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B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Death+by+design:+apoptosis,+necrosis+and+autophagy.">Death by design: apoptosis, necrosis and autophagy.</a> Current Opinion in Cell Biology. 16, 663-669 (2004).</li><li>Kirino, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Delayed+neuronal+death+in+the+gerbil+hippocampus+following+ischemia.">Delayed neuronal death in the gerbil hippocampus following ischemia.</a> Brain Research. 239, 57-69 (1982).</li><li>Yager, J. Y., Brucklacher, R. M., Vannucci, R. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cerebral+energy+metabolism+during+hypoxia-ischemia+and+early+recovery+in+immature+rats.">Cerebral energy metabolism during hypoxia-ischemia and early recovery in immature rats.</a> The American Journal of Physiology. 262, 672-677 (1992).</li><li>Sugawara, T., Fujimura, M., Morita-Fujimura, Y., Kawase, M., Chan, P. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mitochondrial+release+of+cytochrome+c+corresponds+to+the+selective+vulnerability+of+hippocampal+CA1+neurons+in+rats+after+transient+global+cerebral+ischemia.">Mitochondrial release of cytochrome c corresponds to the selective vulnerability of hippocampal CA1 neurons in rats after transient global cerebral ischemia.</a> J. Neurosci. 19, RC39 (1999).</li><li>Nishino, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pathophysiological+process+after+transient+ischemia+of+the+middle+cerebral+artery+in+the+rat.">Pathophysiological process after transient ischemia of the middle cerebral artery in the rat.</a> Brain Research Bulletin. 35, 51-56 (1994).</li><li>Ross, D. T., Ebner, F. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thalamic+retrograde+degeneration+following+cortical+injury:+an+excitotoxic+process.">Thalamic retrograde degeneration following cortical injury: an excitotoxic process.</a> Neuroscience. 35, 525-550 (1990).</li><li>Soriano, M. A., Ferrer, I., Rodriguez-Farre, E., Planas, A. 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Die Autoren haben keine finanziellen Interessenkonflikte.

Das hier beschriebene Modell erzeugt einen ischämischen Insult an das Gehirn, die als Folge von Herzstillstand und Reanimation auftreten kann, wodurch eine Verletzung ähnlich wie beim Menschen. Das Verfahren zur Herstellung globalen Hirnischämie eines von mehreren Protokollen. Wir nutzen dieses Protokoll vor allem für seine vergleichsweise niedrige Mortalitätsrate, eine schnelle Heilung und reproduzierbare Ergebnisse. Der Herzstillstand / Wiederbelebung Modell ist wohl die klinisch relevanten Modell ist jedoch tech...

Hirnschäden als Folge von Herzstillstand und Schlaganfall ist eine der häufigsten Ursachen für Tod und langfristige Behinderung. Während Reanimation für Opfer von Herzstillstand erfolgreich bei der Wiederherstellung der spontanen Zirkulation in etwa 70.000 Patienten pro Jahr in den USA 7,8 mindestens 60% dieser Patienten wurden anschließend im Krankenhaus sterben als Folge der umfangreichen Hirnschäden und nur 3-10% von wiederbelebt Patienten können wieder ihre frühere Lebensweise 9,10. Klar, das Verständnis der Mechanismen, die zu Hirnschäden führen folgende globale Gehirn Ischämie und Gestaltung therapeutische Interventionen zur neurologischen Trauma minimieren ist von entscheidender Bedeutung. Hirnischämie modelliert Verwendung mehrerer Methoden werden. Am häufigsten wird Hirnischämie in das Nagetier durch Verschließen eines großen Blutgefäßes im Gehirn, der mittleren Hirnarterie produziert, wodurch eine fokale ischämische Schlaganfall 11,12. Während klinisch wichtig,Schwerpunkte Hirnischämie ist nicht eine genaue Methode, um Hirnschäden durch Herzstillstand / Wiederbelebung produziert studieren. Um dieses klinische Paradigma modellieren das gesamte Gehirn muss gefolgt von ischämischen Wiedereinführung des Blutflusses werden. Um genau imitieren diese klinische Präsentation, Ermittler experimentell induzieren Herzstillstand durch Reanimation mit CPR und Defibrillation 13,14 gefolgt. Dieses Modell ist klinisch relevant, können aber unberechenbar Reanimation mal erhöhen Variabilität und kann machen Datenanalyse schwer zu interpretieren. Darüber hinaus ist dieses Modell mit einer hohen Sterblichkeitsrate verbunden, eine weitere Erhöhung Tierzahl notwendig, um eine Hypothese zu testen. Untersuchung der zerebralen Reaktion auf die globale Ischämie und / oder Reperfusion in einer reproduzierbaren, konsistente und überlebensfähig Beleidigung bevorzugt werden. Globale Ischämie im Gehirn induziert werden unter Beibehaltung einige Blutfluss systemisch. Dies senkt die Mortalität, während es investigation der Mechanismen von Gewebeschäden im Gehirn 2. Um globale Hirnischämie erzeugen, ist es notwendig, zu unterbrechen oder zu stark einschränken fließen in alle vier Schiffe, die das Gehirn, die internen Halsschlagader und Vertebralarterien liefern. Diese Gefäße versorgen das Gehirn mit der Blutfluss durch eine vaskuläre Struktur namens Circle of Willis, der eine Schleife bildet Anastomosen. Diese Architektur ermöglicht vaskulären das Gehirn, um die Perfusion bei proximalen Gefäßverschluss behalten. Daher müssen, um eine vollständige Ischämie des Gehirns, den Blutfluss durch alle beitragsfreien Schiffe induzieren auftreten. Halsschlagader Okklusion kann unter Verwendung eines minimal-invasiven ventralen Hals abgespeckte und Anwendung von Aneurysma-Clips für einen gewünschten Zeitraum werden. Unterbrechung des Blutflusses über die Vertebralarterien kann schwierig sein, da sie in der Querrichtung Foramina der Wirbelsäule sind incased. Forscher haben dies durch die electrocauterizing Vertebralarterien 24-48 hr adressiert vor carotisOkklusion und Hirnischämie (4VO Modell) 15. Im Gegensatz zu diesem Ansatz entwickelten Smith et al. Ein Verfahren zur Induktion der globalen Gehirn Ischämie durch eine Verringerung des mittleren arteriellen Blutdrucks (MAP) systemisch zu 40 mmHg, um die Perfusion durch die Vertebralarterien reduzieren bis zu einem Punkt, wo die Durchblutung verloren oder stark reduziert 2 . Wenn mit Carotisokklusion gekoppelt ist, erzeugt dieses Verfahren Ischämie gesamten Vorderhirn, was zu einem Muster von Hirnschäden, die eng ahmt die Herzstillstand Überlebenden. In einer weiteren Ausgestaltung des Verfahrens, so verlangt das Modell präsentieren wir hier fest MAP Regulierung bei 30 mmHg ± 1mHg während der gesamten 8 min der Ischämie. Wir fanden diese Änderung verbessert die Reproduzierbarkeit der Hirnschädigung durch dieses Modell induziert und gleichzeitig die niedrige Mortalitätsrate der ursprünglichen Technik, die von Smith et al konzipiert. Die genaue Phänotyp von Zelltod und Gesamtausmaß von Gewebeschäden verursacht durchdas hier vorgestellte Modell sind direkt abhängig von ischämischen Dauer 16. Nach 8 min der Ischämie weisen CA1 Neuronen verzögert Zelltod, was darauf hindeutet, dass es eine zeitliche Fenster für eine therapeutische Intervention während der Reperfusionsphase 15,17. Zu Beginn der Reperfusion Neuronen schnell wieder Funktion und keine unmittelbare Zelltod nachweisbar ist 18. Doch diese Beleidigung verursacht Induktion des Zelltods Kaskaden (Apoptose), die ihren Höhepunkt in der Veröffentlichung apoptogene Proteine ​​aus den Mitochondrien, einschließlich Cytochrom c, zwischen 4-6 h Reperfusion 3,19. Zwischen 6 und 24 h Reperfusion wurden Neuronen des Hippocampus CA1 zu Zelltod begangen, und die Apoptose-Programm 19 ausgeführt. Es sollte angemerkt werden, dass der Zelltod-Phänotyp verantwortlich für ischämische Schädigung höchst umstritten ist werden. Frühe Studien haben vorgeschlagen, Nekrose ist die primäre Zelltod Phänotyp 20,21, während andere andere apopt berichtenosis als wichtigste Mechanismus 22,23. Insgesamt deuten aktuelle Hinweise, dass die Zellen von einem Spektrum von Zelltod Phänotypen von der klassischen Apoptose zur Nekrose sterben. Die spezifische Art des Zelltods ist von vielen Faktoren abhängig, wobei der Wert des Beitrags der einzelnen Phänotyp in Abhängigkeit von der Schwere der Insult, neben anderen Faktoren 24,25. Nach 24 Stunden der Reperfusion, besitzen sterbenden Zellen pyknotische Kerne, Kondensmilch Cytosol mit klaren Beweisen von aggregierten zellulären Inhalte und Verlust der funktionellen mitochondrialen Morphologie. Tote Zellen werden weiter abgebaut, verschlungen von Immunzellen wie Makrophagen und / oder Mikroglia und gelöscht aus der CA1 Region des Hippocampus. Nach 4-7 Tagen der Reperfusion, werden abgestorbene Hautzellen entfernt und alles, was bleibt sind Entzündungszellen und aktiviert Gliazellen 17,26. Somit stellt 7 Tagen nach Reperfusion eine optimale Zeit, in hippocampalen CA1 neuronalen Tod quantifiziert mit einfachen, nicht-spezifische Zelle in Flecken werdeneinschließlich Kresylviolett oder Hämotoxylin-Eosin und gezählt basierend auf morphologischen Einschlusskriterien. Verbleibenden Zellen zu dieser späten Reperfusion Intervall kann überlebenden Zellen gezählt werden, wodurch ein Index von Hirnschäden. Wenn dieses Modell genutzt werden, um therapeutische Interventionen zu testen, wird vorgeschlagen, dass das experimentelle Design STAIR Kriterien (Stroke Therapy Academic Industry Roundtable) 27 folgen. Diese Richtlinien befolgt werden sollten bei der Konzeption und Durchführung einer Studie, werden jedoch hier nicht diskutiert.

<table border="1">
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Material Name</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>5-0 VICRYL suture, reverse cutting </td>
 <td>Ethicon</td>
 <td>J391H</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Scalpel, No.10</td>
 <td>Swann-Morton</td>
 <td>6601</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Gauze Sponges</td>
 <td>Fisher</td>
 <td>22-362-178</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>18G x 1 &frac12; in needle</td>
 <td>BD</td>
 <td>305201</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>23G x 1 in needle</td>
 <td>BD</td>
 <td>305145</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>26 G x 3/8 in needle</td>
 <td>BD</td>
 <td>305110</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>18 G x 1 &frac14; catheter</td>
 <td>EXEL</td>
 <td>26735</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>1 ml syringe</td>
 <td>BD</td>
 <td>309659</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>10 ml syringe</td>
 <td>BD</td>
 <td>309604</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>60 ml syringe</td>
 <td>BD</td>
 <td>309653</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Surgilube</td>
 <td>Henry Schein</td>
 <td>1152666</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>.9% Saline, plastic IV bag</td>
 <td>Henry Schein</td>
 <td>1537468</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Suture 3-0 Silk</td>
 <td>Henry Schein</td>
 <td>1007842</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Puralube Ophthalmic Ointment</td>
 <td>Henry Schein</td>
 <td>3390017</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Betadine</td>
 <td>Henry Schein</td>
 <td>6903564</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Sterile Towel Drape</td>
 <td>Moore Medical</td>
 <td>14170</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Polyethylene Tubing, 50</td>
 <td>Intramedic</td>
 <td>427411</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Stopcock, 3 way</td>
 <td>Smiths medical</td>
 <td>MX9311L</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Drug Name</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>AERRANE (isoflurane)</td>
 <td>Henry Schein</td>
 <td>2091966</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Mapap Liquid (Tylenol)</td>
 <td>Major Pharmaceuticals</td>
 <td>1556</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Kedavet (ketamine)</td>
 <td>Ketathesia Butney</td>
 <td>NDC 50989-996-06</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Butorphic (butorphanol)</td>
 <td>Lloyd Labs</td>
 <td>4881</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Heparin</td>
 <td>APP Pharmaceuticals</td>
 <td>504011</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Chemical Name </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Paraformaldehyde prills</td>
 <td>Elecron Microscopy Sci.</td>
 <td>19202</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>2-methylbutane</td>
 <td>Sigma</td>
 <td>270342</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Cresyl Violet Acetate</td>
 <td>Sigma</td>
 <td>C5042</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Sucrose</td>
 <td>Sigma</td>
 <td>S9378</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Software</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>ImageJ</td>
 <td>NIH</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
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</table>

2-vessel occlusion/hypotension: a rat model of global brain ischemia

Herzstillstand nach Reanimation folgte oft zu dramatischen Hirnschäden durch Ischämie und anschließende Reperfusion des Gehirns verursacht. Globale Hirnischämie produziert Schäden an bestimmten Gehirnregionen gezeigt werden, sehr empfindlich auf Ischämie 1. Hippocampusneuronen höhere Empfindlichkeit gegenüber ischämischen Insulten Vergleich zu anderen Zellpopulationen, und zwar ist der CA1-Region des Hippocampus besonders anfällig für Ischämie / Reperfusion 2. Das Design von therapeutischen Eingriffen oder Analyse von Mechanismen in Hirnschädigung beteiligt, erfordert ein Modell, das ähnliche Schädigungen der klinische Zustand und in reproduzierbarer Weise erzeugt. Bilaterale carotis Gefäßverschluss mit Hypotonie (2VOH) ist ein Modell, das reversible Vorderhirn Ischämie erzeugt, emuliert die zerebrale Ereignisse, die während Herzstillstand und Reanimation auftreten können. Wir beschreiben ein Modell von Smith et al modifiziert. (1984) 2Als erster in seiner jetzigen Form in Sanderson et al. (2008) 3, die reproduzierbare Verletzungen produziert, um selektiv anfällig Hirnregionen 3-6 vorgestellt. Die Zuverlässigkeit dieses Modells wird durch eine präzise Steuerung der systemischen Blutdrucks während angewandt Hypotonie, die Dauer der Ischämie, genaue Temperaturregelung, einem bestimmten Regime Anästhesie und fleißig post-operative Betreuung diktiert. Eine 8-minütige ischämischen Insult produziert Zelltod von Neuronen im Hippocampus CA1, die im Laufe von 6 bis 24 h Reperfusion fortschreitet, während weniger anfällig Hirnregionen verschont werden. Diese progressive Zelltod leicht nach 7-14 Tagen von Reperfusion quantifiziert, wie ein nahezu vollständigen Verlust der CA1-Neuronen ist zu dieser Zeit zeigt. Zusätzlich zu dieser Hirnverletzung Modell präsentieren wir eine Methode zur Quantifizierung CA1 Schaden mit einem einfachen, aber dennoch gründliche, Methodik. Wichtig ist, dass die Quantifizierung unter Verwendung einer einfachen Kamera angebrachten Mikroskop werden, einda freie ImageJ (NIH) Software-Plugin, wodurch die Notwendigkeit für kostspielig stereology Software-Programme und eine motorisierte mikroskopischen Bühne für Schadensgutachten.

Die 2VOH Modell der globalen Gehirn Ischämie / Reperfusion verursacht neuronalen Tod in der CA1-Region des Hippocampus. Abbildung 2 stellt die Verletzung von 8 min der globalen Gehirn Ischämie, 14 Tage nach der Reperfusion verarbeitet produziert. 2A und 2B vergleichen die hippocampi von Schein-und post-ischämische Hirn, mit Kresylviolett gefärbt. 2A zeigt eine Hippocampus von einer Schein-operierten Ratten, die normale Morphologie aufweist, einschli...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about 2-Vessel Occlusion/Hypotension: A Rat Model of Global Brain Ischemia at JoVE.com

2-Vessel Occlusion/Hypotension: A Rat Model of Global Brain Ischemia

Bilaterale Carotisokklusion mit systemischer Hypotonie gekoppelt produziert globales Gehirn Ischämie bei der Ratte, was zu einer Beschädigung des Hippocampus mit reproduzierbaren Schwere. Tier Probanden mit vorhersagbaren Mustern der Hirnschädigung beeinträchtigt sind, erholen sie zweckmäßig und Mortalitätsraten sind vergleichsweise gering.

2-Gefäßverschluss / Hypotonie: Eine Ratte Modell der globalen Hirnischämie

Cardiac arrest followed by resuscitation often results in dramatic brain damage caused by ischemia and subsequent reperfusion of the brain. Global brain ...

2-vessel-occlusionhypotension-a-rat-model-of-global-brain-ischemia

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

19.8K Aufrufe.  Wayne State University School of Medicine. Bilaterale Carotisokklusion mit systemischer Hypotonie gekoppelt produziert globales Gehirn Ischämie bei der Ratte, was zu einer Beschädigung des Hippocampus mit reproduzierbaren Schwere. Tier Probanden mit vorhersagbaren Mustern der Hirnschädigung beeinträchtigt sind, erholen sie zweckmäßig und Mortalitätsraten sind vergleichsweise gering.

Serie: 2-Vessel Occlusion/Hypotension: A Rat Model of Global Brain Ischemia

MRI-guided Disruption of the Blood-brain Barrier using Transcranial Focused Ultrasound in a Rat Model

Focused ultrasound (FUS) disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is an increasingly investigated technique for circumventing the BBB1-5. The BBB is a significant obstacle to pharmaceutical treatments of brain disorders as it limits the passage of molecules from the vasculature into the brain tissue to molecules less than approximately 500 Da in size6. FUS induced BBB disruption (BBBD) is temporary and reversible4 and has an advantage over chemical means of inducing BBBD by being highly localized. FUS induced BBBD provides a means for investigating the effects of a wide range of therapeutic agents on the brain, which would not otherwise be deliverable to the tissue in sufficient concentration. While a wide range of ultrasound parameters have proven successful at disrupting the BBB2,5,7, there are several critical steps in the experimental procedure to ensure successful disruption with accurate targeting. This protocol outlines how to achieve MRI-guided FUS induced BBBD in a rat model, with a focus on the critical animal preparation and microbubble handling steps of the experiment.

Microbubble-mediated focused ultrasound disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a promising technique for non-invasive targeted drug delivery in the brain1-3. This protocol outlines the experimental procedure for MRI-guided transcranial BBB disruption in a rat model.

MRI-geführten Störung der Blut-Hirn-Schranke mit Hilfe der transkraniellen fokussiertem Ultraschall in einem Rattenmodell

Focused ultrasound (FUS) disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is an increasingly investigated technique for circumventing the BBB1-5. The BBB is a ...

Forschung

Medizin

A Murine Closed-chest Model of Myocardial Ischemia and Reperfusion

Surgical trauma by thoracotomy in open-chest models of coronary ligation induces an immune response which modifies different mechanisms involved in ischemia and reperfusion. Immune response includes cytokine expression and release or secretion of endogenous ligands of innate immune receptors. Activation of innate immunity can potentially modulate infarct size. We have modified an existing murine closed-chest model using hanging weights which could be useful for studying myocardial pre- and postconditioning and the role of innate immunity in myocardial ischemia and reperfusion. This model allows animals to recover from surgical trauma before onset of myocardial ischemia.
Volatile anesthetics have been intensely studied and their preconditioning effect for the ischemic heart is well known. However, this protective effect precludes its use in open chest models of coronary artery ligation. Thus, another advantage could be the use of the well controllable volatile anesthetics for instrumentation in a chronic closed-chest model, since their preconditioning effect lasts up to 72 hours. Chronic heart diseases with intermittent ischemia and multiple hit models are other possible applications of this model.
For the chronic closed-chest model, intubated and ventilated mice undergo a lateral blunt thoracotomy via the 4th intercostal space. Following identification of the left anterior descending a ligature is passed underneath the vessel and both suture ends are threaded through an occluder. Then, both suture ends are passed through the chest wall, knotted to form a loop and left in the subcutaneous tissue. After chest closure and recovery for 5 days, mice are anesthetized again, chest skin is reopened and hanging weights are hooked up to the loop under ECG control.
At the end of the ischemia/reperfusion protocol, hearts can be stained with TTC for infarct size assessment or undergo perfusion fixation to allow morphometric studies in addition to histology and immunohistochemistry.

Surgical trauma induces an inflammatory response. Cytokines and endogenous ligands are known to modulate myocardial infarct size following ischemia and reperfusion. We present a modified closed-chest model of murine ischemia and reperfusion using hanging weights to minimize effects of thoracotomy.

Ein Maus-Closed-Brust-Modell von Myokardischämie und Reperfusion

Surgical trauma by thoracotomy in open-chest models of coronary ligation induces an immune response which modifies different mechanisms involved in ...

Rat Model of Blood-brain Barrier Disruption to Allow Targeted Neurovascular Therapeutics

Endothelial cells with tight junctions along with the basement membrane and astrocyte end feet surround cerebral blood vessels to form the blood-brain barrier1. The barrier selectively excludes molecules from crossing between the blood and the brain based upon their size and charge. This function can impede the delivery of therapeutics for neurological disorders. A number of chemotherapeutic drugs, for example, will not effectively cross the blood-brain barrier to reach tumor cells2. Thus, improving the delivery of drugs across the blood-brain barrier is an area of interest.
The most prevalent methods for enhancing the delivery of drugs to the brain are direct cerebral infusion and blood-brain barrier disruption3. Direct intracerebral infusion guarantees that therapies reach the brain; however, this method has a limited ability to disperse the drug4. Blood-brain barrier disruption (BBBD) allows drugs to flow directly from the circulatory system into the brain and thus more effectively reach dispersed tumor cells. Three methods of barrier disruption include osmotic barrier disruption, pharmacological barrier disruption, and focused ultrasound with microbubbles. Osmotic disruption, pioneered by Neuwelt, uses a hypertonic solution of 25% mannitol that dehydrates the cells of the blood-brain barrier causing them to shrink and disrupt their tight junctions. Barrier disruption can also be accomplished pharmacologically with vasoactive compounds such as histamine5 and bradykinin6. This method, however, is selective primarily for the brain-tumor barrier7. Additionally, RMP-7, an analog of the peptide bradykinin, was found to be inferior when compared head-to-head with osmotic BBBD with 25% mannitol8. Another method, focused ultrasound (FUS) in conjunction with microbubble ultrasound contrast agents, has also been shown to reversibly open the blood-brain barrier9. In comparison to FUS, though, 25% mannitol has a longer history of safety in human patients that makes it a proven tool for translational research10-12.
In order to accomplish BBBD, mannitol must be delivered at a high rate directly into the brain's arterial circulation. In humans, an endovascular catheter is guided to the brain where rapid, direct flow can be accomplished. This protocol models human BBBD as closely as possible. Following a cut-down to the bifurcation of the common carotid artery, a catheter is inserted retrograde into the ECA and used to deliver mannitol directly into the internal carotid artery (ICA) circulation. Propofol and N2O anesthesia are used for their ability to maximize the effectiveness of barrier disruption13. If executed properly, this procedure has the ability to safely, effectively, and reversibly open the blood-brain barrier and improve the delivery of drugs that do not ordinarily reach the brain 8,13,14.

Blood-brain barrier disruption aids the delivery of certain drugs to the brain. Mannitol delivered intra-arterially shrinks cells surrounding blood vessels in order to physically disrupt the barrier.

Rat Modell der Blut-Hirn-Schranke Störung zu Neurovascular Therapeutics Gezielte zulassen

Endothelial cells with tight junctions along with the basement membrane and astrocyte end feet surround cerebral blood vessels to form the blood-brain ...

In situ Transverse Rectus Abdominis Myocutaneous Flap: A Rat Model of Myocutaneous Ischemia Reperfusion Injury

Free tissue transfer is the gold standard of reconstructive surgery to repair complex defects not amenable to local options or those requiring composite tissue. Ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) is a known cause of partial free flap failure and has no effective treatment. Establishing a laboratory model of this injury can prove costly both financially as larger mammals are conventionally used and in the expertise required by the technical difficulty of these procedures typically requires employing an experienced microsurgeon. This publication and video demonstrate the effective use of a model of IRI in rats which does not require microsurgical expertise. This procedure is an in situ model of a transverse abdominis myocutaneous (TRAM) flap where atraumatic clamps are utilized to reproduce the ischemia-reperfusion injury associated with this surgery. A laser Doppler Imaging (LDI) scanner is employed to assess flap perfusion and the image processing software, Image J to assess percentage area skin survival as a primary outcome measure of injury.

In situ Transverse Rectus Abdominis Myocutaneous Flap: A Rat Model of Myocutaneous Ischemia Reperfusion Injury

Free tissue transfer is widely employed in reconstructive surgery to restore form and function following oncological resection and trauma. Preconditioning this tissue prior to surgery may improve outcome. This article describes an in situ transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap (TRAM) in rats as a means for testing preconditioning strategies.

In situ Quer Bauchmuskel myokutane Flap: Eine Ratte Modell myokutane Ischämie Reperfusion Injury

Free tissue transfer is the gold standard of reconstructive surgery to repair complex defects not amenable to local options or those requiring composite ...

Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation and Reoxygenation as an In Vitro Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Model for Studying Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction

Ischemia-Reperfusion (IR) injury is known to contribute significantly to the morbidity and mortality associated with ischemic strokes. Ischemic cerebrovascular accidents account for 80% of all strokes. A common cause of IR injury is the rapid inflow of fluids following an acute/chronic occlusion of blood, nutrients, oxygen to the tissue triggering the formation of free radicals.
Ischemic stroke is followed by blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction and vasogenic brain edema. Structurally, tight junctions (TJs) between the endothelial cells play an important role in maintaining the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). IR injury is an early secondary injury leading to a non-specific, inflammatory response. Oxidative and metabolic stress following inflammation triggers secondary brain damage including BBB permeability and disruption of tight junction (TJ) integrity.
Our protocol presents an in vitro example of oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD-R) on rat brain endothelial cell TJ integrity and stress fiber formation. Currently, several experimental in vivo models are used to study the effects of IR injury; however they have several limitations, such as the technical challenges in performing surgeries, gene dependent molecular influences and difficulty in studying mechanistic relationships. However, in vitro models may aid in overcoming many of those limitations. The presented protocol can be used to study the various molecular mechanisms and mechanistic relationships to provide potential therapeutic strategies. However, the results of in vitro studies may differ from standard in vivo studies and should be interpreted with caution.

Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation and Reoxygenation as an In Vitro Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Model for Studying Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction

Ischemia-Reperfusion (IR) injury is associated with a high rate of morbidity and mortality. The goal of the in vitro model of oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD-R) described here is to assess the effects of ischemia reperfusion injury on a variety of cells, particularly in blood-brain barrier (BBB) endothelial cells.

Sauerstoff-Glukose Deprivation und Reoxygenierung als<em&gt; In-vitro-</em&gt; Ischämie-Reperfusion Injury Modell zum Studium der Blut-Hirnschranke Dysfunction

Ischemia-Reperfusion (IR) injury is known to contribute significantly to the morbidity and mortality associated with ischemic strokes. Ischemic ...

A Thrombotic Stroke Model Based On Transient Cerebral Hypoxia-ischemia

Stroke research has endured many setbacks in translating neuroprotective therapies into clinical practice. In contrast, the real-world therapy (tPA thrombolysis) rarely produces benefits in mechanical occlusion-based experimental models, which dominate preclinical stroke research. This split between the bench and bedside suggests the need to employ tPA-responsive models in preclinical stroke research. To this end, a simple and tPA-reactive thrombotic stroke model is invented and described here. This model consists of transient occlusion of the unilateral common carotid artery and delivery of 7.5% oxygen through a face mask in adult mice for 30 min, while maintaining the animal rectal temperature at 37.5 &#177; 0.5 &#176;C. Although reversible ligation of the unilateral carotid artery or hypoxia each suppressed cerebral blood flow only transiently, the combination of both insults caused lasting reperfusion deficits, fibrin and platelet deposition, and large infarct in the middle cerebral artery-supplied territory. Importantly, tail-vein injection of recombinant tPA at 0.5, 1, or 4 hr post-tHI (10 mg/kg) provided time-dependent reduction of the mortality rate and infarct size. This new stroke model is simple and can be standardized across laboratories to compare experimental results. Further, it induces thrombosis without craniectomy or introducing pre-formed emboli. Given these unique merits, the tHI model is a useful addition to the repertoire of preclinical stroke research.

Thromboembolic stroke models are vital tools for optimizing the recanalization therapy. Here we report a murine thrombotic stroke model based on transient cerebral hypoxic-ischemic (tHI) insult, which triggers thrombosis and infarction, and responds favorably to tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)-mediated fibrinolysis in a therapeutic window similar to those in stroke patients.

A thrombotischer Schlaganfall Modell basierend auf Transient zerebrale Hypoxie-Ischämie

Stroke research has endured many setbacks in translating neuroprotective therapies into clinical practice. In contrast, the real-world therapy (tPA ...

Murine Model of Intestinal Ischemia-reperfusion Injury

Intestinal ischemia is a life-threatening condition associated with a broad range of clinical conditions including atherosclerosis, thrombosis, hypotension, necrotizing enterocolitis, bowel transplantation, trauma and chronic inflammation. Intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury is a consequence of acute mesenteric ischemia, caused by inadequate blood flow through the mesenteric vessels, resulting in intestinal damage. Reperfusion following ischemia can further exacerbate damage of the intestine. The mechanisms of IR injury are complex and poorly understood. Therefore, experimental small animal models are critical for understanding the pathophysiology of IR injury and the development of novel therapies.
Here we describe a mouse model of acute intestinal IR injury that provides reproducible injury of the small intestine without mortality. This is achieved by inducing ischemia in the region of the distal ileum by temporally occluding the peripheral and terminal collateral branches of the superior mesenteric artery for 60 min using microvascular clips. Reperfusion for 1 hr, or 2 hr after injury results in reproducible injury of the intestine examined by histological analysis. Proper position of the microvascular clips is critical for the procedure. Therefore the video clip provides a detailed visual step-by-step description of this technique. This model of intestinal IR injury can be utilized to study the cellular and molecular mechanisms of injury and regeneration.

Here we describe the detailed procedure of intestinal ischemia-reperfusion in mice which results in reproducible injury without mortality to encourage the standardization of this technique across the field. This model of intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury can be utilized to study the cellular and molecular mechanisms of injury and regeneration.

Murine Modell der intestinalen Ischämie-Reperfusionsschaden

Intestinal ischemia is a life-threatening condition associated with a broad range of clinical conditions including atherosclerosis, thrombosis, ...

Reproducible Motor Deficit Following Aortic Occlusion in a Rat Model Of Spinal Cord Ischemia

Spinal cord ischemia is a fatal complication following thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm surgery. Researchers can investigate the strategies for preventing and treating this complication using experimental models of spinal cord ischemia. The model described here demonstrates varying degrees of paraplegia that relate to the length of occlusion following thoracic aortic occlusion in a rat spinal cord ischemia model.
A 2-Fr. balloon-tipped catheter was advanced through the femoral artery into the descending thoracic aorta until the catheter tip was placed at the left subclavian artery in anesthetized male Sprague-Dawley rats. Spinal cord ischemia was induced by inflating the catheter balloon. After a set period of occlusion (9, 10, or 11 min), the balloon was deflated. Neurologic assessment was performed using the motor deficit index at 24 h after surgery, and the spinal cord was harvested for histopathological examination.
Rats that underwent 9 min of aortic occlusion showed mild and reversible motor impairment in the hind limb. Rats subjected to 10 min of aortic occlusion presented with moderate but reversible motor impairment. Rats subjected to 11 min of aortic occlusion displayed complete and persistent paralysis. The motor neurons in the spinal cord sections were more preserved in rats subjected to shorter duration of aortic occlusion.
Researchers can achieve a reproducible hind limb motor deficit following thoracic aortic occlusion using this spinal cord ischemia model.

This study demonstrates the technique to make a minimally invasive and easily reproducible model of spinal cord ischemia in rats. Various degrees of hind limb motor deficit can be produced by controlling the aortic occlusion time.

Reproduzierbare motorische Defizit nach Aortengelenk in einem Rattenmodell der Rückenmark Ischämie

Spinal cord ischemia is a fatal complication following thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm surgery. Researchers can investigate the strategies for preventing ...

Isometric Contractility Measurement of the Mouse Mesenteric Artery Using Wire Myography

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and drugs. It is widely used in many studies on the physiological functions of vascular smooth muscle, the pathogenesis of vascular diseases such as hypertension, and the development of smooth muscle relaxant drugs. The mouse is a widely used model animal with a large pool of disease models and genetically modified strains. We introduced this method to measure the isometric contraction of mouse mesenteric artery in detail. A 1.4-mm segment of mouse mesenteric resistance artery was isolated and mounted on a myograph chamber by passing two steel wires through its lumen. After equilibration and normalization steps, the vessel segment was potentiated by a high-K+ solution twice prior to the contraction assay. As an example of the application of this method in drug development, we measured the relaxant effect of a novel natural substance, neoliensinine, isolated from a Chinese herb, embryos of the lotus seed (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) on mouse mesenteric arteries. The vessel segments mounted on the myograph chamber were stimulated with a high-K+ solution. When the force tension reached a stable sustained phase, cumulative doses of neoliensinine were added to the chamber. We found that neoliensinine had a dose-dependent relaxant effect on smooth muscle contraction, thus suggesting that it bears potential activity against hypertension. In addition, as the vessel segment can survive at least 4 hours after mounting and maintain contractility induced by the high-K+ solution for many times, we suggest that the wire myograph system may be used for the time-consuming process of drug screening.

The wire myograph technique is used to investigate vascular smooth muscle functions and screen new drugs. We report a detailed protocol for measuring the isometric contractility of the mouse mesenteric artery and for screening new relaxants of vascular smooth muscle.

Messung der isometrischen Kontraktilität der Maus mesenterialen Arterie mit Draht Myographie

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and ...

Assessing Therapeutic Angiogenesis in a Murine Model of Hindlimb Ischemia

Critical limb ischemia (CLI) is a serious condition that entails a high risk of lower limb amputation. Despite revascularization being the gold-standard therapy, a considerable number of CLI patients are not suited for either surgical or endovascular revascularization. Angiogenic therapies are emerging as an option for these patients but are currently still under investigation. Before application in humans, those therapies must be tested in animal models and its mechanisms must be clearly understood. An animal model of hindlimb ischemia (HLI) has been developed by the ligation and excision of the distal external iliac and femoral arteries and veins in mice. A comprehensive panel of tests was assembled to assess the effects of ischemia and putative angiogenic therapies at functional, histologic and molecular levels. Laser Doppler was used for the flow measurement and functional assessment of perfusion. Tissue response was evaluated by the analysis of capillary density after staining with the anti-CD31 antibody on histological sections of gastrocnemius muscle and by measurement of collateral vessel density after diaphonization. Expression of angiogenic genes was quantified by RT-PCR targeting selected angiogenic factors exclusively in endothelial cells (ECs) after laser capture microdissection from mice gastrocnemius muscles. These methods were sensitive in identifying differences between ischemic and non-ischemic limbs and between treated and non-treated limbs. This protocol provides a reproducible model of CLI and a framework for testing angiogenic therapies.

Here, a critical hindlimb ischemia experimental model is presented followed by a battery of functional, histologic and molecular tests&#160;to assess the effectiveness of angiogenic therapies.&#8203;

Beurteilung der therapeutischen Angiogenese in einem Murine-Modell von Hindlimb Ischemia

Critical limb ischemia (CLI) is a serious condition that entails a high risk of lower limb amputation. Despite revascularization being the gold-standard ...