Name: autoradiographic measurements of [14c]-iodoantipyrine in rat brain following central post-stroke pain
Uploaded: 2016-07-18T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Autoradiographic Measurements of [14C]-Iodoantipyrine in Rat Brain Following Central Post-Stroke Pain at JoVE.com

The present study was supported by National Science Council grants to Dr. Bai-Chuang Shyu (NSC 99-2320-B-001-016-MY3, NSC 100-2311-B-001-003-MY3, and NSC 102-2320-B-001-026-MY3). This work was conducted at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, which received funding from Academia Sinica.

The protocol in the present study received approval from the Academia Sinica Institutional Animal Care and Utilization Committee in Taiwan.
1. Animal Preparations
<ol>
	<li>Obtain male Sprague-Dawley rats (approximately 300 - 400 g). Maintain the rats in an air-conditioned room (21 - 22 &#176;C, 50% humidity) under a 12 hr/12 hr light/dark cycle (lights on at 8:00 AM) with free access to food and water.</li>
</ol>
2. Experimental Procedure
<ol>
	<li>Allow all of the...

<ol>
	<li>Finnerup, N. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+review+of+central+neuropathic+pain+states.">A review of central neuropathic pain states.</a> Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 21 (5), 586-589 (2008).</li><li>Andersen, G., Vestergaard, K., Ingeman-Nielsen, M., Jensen, T. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Incidence+of+central+post-stroke+pain.">Incidence of central post-stroke pain.</a> Pain. 61 (2), 187-193 (1995).</li><li>Chen, B., Stitik, T. P., Foye, P. M., Nadler, S. F., DeLisa, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Central+post-stroke+pain+syndrome:+yet+another+use+for+gabapentin?.">Central post-stroke pain syndrome: yet another use for gabapentin?.</a> Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 81 (9), 718-720 (2002).</li><li>Greenspan, J. D., Ohara, S., Sarlani, E., Lenz, F. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Allodynia+in+patients+with+post-stroke+central+pain+(CPSP)+studied+by+statistical+quantitative+sensory+testing+within+individuals.">Allodynia in patients with post-stroke central pain (CPSP) studied by statistical quantitative sensory testing within individuals.</a> Pain. 109 (3), 357-366 (2004).</li><li>Klit, H., Finnerup, N. B., Jensen, T. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Central+post-stroke+pain:+clinical+characteristics,+pathophysiology,+and+management.">Central post-stroke pain: clinical characteristics, pathophysiology, and management.</a> Lancet Neurol. 8 (9), 857-868 (2009).</li><li>Kumar, G., Soni, C. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Central+post-stroke+pain:+current+evidence.">Central post-stroke pain: current evidence.</a> J Neurol Sci. 284 (1-2), 10-17 (2009).</li><li>Denk, F., McMahon, S. 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J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Levetiracetam+in+patients+with+central+neuropathic+post-stroke+pain:+a+randomized,+double-blind,+placebo-controlled+trial.">Levetiracetam in patients with central neuropathic post-stroke pain: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.</a> Eur J Neurol. 20 (2), 331-337 (2013).</li><li>Chaplan, S. R., Bach, F. W., Pogrel, J. W., Chung, J. M., Yaksh, T. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+assessment+of+tactile+allodynia+in+the+rat+paw.">Quantitative assessment of tactile allodynia in the rat paw.</a> J Neurosci Methods. 53, 55-63 (1994).</li><li>Jay, T. M., Luciqnani, G., Crane, A. M., Jehle, J., Sokoloff, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measurement+of+local+cerebral+blood+flow+with+[14C]iodoantipyrine+in+the+mouse.">Measurement of local cerebral blood flow with [14C]iodoantipyrine in the mouse.</a> J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 8 (1), 121-129 (1988).</li><li>Lu, H. C., Chang, W. J., Kuan, Y. H., Huang, A. C., Shyu, B. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+[14C]iodoantipyrine+study+of+inter-regional+correlations+of+neural+substrates+following+central+post-stroke+pain+in+rats.">A [14C]iodoantipyrine study of inter-regional correlations of neural substrates following central post-stroke pain in rats.</a> Mol Pain. 11 (1), (2015).</li><li>Wang, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+brain+activation+during+retrieval+of+visceral+pain-conditioned+passive+avoidance+in+the+rat.">Functional brain activation during retrieval of visceral pain-conditioned passive avoidance in the rat.</a> Pain. 152, 2746-2756 (2011).</li><li>Wasserman, J. K., Koeberle, P. 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In the behavioral tests, the CPSP group exhibited reductions of the paw withdrawal threshold in the thermal pain test and mechanical force in the von Frey test at baseline and weeks 1 - 5. The findings were consistent with a previous study.14
The [14C]-IAP method relies on the pixel intensity of brain images for the quantitative analysis of different brain slices. To evaluate the data in the brain images, the pixel signal intensity was defined. In the present study, the e...

Stroke hemorrhage has been shown to occur in more than 8% of patients who suffer from neuropathic pain, referred to as central post-stroke pain (CPSP).1-3 CPSP can result from somatosensory dysfunction, thereby inducing hypersensitivity and allodynia.4 However, the pathophysiological mechanisms of somatosensory dysfunction in CPSP remain uncertain. For example, the loss of somatic sensations results from neuronal deafferentation in the hemorrhagic brain area. Hyperalgesia may be caused by the hyperexcitability of central nociceptive neurons or central disinhibition,5, 6 but the neural substrates that are involved in CPSP symptoms remain unknown. Some studies have suggested that the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dPFC), rostral anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), amygdala, hippocampus, periaqueductal gray (PAG), rostral ventromedial medulla, and their connections with each other mediate nociceptive processing.7 Additionally, medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC)-amygdala circuits were shown to be involved in pain-related perception.8 Data on the pathophysiological mechanisms of CPSP are diverse, and the activation of neural substrates in CPSP needs further scrutiny.
[14C]-Iodoantipyrine (IAP) uptake is used to indirectly observe regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF), assuming a relationship between brain activity and CBF. Although [14C]-IAP cannot assess brain activity in real time, such as with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), it has several advantages. For example, [14C]-IAP is suitable for measuring spontaneously occurring brain events during pathological states.9 Moreover, [14C]-IAP uptake is measured without anesthesia. It also costs less than other imaging methods, including fMRI and positron emission tomography (PET). The [14C]-IAP method has been suggested to be appropriate for measuring spontaneous pain (e.g., CPSP) that is induced by lesions of the ventral basal nucleus (VB) of the thalamus.9
The present protocol describes how to perform the [14C]-IAP method to assess the involvement of neural substrates of CPSP that is induced by lesions of the VB of the thalamus in an animal model. The technique offers a way of determining the pathophysiological mechanisms that underlie CPSP symptoms at the behavioral and neuronal levels.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="785">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td colspan="4" height="21" style="height:21px;width:785px;">Anesthetic:</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Isoflurane</td>
			<td style="width:229px;">Halocarbon Products Corporation&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">NDC 12164-002-25</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">4%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td colspan="4" height="21" style="height:21px;width:785px;">Surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">homeothermic blanket system</td>
			<td style="width:229px;">Harvard Apparatus</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Model 50&#8211;7079</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">body temperature were maintained at 36.5-37.5&#176;C.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">10&#181;l micro syringe</td>
			<td style="width:229px;">Hamilton</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">80008, Model 1701SN</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">injected with collagenase</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">polyethylene-50 tubing</td>
			<td style="width:229px;">Becton, Dickinson and Company</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">427411</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">catheterized into external jugular vein</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="45">
			<td height="45" style="height:45px;width:216px;">1 c.c syringe</td>
			<td style="width:229px;">Terumo Medical Products</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">SS-01T</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">injected with 14C-IAP and saline.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">saline (Sodium Chloride 0.9gm)</td>
			<td style="width:229px;">Taiwan Biotech Co., LTD.</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">100-130-0201</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">To flush the tube</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td colspan="4" height="21" style="height:21px;width:785px;">Drugs:</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">type 4 collagenase</td>
			<td style="width:229px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">C5138-500MG</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">0.125 U</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Gentamicin</td>
			<td style="width:229px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">G1264-250MG</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">6 mg/kg</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Heparin</td>
			<td style="width:229px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">H9399</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">20 U/ml; 0.1 ml/day</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">14C-iodoantipyrine (IAP)</td>
			<td style="width:229px;">PerkinElmer</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">NEC712</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">125 mCi/kg in 300 ml of 0.9% saline</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Potassium chloride</td>
			<td style="width:229px;">Merck</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">1.04936.1000</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">3 M</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td colspan="4" height="21" style="height:21px;width:785px;">Behavior system:</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="126">
			<td height="126" style="height:126px;width:216px;">von Frey esthesiometer</td>
			<td style="width:229px;">Fabrication Enterprises, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Baseline Tactile Monofilaments 12-1666</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">mechanical hyperalgesia was assessed by measuring the withdrawal response to a mechanical stimulus</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="126">
			<td height="126" style="height:126px;width:216px;">plantar test apparatus</td>
			<td style="width:229px;">IITC Life Science</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">IITC 390G Plantar Test</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Thermal hyperalgesia was assessed by measuring the hind paw withdrawal latency in response to radiant heat.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td colspan="4" height="21" style="height:21px;width:785px;">Brain slice:</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Optimal Cutting Temperature compound</td>
			<td style="width:229px;">Sakura Fintek Inc</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">4583</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">embedded the brain</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">dry ice</td>
			<td style="width:229px;"></td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">frozen in dry ice/methylbutane (approximately &#8722;55&#176;C)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">methylbutane</td>
			<td style="width:229px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">M32631-1L</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">frozen in dry ice/methylbutane (approximately &#8722;55&#176;C)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Cryostat</td>
			<td style="width:229px;">&#160;Leica Biosystems Nussloch GmbH, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Leica CM1850</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Coronal brain slice were sectioned on this machine.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td colspan="4" height="21" style="height:21px;width:785px;">Data analyze</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="168">
			<td height="168" style="height:168px;width:216px;">exposure cassettes with a phosphor screen</td>
			<td style="width:229px;">Amersham Biosciences&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">20 cm x 25 cm</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">The slices were dried on glass slides and placed alongside five standard filter papers with graded radioactivity. All of the slides were exposed to the cassettes at &#8722;20&#176;C.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">&#947;-counter</td>
			<td style="width:229px;">Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Beckman LS 6500 Liquid Scintillation Counter</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">To measure the radioactivity count of the filter papers.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Typhoon 9410 Variable Mode Imager</td>
			<td style="width:229px;">&#160;GMI, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">WS-S9410</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">To read&#160; phosphor screen which was exposed by brain slice</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="231">
			<td height="231" style="height:231px;width:216px;">Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM)</td>
			<td style="width:229px;">Wellcome Centre for Neuroimaging</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">version 8</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">all of the brains were averaged to create the final brain template. To determine significant differences between the images in these two groups, the images were derived by subtracting the sham group from the CPSP group.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="294">
			<td height="294" style="height:294px;width:216px;">ImageJ</td>
			<td style="width:229px;">http://imagej.nih.gov/ij</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">version 1.46</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Adjacent sections were aligned both manually and using Stack- Reg, an automated pixel-based registration algorithm in ImageJ software. All of the original three-dimensionally reconstructed brains were smoothed and normalized to the reference rat brain model.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="210">
			<td height="210" style="height:210px;width:216px;">Matlab</td>
			<td style="width:229px;">MathWorks</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">version 2009b</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">used Pearson correlation coefficients to examine the relationships between the CPSP and sham groups. An inter-regional correlation matrix was calculated across animals from each group.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="126">
			<td height="126" style="height:126px;width:216px;">Pajek</td>
			<td style="width:229px;">http://Pajek.imfm.si/</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">version 3.06</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Graphical theoretical analysis was performed on networks defined by the above correlation matrices using Pajek software.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

autoradiographic measurements of [14c]-iodoantipyrine in rat brain following central post-stroke pain

Approximately 8% of stroke patients present symptoms of central post-stroke pain (CPSP). CPSP is associated with allodynia and hypersensitivity to nociceptive stimuli. Although some studies have shown that neuropathic pain may involve the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, rostral anterior cingulate cortex, amygdala, hippocampus, periaqueductal gray, rostral ventromedial medulla, and medial thalamus, the neural substrates and their connections that mediate CPSP remain unclear. [14C]-Iodoantipyrine (IAP) uptake can be measured to evaluate spontaneously active pain. It can be used to assess the activation of neural substrates that may be involved in CPSP in an animal model. The [14C]-IAP method in rats is less expensive to perform compared with other brain mapping techniques. The present [14C]-IAP protocol is used to measure the activation of neural substrates that are involved in CPSP that is induced by lesions of the ventral basal nucleus (VB) of the thalamus in a rodent model.

Figure 1A depicts the experimental timeline. Rats were assigned to the sham and CPSP groups for the behavioral tests (i.e., von Frey test and plantar test). The first day of the experiment served as baseline, and tests were repeated at weeks 1 - 5. PE-50 catheterization was performed in the external jugular vein at week 4. Heparin (20 U/ml, 0.1 ml/day) was injected during weeks 4 and 5. Five minutes after the heparin injection, [14C]-IAP was injected, ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Autoradiographic Measurements of [14C]-Iodoantipyrine in Rat Brain Following Central Post-Stroke Pain at JoVE.com

Autoradiographic Measurements of [14C]-Iodoantipyrine in Rat Brain Following Central Post-Stroke Pain

We present a protocol to measure [14C]-iodoantipyrine (IAP) uptake and assess the activation of neural substrates that are involved in central post-stroke pain (CPSP) in a rodent model.

Autoradiographic Measurements of [14C]-Iodoantipyrine in Rat Brain Following Central Post-Stroke Pain

Approximately 8% of stroke patients present symptoms of central post-stroke pain (CPSP). CPSP is associated with allodynia and hypersensitivity to ...

The overall goal of this experimental procedure is to assess the involvement of neural substrates of thalamic lesion induced central post-stroke pain using the radio isotope tracer method. This method can help answer key questions in which brain area involved in central post-stroke pain. The main advantage of this tactic is that it is a less expensive and more efficient to perform compared with the other brain mapping techniques.In this procedure, perform the von Frey and Plantar tests to establish baselines by placing the rat in an acrylic enclosure for 30 minutes. Obtain von Frey filaments that have the same length but varying diameters to provide a range of forces of two to 100 grams. Next, use the filaments to stimulate the center of the animal's hindpaw through a net-like port on the acrylic plate.When the rats exhibit a paw-withdrawal response to the stimulation, record the filament number. Then use ascending filaments and determine the lowest value for the withdrawal response. Repeat the test for a total of three times in succession on the same rat until the maximum applied pressure is recorded.Using a reference list, convert the filament number to the corresponding force, and then average the values. Use an infrared beam to stimulate the center of the rat's hindpaw through a glass plate. Press the red bottom of the Plantar device twice to measure the withdrawal response latency.Set the inter-trial interval to at least five minutes to avoid successive stimulation. Record the duration of the infrared light when the rat exhibits a paw-withdrawal response. The longest duration should not exceed 20 seconds in each trial to avoid tissue damage.Repeat the rest with three trials for the left and right hindpaws and calculate the average of the withdrawal responses for each hindpaw. In this step, transfer the anesthetized rat to a stereotaxic device with a heating pad to maintain its body temperature. Apply ointment to its eyes to prevent dryness while under anesthesia.Subsequently, shave the animal's head with a sterilized electric clipper. Make an incision with a scalpel along the mid-line of the scalp. Then, clean the skin and skull with alternating alcohol and povidone iodine.Afterward, sterile gloves and instruments are used. Drill a small hole with a diameter of three millimeters in the skull over the ventral basal nucleus of the thalamus. Lower the needle and micro-inject 0.5 microliters of normal saline or 0.125 units of type four collagenase solution.When it is completed, keep the injection needle in place so that the skull landmark with a dark line has been marked for identification. The injection needle allows for drug diffusion for an additional five minutes. Then, use dental cement to fill the hole in the skill and suture the incision.In this procedure, place the rat in a resting cage for five to 10 minutes for adaptation. Using a splitter, connect to two one milliliter syringes. Fill one syringe with normal saline, and the other with IAP solution.Connect a PE-50 tubing to the splitter. Then, inject the radiotracer in the external jugular vein of the animal. After that, fill the syringe with three molar potassium chloride.10 seconds after the radiotracer injection, inject potassium chloride under an overdose of isoflurane before sacrificing the animal. After one minute, remove the brain and use OCT compound to freeze it in dry ice and methylbutane. Subsequently, store the brain tissue in the freezer.To prepare brain sections, orient the brain in a microtome with the hindbrain facing down. Using a cryostat, slice the brain into 20 micrometer thick sections. Next, place the brain slices on microscope slides at negative 20 degrees Celsius.Subsequently, place the microscope slides and five standard filter papers with graded radioactivity in the exposure cassettes. According to this sequence of brain slices, arrange the microscope slides from top to bottom. Then, place the filter places in the bottom of the cassettes.Afterward, remove the phosphor screen from the exposure cassettes. Use a variable mode imager to read the phosphor screen and generate images to show the IAP uptake for the brain slices. Shown here are the regions of interest in an anatomical atlas.The ROI analysis showed that activation of infralimbic cortex, prelimbic cortex, and cingulate cortex area one was significantly higher in the CPS-P group in the right hemisphere with the exception of the ventral-basal nucleus. Differences in inter-regional correlations of rCBF were observed between the CPSP and sham groups in the right hemisphere. And pain-related neural substrates were determined by analyzing the differences in the inter-regional correlations of rCBF.The red lines indicate significant positive correlations, and the blue lines indicate significant negative correlations. this technique can be done in two hours if it is performed properly. After its development, this technique paved the way for researcher in the field of brain mapping to expose central post-stroke brain in hemorrhagic stroke.Following this procedure, other masses like FMRI can be performed in order to answer additional questions like real time neural activity and neural network. After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to exam which brain areas involve in the central post-stroke pain.

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Spontaneous and Evoked Measures of Pain in Murine Models of Monoarticular Knee Pain

Pain is the main cause of disability from arthritis. There is currently an unmet need for adequate treatments for arthritis pain. Pre-clinical models are ...

A New Best Practice for Validating Tail Vein Injections in Rat with Near-infrared-Labeled Agents

Intravenous (IV) administration of agents into the tail vein of rats can be both difficult and inconsistent. Optimizing tail vein injections is a key part ...

Functional and Physiological Methods of Evaluating Median Nerve Regeneration in the Rat

The main goal of this investigation is to show how to create and repair different types of median nerve (MN) lesions in the rat. Moreover, different ...

Improving FSN Therapy in the Rat Model&#58; Minimizing Discomfort and Maximizing Efficiency

Efficacy of Fu's Subcutaneous Needling on Sciatic Nerve Pain: Behavioral and Electrophysiological Changes in a Chronic Constriction Injury Rat Model

Author Spotlight: Unveiling the Therapeutic Effects of FSN Treatment &#8211; Bridging Research and Clinical Applications in Neuropathic Pain

Fu&#39;s subcutaneous needling (FSN), an invented acupuncture technique from traditional Chinese medicine, is used worldwide for pain relief. However, the ...