This work was supported by National Institutes of Health Grant to A.S.M. (EY021784).

Das folgende Protokoll erfüllt die Thomas Jefferson University Institutional Animal Care und Verwenden Ausschuss Leitlinien und mit der ARVO Erklärung für die Nutzung von Tieren in der Vision Research. 1. Aufbau und Herstellung von Linsen für Ex Vivo Wund Kultur <ol><li> Platzieren Sie drei 100 mm-Petrischalen in einer sterilen, Sterilbank. Füllen zwei der Petrischalen bis zur Hälfte mit Tris / Dextrose-Puffer (TD Puffer; 140 mM NaCl, 5 mM KCl, 0,7 mM Na 2 PO 4, 5 mM D-Glucose, 8,25 mM Tris-Base, mit HCl auf pH 7,4) bei RT , so dass die dritte leer. Pre-warmen Kulturmedien (Medien 199 mit 1% L-Glutamin und 1% Penicillin / Streptomycin) bis 37 o C. Hinweis: Der Standard-Wundheilung Kulturmedien ist Serum-freien, als in vivo auftritt; jedoch können die Wundreparatur Kulturen erfolgreich in definierten Medien Bedingungen, Serum oder anderen Faktoren gehören gezüchtet werden. </li><li> Entfernen fruchtbaren embryonalen day 15 weiße Leghorn-Küken Ei Inkubator (bei 37,7 ° C unter leichtem Schütteln gehalten) </li><li> Ort Ausgewählter Ei in der Sterilbank und saubere Außenschale mit 70% Ethanol aus einer Waschflasche. Führen alle Verfahren unter unter aseptischen Bedingungen in der Sterilbank, mit sterilen Lösungen und Instrumente. </li><li> Knacken Sie Ei und Ort Inhalt in den leeren 100 mm Petrischale. Enthaupten Embryo mit Standard-Pinzette und einer feinen Schere. Setzen Sie den Hühnerembryo Kopf in einer Petrischale mit TD-Puffer und ordnungsgemäß von dem Rest des Embryos zu entsorgen. Gegebenenfalls halten die Hühnerembryo-Köpfe in TD-Puffer für einen kurzen Zeitraum, nicht länger als 15 min. </li><li> Setzen Sie den Hühnerembryo Kopf auf eine Petrischale Deckel. Mithilfe von Hochpräzisionszangen, nehmen Sie das Objektiv zusammen mit seinem beigefügten Glaskörper aus dem Auge in der folgenden Reihenfolge. Drücken Sie den hinteren Teil des Auges mit der Zange, um eine kleine Öffnung in der Rückseite des Auges zu schaffen. </li><li> Dann fassen Sie den Glaskörper with Pinzette und sanft zerren an den Glaskörper mit einer Rollbewegung, wird der Glaskörper mit dem Objektiv aus dem Auge verdrängt werden. Ort Linsen- / glasigen im übrigen Petrischale mit TD-Puffer. Lassen Sie die Linsen in TD-Puffer für nicht mehr als 30 Minuten zu bleiben. </li><li> Bewegen Sie das Objektiv auf eine neue Petrischale Deckel unter einem Binokular. Von diesem Zeitpunkt an alle Schritte unter einem Binokular. Mit hoher Präzision Pinzette sorgfältig wegzuwischen jede Ziliarkörper (pigmentierten Zellen), die mit dem Rand der Zange unter Vorsicht nicht, um die Linse Gewebe schädigen mit der Linse verdrängt wurden. Anmerkung: Das Entfernen des Ziliarkörpers sichergestellt, dass Zelltypen, die nicht endogen der Linse nicht in der Wundreparatur Kultur enthalten. </li><li> Trennen Sie die Linse aus dem Glaskörper mit hoher Präzision Pinzette durch Abquetschen des Glaskörpers aus seiner Teilnahme an der hinteren Linsenkapsel. </li><li> Mithilfe von Hochpräzisionspinzette übertragen die Linse in einem kleinen TropfenTD-Puffer (etwa 200 ul) in einer 35 mm Gewebekulturschale. </li></ol> 2. Durchführung Mock Kataraktchirurgie <ol><li> Richten Sie die Linse in der Drop von TD-Puffer in der 35-mm-Schale mit der vorderen Seite der Linse nach oben zeigt. Anmerkung: Die vordere der Linse leicht durch die Anwesenheit einer dichten Ring in dem Gewebe, die die Grenze zwischen dem vorderen und äquatorialen Region Linsenepithels stellt identifiziert. Im Gegensatz dazu gibt es ein Fehlen von Markierungen auf dem hinteren Teil der Linsenkapsel zu dem die Linsenfaserzellen angebracht sind. </li><li> Verwendung von zwei Hochpräzisions Pinzette einen kleinen Einschnitt (etwa 850 um) in der Mitte der vorderen Linsenkapsel, die dicke Basismembran, die das Linsengewebe umgibt und der zugehörigen vorderen Linsen Epithels durch Ergreifen des Gewebes mit einer Zange in jeder Hand und leichtes Ziehen in entgegengesetzte Richtungen. </li><li> Entfernen Sie die Faserzellmasse, die bis macht den Großteil der Linsengewebe, dislodGing es von seiner Anhänge zu der Linse Epithel und Umgebung Linsenkapsel durch hydro-Elution (Ansatz im klassischen Katarakt-Operation verwendet, die in 1A modelliert). </li><li> Eine 1 ml-Spritze mit einer 27,5 g Nadelspitze mit 300 ul TD-Puffer. Legen Sie die Nadelspitze in den Einschnitt in der vorderen Linsenkapsel hergestellt und etwa auf halbem Weg in die Linse. </li><li> Die Spritze Injektion des TD-Puffer in die Linse Faserzellmasse sanft niederdrücken. Injizieren von 50 bis 200 &amp; mgr; TD und niemals mehr als 300 &amp; mgr; l. Beachten Sie die Faserzellmasse Lösen sich aus dem Epithel und Linsenkapsel. </li><li> Mithilfe von Hochpräzisionszangen, entfernen Sie den aufgelockerten Faserzellmasse von der Linse durch den vorderen Einschnittstelle. Hinweis: Dieses Verfahren lässt den hinteren Linsenkapsel Basalmembran, an die die Faserzellen war angebracht entblößt von Zellen und einen verletzten Linsenepithels direkt neben dieser Website. </li></ol> 3. Preparing der Verwundeten Objektiv für ex vivo Kultur <ol><li> Glätten Sie das Linsenkapselsack, die aus der oben auf der Kulturschale beschrieben Kataraktchirurgie, Zellseite nach oben führt, indem sie fünf Schnitte in der Vorderseite des Kapselsack. </li><li> Senkrecht zur ursprünglichen Inzisionsstelle bis zum Äquator der Linse geschnitten. Glätten Sie die resultierenden fünf &quot;Klappen&quot; der Linsenkapsel mit angeschlossenem Epithel auf der Kulturschale Kapsel nach unten, Zellseite nach oben. Beachten Sie nun die ex vivo verwundet Linse sollte auf einen Stern oder blumen Form (siehe Abbildung 1B) zu nehmen. </li><li> Um die Kapsel in die Schale sanft nach unten mit der Zange an jedem Punkt des Sterns zu sichern, drücken Sie. Dies wird eine kleine Vertiefung an den fünf Außenspitzen der Explantation zu machen und zu einer anhaltenden Befestigung an der Schale. Hinweis: Es ist möglich, die Kapsel während dieses Verfahrens schädigen und so ist es wichtig, um die Kapsel in die Schale so nah an den Spitzen der fla sichernps wie möglich, als auch für die geringste Menge an Befestigungspunkte wie möglich zu machen (in der Regel zwei, höchstens drei pro Klappe). </li><li> Entfernen Sie das TD-Puffer aus dem 35-mm-Schale und ersetzen Sie es mit 1,5 ml vorgewärmten Medien. Decken Sie die 35-mm-Schale mit Deckel und in den Inkubator (37 ° C, 5% CO 2). </li></ol> 4. Trennung des Central Migration Zone (CMZ), wo Reepithelisierung des verwundeten Bereich der hinteren Kapsel eintritt, von der Original-Befestigungszone (OAZ) von Linsenepithelzellen, für die quantitative Analyse. Anmerkung: Die Zellen beginnen, in der Region unmittelbar CMZ in Reaktion auf eine Verletzung zu bewegen. Von ersten Tag an in der Kultur genügend Zellen für die CMZ Migration für die molekulare und biochemische Analyse, nach der Trennung von der CMZ und der OAZ durch Mikrodissektion 23. Dieses Protokoll schließt die Entfernung einer Klappe (OAZ) zu einem Zeitpunkt aus dem verwundeten Bereich der Kapsel. <ol><li> Beachten Sie eine demarKation, unter dem Binokular deutlich sichtbar ist, zwischen dem OAZ und CMZ (siehe Abbildung 2A). Der Einsatz von zwei hochpräzisen Pinzette greifen mit beiden Zangen am Rande des OAZ / CMZ Linie, ein direkt neben dem anderen, auf beiden Seiten der Linie (siehe Abbildung 2A, B, Pfeil). </li><li> Mit einer Hand / eine Zange auf der CMZ Seite weiterhin auf die verletzten Kultur zu halten, während mit der anderen Seite / Pinzette, ziehen Sie den OAZ entlang der OAZ / CMZ Linie. Die CMZ leicht trennt sich von der OAZ entlang dieser Linie. Fahren Sie weiter auf dieser Linie um die gesamte Kultur, bis die beiden Bereiche vollständig getrennt. </li><li> Studieren Sie die getrennt OAZ und CMZ Fraktionen für die molekulare Analyse, wie RNA-Seq 24 oder biochemischen Analyse, wie Western-Blot oder Co-Immunopräzipitation 23,25. </li></ol>

<ol>
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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

Here is described a technique for preparing a culture model of wound repair that involves performing an ex vivo cataract surgery on chick embryo lenses after their removal from the eye. The lens epithelium responds to this clinically relevant wounding with a repair process that closely mimics that which occurs in vivo, and shares features with wound repair in other epithelial tissues2,4. While the protocol is straightforward and simple to follow, performing mock cataract surgery with embryoni...

Die klinisch relevanten, mock Kataraktchirurgie, ex vivo hier beschriebenen epithelialen Wundheilung Modell wurde entwickelt, um ein Werkzeug für die Untersuchung der Mechanismen, die die Reparatur von Epithelgeweben regulieren in Reaktion auf eine Verletzung bereitzustellen. Key Features, die für die Schaffung dieses Modell ausgerichtet wurden eingeschlossen 1) Bereitstellen von Bedingungen, die eng repliziert die in vivo Antwort auf Verwundung in einer Kultur, Betrieb, 2) Leichtigkeit der Modulation der regulatorischen Elemente der Reparatur, und 3) die Fähigkeit, die dem Bild mit der Reparatur, in seiner Gesamtheit, in Echtzeit. Die Herausforderung war also, eine Kultur-Modell, in dem es möglich war, zu untersuchen, in nativen Mikroumgebung der Zellen zu erstellen und zu manipulieren, epitheliale Wundheilung. Die Verfügbarkeit dieses Wundreparaturmodell eröffnet neue Möglichkeiten für die Identifizierung der endogenen Signal Hinweise aus Matrixproteine, Zytokine und Chemokine, die den Reparaturvorgang zu regulieren. Darüber hinaus ist das Modell ideal für die Prüfung, wie einn Epithel ist in der Lage, als eine kollektive Blatt neu epithelisieren den Wundbereich 2,3, und für die Bestimmung der Abstammung von mesenchymalen Zellen Führer am Wundrand, die bei der Steuerung der kollektiven Migration des verletzten Epithel 4 funktionieren zu bewegen. Dieses Modell bietet auch eine Plattform, um Therapeutika, die effektive Wundheilung zu fördern und zu verhindern, anomale Wundheilung 5 könnten. Es gibt bereits eine Anzahl von verfügbaren Wundreparatur Modellen, sowohl in Kultur als auch in vivo, die das meiste, was über den Wundheilungsprozess bekannt heute zur Verfügung gestellt haben. In Tiermodellen Verletzungen, wie Hornhaut und die Haut 6-12 13-17, gibt es die Möglichkeit, die Reaktion des Gewebes auf Verwundung im Zusammenhang mit allen Reparatur-Mediatoren, die in den Prozess eingebunden werden könnten, einschließlich der Beiträge aus der Studie Gefäßsystem und das Nervensystem. Jedoch gibt es Beschränkungen für die Manipulation der Erfahmentale Zustände in vivo, und es ist noch nicht möglich, bildgebenden Untersuchungen des Reparaturantwort in vivo durchzuführen, über die Zeit kontinuierlich. Dagegen arbeiten die meisten in vitro Wundreparatur Kulturmodellen, wie die Kratzwunde, kann leicht bearbeitet werden und anschließend im Laufe der Zeit aber nicht die Umwelt Rahmen des Studierens der Wundheilung in vivo Gewebe. Während ex vivo Modelle bieten den Vorteil des Studiums der Verletzungsreparatur Verfahren kontinuierlich mit der Zeit im Zusammenhang mit der Mikroumgebung der Zellen in Verbindung mit der Fähigkeit, die Molekularregulatoren der Reparatur zu jedem Zeitpunkt in dem Verfahren zu modulieren, es gibt nur wenige Modelle, diese passen Parameter. Hier wird ein Verfahren beschrieben, um in hohem Maße reproduzierbar ex vivo epithelialen Wundheilung Kulturen, die Reaktion einer epithelialen Gewebes auf einen physiologischen Verwundung reproduzieren zu generieren. Unter Verwendung der Hühnerembryo Linse als Gewebequelle, einem ex vivo mock Kataraktoperation durchgeführt wird. Das Objektiv ist die ideale Gewebe für diese Studien zu verwenden, da es sich geschlossene innerhalb einer dicken Basalmembran Kapsel, avaskuläre, nicht innerviert, und frei von assoziierten Stroma 18,19. Bei der menschlichen Krankheit, Katarakt-Operation adressiert Sehverlust durch Trübung der Linse und ist die Entfernung der Linse Faserzellmasse, die die Masse der Linse umfasst. Nach einer Kataraktchirurgie Vision wird durch die Einfügung einer künstlichen Intraokularlinse wiederhergestellt. Die Kataraktchirurgieverfahren durch Entfernung von Faserzellen, induziert eine Verletzungsantwort in der benachbarten Linsen Epithel, das durch Reepithelisierung der hinteren Fläche der Linsenkapsel, die von den Faserzellen besetzt war anspricht. In der Kataraktchirurgie, wie in den meisten der Wundheilung Reaktionen tritt es manchmal ein anomales Ergebnis fibrotische zur Wundheilungsreaktion, mit dem Aufkommen von Myofibroblasten, die in der Linse als Posterior capsu bekannt verbundenle Die Trübung 20-22. Um die Kataraktchirurgie Wundheilung Modell zu erzeugen, wird eine Katarakt-Operation Verfahren in Linsen von der Hühnerembryo-Auge entfernt, um eine physiologische Verletzung produzieren nachgeahmt. Mikro Entfernung von Linsenfaserzellen führt zu einer sehr konsistenten kreisWundBereich durch die epithelialen Linsenzellen umgeben. Diese Zellpopulation bleibt fest an der Linsenkapsel befestigt Basalmembran und durch das chirurgische Verfahren verletzt. Die Epithelzellen wandern auf der defektfreien Bereich des endogenen Basalmembran, um die Wunde, von einer Bevölkerung von Vimentin reichen mesenchymalen Zellen in der Reparatur als Führer Zellen 1 bekannt, führte zu heilen. Mit diesem Modell wird die Antwort eines Epithels, um Verletzungen können leicht visualisiert und anschließend mit der Zeit im Zusammenhang mit der Zellen-Mikroumgebung werden. Die Zellen sind leicht zugänglich für Modifikationen der Expression oder Aktivierung der Moleküle erwartet, eine Rolle bei der Wundheilung spielen. Eine leistungsstarke Funktion von thist ein Modell ist die Fähigkeit, zu isolieren und zu untersuchen Migration spezifische Veränderungen im Rahmen der Wundheilung. Die Fähigkeit, eine große Anzahl von im Alter abgestimmt ex vivo Wundheilungs Kulturen für Studien vorzubereiten, ist ein weiterer Vorteil dieses Modells. Somit liefert diese Modellsystem eine einzigartige Gelegenheit, auf ihre Wirkung auf die Wundheilung necken neben Mechanismen der Wundheilung und Test Therapeutika. Die ex vivo mock Kataraktchirurgie Modell wird erwartet, dass eine breite Anwendbarkeit haben, die eine kritische Ressource für das Studium Mechanismen der Schädigung zu reparieren.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Chloride (NaCl)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>S271-3</td>
			<td>Use at 140mM in TD Buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium Chloride (KCl)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>P217-500</td>
			<td>Use at 5mM in TD Buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Phosphate (Na2HPO4)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>S0876</td>
			<td>Use at .7mM in TD Buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D-glucose (Dextrose)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>D16-500</td>
			<td>Use at 0.5mM in TD Buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tris Base</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP152-1</td>
			<td>Use at 8.25mM in TD Buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrochloric acid</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A144-500</td>
			<td>Use to pH TD buffer to 7.4</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Media 199</td>
			<td>GIBCO</td>
			<td>11150-059</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-glutamine</td>
			<td>Corning/CellGro</td>
			<td>25-005-CI</td>
			<td>Use at 1% in Media199</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin/streptomycin</td>
			<td>Corning/CellGro</td>
			<td>30-002-CI</td>
			<td>Use at 1% in Media199</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100mm petri dishes</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>FB0875711Z</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stericup Filter Unit</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>SCGPU01RE</td>
			<td>Use to filter sterilize Media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dumont #5 forceps (need 2)</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>11251-20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>35mm Cell Culture Dish</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>430165</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>27 Gauge 1mL SlipTip with precision glide needle</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>309623</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fine Scissors</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>14058-11</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Standard Forceps</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>91100-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">Other Items Needed: General dissection instruments,&#160; fertile white leghorn chicken eggs,&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">check egg incubator (humidified, 37.7&#176;C), laminar flow hood, binocular stereovision dissecting&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>microscope</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

establishment of a clinically relevant ex vivo mock cataract surgery model for investigating epithelial wound repair in a native microenvironment

The major impediment to understanding how an epithelial tissue executes wound repair is the limited availability of models in which it is possible to follow and manipulate the wound response ex vivo in an environment that closely mimics that of epithelial tissue injury in vivo. This issue was addressed by creating a clinically relevant epithelial ex vivo injury-repair model based on cataract surgery. In this culture model, the response of the lens epithelium to wounding can be followed live in the cells&#8217; native microenvironment, and the molecular mediators of wound repair easily manipulated during the repair process. To prepare the cultures, lenses are removed from the eye and a small incision is made in the anterior of the lens from which the inner mass of lens fiber cells is removed. This procedure creates a circular wound on the posterior lens capsule, the thick basement membrane that surrounds the lens. This wound area where the fiber cells were attached is located just adjacent to a continuous monolayer of lens epithelial cells that remains linked to the lens capsule during the surgical procedure. The wounded epithelium, the cell type from which fiber cells are derived during development, responds to the injury of fiber cell removal by moving collectively across the wound area, led by a population of vimentin-rich repair cells whose mesenchymal progenitors are endogenous to the lens1. These properties are typical of a normal epithelial wound healing response. In this model, as in vivo, wound repair is dependent on signals supplied by the endogenous environment that is uniquely maintained in this ex vivo culture system, providing an ideal opportunity for discovery of the mechanisms that regulate repair of an epithelium following wounding.

Ex-vivo-Modell erstellt, um den Wundheilungsprozess in nativen Mikroumgebung der Zellen zu studieren Mechanismen bei der Regulierung der Wundheilung eines Epithels im nativen Mikroumgebung der Zellen beteiligt zu untersuchen, wurde eine klinisch relevante ex vivo mock Kataraktchirurgie-Modell erstellt. Dieses Modell wird von Linsengewebe, die viele Vorteile aufgrund seiner inhärenten Eigenschaften bietet erstellt: 1) das Objektiv ist ein in sich geschlossenes Orgel durch e...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Establishment of a Clinically Relevant Ex Vivo Mock Cataract Surgery Model for Investigating Epithelial Wound Repair in a Native Microenvironment at JoVE.com

Establishment of a Clinically Relevant Ex Vivo Mock Cataract Surgery Model for Investigating Epithelial Wound Repair in a Native Microenvironment

Described here is the establishment of a clinically relevant ex vivo mock cataract surgery model that can be used to investigate mechanisms of the injury response of epithelial tissues within their native microenvironment.

Einrichtung von einem klinisch relevanten<em&gt; Ex Vivo</em&gt; Mock Kataraktchirurgie Modell zur Untersuchung von epithelialen Wundheilung in einer nativen Mikromilieu

The major impediment to understanding how an epithelial tissue executes wound repair is the limited availability of models in which it is possible to ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Establishment of a Clinically Relevant Ex Vivo Mock Cataract Surgery Model for Investigating Epithelial Wound Repair in a Native Microenvironment

6.5K Aufrufe.  Thomas Jefferson University. Described here is the establishment of a clinically relevant ex vivo mock cataract surgery model that can be used to investigate mechanisms of the injury response of epithelial tissues within their native microenvironment. 

Serie: Establishment of a Clinically Relevant Ex Vivo Mock Cataract Surgery Model for Investigating Epithelial Wound Repair in a Native Microenvironment

Capturing Tissue Repair in Zebrafish Larvae with Time-lapse Brightfield Stereomicroscopy

The zebrafish larval tail fin is ideal for studying tissue regeneration due to the simple architecture of the larval fin-fold, which comprises of two layers of skin that enclose undifferentiated mesenchyme, and because the larval tail fin regenerates rapidly within 2-3 days. Using this system, we demonstrate a method for capturing the repair dynamics of the amputated tail fin with time-lapse video brightfield stereomicroscopy. We demonstrate that fin amputation triggers a contraction of the amputation wound and extrusion of cells around the wound margin, leading to their subsequent clearance. Fin regeneration proceeds from proximal to distal direction after a short delay. In addition, developmental growth of the larva can be observed during all stages. The presented method provides an opportunity for observing and analyzing whole tissue-scale behaviors such as fin development and growth in a simple microscope setting, which is easily adaptable to any stereomicroscope with time-lapse capabilities.

We present a protocol for capturing the dynamics of zebrafish larval tail fin regeneration on a whole-tissue scale using brightfield-based stereomicroscopy. This technique enables capturing the regeneration dynamics with single cell resolution. This methodology can be adapted to any stereomicroscope equipped with a CCD camera and time-lapse software.

Erfassen von Gewebereparatur in Zebrafisch-Larven mit Zeitrafferhellstereomikroskopie

The zebrafish larval tail fin is ideal for studying tissue regeneration due to the simple architecture of the larval fin-fold, which comprises of two ...

Forschung

Entwicklungsbiologie

Epicardial Outgrowth Culture Assay and Ex Vivo Assessment of Epicardial-derived Cell Migration

A single layer of epicardial cells lines the heart, providing paracrine factors that stimulate cardiomyocyte proliferation and directly contributing cardiovascular progenitors during development and disease. While a number of factors have been implicated in epicardium-derived cell (EPDC) mobilization, the mechanisms governing their subsequent migration and differentiation are poorly understood. Here, we present in vitro and ex vivo strategies to study EPDC motility and differentiation. First, we describe a method of obtaining primary epicardial cells by outgrowth culture from the embryonic mouse heart. We also introduce a detailed protocol to assess three-dimensional migration of labeled EPDC in an organ culture system. We provide evidence using these techniques that genetic deletion of myocardin-related transcription factors in the epicardium attenuates EPDC migration. This approach serves as a platform to evaluate candidate modifiers of EPDC biology and could be used to develop genetic or chemical screens to identify novel regulators of EPDC mobilization that might be useful for cardiac repair.

Epicardial Outgrowth Culture Assay and Ex Vivo Assessment of Epicardial-derived Cell Migration

Here, we describe methods for isolating primary mouse epicardial cells by an outgrowth culture assay and assessing the functional migration of epicardial-derived cells (EPDC) using an ex vivo heart culture system. These protocols are suitable for identifying genetic and chemical modulators of epicardial epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and motility.

Epikardiale Outgrowth Kulturtest und<em&gt; Ex Vivo</em&gt; Beurteilung von Epikardiale abgeleiteten Zellmigration

A single layer of epicardial cells lines the heart, providing paracrine factors that stimulate cardiomyocyte proliferation and directly contributing ...

Adenoviral Gene Therapy for Diabetic Keratopathy: Effects on Wound Healing and Stem Cell Marker Expression in Human Organ-cultured Corneas and Limbal Epithelial Cells

The goal of this protocol is to describe molecular alterations in human diabetic corneas and demonstrate how they can be alleviated by adenoviral gene therapy in organ-cultured corneas. The diabetic corneal disease is a complication of diabetes with frequent abnormalities of corneal nerves and epithelial wound healing. We have also documented significantly altered expression of several putative epithelial stem cell markers in human diabetic corneas. To alleviate these changes, adenoviral gene therapy was successfully implemented using the upregulation of c-met proto-oncogene expression and/or the downregulation of proteinases matrix metalloproteinase-10 (MMP-10) and cathepsin F. This therapy accelerated wound healing in diabetic corneas even when only the limbal stem cell compartment was transduced. The best results were obtained with combined treatment. For possible patient transplantation of normalized stem cells, an example is also presented of the optimization of gene transduction in stem cell-enriched cultures using polycationic enhancers. This approach may be useful not only for the selected genes but also for the other mediators of corneal epithelial wound healing and stem cell function.

An example of adenoviral gene therapy in the human diabetic organ-cultured corneas is presented towards the normalization of delayed wound healing and markedly reduced epithelial stem cell marker expression in these corneas. It also describes the optimization of this process in stem cell-enriched limbal epithelial cultures.

Adenoviralen Gentherapie für diabetische Keratopathie: Auswirkungen auf die Wundheilung und Zellmarker Expression in Human Organ kultivierten Hornhäute und Limbale Epithelial Stammzellen

The goal of this protocol is to describe molecular alterations in human diabetic corneas and demonstrate how they can be alleviated by adenoviral gene ...

A Submerged Filter Paper Sandwich for Long-term Ex Ovo Time-lapse Imaging of Early Chick Embryos

Due to its availability, low cost, flat geometry, and transparency, the ex ovo chick embryo has become a major vertebrate animal model for the study of morphogenetic events, such as gastrulation2, neurulation3-5, somitogenesis6, heart bending7,8, and brain formation9-13, during early embryogenesis. Key to understanding morphogenetic processes is to follow them dynamically by time-lapse imaging. The acquisition of time-lapse movies of chick embryogenesis ex ovo has been limited either to short time windows or to the need for an incubator to control temperature and humidity around the embryo14. Here, we present a new technique to culture chick embryos ex ovo for high-resolution time-lapse imaging using transmitted light microscopy. The submerged filter paper sandwich is a variant of the well-established filter paper carrier technique (EC-culture)1 and allows for the culturing of chick embryos without the need for a climate chamber. The embryo is sandwiched between two identical filter paper carriers and is kept fully submerged in a simple, temperature-controlled medium covered by a layer of light mineral oil. Starting from the primitive streak stage (Hamburger-Hamilton stage 5, HH5)15 up to at least the 28-somite stage (HH16)15, embryos can be cultured with either their ventral or dorsal side up. This allows the acquisition of time-lapse movies covering about 30 hr of embryonic development. Representative time-lapse frames and movies are shown. Embryos are compared morphologically to an embryo cultured in the standard EC-culture.
The submerged filter paper sandwich provides a stable environment to study early dorsal and ventral morphogenetic processes. It also allows for live fluorescence imaging and micromanipulations, such as microsurgery, bead implantation, microinjection, gene silencing, and electroporation, and has a strong potential to be combined with immersion objectives for laser-based imaging (including light-sheet microscopy).

A Submerged Filter Paper Sandwich for Long-term Ex Ovo Time-lapse Imaging of Early Chick Embryos

Here, we present a new technique to culture chick embryos ex ovo for time-lapse imaging using transmitted light and fluorescence microscopy. The submerged filter paper sandwich is a variant of the well-established filter paper carrier technique1 that allows for the culturing of chick embryos fully-submerged in a liquid culture medium.

Ein Abgetaucht Filterpapier Sandwich für Langzeit<em&gt; Ex Ovo</em&gt; Zeitraffer-Imaging von frühen Hühnerembryonen

Due to its availability, low cost, flat geometry, and transparency, the ex ovo chick embryo has become a major vertebrate animal model for the study of ...

Drug Treatment and In Vivo Imaging of Osteoblast-Osteoclast Interactions in a Medaka Fish Osteoporosis Model

Bone-forming osteoblasts interact with bone-resorbing osteoclasts to coordinate the turnover of bone matrix and to control skeletal homeostasis. Medaka and zebrafish larvae are widely used to analyze the behavior of bone cells during bone formation, degeneration, and repair. Their optical clarity allows the visualization of fluorescently labeled bone cells and fluorescent dyes bound to the mineralized skeletal matrix. Our lab has generated transgenic medaka fish that express the osteoclast-inducing factor Receptor Activator of Nuclear-factor &#954;B Ligand (RANKL) under the control of a heat&#160;shock-inducible promoter. Ectopic expression of RANKL results in the excess formation of activated osteoclasts, which can be visualized in reporter lines with nlGFP expression under the control of the cathepsin K (ctsk) promoter. RANKL induction and ectopic osteoclast formation leads to severe osteoporosis-like phenotypes. Compound transgenic medaka lines that express ctsk:nlGFP in osteoclasts, as well as mCherry under the control of the osterix (osx) promoter in premature osteoblasts, can be used to study the interaction of both cell types. This facilitates the in vivo observation of cellular behavior under conditions of bone degeneration and repair. Here, we describe the use of this system to test a drug commonly used in human osteoporosis therapy and describe a protocol for live imaging. The medaka model complements studies in cell culture and mice, and offers a novel system for the in vivo analysis of drug action in the skeletal system.

Drug Treatment and In Vivo Imaging of Osteoblast-Osteoclast Interactions in a Medaka Fish Osteoporosis Model

Small laboratory fish have become popular models for bone research on the mechanisms underlying human bone disorders and for the screening of bone-modulating drugs. In this report, we describe a protocol to assess the effect of alendronate on bone cells in medaka larvae with osteoporotic lesions.

Medikamentöse Behandlung und<em&gt; In Vivo</em&gt; Imaging von Osteoblasten-Osteoklasten-Wechselwirkungen in Medaka-Fisch Osteoporose Modell

Bone-forming osteoblasts interact with bone-resorbing osteoclasts to coordinate the turnover of bone matrix and to control skeletal homeostasis. Medaka ...

Rapid Isolation of BMPR-IB+ Adipose-Derived Stromal Cells for Use in a Calvarial Defect Healing Model

Invasive cancers, major injuries, and infection can cause bone defects that are too large to be reconstructed with preexisting bone from the patient's own body. The ability to grow bone de novo using a patient's own cells would allow bony defects to be filled with adequate tissue without the morbidity of harvesting native bone. There is interest in the use of adipose-derived stromal cells (ASCs) as a source for tissue engineering because these are obtained from an abundant source: the patient's own adipose tissue. However, ASCs are a heterogeneous population and some subpopulations may be more effective in this application than others. Isolation of the most osteogenic population of ASCs could improve the efficiency and effectiveness of a bone engineering process. In this protocol, ASCs are obtained from subcutaneous fat tissue from a human donor. The subpopulation of ASCs expressing the marker BMPR-IB is isolated using FACS. These cells are then applied to an in vivo calvarial defect healing assay and are found to have improved osteogenic regenerative potential compared with unsorted cells.

Adipose-derived stromal cells may be useful for engineering new tissue from a patient's own cells. We present a protocol for the isolation of a subpopulation of human adipose-derived stromal cells (ASCs) with increased osteogenic potential, followed by application of the cells in an in vivo calvarial healing assay.

Schnelle Isolierung von BMPR-IB + Fettgewebe gewonnene Stromazellen für die Verwendung in einem Schädeldachdefektheilung Modell

Invasive cancers, major injuries, and infection can cause bone defects that are too large to be reconstructed with preexisting bone from the patient's own ...

A Device for Performing Cell Migration/Wound Healing in a 96-Well Plate

The cell migration/wounding assay is a commonly used method to study cell migration and other biological processes, such as angiogenesis and tumor metastasis. In this assay, cells are grown to form a confluent monolayer and a mechanical wound is created by scratching with a device. Then the migration rate of the cells towards the denuded area can be monitored by imaging. Our 8-channel mechanical wounder is designed to tackle most of the problems associated with the cell migration assay. Firstly, our wounder can be easily sterilized by autoclaving or with common disinfectants. Secondly, the individual adjustable pins allow even contact with the cell culture plate so that sharp and reproducible wounds can be created. Thirdly, the guiding bars on both sides of the wounder ensure consistent wounding position in each well. The use of disposable plastic pipette tips for wounding can further provide better handling of the wounder as well as to minimize cross-contamination. In conclusion, our cell wounder can provide researchers with a user friendly and reproducible device for performing the cell migration assay using the standard 96-well culture plate.

Here, we present a protocol to perform a semi-high throughput cell migration assay on a 96-well cell culture plate. This protocol is a fast, simple and economical method to create consistent scratch wounds on a cell monolayer.

Eine Vorrichtung zur Durchführung Zellmigration / Wundheilung in einer 96-Well-Platte

The cell migration/wounding assay is a commonly used method to study cell migration and other biological processes, such as angiogenesis and tumor ...

Establishment of Larval Zebrafish as an Animal Model to Investigate Trypanosoma cruzi Motility In Vivo

Chagas disease is a parasitic infection caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, whose motility is not only important for localization, but also for cellular binding and invasion. Current animal models for the study of T. cruzi allow limited observation of parasites in vivo, representing a challenge for understanding parasite behavior during the initial stages of infection in humans. This protozoan has a flagellar stage in both vector and mammalian hosts, but there are no studies describing its motility in vivo.The objective of this project was to establish a live vertebrate zebrafish model to evaluate T. cruzi motility in the vascular system. Transparent zebrafish larvae were injected with fluorescently labeled trypomastigotes and observed using light sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM), a noninvasive method to visualize live organisms with high optical resolution. The parasites could be visualized for extended periods of time due to this technique&#39;s relatively low risk of photodamage compared to confocal or epifluorescence microscopy. T. cruzi parasites were observed traveling in the circulatory system of live zebrafish in different-sized blood vessels and the yolk. They could also be seen attached to the yolk sac wall and to the atrioventricular valve despite the strong forces associated with heart contractions. LSFM of T. cruzi-inoculated zebrafish larvae is a valuable method that can be used to visualize circulating parasites and evaluate their tropism, migration patterns, and motility in the dynamic environment of the cardiovascular system of a live animal.

Establishment of Larval Zebrafish as an Animal Model to Investigate Trypanosoma cruzi Motility In Vivo

In this protocol, fluorescently labeled T. cruzi&#160;were injected into transparent zebrafish larvae, and parasite motility was observed in vivo using light sheet fluorescence microscopy.

Gründung der Larven Zebrafisch als Tier-Modell zu untersuchen Trypanosomen Trypanosoma Motilität In Vivo

Chagas disease is a parasitic infection caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, whose motility is not only important for localization, but also for cellular binding ...

Immuno-fluorescent Labeling of Microtubules and Centrosomal Proteins in Ex Vivo Intestinal Tissue and 3D In Vitro Intestinal Organoids

The advent of 3D in vitro organoids that mimic the in vivo tissue architecture and morphogenesis has greatly advanced the ability to study key biological questions in cell and developmental biology. In addition, organoids together with recent technical advances in gene editing and viral gene delivery promises to advance medical research and development of new drugs for treatment of diseases. Organoids grown in vitro in basement matrix provide powerful model systems for studying the behavior and function of various proteins and are well suited for live-imaging of fluorescent-tagged proteins. However, establishing the expression and localization of the endogenous proteins in ex vivo tissue and in in vitro organoids is important to verify the behavior of the tagged proteins. To this end we have developed and modified tissue isolation, fixation, and immuno-labeling protocols for localization of microtubules, centrosomal, and associated proteins in ex vivo intestinal tissue and in in vitro intestinal organoids. The aim was for the fixative to preserve the 3D architecture of the organoids/tissue while also preserving antibody antigenicity and enabling good penetration and clearance of fixative and antibodies. Exposure to cold depolymerizes all but stable microtubules and this was a key factor when modifying the various protocols. We found that increasing the ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) concentration from 3 mM to 30 mM gave efficient detachment of villi and crypts in the small intestine while 3 mM EDTA was sufficient for colonic crypts. The developed formaldehyde/methanol fixation protocol gave very good structural preservation while also preserving antigenicity for effective labeling of microtubules, actin, and the end-binding (EB) proteins. It also worked for the centrosomal protein ninein although the methanol protocol worked more consistently. We further established that fixation and immuno-labeling of microtubules and associated proteins could be achieved with organoids isolated from or remaining within the basement matrix.

Immuno-fluorescent Labeling of Microtubules and Centrosomal Proteins in Ex Vivo Intestinal Tissue and 3D In Vitro Intestinal Organoids

We present protocols for isolation of intestinal 3D structures from in vivo tissue and in vitro basement matrix embedded organoids, and detail different fixation and staining protocols optimized for immuno-labeling of microtubule, centrosomal, and junctional proteins as well as cell markers including the stem cell protein Lgr5.

Immuno-fluoreszierende Etikettierung von Mikrotubuli und Centrosomal Proteine in Ex Vivo Darmgewebe und 3D In-vitro- Darm Organellen

The advent of 3D in vitro organoids that mimic the in vivo tissue architecture and morphogenesis has greatly advanced the ability to study key biological ...

Culturing of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells on an Ex Vivo Model of Aged Human Bruch's Membrane

Aside from vitamins and antioxidants recommended by the Age-Related Eye Disease Study, there is no effective therapy for &#34;dry,&#34;&#160;or atrophic age-related macular degeneration (AMD) which represents 90% of the cases. Therapies are needed to slow or retard the development of geographic atrophy (GA), and understanding Bruch&#39;s membrane pathology is part of this process. Alterations in human Bruch&#39;s membrane precede the progression of AMD by contributing to the damage of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. Given the lack of sufficient animal models to study AMD, ex vivo models of aged human Bruch&#39;s membrane serve as a useful tool to study the behavior of RPE cells from immortalized and primary cell lines as well as RPE lines derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Here, we present a detailed method that allows one to determine the effects of RPE cell behavior seeded on harvested human Bruch&#39;s membrane explants from human donors, including attachment, apoptosis and proliferation, ability to phagocytize photoreceptor outer segments, establishment of polarity, and gene expression. This assay provides an ex vivo model of aged Bruch&#39;s membrane to assess the functional characteristics of RPE cells when seeded on aged/compromised extracellular matrix.

Culturing of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells on an Ex Vivo Model of Aged Human Bruch&#039;s Membrane

The goal of this protocol is to demonstrate the culturing of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells on aged and/or diseased human Bruch&#39;s membrane. This method is suitable to study RPE cell behavior on a compromised extracellular matrix.

Kultivierung der retinalen Pigment epithelialen Zellen auf einem Ex Vivo Modell der alten menschlichen Bruch-Membran

Aside from vitamins and antioxidants recommended by the Age-Related Eye Disease Study, there is no effective therapy for &#34;dry,&#34;&#160;or atrophic ...