Name: the rodent psychomotor vigilance test (rpvt): a method for assessing neurobehavioral performance in rats and mice
Uploaded: 2016-12-29T12:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 7 min 47 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test rPVT: A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice at JoVE.com

This research was supported by NASA (NNX15AC17G to CMD), and by NASA cooperative agreement NCC 9-58 (E000010 to CMD, NBPF02802 and NBPF04201 to RDH) with the National Space Biomedical Research Institute.

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Die Methodik beschriebenen Ergebnisse hierin in rPVT Leistungen in Ratten, die in den menschlichen Literatur berichtet vorteilhaft in vielen Aspekten der typischen PVT Leistung vergleichen. Unter Verwendung der vorliegenden Techniken kann man schnell Ratten trainieren , um die rPVT durchzuführen, und die mit diesen Techniken erhaltenen Leistungen werden durch klare Benachteiligungen gekennzeichnet (dh hohe richtig reagiert, geringe voreilig reagiert und hinfällig). Ferner sind die Reaktionszeitverteilungen mi...

Der menschliche psycho Vigilanz - Test (PVT) ist ein weit verbreitetes, gut validierten Werkzeug für Menschen in Wachsamkeit und anhaltende Aufmerksamkeit zu messen, und wurde ursprünglich von Dinges et al entwickelt. 1-3 für die Stabilität der Reaktionszeiten und die Aufmerksamkeit der Bewertung (zB Fehler in Bezug auf die vorzeitige Reaktionen und Verfehlungen in der Aufmerksamkeit), die beide innerhalb von Sitzungen als Ganzes und über die Zeit in den einzelnen Sitzungen. Im Laufe der Jahre hat der Mensch PVT modifiziert und aktualisiert 4-11 zeitlichen Änderungen in verschiedenen Aspekten Aufmerksamkeit zu verfolgen, und wurde gezeigt, auf Veränderungen in Schlafentzug und Ermüdung empfindlich zu sein und wird durch Drogenkonsum und Alter der Patienten 12 betroffen , 13. Die PVT ist ein scheinbar einfaches Verfahren, bei dem ein Gegenstand kurz einen Bildschirm berührt, wenn ein Stimulus (typischerweise eine LED-Nummernanzeige) zufällig in der Zeit erscheint, in der Regel nach 2 bis 10 s. In der menschlichen Variante wird die Nummernanzeige in ms inkrementiert, und angehalten, wenn ter Bildschirm berührt wird, damit die Reaktionszeit des unter Angabe von Gegenstand (RT). Abnahmen der Wachsamkeit sind mit 1 bezeichnet) verlangsamte Reaktionszeiten, 2) eine Erhöhung der Verfehlungen (bezeichnet als &quot;Fehler der Unterlassung&quot; in der menschlichen Literatur, und in der Regel als RTs definiert, die&gt; 500 ms lang), und 3) eine Erhöhung der (bezeichnet als &quot;Fehler der Kommission&quot; oder &quot;Fehlstarts&quot; in der menschlichen Literatur) vorzeitig zu reagieren. Andere Maßnahmen können auch mit dem PVT für die Prüfung solcher Variablen wie Geschlecht und Altersunterschiede erhalten werden; eine Überprüfung dieser Maßnahmen finden Basner und Dinges 4. Schließlich hat die PVT in den allgemeinen Bereich der Risikobewertung beim Menschen eingesetzt worden, und wurde unter einer Vielzahl von Einsatzgebieten erfolgreich eingesetzt, die das Militär, Luft- und Eisenbahnindustrie, Ersthelfer und extreme Umgebungen wie NASA Extreme Environment Missionen umfassen Operationen (NEEMO), der internationale Mars500 - Projekt 14, und auf der internationalen Space Station (ISS). Auf der ISS wird die PVT die &quot;Reaktion Selbsttest&quot; genannt und wird verwendet , Astronauten mit individualisierten ermüdungsbedingten Feedback (zB Änderungen in RTS- oder Verfehlungen in der Aufmerksamkeit) zur Verfügung zu stellen. Der menschliche PVT ist seit Jahrzehnten im Einsatz, als Nagetier-Versionen von einfachen Reaktionszeitaufgaben haben (was ein wenig ähnlich sind). Es wurde jedoch erst vor kurzem, dass ein direkter Nagetier Gegenstück zum menschlichen PVT wurde in der Literatur berichtet. Christie und Kollegen beschrieben , eine Version des menschlichen PVT für Ratten und berichtete Abnahme der Wachsamkeit folgenden Schlafentzug 15,16. Weitere neuere Studien haben Versionen des rPVT 17-19 berichtet. Diese Berichte haben beschriebenen Veränderungen in Daueraufmerksamkeit nach verschiedenen Techniken Schlafentzug; jedoch haben die Daten aus diesen Studien berichtet hohe vorzeitige Reaktion (beispielsweise in einigen Fällen mehr als 40% der Gesamtzahl der respoNSEs); solche Leistungen sind ganz anders als alle PVT Auftritte mit den Menschen. Solch ein großer Unterschied in rodent gegen menschliche Leistungen aufgrund der Unterschiede in spezifischen Parameter im menschlichen gegenüber den Nagetieren Versionen der PVT eingesetzt wahrscheinlich; zum Beispiel al die Christie et. Studie beschäftigte sich zufällig ändernde 3 - 7 s Vorperiode, während ein Mensch PVT normalerweise ein 2 beschäftigt - 10 s Vorperiode (obwohl siehe Basner et al 5 für eine 3-min - Version des menschlichen PVT , die eine 1 verwendet -. 4 s Vorperiode) . Die Verwendung von relativ kurzen Vorperiode Werte können häufig bei Tieren &quot;Timing&quot; ihre Reaktionen zur Folge haben, und können so zu fördern, über zufällige Verstärkung, die Zahl der vorzeitigen Reaktionen erhöht, wie sie in den aktuellen Nagetier rPVT Studien berichtet worden. Die Version des rPVT hier beschriebenen basiert auf unserer früher veröffentlichten Artikel 20, und enthält eine detaillierte Beschreibung der Techniken und -verfahren. es unterscheidetvon bisher veröffentlichten Versionen des rPVT in folgenden Punkten: 1) Ratten mit variabler Vorperiode Werte von 3 ausgebildet wurden - 10 s und 2) Ratten schnell reagieren musste, bezeichnet, da nur Antworten innerhalb einer kurzen Antwortfenster (auch eine &quot;begrenzte halten &quot;) nach Beginn des Stimulus verstärkt wurden (1,5 s in der vorliegenden Studie, 3,0 s in den vorherigen veröffentlichten Versionen des rPVT). Mit diesen Änderungen sowie kurze Timeouts für falsch in einem höheren Niveau der Stimuluskontrolle führte Ansprechend, wie durch deutliche Verbesserungen in der Genauigkeit und reduzierte Mengen an vorzeitiger Reaktion angezeigt. Der vorliegende Bericht beschreibt auch vorhersehbare Veränderungen in Leistungsvariablen (zB Verfehlungen in der Aufmerksamkeit, EZS) , die wie beim Menschen parallel bei der Prüfung der Wachsamkeit 21 dekrementiert, und bei der Prüfung anderer Performance - Maßnahmen , einschließlich der menschlichen &quot;Zeit auf Aufgabe&quot; -Effekt und die response- Reizintervall (RSI) Wirkung, die im menschlichen PVT beobachtet <sbis&gt; 22. Die endgültige Version des rPVT hier beschrieben beginnt , indem Sie auf ein Haus Licht drehen (siehe Abbildung 1). Nach einem variablen Intervall (Vorperiode) von 3 bis 10 s abgelaufen ist, wird die Nasen Poke Schlüssel für maximal 1,5 s belichtet. (Um eine gleichmäßige Verteilung der Vorperioden Dauer zu gewährleisten, werden die Werte zufällig generiert, ohne Ersatz aus einer Liste von 36 möglichen Werte, die von 3 bis 10 s liegen, bezogen auf 200 ms-Schritten.) Beleuchtung des nosepoke Schlüssel ist das Signal für ein Tier reagieren und eine Antwort, die zwischen 150 bis 1500 ms nach dem Beginn der hell~~POS=TRUNC tritt mit einer 45-mg-Pellet verstärkt wird. Nach einer verstärkten Reaktion, die beide die Nase Poke Schlüssellicht und das Haus Licht ausgeschaltet und ein 1 s Inter-trial-Intervall (ITI, Haus Licht aus) erfolgt. Nose-Pokes bei vor Licht Beginn erzeugen ein 8 s Timeout (TO) aus den experimentellen Eventualitäten, die durch Löschen des Hauses Licht signalisiert wird. Wenn keine Antworten treten innerhalb der 1,5 s response Fenster sowohl das nosepoke Licht und Haus Licht ausgeschaltet sind, und ein 1 s ITI erfolgt. Die nächste geplante Vorperiode Wert für die nachfolgende Studie beginnt nach entweder die 1 s ITI oder die 8 s TO, je nachdem, was während der vorangegangenen Studie aufgetreten. Die Sitzungen werden täglich durchgeführt (5 Tage / Woche), in der Regel von etwa 200 Studien, bestehen und nach 30 Minuten beendet. Dies führt bei jedem Versuch eine Dauer von etwa 7,5 s mit durchschnittlich. Shaping stabile Basisleistung auf der rPVT erfolgt zunächst durch 1) eine Ratte Anpassung aus dem Nahrungsmittelbehälter zu nehmen Futterpellets in der Kammer, 2) von Hand Gestaltung einer Ratte auf einer Nase Poke Schlüssel zu reagieren, indem sie schrittweise Annäherungen an die letzte Verstärkung Nase stecken Antwort, und 3) die Durchführung von täglichen Sitzungen , in denen die Parameter des rPVT Verfahren (dh Vorperiode, ITI, TO, und Schlüsselbelichtungszeiten) werden schrittweise während einer Sitzung angepasst, je nachdem , wie gut jede Ratte während jeder Sitzung ausführt (unten im Detail beschrieben).

<table><tbody><tr><td>Modular rat operant chamber with stainless steel grid floor</td><td>Med Associates</td><td>ENV-008</td><td>Med Associates Inc.&lt;br/&gt; PO Box 319&lt;br/&gt; St. Albans, Vermont 05478,&lt;br/&gt; USA&lt;br/&gt; Phone: (802) 527-2343</td></tr><tr><td>Sound attenuating chamber&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Med Associates</td><td>ENV-022MD</td><td>Houses rat operant chamber</td></tr><tr><td>Houselight for rat</td><td>Med Associates</td><td>ENV-215M</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1&quot; diameter rat nose poke response key</td><td>Med Associates</td><td>ENV-119M-1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pellet receptacle, trough type</td><td>Med Associates</td><td>ENV-200R2M</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Modular pellet dispenser for rat, 45-mg</td><td>Med Associates</td><td>ENV-203M-45</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PCI Operating package for up to 8 operant chambers</td><td>Med Associates</td><td>MED-SYST-8</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>SmartCtrl</td><td>Med Associates</td><td>DIG-716P1</td><td>This catalog number has 8 outputs and 4 inputs which is the minimum needed to run the rPVT; SmartCtrl can also be purchased with 16 outputs and 8 inputs for more flexibility</td></tr><tr><td>Med-PC IV software</td><td>Med Associates</td><td>SOF-735</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PC computer with PCI card slot</td><td>Any manfacturer (&lt;em&gt;e.g.&lt;/em&gt;, Dell)</td><td></td><td>Use of the PCI operating package requires a computer with a PCI card slot. Systems that use PCIe are available. Contact Med Associates for details.</td></tr><tr><td>Dustless Precision pellets 45-mg rodent grain-based diet</td><td>Bio Serv</td><td>FO165</td><td>Bio-Serv&lt;br/&gt; One 8th Street, Suite 1&lt;br/&gt; Frenchtown, NJ 08825, USA&lt;br/&gt; Phone: (800)-996-9908;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Standard chow pellets are commonly used. Different pellets (&lt;em&gt;e.g.&lt;/em&gt;, sucrose) can be acquired from Bio Serv.</td></tr></tbody></table>

the rodent psychomotor vigilance test (rpvt): a method for assessing neurobehavioral performance in rats and mice

Der menschliche Psychomotorische Vigilance Test (PVT) ist ein weit verbreitetes Verfahren für Änderungen der Ermüdung und anhaltende Aufmerksamkeit zu messen. Der vorliegende Artikel beschreibt ein Nagetier - Version des PVT-bezeichnet die &quot;rPVT&quot; , dh ähnliche Aspekte der Aufmerksamkeit misst (dh Leistungsgenauigkeit, Motordrehzahl, vorzeitige reagiert und Verfehlungen in der Aufmerksamkeit). Die Daten werden präsentiert, die sowohl die kurz- und langfristigen Nutzen des rPVT zeigen, wenn sie mit Laborratten eingesetzt. Ratten lernen leicht die rPVT, und das Erlernen der grundlegenden Vorgang auszuführen dauert weniger als zwei Wochen Training. Einmal erworben, Ratte Leistungen in der rPVT zeigen einen hohen Grad der Ähnlichkeit zu diesen gleichen Performance - Maßnahmen im menschlichen PVT, einschließlich Ähnlichkeiten bei Verfehlungen in der Aufmerksamkeit, Reaktionszeiten, Wachsamkeit Dekremente über Sitzungszeit (dh der Mensch &quot;time-on- task &quot;Effekte), und die Antwort-Stimulus-Intervall (RSI) Wirkung beim Menschen beschrieben. So ist die rPVT kann ein äußerst wertvolles Werkzeug für die Beurteilung der Auswirkungen von einer Vielzahl von Variablen auf nachhaltige Aufmerksamkeit ganz ähnlich wie die menschliche PVT Leistungen sein und kann somit für die Entwicklung neuer Therapien für Neuropsychologische Störungen nützlich sein.

Baseline Rat rPVT Performances Mit den Parametern hier detailliert, 86,7% der 122 männlichen Ratten erreichte die letzten rPVT Parameter innerhalb von durchschnittlich 9,0 (SD = 10,13; n = 122) Computer-automatisierte Trainingseinheiten (beschrieben in 4,1-4,9 rPVT Training; in unserer Erfahrung, nur etwa 2% der Ratten wird nicht die rPVT) erwerben. Mit der aktuellen Methodik, Ratten im Durchschnitt 73,4% richtig reagiert, 18,6%...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test rPVT: A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice at JoVE.com

The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test rPVT: A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice

Eine Ratte Version des menschlichen Psychomotorik Vigilance Test (PVT) beschrieben, die mit dem menschlichen PVT gemessen Aspekte der Aufmerksamkeit ähnlich denen Maßnahmen, einschließlich der Aspekte der menschlichen Wachsamkeit wie Leistungsgenauigkeit, Motordrehzahl, vorzeitige reagiert und Verfehlungen in der Aufmerksamkeit.

Das Nagetier Psychomotorik Vigilance Test (rPVT): Eine Methode zur Beurteilung der Neuropsychologische Leistung bei Ratten und Mäusen

The human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is a widely used procedure for measuring changes in fatigue and sustained attention. The present article ...

the-rodent-psychomotor-vigilance-test-rpvt-method-for-assessing

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test (rPVT): A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice

12.0K Aufrufe.  The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.  Eine Ratte Version des menschlichen Psychomotorik Vigilance Test (PVT) beschrieben, die mit dem menschlichen PVT gemessen Aspekte der Aufmerksamkeit ähnlich denen Maßnahmen, einschließlich der Aspekte der menschlichen Wachsamkeit wie Leistungsgenauigkeit, Motordrehzahl, vorzeitige reagiert und Verfehlungen in der Aufmerksamkeit. 

Serie: The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test rPVT: A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice

Assessment of Sensorimotor Function in Mouse Models of Parkinson's Disease

Sensitive and reliable behavioral outcome measures are essential to the evaluation of potential therapeutic treatments in preclinical trials for many neurodegenerative diseases. In Parkinson's disease, sensorimotor tests sensitive to varying degrees of nigrostriatal dysfunction are fundamental for testing the efficacy of potential therapeutics. Reliable and quite elegant sensorimotor measures exist for rats, however many of these tests measure sensorimotor asymmetry within the rat and are not entirely suitable for the newer genetic mouse models of PD. We have put together a battery of sensorimotor tests inspired by the sensitive tests in rats and adapted for mice. The test battery highlighted in this study is chosen for a) its sensitivity in a wide variety of mouse models of PD, b) its ease in implementing into a study, and c) its low expense. These tests have proven useful in characterizing novel genetic mouse models of PD as well as in testing potential disease-modifying therapies.

In Parkinson's disease and movement disorders in general, sensitive and reliable behavioral assays are essential for testing novel potential therapeutics. Here, we describe a manageable battery of sensorimotor tests for mice that are sensitive to varying degrees of injury to the nigrostriatal system and useful for preclinical studies.

Beurteilung der Sensomotorik in Maus-Modellen der Parkinson-Krankheit

Sensitive and  reliable behavioral outcome measures are essential to the evaluation of  potential therapeutic treatments in preclinical trials for many  ...

Forschung

Verhalten

Automated, Quantitative Cognitive/Behavioral Screening of Mice: For Genetics, Pharmacology, Animal Cognition and Undergraduate Instruction

We describe a high-throughput, high-volume, fully automated, live-in 24/7 behavioral testing system for assessing the effects of genetic and pharmacological manipulations on basic mechanisms of cognition and learning in mice. A standard polypropylene mouse housing tub is connected through an acrylic tube to a standard commercial mouse test box. The test box has 3 hoppers, 2 of which are connected to pellet feeders. All are internally illuminable with an LED and monitored for head entries by infrared (IR) beams. Mice live in the environment, which eliminates handling during screening. They obtain their food during two or more daily feeding periods by performing in operant (instrumental) and Pavlovian (classical) protocols, for which we have written protocol-control software and quasi-real-time data analysis and graphing software. The data analysis and graphing routines are written in a MATLAB-based language created to simplify greatly the analysis of large time-stamped behavioral and physiological event records and to preserve a full data trail from raw data through all intermediate analyses to the published graphs and statistics within a single data structure. The data-analysis code harvests the data several times a day and subjects it to statistical and graphical analyses, which are automatically stored in the &#34;cloud&#34; and on in-lab computers. Thus, the progress of individual mice is visualized and quantified daily. The data-analysis code talks to the protocol-control code, permitting the automated advance from protocol to protocol of individual subjects. The behavioral protocols implemented are matching, autoshaping, timed hopper-switching, risk assessment in timed hopper-switching, impulsivity measurement, and the circadian anticipation of food availability. Open-source protocol-control and data-analysis code makes the addition of new protocols simple. Eight test environments fit in a 48 in x 24 in x 78 in&#160;cabinet; two such cabinets (16 environments) may be controlled by one computer.

Fully automated system for measuring physiologically meaningful properties of the mechanisms mediating spatial localization, temporal localization, duration, rate&#160;and probability estimation, risk assessment, impulsivity, and the accuracy and precision of memory, in order to assess the effects of genetic and pharmacological manipulations on foundational mechanisms of cognition in mice.

Automatisierte, Quantitative Kognition / Verhalten Screening der Mäuse: Für Genetik, Pharmakologie, Animal Cognition und Undergraduate-Unterricht

We describe a high-throughput, high-volume, fully automated, live-in 24/7 behavioral testing system for assessing the effects of genetic and ...

A Fully Automated Rodent Conditioning Protocol for Sensorimotor Integration and Cognitive Control Experiments

Rodents have been traditionally used as a standard animal model in laboratory experiments involving a myriad of sensory, cognitive, and motor tasks. Higher cognitive functions that require precise control over sensorimotor responses such as decision-making and attentional modulation, however, are typically assessed in nonhuman primates. Despite the richness of primate behavior that allows multiple variants of these functions to be studied, the rodent model remains an attractive, cost-effective alternative to primate models. Furthermore, the ability to fully automate operant conditioning in rodents adds unique advantages over the labor intensive training of nonhuman primates while studying a broad range of these complex functions.
Here, we introduce a protocol for operantly conditioning rats on performing working memory tasks. During critical epochs of the task, the protocol ensures that the animal's overt movement is minimized by requiring the animal to 'fixate' until a Go cue is delivered, akin to nonhuman primate experimental design. A simple two alternative forced choice task is implemented to demonstrate the performance. We discuss the application of this paradigm to other tasks.

A fully automated protocol for rodent operant conditioning is proposed. The protocol relies on precise temporal control of behavioral events to investigate the extent to which this control influences neural activity underlying sensorimotor integration and cognitive control experiments.

Eine vollautomatische Nageranlage Protokoll für die Integration sensorischer und kognitiver Kontrollexperimente

Rodents have been traditionally used as a standard animal model in laboratory experiments involving a myriad of sensory, cognitive, and motor tasks. ...

Behavioral Assessment of the Aging Mouse Vestibular System

Age related decline in balance performance is associated with deteriorating muscle strength, motor coordination and vestibular function. While a number of studies show changes in balance phenotype with age in rodents, very few isolate the vestibular contribution to balance under either normal conditions or during senescence. We use two standard behavioral tests to characterize the balance performance of mice at defined age points over the lifespan: the rotarod test and the inclined balance beam test. Importantly though, a custom built rotator is also used to stimulate the vestibular system of mice (without inducing overt signs of motion sickness). These two tests have been used to show that changes in vestibular mediated-balance performance are present over the murine lifespan. Preliminary results show that both the rotarod test and the modified balance beam test can be used to identify changes in balance performance during aging as an alternative to more difficult and invasive techniques such as vestibulo-ocular (VOR) measurements.

Motor control and balance performance are known to deteriorate with age. This paper presents a number of standard noninvasive behavioral tests with the addition of a simple rotary stimulus to challenge the vestibular system and show changes in balance performance in a murine model of aging.

Behavioral Beurteilung der Alterungs Maus vestibuläre System

Age related decline in balance performance is associated with deteriorating muscle strength, motor coordination and vestibular function. While a number of ...

The Attentional Set Shifting Task: A Measure of Cognitive Flexibility in Mice

Cognitive impairment, particularly involving dysfunction of circuitry within the prefrontal cortex (PFC), represents a core feature of many neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders, including depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder. Deficits in cognitive function also represent the most difficult symptom domain&#160;to successfully treat, as serotonin reuptake inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants have only modest effects. Functional neuroimaging studies and postmortem analysis of human brain tissue implicate the PFC as being a primary region of dysregulation in patients with these disorders. However, preclinical behavioral assays used to assess these deficits in mouse models which can be readily manipulated genetically and could provide the basis for studies of new treatment avenues have been underutilized. Here we describe the adaptation of a behavioral assay, the attentional set shifting task (AST), to be performed in mice to assess prefrontal cortex mediated cognitive deficits. The neural circuits underlying behavior during the AST are highly conserved across humans, nonhuman primates and rodents, providing excellent face, construct and predictive validity.

The goal of this protocol is to perform a behavioral assay such as the attentional set shifting task (AST) to assess prefrontal cortex-mediated cognitive flexibility in mice.

Die Aufmerksamkeits Set Shifting Aufgabe: Eine Messung der kognitiven Flexibilität bei Mäusen

Cognitive impairment, particularly involving dysfunction of circuitry within the prefrontal cortex (PFC), represents a core feature of many ...

Operant Procedures for Assessing Behavioral Flexibility in Rats

Executive functions consist of multiple high-level cognitive processes that drive rule generation and behavioral selection. An emergent property of these processes is the ability to adjust behavior in response to changes in one&#8217;s environment (i.e., behavioral flexibility). These processes are essential to normal human behavior, and may be disrupted in diverse neuropsychiatric conditions, including schizophrenia, alcoholism, depression, stroke, and Alzheimer&#8217;s disease. Understanding of the neurobiology of executive functions has been greatly advanced by the availability of animal tasks for assessing discrete components of behavioral flexibility, particularly strategy shifting and reversal learning. While several types of tasks have been developed, most are non-automated, labor intensive, and allow testing of only one animal at a time. The recent development of automated, operant-based tasks for assessing behavioral flexibility streamlines testing, standardizes stimulus presentation and data recording, and dramatically improves throughput. Here, we describe automated strategy shifting and reversal tasks, using operant chambers controlled by custom written software programs. Using these tasks, we have shown that the medial prefrontal cortex governs strategy shifting but not reversal learning in the rat, similar to the dissociation observed in humans. Moreover, animals with a neonatal hippocampal lesion, a neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia, are selectively impaired on the strategy shifting task but not the reversal task. The strategy shifting task also allows the identification of separate types of performance errors, each of which is attributable to distinct neural substrates. The availability of these automated tasks, and the evidence supporting the dissociable contributions of separate prefrontal areas, makes them particularly well-suited assays for the investigation of basic neurobiological processes as well as drug discovery and screening in disease models.

The ability to assess executive functions such as behavioral flexibility in rats is useful for investigating the neurobiology of cognition in both intact animals and disease models. Here we describe automated tasks for assessing strategy shifting and reversal learning, which are particularly sensitive to disruptions in prefrontal cortical networks.

Operante Verfahren zur Bewertung der Verhaltensflexibilität bei Ratten

Executive functions consist of multiple high-level cognitive processes that drive rule generation and behavioral selection. An emergent property of these ...

Neurodevelopmental Reflex Testing in Neonatal Rat Pups

Neurodevelopmental reflex testing is commonly used in clinical practice to assess the maturation of the nervous system. Neurodevelopmental reflexes are also referred to as primitive reflexes. They are sensitive and consistent with later outcomes. Abnormal reflexes are described as an absence, persistence, reappearance, or latency of reflexes, which are predictive indices of infants that are at high risk for neurodevelopmental disorders. Animal models of neurodevelopmental disabilities, such as cerebral palsy, often display aberrant developmental reflexes, as would be observed in human infants. The techniques described assess a variety of neurodevelopmental reflexes in neonatal rats. Neurodevelopmental reflex testing offers the investigator a testing method that is not otherwise available in such young animals. The methodology presented here aims to assist investigators in examining developmental milestones in neonatal rats as a method of detecting early-onset brain injury and/or determining the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions. The methodology presented here aims to provide a general guideline for investigators.

Behavioral testing is the gold standard for determining outcomes following brain injury, and can identify the presence of developmental disabilities in infants and children. Neurodevelopmental reflexes are an early indicator of these abnormalities. A host of easily accomplished developmental reflex tests in the neonatal rodent were developed and described here.

Entwicklung des Nervenreflextests in neonatalen Ratten Pups

Neurodevelopmental reflex testing is commonly used in clinical practice to assess the maturation of the nervous system. Neurodevelopmental reflexes are ...

Battery of Behavioral Tests Assessing General Locomotion, Muscular Strength, and Coordination in Mice

Behavioral testing is used in pre-clinical trials to assess the phenotypic effects and outcomes that a particular disease or treatment has on the animal&#39;s wellbeing and health. There are numerous behavioral tests that may be applied. We selected a test for general locomotion, the open field test (OFT); a test for muscular strength, the mesh test (MT); and a test for coordination, the rotarod test (RR). Testing can be accomplished on a weekly or monthly basis. As a test for general locomotion, the OFT works by objectively monitoring movement parameters while the mouse is in an open field apparatus. The field is generally a 2&#39; x 2&#39; box, and the movements are recorded through laser sensing or through video capture. The mouse is placed in the center of the open field and allowed to move freely for the test. The MT uses the latency for a mouse to fall off an inverted screen as a measure of muscular strength. A mouse is placed on a screen, which is inverted over a clear box, and is timed for their latency to fall. Three trials are performed, with the best of the three trials scored for that day. A score of 60 s is the maximum time a mouse is left inverted. Mice are given a 5-min rest period between mesh test trials. Lastly, an accelerated protocol on the RR assesses motor coordination and endurance. During a trial, a mouse walks on a rotating rod as it increases in speed from 4 rpm to 40 rpm over 5 min. The trial ends when the mouse touches the magnetized pressure sensor upon falling. Each mouse undergoes three trials, and the best trial is scored for that day. This combined behavioral data allows for the global assessment of mobility, coordination, strength, and movement of the test animals. At least two out of the three behavioral testing measures must show improvement for an animal to qualify as having overall improved motor function.

Behavioral testing is used in pre-clinical trials to assess the phenotypic effects of a disease or treatment on an animal's wellbeing. In order to globally assess motor functioning, we selected tests for general locomotion, muscular strength, and coordination: the open field test, the mesh test, and the rotarod test, respectively.

Batterie des Verhaltens testet Beurteilung der allgemeinen Fortbewegung, Muskelkraft und Koordination bei Mäusen

Behavioral testing is used in pre-clinical trials to assess the phenotypic effects and outcomes that a particular disease or treatment has on the ...

Behavioral Assessments of Spontaneous Locomotion in a Murine MPTP-induced Parkinson's Disease Model

Parkinson&#8217;s disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder disease, causing the phenomenon of shaking, rigidity, slowness of movement and dementia. 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) can lead to some Parkinson&#8217;s-like symptoms by destroying dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of the brain. It has been thus used to establish PD models in various animal studies. Here, mice receive MPTP injections (20 mg/kg/day) for seven days and the behavioral tests are performed on the eighth day. This model is adapted efficiently in the study of PD. The behavioral tests here include the cylinder test and the open field test. The cylinder experiment is used to detect the animals&#8217; ability to lift their front paws when put into a different environment. As the PD model mice show arching&#8212;the mouse arches its back&#8212;the number of paw liftings decrease. This test is easy to execute. The open field test is used to detect the amount of time the mice spend on running, walking, and remaining immobile. We analyze animals&#8217; movements in open field using software and obtain data. Lastly, we use L-DOPA, one of the most commonly used PD drugs, as one example to show how to apply this model to the study of PD drugs. Our results indicate that MPTP neurotoxicity induces motor deficit which can be mitigated by L-DOPA.

We describe establishment of a murine model for Parkinson's disease using MPTP, and behavioral assessments using cylinder and open field tests to measure motor function. We then use L-DOPA as one example to show how to apply this model in the study of PD drugs.

Verhaltens Bewertungen der spontanen Fortbewegung in einem murinen MPTP-induzierten Parkinson-Erkrankung-Modell

Parkinson&#8217;s disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder disease, causing the phenomenon of shaking, rigidity, slowness of movement and ...

A Behavioral Test Battery for the Repeated Assessment of Motor Skills, Mood, and Cognition in Mice

Pharmacological and toxicological studies in neurodegeneration require comprehensive behavioral analysis in mice because motor dysfunctions and dysfunctions in mood and cognition are common and often shared symptoms in neurodegenerative diseases. Shown here is a behavioral test battery for motor, mood, and cognition, which can be repeatedly tested in a longitudinal study. This battery assesses the overall behavioral phenotype in mice by examining each domain of behavior with at least two independent well-accepted tests (i.e., open-field test and rotarod test for motor function, social interaction test, elevated plus maze test, and forced swim test for emotional function, and Morris water maze test and novel object recognition test for cognitive function). Therefore, this sensitive and comprehensive test battery is a powerful tool for the study of behavioral alternation in neurodegeneration.

A comprehensive behavioral test battery of motor skills, mood&#8212;including social interaction, depression, and anxiety&#8212;and cognition is designed for the repeated assessment of neurodegeneration-related behavioral changes in mice.