This research was supported by NASA (NNX15AC17G to CMD), and by NASA cooperative agreement NCC 9-58 (E000010 to CMD, NBPF02802 and NBPF04201 to RDH) with the National Space Biomedical Research Institute.

<ol>
	<li>Dinges, D. F., Orne, M. T., Whitehouse, W. G., Orne, E. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Temporal+placement+of+a+nap+for+alertness:+contributions+of+circadian+phase+and+prior+wakefulness.">Temporal placement of a nap for alertness: contributions of circadian phase and prior wakefulness.</a> Sleep. 10, 313-329 (1987).</li><li>Dinges, D. F., Powell, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microcomputer+analyses+of+performance+on+a+portable,+simple+visual+RT+task+during+sustained+operations.">Microcomputer analyses of performance on a portable, simple visual RT task during sustained operations.</a> Behav Res Method Inst Comp. 17, 652-655 (1985).</li><li>Kribbs, N. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+one+night+without+nasal+CPAP+treatment+on+sleep+and+sleepiness+in+patients+with+obstructive+sleep+apnea.">Effects of one night without nasal CPAP treatment on sleep and sleepiness in patients with obstructive sleep apnea.</a> Am Rev Respir Dis. 147, 1162-1168 (1993).</li><li>Basner, M., Dinges, D. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Maximizing+sensitivity+of+the+psychomotor+vigilance+test+(PVT)+to+sleep+loss.">Maximizing sensitivity of the psychomotor vigilance test (PVT) to sleep loss.</a> Sleep. 34, 581-591 (2011).</li><li>Basner, M., Mollicone, D., Dinges, D. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Validity+and+Sensitivity+of+a+Brief+Psychomotor+Vigilance+Test+(PVT-B)+to+Total+and+Partial+Sleep+Deprivation.">Validity and Sensitivity of a Brief Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT-B) to Total and Partial Sleep Deprivation.</a> Acta Astronaut. 69, 949-959 (2011).</li><li>Dinges, D. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cumulative+sleepiness,+mood+disturbance,+and+psychomotor+vigilance+performance+decrements+during+a+week+of+sleep+restricted+to+4-5+hours+per+night.">Cumulative sleepiness, mood disturbance, and psychomotor vigilance performance decrements during a week of sleep restricted to 4-5 hours per night.</a> Sleep. 20, 267-277 (1997).</li><li>Drummond, S. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+neural+basis+of+the+psychomotor+vigilance+task.">The neural basis of the psychomotor vigilance task.</a> Sleep. 28, 1059-1068 (2005).</li><li>Jewett, M. E., Dijk, D. J., Kronauer, R. E., Dinges, D. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dose-response+relationship+between+sleep+duration+and+human+psychomotor+vigilance+and+subjective+alertness.">Dose-response relationship between sleep duration and human psychomotor vigilance and subjective alertness.</a> Sleep. 22, 171-179 (1999).</li><li>Lim, J., Dinges, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sleep+deprivation+and+vigilant+attention.">Sleep deprivation and vigilant attention.</a> Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1129, 305-322 (2008).</li><li>Van Dongen, H. P., Dinges, D. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sleep,+circadian+rhythms,+and+psychomotor+vigilance.">Sleep, circadian rhythms, and psychomotor vigilance.</a> Clin Sports Med. 24 (2), 237-249 (2005).</li><li>Van Dongen, H. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Caffeine+eliminates+psychomotor+vigilance+deficits+from+sleep+inertia.">Caffeine eliminates psychomotor vigilance deficits from sleep inertia.</a> Sleep. 24 (7), 813-819 (2001).</li><li>Blatter, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gender+and+age+differences+in+psychomotor+vigilance+performance+under+differential+sleep+pressure+conditions.">Gender and age differences in psychomotor vigilance performance under differential sleep pressure conditions.</a> Behav Brain Res. 168 (2), 312-317 (2006).</li><li>Lim, J., Dinges, D. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sleep+deprivation+and+vigilant+attention.">Sleep deprivation and vigilant attention.</a> Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1129, 305-322 (2008).</li><li>Basner, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mars+520-d+mission+simulation+reveals+protracted+crew+hypokinesis+and+alterations+of+sleep+duration+and+timing.">Mars 520-d mission simulation reveals protracted crew hypokinesis and alterations of sleep duration and timing.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 110, 2635-2640 (2013).</li><li>Christie, M. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microdialysis+elevation+of+adenosine+in+the+basal+forebrain+produces+vigilance+impairments+in+the+rat+psychomotor+vigilance+task.">Microdialysis elevation of adenosine in the basal forebrain produces vigilance impairments in the rat psychomotor vigilance task.</a> Sleep. 31, 1393-1398 (2008).</li><li>Christie, M. A., McKenna, J. T., Connolly, N. P., McCarley, R. W., Strecker, R. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=24+hours+of+sleep+deprivation+in+the+rat+increases+sleepiness+and+decreases+vigilance:+introduction+of+the+rat-psychomotor+vigilance+task.">24 hours of sleep deprivation in the rat increases sleepiness and decreases vigilance: introduction of the rat-psychomotor vigilance task.</a> J. Sleep Res. 17, 376-384 (2008).</li><li>Oonk, M., Davis, C. J., Krueger, J. M., Wisor, J. P., Van Dongen, H. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sleep+deprivation+and+time-on-task+performance+decrement+in+the+Rat+Psychomotor+Vigilance+Task.">Sleep deprivation and time-on-task performance decrement in the Rat Psychomotor Vigilance Task.</a> Sleep. 38, 445-451 (2015).</li><li>Loomis, S., McCarthy, A., Edgar, D., Tricklebank, M., Gilmour, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Behavioural+evidence+that+modafinil+and+amphetamine+do+not+produce+equivalent+qualities+of+wake+promotion+in+sleep-restricted+rats.">Behavioural evidence that modafinil and amphetamine do not produce equivalent qualities of wake promotion in sleep-restricted rats.</a> Sleep Medicine. 14, 185 (2013).</li><li>Deurveilher, S., Bush, J. E., Rusak, B., Eskes, G. A., Semba, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Psychomotor+vigilance+task+performance+during+and+following+chronic+sleep+restriction+in+rats.">Psychomotor vigilance task performance during and following chronic sleep restriction in rats.</a> Sleep. 38, 515-528 (2015).</li><li>Davis, C. M., Roma, P. G., Hienz, R. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+rodent+model+of+the+human+psychomotor+vigilance+test:+Performance+comparisons.">A rodent model of the human psychomotor vigilance test: Performance comparisons.</a> J Neurosci Methods. 259, 57-71 (2016).</li><li>Lim, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Imaging+brain+fatigue+from+sustained+mental+workload:+an+ASL+perfusion+study+of+the+time-on-task+effect.">Imaging brain fatigue from sustained mental workload: an ASL perfusion study of the time-on-task effect.</a> Neuroimage. 49, 3426-3435 (2010).</li><li>Tucker, A. M., Basner, R. C., Stern, Y., Rakitin, B. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+variable+response-stimulus+interval+effect+and+sleep+deprivation:+an+unexplored+aspect+of+psychomotor+vigilance+task+performance.">The variable response-stimulus interval effect and sleep deprivation: an unexplored aspect of psychomotor vigilance task performance.</a> Sleep. 32, 1393-1395 (2009).</li><li>Skinner, B. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The behavior of organisms: an experimental analysis. , (1938).</li><li>Warm, J. S., Parasuraman, R., Matthews, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vigilance+requires+hard+mental+work+and+is+stressful.">Vigilance requires hard mental work and is stressful.</a> Hum Factors. 50, 433-441 (2008).</li><li>Blatter, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gender+and+age+differences+in+psychomotor+vigilance+performance+under+differential+sleep+pressure+conditions.">Gender and age differences in psychomotor vigilance performance under differential sleep pressure conditions.</a> Behav Brain Res. 168, 312-317 (2006).</li><li>Raymann, R. J., Van Someren, E. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Time-on-task+impairment+of+psychomotor+vigilance+is+affected+by+mild+skin+warming+and+changes+with+aging+and+insomnia.">Time-on-task impairment of psychomotor vigilance is affected by mild skin warming and changes with aging and insomnia.</a> Sleep. 30, 96-103 (2007).</li><li>Beijamini, F., Silva, A. G., Peixoto, C. A., Louzada, F. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+gender+on+psychomotor+vigilance+task+performance+by+adolescents.">Influence of gender on psychomotor vigilance task performance by adolescents.</a> Braz J Med Biol Res. 41, 734-738 (2008).</li><li>Davis, C. M., DeCicco-Skinner, K. L., Hienz, R. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deficits+in+Sustained+Attention+and+Changes+in+Dopaminergic+Protein+Levels+following+Exposure+to+Proton+Radiation+Are+Related+to+Basal+Dopaminergic+Function.">Deficits in Sustained Attention and Changes in Dopaminergic Protein Levels following Exposure to Proton Radiation Are Related to Basal Dopaminergic Function.</a> PLoS One. 10, 0144556 (2015).</li><li>Stebbins, W. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Response+latency+as+a+function+of+amount+of+reinforcement.">Response latency as a function of amount of reinforcement.</a> J Exp Anal Behav. 5, 305-307 (1962).</li><li>Stebbins, W. C., Lanson, R. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Response+latency+as+a+function+of+reinforcement+schedule.">Response latency as a function of reinforcement schedule.</a> J Exp Anal Behav. 5, 299-304 (1962).</li><li>Christie, M. A., McCarley, R. W., Strecker, R. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Twenty-four+hours,+or+five+days,+of+continuous+sleep+deprivation+or+experimental+sleep+fragmentation+do+not+alter+thirst+or+motivation+for+water+reward+in+rats.">Twenty-four hours, or five days, of continuous sleep deprivation or experimental sleep fragmentation do not alter thirst or motivation for water reward in rats.</a> Behav Brain Res. 214, 180-186 (2010).</li><li>Koban, M., Sita, L. V., Le, W. W., Hoffman, G. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sleep+deprivation+of+rats:+the+hyperphagic+response+is+real.">Sleep deprivation of rats: the hyperphagic response is real.</a> Sleep. 31, 927-933 (2008).</li><li>Moody, D. B., Stebbins, W. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Animal Psychophysics, The Design and Conduct of Sensory Experiments. , 277-302 (1970).</li><li>Pfingst, B. E., Hienz, R. D., Kimm, J., Miller, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reaction-time+procedure+for+measurement+of+hearing+I.+Suprathreshold+functions.">Reaction-time procedure for measurement of hearing I. Suprathreshold functions.</a> J Acoust Soc Am. 57, 421-430 (1975).</li><li>Stebbins, W. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Auditory+reaction+time+and+the+derivation+of+equal+loudness+contours+for+the+monkey.">Auditory reaction time and the derivation of equal loudness contours for the monkey.</a> J Exp Anal Behav. 9, 135-142 (1966).</li><li>Hienz, R. D., Weerts, E. M., VandeBerg, J. L., Williams-Blanger, S., Tardif, S. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The Baboon in Biomedical Research. , (2009).</li><li>May, B. J., Huang, A. Y., Aleszczyk, C. M., Hienz, R. D., Klump, G. M., Dooling, R. J., Fay, R. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Methods of Comparative Acoustics. , 95-108 (1995).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Die Methodik beschriebenen Ergebnisse hierin in rPVT Leistungen in Ratten, die in den menschlichen Literatur berichtet vorteilhaft in vielen Aspekten der typischen PVT Leistung vergleichen. Unter Verwendung der vorliegenden Techniken kann man schnell Ratten trainieren , um die rPVT durchzuführen, und die mit diesen Techniken erhaltenen Leistungen werden durch klare Benachteiligungen gekennzeichnet (dh hohe richtig reagiert, geringe voreilig reagiert und hinfällig). Ferner sind die Reaktionszeitverteilungen mi...

Der menschliche psycho Vigilanz - Test (PVT) ist ein weit verbreitetes, gut validierten Werkzeug für Menschen in Wachsamkeit und anhaltende Aufmerksamkeit zu messen, und wurde ursprünglich von Dinges et al entwickelt. 1-3 für die Stabilität der Reaktionszeiten und die Aufmerksamkeit der Bewertung (zB Fehler in Bezug auf die vorzeitige Reaktionen und Verfehlungen in der Aufmerksamkeit), die beide innerhalb von Sitzungen als Ganzes und über die Zeit in den einzelnen Sitzungen. Im Laufe der Jahre hat der Mensch PVT modifiziert und aktualisiert 4-11 zeitlichen Änderungen in verschiedenen Aspekten Aufmerksamkeit zu verfolgen, und wurde gezeigt, auf Veränderungen in Schlafentzug und Ermüdung empfindlich zu sein und wird durch Drogenkonsum und Alter der Patienten 12 betroffen , 13. Die PVT ist ein scheinbar einfaches Verfahren, bei dem ein Gegenstand kurz einen Bildschirm berührt, wenn ein Stimulus (typischerweise eine LED-Nummernanzeige) zufällig in der Zeit erscheint, in der Regel nach 2 bis 10 s. In der menschlichen Variante wird die Nummernanzeige in ms inkrementiert, und angehalten, wenn ter Bildschirm berührt wird, damit die Reaktionszeit des unter Angabe von Gegenstand (RT). Abnahmen der Wachsamkeit sind mit 1 bezeichnet) verlangsamte Reaktionszeiten, 2) eine Erhöhung der Verfehlungen (bezeichnet als &quot;Fehler der Unterlassung&quot; in der menschlichen Literatur, und in der Regel als RTs definiert, die&gt; 500 ms lang), und 3) eine Erhöhung der (bezeichnet als &quot;Fehler der Kommission&quot; oder &quot;Fehlstarts&quot; in der menschlichen Literatur) vorzeitig zu reagieren. Andere Maßnahmen können auch mit dem PVT für die Prüfung solcher Variablen wie Geschlecht und Altersunterschiede erhalten werden; eine Überprüfung dieser Maßnahmen finden Basner und Dinges 4. Schließlich hat die PVT in den allgemeinen Bereich der Risikobewertung beim Menschen eingesetzt worden, und wurde unter einer Vielzahl von Einsatzgebieten erfolgreich eingesetzt, die das Militär, Luft- und Eisenbahnindustrie, Ersthelfer und extreme Umgebungen wie NASA Extreme Environment Missionen umfassen Operationen (NEEMO), der internationale Mars500 - Projekt 14, und auf der internationalen Space Station (ISS). Auf der ISS wird die PVT die &quot;Reaktion Selbsttest&quot; genannt und wird verwendet , Astronauten mit individualisierten ermüdungsbedingten Feedback (zB Änderungen in RTS- oder Verfehlungen in der Aufmerksamkeit) zur Verfügung zu stellen. Der menschliche PVT ist seit Jahrzehnten im Einsatz, als Nagetier-Versionen von einfachen Reaktionszeitaufgaben haben (was ein wenig ähnlich sind). Es wurde jedoch erst vor kurzem, dass ein direkter Nagetier Gegenstück zum menschlichen PVT wurde in der Literatur berichtet. Christie und Kollegen beschrieben , eine Version des menschlichen PVT für Ratten und berichtete Abnahme der Wachsamkeit folgenden Schlafentzug 15,16. Weitere neuere Studien haben Versionen des rPVT 17-19 berichtet. Diese Berichte haben beschriebenen Veränderungen in Daueraufmerksamkeit nach verschiedenen Techniken Schlafentzug; jedoch haben die Daten aus diesen Studien berichtet hohe vorzeitige Reaktion (beispielsweise in einigen Fällen mehr als 40% der Gesamtzahl der respoNSEs); solche Leistungen sind ganz anders als alle PVT Auftritte mit den Menschen. Solch ein großer Unterschied in rodent gegen menschliche Leistungen aufgrund der Unterschiede in spezifischen Parameter im menschlichen gegenüber den Nagetieren Versionen der PVT eingesetzt wahrscheinlich; zum Beispiel al die Christie et. Studie beschäftigte sich zufällig ändernde 3 - 7 s Vorperiode, während ein Mensch PVT normalerweise ein 2 beschäftigt - 10 s Vorperiode (obwohl siehe Basner et al 5 für eine 3-min - Version des menschlichen PVT , die eine 1 verwendet -. 4 s Vorperiode) . Die Verwendung von relativ kurzen Vorperiode Werte können häufig bei Tieren &quot;Timing&quot; ihre Reaktionen zur Folge haben, und können so zu fördern, über zufällige Verstärkung, die Zahl der vorzeitigen Reaktionen erhöht, wie sie in den aktuellen Nagetier rPVT Studien berichtet worden. Die Version des rPVT hier beschriebenen basiert auf unserer früher veröffentlichten Artikel 20, und enthält eine detaillierte Beschreibung der Techniken und -verfahren. es unterscheidetvon bisher veröffentlichten Versionen des rPVT in folgenden Punkten: 1) Ratten mit variabler Vorperiode Werte von 3 ausgebildet wurden - 10 s und 2) Ratten schnell reagieren musste, bezeichnet, da nur Antworten innerhalb einer kurzen Antwortfenster (auch eine &quot;begrenzte halten &quot;) nach Beginn des Stimulus verstärkt wurden (1,5 s in der vorliegenden Studie, 3,0 s in den vorherigen veröffentlichten Versionen des rPVT). Mit diesen Änderungen sowie kurze Timeouts für falsch in einem höheren Niveau der Stimuluskontrolle führte Ansprechend, wie durch deutliche Verbesserungen in der Genauigkeit und reduzierte Mengen an vorzeitiger Reaktion angezeigt. Der vorliegende Bericht beschreibt auch vorhersehbare Veränderungen in Leistungsvariablen (zB Verfehlungen in der Aufmerksamkeit, EZS) , die wie beim Menschen parallel bei der Prüfung der Wachsamkeit 21 dekrementiert, und bei der Prüfung anderer Performance - Maßnahmen , einschließlich der menschlichen &quot;Zeit auf Aufgabe&quot; -Effekt und die response- Reizintervall (RSI) Wirkung, die im menschlichen PVT beobachtet <sbis&gt; 22. Die endgültige Version des rPVT hier beschrieben beginnt , indem Sie auf ein Haus Licht drehen (siehe Abbildung 1). Nach einem variablen Intervall (Vorperiode) von 3 bis 10 s abgelaufen ist, wird die Nasen Poke Schlüssel für maximal 1,5 s belichtet. (Um eine gleichmäßige Verteilung der Vorperioden Dauer zu gewährleisten, werden die Werte zufällig generiert, ohne Ersatz aus einer Liste von 36 möglichen Werte, die von 3 bis 10 s liegen, bezogen auf 200 ms-Schritten.) Beleuchtung des nosepoke Schlüssel ist das Signal für ein Tier reagieren und eine Antwort, die zwischen 150 bis 1500 ms nach dem Beginn der hell~~POS=TRUNC tritt mit einer 45-mg-Pellet verstärkt wird. Nach einer verstärkten Reaktion, die beide die Nase Poke Schlüssellicht und das Haus Licht ausgeschaltet und ein 1 s Inter-trial-Intervall (ITI, Haus Licht aus) erfolgt. Nose-Pokes bei vor Licht Beginn erzeugen ein 8 s Timeout (TO) aus den experimentellen Eventualitäten, die durch Löschen des Hauses Licht signalisiert wird. Wenn keine Antworten treten innerhalb der 1,5 s response Fenster sowohl das nosepoke Licht und Haus Licht ausgeschaltet sind, und ein 1 s ITI erfolgt. Die nächste geplante Vorperiode Wert für die nachfolgende Studie beginnt nach entweder die 1 s ITI oder die 8 s TO, je nachdem, was während der vorangegangenen Studie aufgetreten. Die Sitzungen werden täglich durchgeführt (5 Tage / Woche), in der Regel von etwa 200 Studien, bestehen und nach 30 Minuten beendet. Dies führt bei jedem Versuch eine Dauer von etwa 7,5 s mit durchschnittlich. Shaping stabile Basisleistung auf der rPVT erfolgt zunächst durch 1) eine Ratte Anpassung aus dem Nahrungsmittelbehälter zu nehmen Futterpellets in der Kammer, 2) von Hand Gestaltung einer Ratte auf einer Nase Poke Schlüssel zu reagieren, indem sie schrittweise Annäherungen an die letzte Verstärkung Nase stecken Antwort, und 3) die Durchführung von täglichen Sitzungen , in denen die Parameter des rPVT Verfahren (dh Vorperiode, ITI, TO, und Schlüsselbelichtungszeiten) werden schrittweise während einer Sitzung angepasst, je nachdem , wie gut jede Ratte während jeder Sitzung ausführt (unten im Detail beschrieben).

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="672">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="126">
			<td height="126" style="height:126px;width:315px;">Modular rat operant chamber with stainless steel grid floor</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Med Associates</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">ENV-008</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Med Associates Inc. 
			PO Box 319 
			St. Albans, Vermont 05478, 
			USA 
			Phone: (802) 527-2343</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:315px;">Sound attenuating chamber&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Med Associates</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">ENV-022MD</td>
			<td>Houses rat operant chamber</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:315px;">Houselight for rat</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Med Associates</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">ENV-215M</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:315px;">1&#34; diameter rat nose poke response key</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Med Associates</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">ENV-119M-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:315px;">Pellet receptacle, trough type</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Med Associates</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">ENV-200R2M</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:315px;">Modular pellet dispenser for rat, 45-mg</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Med Associates</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">ENV-203M-45</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:315px;">PCI Operating package for up to 8 operant chambers</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Med Associates</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">MED-SYST-8</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:315px;">SmartCtrl</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Med Associates</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">DIG-716P1</td>
			<td>This catalog number has 8 outputs and 4 inputs which is the minimum needed to run the rPVT; SmartCtrl can also be purchased with 16 outputs and 8 inputs for more flexibility</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:315px;">Med-PC IV software</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Med Associates</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SOF-735</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:315px;">PC computer with PCI card slot</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Any manfacturer (e.g., Dell)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Use of the PCI operating package requires a computer with a PCI card slot. Systems that use PCIe are available. Contact Med Associates for details.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="210">
			<td height="210" style="height:210px;width:315px;">Dustless Precision pellets 45-mg rodent grain-based diet</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Bio Serv</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">FO165</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Bio-Serv 
			One 8th Street, Suite 1 
			Frenchtown, NJ 08825, USA 
			Phone: (800)-996-9908;&#160;&#160; Standard chow pellets are commonly used. Different pellets (e.g., sucrose) can be acquired from Bio Serv.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

the rodent psychomotor vigilance test (rpvt): a method for assessing neurobehavioral performance in rats and mice

Der menschliche Psychomotorische Vigilance Test (PVT) ist ein weit verbreitetes Verfahren für Änderungen der Ermüdung und anhaltende Aufmerksamkeit zu messen. Der vorliegende Artikel beschreibt ein Nagetier - Version des PVT-bezeichnet die &quot;rPVT&quot; , dh ähnliche Aspekte der Aufmerksamkeit misst (dh Leistungsgenauigkeit, Motordrehzahl, vorzeitige reagiert und Verfehlungen in der Aufmerksamkeit). Die Daten werden präsentiert, die sowohl die kurz- und langfristigen Nutzen des rPVT zeigen, wenn sie mit Laborratten eingesetzt. Ratten lernen leicht die rPVT, und das Erlernen der grundlegenden Vorgang auszuführen dauert weniger als zwei Wochen Training. Einmal erworben, Ratte Leistungen in der rPVT zeigen einen hohen Grad der Ähnlichkeit zu diesen gleichen Performance - Maßnahmen im menschlichen PVT, einschließlich Ähnlichkeiten bei Verfehlungen in der Aufmerksamkeit, Reaktionszeiten, Wachsamkeit Dekremente über Sitzungszeit (dh der Mensch &quot;time-on- task &quot;Effekte), und die Antwort-Stimulus-Intervall (RSI) Wirkung beim Menschen beschrieben. So ist die rPVT kann ein äußerst wertvolles Werkzeug für die Beurteilung der Auswirkungen von einer Vielzahl von Variablen auf nachhaltige Aufmerksamkeit ganz ähnlich wie die menschliche PVT Leistungen sein und kann somit für die Entwicklung neuer Therapien für Neuropsychologische Störungen nützlich sein.

Baseline Rat rPVT Performances Mit den Parametern hier detailliert, 86,7% der 122 männlichen Ratten erreichte die letzten rPVT Parameter innerhalb von durchschnittlich 9,0 (SD = 10,13; n = 122) Computer-automatisierte Trainingseinheiten (beschrieben in 4,1-4,9 rPVT Training; in unserer Erfahrung, nur etwa 2% der Ratten wird nicht die rPVT) erwerben. Mit der aktuellen Methodik, Ratten im Durchschnitt 73,4% richtig reagiert, 18,6%...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test rPVT: A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice at JoVE.com

The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test rPVT: A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice

Eine Ratte Version des menschlichen Psychomotorik Vigilance Test (PVT) beschrieben, die mit dem menschlichen PVT gemessen Aspekte der Aufmerksamkeit ähnlich denen Maßnahmen, einschließlich der Aspekte der menschlichen Wachsamkeit wie Leistungsgenauigkeit, Motordrehzahl, vorzeitige reagiert und Verfehlungen in der Aufmerksamkeit.

Das Nagetier Psychomotorik Vigilance Test (rPVT): Eine Methode zur Beurteilung der Neuropsychologische Leistung bei Ratten und Mäusen

The human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is a widely used procedure for measuring changes in fatigue and sustained attention. The present article ...

the-rodent-psychomotor-vigilance-test-rpvt-method-for-assessing

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test (rPVT): A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice

12.0K Aufrufe.  The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.  Eine Ratte Version des menschlichen Psychomotorik Vigilance Test (PVT) beschrieben, die mit dem menschlichen PVT gemessen Aspekte der Aufmerksamkeit ähnlich denen Maßnahmen, einschließlich der Aspekte der menschlichen Wachsamkeit wie Leistungsgenauigkeit, Motordrehzahl, vorzeitige reagiert und Verfehlungen in der Aufmerksamkeit. 

Serie: The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test rPVT: A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice

The Successive Alleys Test of Anxiety in Mice and Rats

The plus-maze was derived from the early work of Montgomery. He observed that rats tended to avoid the open arms of a maze, preferring the enclosed ones. Handley, Mithani and File et al. performed the first studies on the plus-maze design we use today, and in 1987 Lister published a design for use with mice. 
Time spent on, and entries into, the open arms are an index of anxiety; the lower these indices, the more anxious the mouse is. Alternatively, a mouse that spends most of its time in the closed arms is classed as anxious. 
One of the problems of the plus-maze is that, while time spent on, and entries into, the open arms is a fairly unambiguous measure of anxiety, time in the central area is more difficult to interpret, although time spent here has been classified as &#x201C;decision making&#x201D;. In many tests central area time is a considerable part of the total test time.
Shepherd et al. produced an ingenious design to eliminate the central area, which they called the &#x201C;zero maze&#x201D;. However, although used by several groups, it has never been as widely adopted as the plus-maze. 
In the present article I describe a modification of the plus-maze design that not only eliminates the central area but also incorporates elements from other anxiety tests, such as the light-dark box and emergence tests. It is a linear series of four alleys, each having increasing anxiogenic properties. It has given similar results to the plus-maze in general. Although it may not be more sensitive than the plus-maze (more data is needed before a firm conclusion can be reached on this point), it provides a useful confirmation of plus-maze results which would be useful when, for example, only a single example of a mutant mouse was available, as, for example, in ENU-based mutagenesis programs.

The plus-maze measures anxiety-like behaviour in rodents. There are two opposite closed and two opposite open arms; anxious rodents avoid the open arms. The central area is neither completely open nor closed, so time spent here is ambiguous and difficult to interpret. Here a modification of the plus-maze protocol eliminating this area is described.

Die sukzessive Gassen Test von Angst bei Mäusen und Ratten

The plus-maze was derived from the early work of Montgomery. He observed that rats tended to avoid the open arms of a maze, preferring the enclosed ones.  ...

Forschung

Verhalten

Contextual and Cued Fear Conditioning Test Using a Video Analyzing System in Mice

The contextual and cued fear conditioning test is one of the behavioral tests that assesses the ability of mice to learn and remember an association between environmental cues and aversive experiences. In this test, mice are placed into a conditioning chamber and are given parings of a conditioned stimulus (an auditory cue) and an aversive unconditioned stimulus (an electric footshock). After a delay time, the mice are exposed to the same conditioning chamber and a differently shaped chamber with presentation of the auditory cue. Freezing behavior during the test is measured as an index of fear memory. To analyze the behavior automatically, we have developed a video analyzing system using the ImageFZ application software program, which is available as a free download at http://www.mouse-phenotype.org/. Here, to show the details of our protocol, we demonstrate our procedure for the contextual and cued fear conditioning test in C57BL/6J mice using the ImageFZ system. In addition, we validated our protocol and the video analyzing system performance by comparing freezing time measured by the ImageFZ system or a photobeam-based computer measurement system with that scored by a human observer. As shown in our representative results, the data obtained by ImageFZ were similar to those analyzed by a human observer, indicating that the behavioral analysis using the ImageFZ system is highly reliable. The present movie article provides detailed information regarding the test procedures and will promote understanding of the experimental situation.

This article presents a protocol for a contextual and cued fear conditioning test using a video analyzing system to assess fear learning and memory in mice.

Kontextuelle und Cued Angst Anlage Test mit einer Video-Analyse-System bei Mäusen

The contextual and cued fear conditioning test is one of the behavioral tests that assesses the ability of mice to learn and remember an association ...

Assessing Functional Performance in the Mdx Mouse Model

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe and progressive muscle wasting disorder for which no cure is available. Nevertheless, several potential pharmaceutical compounds and gene therapy approaches have progressed into clinical trials. With improvement in muscle function being the most important end point in these trials, a lot of emphasis has been placed on setting up reliable, reproducible, and easy to perform functional tests to pre clinically assess muscle function, strength, condition, and coordination in the mdx mouse model for DMD. Both invasive and noninvasive tests are available. Tests that do not exacerbate the disease can be used to determine the natural history of the disease and the effects of therapeutic interventions (e.g. forelimb grip strength test, two different hanging tests using either a wire or a grid and rotarod running). Alternatively, forced treadmill running can be used to enhance disease progression and/or assess protective effects of therapeutic interventions on disease pathology. We here describe how to perform these most commonly used functional tests in a reliable and reproducible manner. Using these protocols based on standard operating procedures enables comparison of data between different laboratories.

Assessing Functional Performance in the Mdx Mouse Model

The primary outcome measure in clinical trials for neuromuscular disorders is generally improved muscle function. Therefore, assessing the effect of potential therapeutic compounds on muscle performance pre clinically in mouse models is of great importance. We here describe several functional tests to address this.

Beurteilung der Funktionsentwicklung in der<em&gt; Mdx</em&gt; Maus-Modell

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe and progressive muscle wasting disorder for which no cure is available. Nevertheless, several potential ...

Operant Procedures for Assessing Behavioral Flexibility in Rats

Executive functions consist of multiple high-level cognitive processes that drive rule generation and behavioral selection. An emergent property of these processes is the ability to adjust behavior in response to changes in one&#8217;s environment (i.e., behavioral flexibility). These processes are essential to normal human behavior, and may be disrupted in diverse neuropsychiatric conditions, including schizophrenia, alcoholism, depression, stroke, and Alzheimer&#8217;s disease. Understanding of the neurobiology of executive functions has been greatly advanced by the availability of animal tasks for assessing discrete components of behavioral flexibility, particularly strategy shifting and reversal learning. While several types of tasks have been developed, most are non-automated, labor intensive, and allow testing of only one animal at a time. The recent development of automated, operant-based tasks for assessing behavioral flexibility streamlines testing, standardizes stimulus presentation and data recording, and dramatically improves throughput. Here, we describe automated strategy shifting and reversal tasks, using operant chambers controlled by custom written software programs. Using these tasks, we have shown that the medial prefrontal cortex governs strategy shifting but not reversal learning in the rat, similar to the dissociation observed in humans. Moreover, animals with a neonatal hippocampal lesion, a neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia, are selectively impaired on the strategy shifting task but not the reversal task. The strategy shifting task also allows the identification of separate types of performance errors, each of which is attributable to distinct neural substrates. The availability of these automated tasks, and the evidence supporting the dissociable contributions of separate prefrontal areas, makes them particularly well-suited assays for the investigation of basic neurobiological processes as well as drug discovery and screening in disease models.

The ability to assess executive functions such as behavioral flexibility in rats is useful for investigating the neurobiology of cognition in both intact animals and disease models. Here we describe automated tasks for assessing strategy shifting and reversal learning, which are particularly sensitive to disruptions in prefrontal cortical networks.

Operante Verfahren zur Bewertung der Verhaltensflexibilität bei Ratten

Executive functions consist of multiple high-level cognitive processes that drive rule generation and behavioral selection. An emergent property of these ...

The Modified Hole Board - Measuring Behavior, Cognition and Social Interaction in Mice and Rats

This protocol describes the modified hole board (mHB), which combines features from a traditional hole board and open field and is designed to measure multiple dimensions of unconditioned behavior in small laboratory mammals (e.g., mice, rats, tree shrews and small primates). This paradigm is a valuable alternative for the use of a behavioral test battery, since a broad behavioral spectrum of an animal&#8217;s behavioral profile can be investigated in one single test.
The apparatus consists of a box, representing the &#8216;protected&#8217; area, separated from a group compartment. A board, on which small cylinders are staggered in three lines, is placed in the center of the box, representing the &#8216;unprotected&#8217; area of the set-up. The cognitive abilities of the animals can be measured by baiting some cylinders on the board and measuring the working and reference memory. Other unconditioned behavior, such as activity-related-, anxiety-related- and social behavior, can be observed using this paradigm. Behavioral flexibility and the ability to habituate to a novel environment can additionally be observed by subjecting the animals to multiple trials in the mHB, revealing insight into the animals&#8217; adaptive capacities.
Due to testing order effects in a behavioral test battery, na&#239;ve animals should be used for each individual experiment. By testing multiple behavioral dimensions in a single paradigm and thereby circumventing this issue, the number of experimental animals used is reduced. Furthermore, by avoiding social isolation during testing and without the need to food deprive the animals, the mHB represents a behavioral test system, inducing if any, very low amount of stress.

This protocol describes the modified hole board, which is a behavioral test set-up that comprises the characteristics of an open field and a traditional hole board. This set-up enables the differential analysis of unconditioned behavior of small laboratory mammals as well as the analysis of cognitive abilities.

Der modifizierte Loch Board - Mess Verhalten, Kognition und Sozialinteraktion an Mäusen und Ratten

This protocol describes the modified hole board (mHB), which combines features from a traditional hole board and open field and is designed to measure ...

A Method to Test the Effect of Environmental Cues on Mating Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster

An individual's sexual drive is influenced by genotype, experience and environmental conditions. How these factors interact to modulate sexual behaviors remains poorly understood. In Drosophila melanogaster, environmental cues, such as food availability, affect mating activity offering a tractable system to investigate the mechanisms modulating sexual behavior. In D. melanogaster, environmental cues are often sensed via the chemosensory gustatory and olfactory systems. Here, we present a method to test the effect of environmental chemical cues on mating behavior. The assay consists of a small mating arena containing food medium and a mating couple. The mating frequency for each couple is continuously monitored for 24 h. Here we present the applicability of this assay to test environmental compounds from an external source through a pressurized air system as well as manipulation of the environmental components directly in the mating arena. The use of a pressurized air system is especially useful to test the effect of very volatile compounds, while manipulating components directly in the mating arena can be of value to ascertain a compound's presence. This assay can be adapted to answer questions about the influence of genetic and environmental cues on mating behavior and fecundity as well as other male and female reproductive behaviors.

A Method to Test the Effect of Environmental Cues on Mating Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster

We demonstrate an assay to analyze the environmental and genetic cues that influence mating behavior in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster.

Eine Methode, um die Wirkung von Umwelteinflüssen auf das Paarungsverhalten zu untersuchen<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em

An individual's sexual drive is influenced by genotype, experience and environmental conditions. How these factors interact to modulate sexual behaviors ...

Novel Object Recognition Test for the Investigation of Learning and Memory in Mice

The object recognition test (ORT) is a commonly used behavioral assay for the investigation of various aspects of learning and memory in mice. The ORT is fairly simple and can be completed over 3 days: habituation day, training day, and testing day. During training, the mouse is allowed to explore 2 identical objects. On test day, one of the training objects is replaced with a novel object. Because mice have an innate preference for novelty, if the mouse recognizes the familiar object, it will spend most of its time at the novel object. Due to this innate preference, there is no need for positive or negative reinforcement or long training schedules. Additionally, the ORT can also be modified for numerous applications. The retention interval can be shortened to examine short-term memory, or lengthened to probe long-term memory. Pharmacological intervention can be used at various times prior to training, after training, or prior to recall to investigate different phases of learning (i.e., acquisition, early or late consolidation, or recall). Overall, the ORT is a relatively low-stress, efficient test for memory in mice, and is appropriate for the detection of neuropsychological changes following pharmacological, biological, or genetic manipulations.

The object recognition test (ORT) is a simple and efficient assay for evaluating learning and memory in mice. The methodology is described below.

Neuartige Objekt Anerkennung Test zur Untersuchung von lernen und Gedächtnis bei Mäusen

The object recognition test (ORT) is a commonly used behavioral assay for the investigation of various aspects of learning and memory in mice. The ORT is ...

The Knob Supination Task: A Semi-automated Method for Assessing Forelimb Function in Rats

Tasks that accurately measure dexterity in animal models are critical to understand hand function. Current rat behavioral tasks that measure dexterity largely use video analysis of reaching or food manipulation. While these tasks are easy to implement and are robust across disease models, they are subjective and laborious for the experimenter. Automating traditional tasks or creating new automated tasks can make the tasks more efficient, objective, and quantitative. Since rats are less dexterous than primates, central nervous system (CNS) injury produces more subtle deficits in dexterity, however, supination is highly affected in rodents and crucial to hand function in primates. Therefore, we designed a semi-automated task that measures forelimb supination in rats. Rats are trained to reach and grasp a knob-shaped manipulandum and turn the manipulandum in supination to receive a reward. Rats can acquire the skill within 20 &plusmn; 5 days. While the early part of training is highly supervised, much of the training is done without direct supervision. The task reliably and reproducibly captures subtle deficits after injury and shows functional recovery that accurately reflects clinical recovery curves. Analysis of data is performed by specialized software through a graphical user interface that is designed to be intuitive. We also give solutions to common problems encountered during training, and show that minor corrections to behavior early in training produce reliable acquisition of supination. Thus, the knob supination task provides efficient and quantitative evaluation of a critical movement for dexterity in rats.

This manuscript describes a semi-automated task that quantifies supination in rats. Rats reach, grasp, and supinate a spherical manipulandum. The rat is rewarded with a pellet if the turn angle exceeds a criterion set by the user. This task increases throughput, sensitivity to injury, and objectivity compared to traditional tasks.

Drehknopf Supination Aufgabe: Eine halbautomatische Methode für die Beurteilung der Funktion der Vordergliedmaße bei Ratten

Tasks that accurately measure dexterity in animal models are critical to understand hand function. Current rat behavioral tasks that measure dexterity ...

A New Method for Inducing a Depression-Like Behavior in Rats

Contagious depression is a phenomenon that is yet to be fully recognized and this stems from insufficient material on the subject. At the moment, there is no existing format for studying the mechanism of action, prevention, containment, and treatment of contagious depression. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to establish the first animal model of contagious depression.
Healthy rats can contract depressive behaviors if exposed to depressed rats. Depression is induced in rats by subjecting them to several manipulations of chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) over 5 weeks, as described in the protocol. A successful sucrose preference test confirmed the development of depression in the rats. The CUS-exposed rats were then caged with na&#239;ve rats from the contagion group (1 na&#239;ve rat/2 depressed rats in a cage) for an additional 5 weeks. 30 social groups were created from the combination of CUS-exposed rats and na&#239;ve rats.
This proposed depression-contagion protocol in animals consists mainly of cohabiting CUS-exposed and healthy rats for 5 weeks. To ensure that this method works, a series of tests are carried out - first, the sucrose preference test upon inducing depression to rats, then, the sucrose preference test, alongside the open field and forced-swim tests at the end of the cohabitation period. Throughout the experiment, rats are given tags and are always returned to their cages after each test.
A few limitations to this method are the weak differences recorded between the experimental and control groups in the sucrose preference test and the irreversible traumatic outcome of the forced swim test. These may be worth considering for suitability before any future application of the protocol. Nonetheless, following the experiment, na&#239;ve rats developed contagion depression after 5 weeks of sharing the same cage with the CUS-exposed rats.

This protocol describes a new model by which healthy rats could contract depression over a given time periodthrough contagion by exposure to chronic unpredictable stressed (CUS) rats.

Eine neue Methode zur Induktion einer Depression-ähnliches Verhaltens bei Ratten

Contagious depression is a phenomenon that is yet to be fully recognized and this stems from insufficient material on the subject. At the moment, there is ...

Assessing the Coherence of Parents' Short Narratives Regarding their Child Using the Five-Minute Speech Sample Procedure

Valid and efficient measures for assessing the quality of parent-child relationships are needed to facilitate research and evidence-based practice with parents. This paper focuses on such a method, namely Five-Minute Speech Sample-Coherence (FMSS-Coherence). In this method, a parent is asked to speak for five uninterrupted minutes about her/his child and their relationship. The resulted narrative is coded for coherence, namely the extent to which the parent provides&#160;in the narrative&#160;a clear, consistent, multidimensional and well-supported portrayal of the child. FMSS-Coherence is based on attachment research that shows that the coherence of parents&#8217; narratives is indicative of the quality of the parent-child relationship and child adjustment. It overcomes the limitations of attachment narrative measures which are typically labor intensive. FMSS-Coherence is less nuanced than extant attachment narrative measures. Yet, studies of families from different cultural backgrounds, across different child ages and in the context of typically developing children as well as children with special needs suggest that coherence can be reliably evaluated using the FMSS procedure. Furthermore, parents&#8217; FMSS-Coherence is associated with parenting quality and children&#8217;s socio-emotional adjustment. Thus, it holds promise for researchers and practitioners who seek a relatively time- and cost-effective method for assessing the coherence of parents&#8217; narratives regarding their child.

This paper introduces a method for assessing the coherence of parents' short narratives regarding their child and their relationship using the five-minute speech sample procedure.

Beurteilung der Kohärenz der kurzen Erzählungen der Eltern über ihr Kind mithilfe des fünfminütigen Sprachbeispielverfahrens

Valid and efficient measures for assessing the quality of parent-child relationships are needed to facilitate research and evidence-based practice with ...