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stereo microscope with boomstand **</td>
			<td>MZ6</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Digital just for mice stereotaxic instrument **</td>
			<td>51725D</td>
			<td colspan="2">Stoelting company</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Single-axis oil hydraulic fine micromanipulator **</td>
			<td>MO-10</td>
			<td>Narishige</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Diamond coated rotary beveler</td>
			<td>n.a.</td>
			<td colspan="2">made in house</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Needle pipette puller</td>
			<td>730</td>
			<td colspan="2">Kopf instruments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mineral oil</td>
			<td>n.a.</td>
			<td colspan="2">Any drug store or pharmacy</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="2">Any pipette and tips that can reliaby measure 1 &#181;l of volume</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="2">** These are the particular models we use, but many other setups should work</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Optional Reagents (for making Lentiviruses)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>25 mm, 0.45 &#181;m filter</td>
			<td>09-719B</td>
			<td colspan="2">Fisher Scientific</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultra-clear centrifuge tubes (25 x 89 mm)</td>
			<td>344058</td>
			<td colspan="2">Beckman Coulter&#174;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lipofectamine 2000 (1.5 ml size)</td>
			<td>11668019</td>
			<td colspan="2">Invitrogen</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Other commercially available supplies</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pMDLg/pRRE plasmid encoding gag/pol</td>
			<td>12251</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pRSV-Rev plasmid encoding Rev</td>
			<td>12253</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pMD2.G plasmid encoding VSVG</td>
			<td>12259</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pAAV-Flex-GFP</td>
			<td>28304</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

viral-mediated labeling and transplantation of medial ganglionic eminence (mge) cells for in vivo studies

GABAerge kortikale Inter, aus dem embryonalen medialen und kaudalen Ganglien Eminenzen (MGE und CGE) abgeleitet ist, sind funktionell und morphologisch vielfältig. Eingriffe in das Verständnis der Rolle der unterschiedlichen kortikalen Interngruppen hergestellt worden ist, aber es gibt immer noch viele Mechanismen ausgearbeitet werden, die zur Entwicklung und Reifung von verschiedenen Arten von GABAergen Zellen beitragen können. Darüber hinaus kann verändert GABAergen Signalisierung an Phänotypen von Autismus, Schizophrenie und Epilepsie beitragen. Spezifische Cre-Treiberleitungen begonnen, parzellieren die Funktionen einzigartige Interngruppen. Trotz der Fortschritte in Maus-Modellen, ist es oft schwierig, GABAergen kortikalen Intern Progenitoren effizient Studie mit molekularen Ansätzen in vivo. Eine wichtige Technik verwendet, um die Zelle autonom Programmierung dieser Zellen zu studieren, ist die Transplantation von MGE Zellen in Wirts Rinden. Diese transplantierten Zellen wandern ausführlich, zu differenzieren, einend funktional zu integrieren. Zusätzlich kann MGE Zellen effizient mit Lentivirus unmittelbar vor der Transplantation transduziert werden, so dass für eine Vielzahl von molekularen Ansätzen. Hier werden wir ausführlich ein Protokoll zu MGE-Zellen effizient zu transduzieren vor der Transplantation für die in vivo-Analyse, unter Verwendung verfügbarer Cre-Treiberleitungen und Cre-abhängigen Expressionsvektoren. Dieser Ansatz ist vorteilhaft, weil sie vereint präzise genetische Manipulation die Fähigkeit dieser Zellen nach einer Transplantation zu dispergieren, der eine größere Zelltyp-spezifische Auflösung in vivo.

Seit MGE Zellen haben die einzigartige Fähigkeit, Migration und Integration, wenn in eine Wirts Neocortex 16 transplantiert, bieten sie eine ausgezeichnete Modellsystem für die genetische Manipulation vor der in vivo-Studien. Hier zeigen wir, wie man MGE Gewebe von E13.5 Embryonen zu isolieren (1 und 2), die dann mit Lentiviren entweder in vitro oder in einer schnellen Art und Weise vor der Transplantation in vivo Studien transduziert werden kann. Labeling MGE üb...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Viral-mediated Labeling and Transplantation of Medial Ganglionic Eminence MGE Cells for In Vivo Studies at JoVE.com

Viral-mediated Labeling and Transplantation of Medial Ganglionic Eminence MGE Cells for In Vivo Studies

GABAerge kortikalen Internvorläuferzellen zu verteilen, zu entwickeln und synaptisch in eine Wirtsrinde nach der Transplantation zu integrieren. Diese Zellen können leicht vor der Transplantation für in vivo-Studien mit gentechnisch veränderten GABAerge Vorläufer transduziert werden. Hier zeigen wir virale Markierungstechniken auf bestimmte Interngruppen mit bestehenden Linien und Cre Cre-abhängigen Reporter Ziel.

Viral-vermittelte Kennzeichnung und Transplantation von Medial Ganglienhügel (MGE) Zellen für<em&gt; In-vivo-</em&gt; Studien

GABAergic cortical interneurons, derived from the embryonic medial and caudal ganglionic eminences (MGE and CGE), are functionally and morphologically ...

viral-mediated-labeling-transplantation-medial-ganglionic-eminence

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Viral-mediated Labeling and Transplantation of Medial Ganglionic Eminence (MGE) Cells for In Vivo Studies

11.4K Aufrufe.  University of California San Francisco.  GABAerge kortikalen Internvorläuferzellen zu verteilen, zu entwickeln und synaptisch in eine Wirtsrinde nach der Transplantation zu integrieren. Diese Zellen können leicht vor der Transplantation für in vivo-Studien mit gentechnisch veränderten GABAerge Vorläufer transduziert werden. Hier zeigen wir virale Markierungstechniken auf bestimmte Interngruppen mit bestehenden Linien und Cre Cre-abhängigen Reporter Ziel. 

Serie: Viral-mediated Labeling and Transplantation of Medial Ganglionic Eminence MGE Cells for In Vivo Studies

An Efficient Method to Obtain Dedifferentiated Fat Cells

Tissue engineering and cell therapy hold great promise clinically. In this regard, multipotent cells, such as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), may be used therapeutically, in the near future, to restore function to damaged organs. Nevertheless, several technical issues, including the highly invasive procedure of isolating MSCs and the inefficiency surrounding their amplification, currently hamper the potential clinical use of these therapeutic modalities. Herein, we introduce a highly efficient method for the generation of dedifferentiated fat cells (DFAT), MSC-like cells. Interestingly, DFAT cells can be differentiated into several cell types including adipogenic, osteogenic, and chondrogenic cells. Although other groups have previously presented various methods for generating DFAT cells from mature adipose tissue, our method allows us to produce DFAT cells more efficiently. In this regard, we demonstrate that DFAT culture medium (DCM), supplemented with 20% FBS, is more effective in generating DFAT cells than DMEM, supplemented with 20% FBS. Additionally, the DFAT cells produced by our cell culture method can be redifferentiated into several tissue types. As such, a very interesting and useful model for the study of tissue dedifferentiation is presented.

We have modified the conditions for DFAT cell generation and provide herein information regarding the use of an improved growth medium for the production of these cells.

Eine effiziente Methode erhalten Sie Dedifferenzierte Fettzellen

Tissue engineering and cell therapy hold great promise clinically. In this regard, multipotent cells, such as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), may be used ...

Forschung

Entwicklungsbiologie

Structure-function Studies in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells Using Recombinase-mediated Cassette Exchange

Gene engineering in mouse embryos or embryonic stem cells (mESCs) allows for the study of the function of a given protein. Proteins are the workhorses of the cell and often consist of multiple functional domains, which can be influenced by posttranslational modifications. The depletion of the entire protein in conditional or constitutive knock-out (KO) mice does not take into account this functional diversity and regulation. An mESC line and a derived mouse model, in which a docking site for FLPe recombination-mediated cassette exchange (RMCE) was inserted within the ROSA26 (R26) locus, was previously reported. Here, we report on a structure-function approach that allows for molecular dissection of the different functionalities of a multidomain protein. To this end, RMCE-compatible mice must be crossed with KO mice and then RMCE-compatible KO mESCs must be isolated. Next, a panel of putative rescue constructs can be introduced into the R26 locus via RMCE targeting. The candidate rescue cDNAs can be easily inserted between RMCE sites of the targeting vector using recombination cloning. Next, KO mESCs are transfected with the targeting vector in combination with an FLPe recombinase expression plasmid. RMCE reactivates the promoter-less neomycin-resistance gene in the ROSA26 docking sites and allows for the selection of the correct targeting event. In this way, high targeting efficiencies close to 100% are obtained, allowing for insertion of multiple putative rescue constructs in a semi-high throughput manner. Finally, a multitude of R26-driven rescue constructs can be tested for their ability to rescue the phenotype that was observed in parental KO mESCs. We present a proof-of-principle structure-function study in p120 catenin (p120ctn) KO mESCs using endoderm differentiation in embryoid bodies (EBs) as the phenotypic readout. This approach enables the identification of important domains, putative downstream pathways, and disease-relevant point mutations that underlie KO phenotypes for a given protein.

Proteins often contain multiple domains that can exert different cellular functions. Gene knock-outs (KO) do not consider this functional diversity. Here, we report a recombination-mediated cassette exchange (RMCE)-based structure-function approach in KO embryonic stem cells that allows for the molecular dissection of various functional domains or variants of a protein.

Struktur-Funktions-Studien in embryonalen Maus-Stammzellen Rekombinase-vermittelten Kassettenaustausch

Gene engineering in mouse embryos or embryonic stem cells (mESCs) allows for the study of the function of a given protein. Proteins are the workhorses of ...

Whole-cell Patch-clamp Recordings of Isolated Primary Epithelial Cells from the Epididymis

The epididymis is an essential organ for sperm maturation and reproductive health. The epididymal epithelium consists of intricately connected cell types that are distinct not only in molecular and morphological features but also in physiological properties. These differences reflect their diverse functions, which together establish the necessary microenvironment for the post-testicular sperm development in the epididymal lumen. The understanding of the biophysical properties of the epididymal epithelial cells is critical for revealing their functions in sperm and reproductive health, under both physiological and pathophysiological conditions. While their functional properties have yet to be fully elucidated, the epididymal epithelial cells can be studied using the patch-clamp technique, a tool for measuring the cellular events and the membrane properties of single cells. Here, we describe the methods of cell isolation and whole-cell patch-clamp recording to measure the electrical properties of primary dissociated epithelial cells from the rat cauda epididymides.

We present a protocol that combines cell isolation and whole-cell patch-clamp recording to measure the electrical properties of the primary dissociated epithelial cells from the rat cauda epididymides. This protocol allows for investigation of the functional properties of primary epididymal epithelial cells to further elucidate the physiological role of the epididymis.

Ganzzellige Patch-Clamp Aufnahmen von isolierten primären Epithelzellen aus dem Epididymis

The epididymis is an essential organ for sperm maturation and reproductive health. The epididymal epithelium consists of intricately connected cell types ...

A Novel Mammary Fat Pad Transplantation Technique to Visualize the Vessel Generation of Vascular Endothelial Stem Cells

Endothelial cells (ECs) are the fundamental building blocks of the vascular architecture and mediate vascular growth and remodeling to ensure proper vessel development and homeostasis. However, studies on endothelial lineage hierarchy remain elusive due to the lack of tools to gain access as well as to directly evaluate their behavior in vivo. To address this shortcoming, a new tissue model to study angiogenesis using the mammary fat pad has been developed. The mammary gland develops mostly in the postnatal stages, including puberty and pregnancy, during which robust epithelium proliferation is accompanied by extensive vascular remodeling. Mammary fat pads provide space, matrix, and rich angiogenic stimuli from the growing mammary epithelium. Furthermore, mammary fat pads are located outside the peritoneal cavity, making them an easily accessible grafting site for assessing the angiogenic potential of exogenous cells. This work also describes an efficient tracing approach using fluorescent reporter mice to specifically label the targeted population of vascular endothelial stem cells (VESCs) in vivo. This lineage tracing method, coupled with subsequent tissue whole-mount microscopy, enable the direct visualization of targeted cells and their descendants, through which the proliferation capability can be quantified and the differentiation commitment can be fate-mapped. Using these methods, a population of bipotent protein C receptor (Procr) expressing VESCs has recently been identified in multiple vascular systems. Procr+ VESCs, giving rise to both new ECs and pericytes, actively contribute to angiogenesis during development, homeostasis, and injury repair. Overall, this manuscript describes a new mammary fat pad transplantation and in vivo lineage tracing techniques that can be used to evaluate the stem cell properties of VESCs.

This work demonstrates a novel approach to assess the proliferation, differentiation, and vessel-forming potential of vascular endothelial stem cells (VESCs) through mammary fat pad transplantation followed by whole-mount tissue preparation for microscopic observation. A lineage tracing strategy to investigate the behavior of VESCs in vivo is also presented.

Eine neuartige Mamma-Fat-Pad-Transplantationstechnik zur Visualisierung der Gefäßerzeugung von vaskulären endothelialen Stammzellen

Endothelial cells (ECs) are the fundamental building blocks of the vascular architecture and mediate vascular growth and remodeling to ensure proper ...

Horizontal Whole Mount: A Novel Processing and Imaging Protocol for Thick, Three-dimensional Tissue Cross-sections of Skin

Processing a tissue of interest to generate a microscopic image that supports a scientific argument can be challenging. The acquisition of high-quality microscopic images is not entirely dependent upon the quality of the microscope, but also upon the methods of tissue processing, which often involve multiple critical actions or steps. Furthermore, mesenchymal cell types in the skin and other tissues represent a new challenge for tissue preparation and imaging. Here, we present a complete process, from tissue harvest to microscopy. Our technique, called &#34;horizontal whole mount,&#34; is one that novices can quickly become proficient in and that allows for antigen preservation and detection in 60-300 &#181;m-thick sections cut with a cryostat. Sections of this thickness provide enhanced visualization of tissue microarchitecture in a three-dimensional environment. In addition, the protocol preserves mesenchymal cells in a manner that enhances image quality when compared to standard cryostat or paraffin sections, thereby increasing the efficacy and reliability of immunostaining. We believe that this protocol will benefit all laboratories that visualize skin, and possibly other tissues and organs.

This work presents a novel processing and imaging protocol for thick, three-dimensional tissue cross-section analysis that enables the full exploitation of confocal imaging modalities. This protocol preserves antigenicity and represents a robust system to analyze skin histology and potentially other tissue types.

Horizontale Ganze Mount: Ein neuartiges Verarbeitungs- und Imaging-Protokoll für dickes, dreidimensionales Gewebequerschnitt der Haut

Processing a tissue of interest to generate a microscopic image that supports a scientific argument can be challenging. The acquisition of high-quality ...

Immuno-fluorescent Labeling of Microtubules and Centrosomal Proteins in Ex Vivo Intestinal Tissue and 3D In Vitro Intestinal Organoids

The advent of 3D in vitro organoids that mimic the in vivo tissue architecture and morphogenesis has greatly advanced the ability to study key biological questions in cell and developmental biology. In addition, organoids together with recent technical advances in gene editing and viral gene delivery promises to advance medical research and development of new drugs for treatment of diseases. Organoids grown in vitro in basement matrix provide powerful model systems for studying the behavior and function of various proteins and are well suited for live-imaging of fluorescent-tagged proteins. However, establishing the expression and localization of the endogenous proteins in ex vivo tissue and in in vitro organoids is important to verify the behavior of the tagged proteins. To this end we have developed and modified tissue isolation, fixation, and immuno-labeling protocols for localization of microtubules, centrosomal, and associated proteins in ex vivo intestinal tissue and in in vitro intestinal organoids. The aim was for the fixative to preserve the 3D architecture of the organoids/tissue while also preserving antibody antigenicity and enabling good penetration and clearance of fixative and antibodies. Exposure to cold depolymerizes all but stable microtubules and this was a key factor when modifying the various protocols. We found that increasing the ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) concentration from 3 mM to 30 mM gave efficient detachment of villi and crypts in the small intestine while 3 mM EDTA was sufficient for colonic crypts. The developed formaldehyde/methanol fixation protocol gave very good structural preservation while also preserving antigenicity for effective labeling of microtubules, actin, and the end-binding (EB) proteins. It also worked for the centrosomal protein ninein although the methanol protocol worked more consistently. We further established that fixation and immuno-labeling of microtubules and associated proteins could be achieved with organoids isolated from or remaining within the basement matrix.

Immuno-fluorescent Labeling of Microtubules and Centrosomal Proteins in Ex Vivo Intestinal Tissue and 3D In Vitro Intestinal Organoids

We present protocols for isolation of intestinal 3D structures from in vivo tissue and in vitro basement matrix embedded organoids, and detail different fixation and staining protocols optimized for immuno-labeling of microtubule, centrosomal, and junctional proteins as well as cell markers including the stem cell protein Lgr5.

Immuno-fluoreszierende Etikettierung von Mikrotubuli und Centrosomal Proteine in Ex Vivo Darmgewebe und 3D In-vitro- Darm Organellen

The advent of 3D in vitro organoids that mimic the in vivo tissue architecture and morphogenesis has greatly advanced the ability to study key biological ...

Single-cell Photoconversion in Living Intact Zebrafish

Animal and plant tissue is composed of distinct populations of cells. These cells interact over time to build and maintain the tissue and can cause disease when disrupted. Scientists have developed clever techniques to investigate characteristics and natural dynamics of these cells within intact tissue by expressing fluorescent proteins in subsets of cells. However, at times, experiments require more selected visualization of cells within the tissue, sometimes at the single-cell or population-of-cells manner. To achieve this and visualize single cells within a population of cells, scientists have utilized single-cell photoconversion of fluorescent proteins. To demonstrate this technique, we show here how to direct UV light to an Eos-expressing cell of interest in an intact, living zebrafish. We then image those photoconverted Eos+ cells 24 h later to determine how they changed in the tissue. We describe two techniques: single cell photoconversion and photoconversions of populations of cell. These techniques can be used to visualize cell-cell interactions, cell-fate and differentiation, and cell migrations, making it a technique that is applicable in numerous biological questions.

Here, we present a protocol to show how cell photoconversion is achieved through UV exposure to specific areas expressing the fluorescent protein, Eos, in living animals.

Einzellige Ladungszustand im lebendigen intakten Zebrafisch

Animal and plant tissue is composed of distinct populations of cells. These cells interact over time to build and maintain the tissue and can cause ...

Single-cell Transcriptomic Analyses of Mouse Pancreatic Endocrine Cells

Pancreatic endocrine cells, which are clustered in islets, regulate blood glucose stability and energy metabolism. The distinct cell types in islets, including insulin-secreting &#946; cells, are differentiated from common endocrine progenitors during the embryonic stage. Immature endocrine cells expand via cell proliferation and mature during a long postnatal developmental period. However, the mechanisms underlying these processes are not clearly defined. Single-cell RNA-sequencing is a promising approach for the characterization of distinct cell populations and tracing cell lineage differentiation pathways. Here, we describe a method for the single-cell RNA-sequencing of isolated pancreatic &#946; cells from embryonic, neonatal and postnatal pancreases.

We describe a method for the isolation of endocrine cells from embryonic, neonatal and postnatal pancreases followed by single-cell RNA sequencing. This method allows analyses of pancreatic endocrine lineage development, cell heterogeneity and transcriptomic dynamics.

Einzellige Transkriptomischen Analysen der Maus endokrinen Zellen der Bauchspeicheldrüse

Pancreatic endocrine cells, which are clustered in islets, regulate blood glucose stability and energy metabolism. The distinct cell types in islets, ...

Intravenous and Intra-amniotic In Utero Transplantation in the Murine Model

In utero transplantation (IUT) is a unique and versatile mode of therapy that can be used to introduce stem cells, viral vectors, or any other substances early in the gestation. The rationale behind IUT for therapeutic purposes is based on the small size of the fetus, the fetal immunologic immaturity, the accessibility and proliferative nature of the fetal stem or progenitor cells, and the potential to treat a disease or the onset of symptoms prior to birth. Taking advantage of these normal developmental properties of the fetus, the delivery of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) via an IUT has the potential to treat congenital hematologic disorders such as sickle cell disease, without the required myeloablative or immunosuppressive conditioning required for postnatal HSC transplants. Similarly, the accessibility of progenitor cells in multiple organs during development potentially allows for a more efficient targeting of stem/progenitor cells following an IUT of viral vectors for gene therapy or genome editing. Additionally, IUT can be used to study normal developmental processes including, but not limited to, the development of immunologic tolerance. The murine model provides a valuable and affordable means to understanding the potential and limitations of IUT prior to pre-clinical large animal studies and an eventual clinical application. Here, we describe a protocol for performing an IUT in the murine fetus through intravenous and intra-amniotic routes. This protocol has been used successfully to elucidate the necessary conditions and mechanisms behind in utero hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, tolerance induction, and in utero gene therapy.

Intravenous and Intra-amniotic In Utero Transplantation in the Murine Model

We describe a protocol for performing an in utero transplantation (IUT) through intravenous and intra-amniotic routes of injection in the murine model. This protocol can be used to introduce cells, viral vectors, and other substances into the unique immune-tolerant fetal environment.

Intravenöse und Intra-Fruchtwasser In der Gebärmutter Transplantation in den Mausmodell

In utero transplantation (IUT) is a unique and versatile mode of therapy that can be used to introduce stem cells, viral vectors, or any other substances ...

In Vitro Generation of Somite Derivatives from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

In response to signals such as WNTs, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), and sonic hedgehog (SHH) secreted from surrounding tissues, somites (SMs) give rise to multiple cell types, including the myotome (MYO), sclerotome (SCL), dermatome (D), and syndetome (SYN), which in turn develop into skeletal muscle, axial skeleton, dorsal dermis, and axial tendon/ligament, respectively. Therefore, the generation of SMs and their derivatives from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) is critical to obtain pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) for application in regenerative medicine and for disease research in the field of orthopedic surgery. Although the induction protocols for MYO and SCL from PSCs have been previously reported by several researchers, no study has yet demonstrated the induction of SYN and D from iPSCs. Therefore, efficient induction of fully competent SMs remains a major challenge. Here, we recapitulate human SM patterning with human iPSCs in vitro by mimicking the signaling environment during chick/mouse SM development, and report on methods of systematic induction of SM derivatives (MYO, SCL, D, and SYN) from human iPSCs under chemically defined conditions through the presomitic mesoderm (PSM) and SM states. Knowledge regarding chick/mouse&#160;SM development was successfully applied to the induction of SMs with human iPSCs. This method could be a novel tool for studying human somitogenesis and patterning without the use of embryos and for cell-based therapy and disease modeling.

We present here a protocol for the differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells into each somite derivative (myotome, sclerotome, dermatome, and syndetome) in chemically defined conditions, which has applications in future disease modeling and cell-based therapies in orthopedic surgery.

In vitro-Generation der Somiten Derivate aus menschlichen induzierten Zellen pluripotenten Stammzellen

In response to signals such as WNTs, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), and sonic hedgehog (SHH) secreted from surrounding tissues, somites (SMs) give ...