This research was supported by NASA (NNX15AC17G to CMD), and by NASA cooperative agreement NCC 9-58 (E000010 to CMD, NBPF02802 and NBPF04201 to RDH) with the National Space Biomedical Research Institute.

<ol>
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The authors have nothing to disclose.

La metodologia qui descritta si traduce in prestazioni rPVT in ratti che confrontano favorevolmente in molti aspetti del tipico prestazioni PVT riportati in letteratura umana. Utilizzando le tecniche attuali, si può formare rapidamente ratti per eseguire la rPVT, e le prestazioni ottenute con queste tecniche sono caratterizzati da discriminazioni chiari (cioè elevati livelli di corretta rispondenti, bassi livelli sia di rispondere prematura e decade). Inoltre, le distribuzioni tempo di reazione ottenuti con i...

Il test di vigilanza psicomotoria umana (PVT) è uno strumento ben convalidato ampiamente utilizzato per misurare vigilanza e attenzione sostenuta negli esseri umani, ed è stato originariamente sviluppato da Dinges et al. 1-3 per la valutazione della stabilità dei tempi di reazione e l&#39;attenzione (ad esempio, gli errori in termini di risposte e cali di attenzione precoce), sia all&#39;interno sessioni nel suo complesso e in tutto il tempo all&#39;interno delle singole sessioni. Nel corso degli anni, la PVT umana è stata modificata e aggiornata 4-11 per monitorare cambiamenti temporali nei vari aspetti attenzione, ed è stato dimostrato di essere sensibile ai cambiamenti di privazione del sonno e la stanchezza, ed è influenzata dal consumo di droghe e l&#39;età dei soggetti 12 , 13. La PVT è una procedura apparentemente semplice in cui un soggetto tocca brevemente una schermata quando uno stimolo (di solito un display numero di LED) appare in modo casuale nel tempo, in genere dopo 2 - 10 s. Nella versione umana, la visualizzazione del numero viene incrementato in ms e si fermò quando tegli schermo viene toccato, indicando così il tempo di reazione del soggetto (RT). Riduzioni di vigilanza sono indicati da 1) ha rallentato i tempi di reazione, 2) un aumento della decade (definito &quot;errori di omissione&quot; nella letteratura umana, e di solito definita come RT che sono&gt; 500 ms di lunghezza), e 3) l&#39;aumento rispondendo prematura (definito &quot;errori di commissione&quot; o &quot;false partenze&quot; nella letteratura umana). Altre misure possono essere ottenuti anche con la PVT per l&#39;esame delle variabili come genere e di età differenze; per una revisione di tali misure, vedi Basner e Dinges 4. Infine, la PVT è stato impiegato nella zona generale di valutazione del rischio per l&#39;uomo, ed è stato utilizzato con successo in una vasta gamma di aree operative che includono le industrie militari, aereo e ferroviario, di primo intervento, e ambienti estremi, come missioni estreme Ambiente della NASA operazioni (NEEMO), l&#39;international Mars500 Progetto 14, e sul Spac internazionalee Station (ISS). Sulla ISS, la PVT è chiamato &quot;Reazione Self-Test&quot; ed è impiegato per fornire gli astronauti con individualizzato valutazioni legate alla fatica (ad esempio, i cambiamenti nella RTS o cali di attenzione). La PVT umana è stato in uso per decenni, come hanno fatto le versioni di roditori di compiti tempi di reazione semplici (che sono in qualche modo simile). E &#39;stato solo di recente, tuttavia, che una controparte roditore al PVT umano è stato riportato in letteratura. Christie e colleghi hanno descritto una versione del PVT umana per i ratti, e hanno riportato diminuzioni di vigilanza seguenti privazione del sonno 15,16. Recenti studi inoltre hanno riportato versioni del rPVT 17-19. Questi rapporti hanno descritto cambiamenti attenzione sostenuta in seguito a diverse tecniche di privazione del sonno; alti livelli tuttavia, i dati di questi studi hanno anche riportato di prematura rispondenti (ad esempio, in alcuni casi, più del 40% del numero totale di respons); tali prestazioni sono molto diverso da tutti gli spettacoli PVT con gli esseri umani. Tale una grande differenza di roditore vs. prestazioni umane sono probabilmente a causa di differenze nei parametri specifici impiegati nella umana contro le versioni roditore della PVT; per esempio, la Christie et al. studio ha impiegato un caso che varia 3-7 s foreperiod, mentre un PVT umano impiega normalmente 2-10 s foreperiod (anche se vedi Basner et al 5 per una versione a 3 min del PVT umana che utilizza un 1 -. 4 s foreperiod) . L&#39;uso di valori foreperiod relativamente brevi può spesso causare negli animali &quot;timing&quot; le loro risposte, e quindi in grado di promuovere, attraverso il rinforzo accidentale, aumento del numero di risposte premature, come sono stati riportati negli studi di roditori rPVT correnti. La versione del rPVT qui descritto è basato sulla nostra dell&#39;articolo precedentemente pubblicato 20, e fornisce una descrizione dettagliata delle tecniche e procedure. differiscerispetto alle versioni precedentemente pubblicate del rPVT per i seguenti aspetti: 1) ratti sono stati addestrati con i valori foreperiod variabili di 3 - 10 s, e 2) ratti dovevano rispondere rapidamente, in quanto solo le risposte all&#39;interno di una finestra di risposta breve (anche definito un &quot;limitata hold &quot;) a seguito di insorgenza stimolo sono state rafforzate (1,5 s nel presente studio, 3,0 s nelle precedenti versioni pubblicate del rPVT). Usando queste modifiche così come brevi timeout per errato rispondendo portato a maggiori livelli di controllo dello stimolo, come indicato da significativi miglioramenti nella precisione e livelli di risposta precoce ridotta. Il presente rapporto descrive inoltre i cambiamenti prevedibili delle variabili di performance (ad esempio, difficoltà di attenzione, RTS) che sono parallele a quelle osservate nell&#39;uomo in sede di esame di vigilanza decrementa 21, e in sede di esame altre misure di performance, tra cui l&#39;effetto umano &quot;il tempo sul compito&quot; e il response- intervallo di stimolo (RSI) effetto che si osserva nel PVT umana <sup&gt; 22. La versione finale del rPVT descritto qui inizia accendendo una luce casa (vedi Figura 1). Dopo un intervallo variabile (foreperiod) di 3 - 10 s è trascorso, la chiave del naso-Poke è illuminato per un massimo di 1,5 s. (Per assicurare un&#39;equa distribuzione delle foreperiods durate, i valori sono generati in modo casuale senza sostituzione da un elenco di 36 possibili valori che vanno da 3 a 10 s, sulla base di incrementi di 200 ms.) Illuminazione della chiave nosepoke è il segnale per un animale rispondere, e una risposta che si verifica tra 150 a 1.500 ms seguito all&#39;insorgenza di luce è rinforzato con un pellet di 45 mg. Dopo una risposta rinforzata, sia la luce chiave naso-Poke e la luce casa siano spenti e un 1 s inter-trial intervallo (ITI; casa luce fuori) ne consegue. Nose-poke a prima dell&#39;inizio luce producono un 8 s timeout (TO) dalle contingenze sperimentali che viene segnalata da spegnere la luce casa. Se non risposte si verificano entro le s res 1.5finestra ponse, sia la luce e la luce nosepoke casa sono spenti, e un 1 s ITI ne consegue. Il valore successivo foreperiod programmata per il successivo processo inizia dopo che sia l&#39;1 s ITI o gli 8 s per, a seconda di quale si sono verificati durante il processo precedente. Le sessioni sono condotte al giorno (5 giorni / settimana), di solito sono costituiti da circa 200 prove, e finiscono dopo 30 min. Ciò risulta con ogni prova avente una durata di circa 7,5 s, in media. Un progetto per prestazioni di base stabile sulla rPVT si ottiene 1) inizialmente adattamento di un topo per prendere pellet cibo dal vassoio di cibo nella camera, 2) un ratto di rispondere su un tasto Poke naso rafforzando approssimazioni successive alla finale-shaping mano il naso colpire risposta, e 3) lo svolgimento di sedute giornaliere dove i parametri della procedura rPVT (vale a dire, foreperiod, ITI, AD, e tempi di-illuminazione dei tasti) vengono gradualmente adeguato nel corso di una sessione, a seconda di quanto bene ogni ratto sta eseguendo durante ogni sessione (descritto in dettaglio nel seguito).

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			<td height="126" style="height:126px;width:315px;">Modular rat operant chamber with stainless steel grid floor</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Med Associates</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">ENV-008</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Med Associates Inc. 
			PO Box 319 
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			USA 
			Phone: (802) 527-2343</td>
		</tr>
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			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:315px;">Sound attenuating chamber&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Med Associates</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">ENV-022MD</td>
			<td>Houses rat operant chamber</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:315px;">Houselight for rat</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Med Associates</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">ENV-215M</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:315px;">1&#34; diameter rat nose poke response key</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Med Associates</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">ENV-119M-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:315px;">Pellet receptacle, trough type</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Med Associates</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">ENV-200R2M</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:315px;">Modular pellet dispenser for rat, 45-mg</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Med Associates</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">ENV-203M-45</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:315px;">PCI Operating package for up to 8 operant chambers</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Med Associates</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">MED-SYST-8</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:315px;">SmartCtrl</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Med Associates</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">DIG-716P1</td>
			<td>This catalog number has 8 outputs and 4 inputs which is the minimum needed to run the rPVT; SmartCtrl can also be purchased with 16 outputs and 8 inputs for more flexibility</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:315px;">Med-PC IV software</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Med Associates</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SOF-735</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:315px;">PC computer with PCI card slot</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Any manfacturer (e.g., Dell)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Use of the PCI operating package requires a computer with a PCI card slot. Systems that use PCIe are available. Contact Med Associates for details.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="210">
			<td height="210" style="height:210px;width:315px;">Dustless Precision pellets 45-mg rodent grain-based diet</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Bio Serv</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">FO165</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Bio-Serv 
			One 8th Street, Suite 1 
			Frenchtown, NJ 08825, USA 
			Phone: (800)-996-9908;&#160;&#160; Standard chow pellets are commonly used. Different pellets (e.g., sucrose) can be acquired from Bio Serv.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

the rodent psychomotor vigilance test (rpvt): a method for assessing neurobehavioral performance in rats and mice

L&#39;umano psicomotorio vigilanza Test (PVT) è una procedura ampiamente usato per misurare le variazioni di fatica e attenzione sostenuta. Il presente articolo descrive una versione roditore della PVT-definito il &quot;rPVT&quot; -che misura aspetti simili di attenzione (ad esempio, la precisione le prestazioni, la velocità del motore, prematuro rispondere, e cali di attenzione). I dati sono presentati che dimostrano sia a breve che a lungo termine utilità del rPVT quando impiegato con ratti di laboratorio. Ratti facilmente imparare il rPVT, e imparare a eseguire la procedura di base richiede meno di due settimane di allenamento. Una volta acquisite, le prestazioni di ratto nel rPVT mostrano un alto grado di somiglianza a queste stesse misure di performance nel PVT umana, compresa similitudini, vuoti di attenzione, i tempi di reazione, decrementa di vigilanza attraverso il tempo della sessione (cioè, l&#39;umano &quot;time-on compito &quot;effetti), e l&#39;effetto intervallo di risposta-stimolo (RSI) descritto per gli esseri umani. Così il rPVT può essere uno strumento estremamente prezioso per valutare gli effetti di una vasta gamma di variabili sul attenzione sostenuta del tutto simili a spettacoli PVT umani, e quindi possono essere utili per lo sviluppo di nuovi trattamenti per le disfunzioni neurocomportamentali.

Baseline Rat rPVT Performances Con i parametri descritti qui, 86,7% dei 122 ratti maschi ha raggiunto i parametri rPVT finali all&#39;interno di una media di 9,0 (SD = 10.13; n = 122) corsi di formazione informatici automatizzati (descritte in 4.1 - Formazione 4.9 rPVT, nella nostra esperienza, solo approssimativamente 2% dei ratti non acquisirà il rPVT). Utilizzando la metodologia corrente, topi in media 73,4% corretto di rispo...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test rPVT: A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice at JoVE.com

The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test rPVT: A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice

Una versione topo dell&#39;umano psicomotorio vigilanza Test (PVT) è descritto che misura gli aspetti di attenzione simili a quelli misurati con la PVT umana, compresi gli aspetti di vigilanza umana come la precisione le prestazioni, la velocità del motore, rispondendo prematura, e cali di attenzione.

Il roditore psicomotorio vigilanza Test (rPVT): un metodo per la valutazione delle prestazioni neurocomportamentali in ratti e topi

The human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is a widely used procedure for measuring changes in fatigue and sustained attention. The present article ...

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The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test (rPVT): A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice

12.0K Views.  The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.  Una versione topo dell'umano psicomotorio vigilanza Test (PVT) è descritto che misura gli aspetti di attenzione simili a quelli misurati con la PVT umana, compresi gli aspetti di vigilanza umana come la precisione le prestazioni, la velocità del motore, rispondendo prematura, e cali di attenzione. 

Video: The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test rPVT: A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice

The Successive Alleys Test of Anxiety in Mice and Rats

The plus-maze was derived from the early work of Montgomery. He observed that rats tended to avoid the open arms of a maze, preferring the enclosed ones. Handley, Mithani and File et al. performed the first studies on the plus-maze design we use today, and in 1987 Lister published a design for use with mice. 
Time spent on, and entries into, the open arms are an index of anxiety; the lower these indices, the more anxious the mouse is. Alternatively, a mouse that spends most of its time in the closed arms is classed as anxious. 
One of the problems of the plus-maze is that, while time spent on, and entries into, the open arms is a fairly unambiguous measure of anxiety, time in the central area is more difficult to interpret, although time spent here has been classified as &#x201C;decision making&#x201D;. In many tests central area time is a considerable part of the total test time.
Shepherd et al. produced an ingenious design to eliminate the central area, which they called the &#x201C;zero maze&#x201D;. However, although used by several groups, it has never been as widely adopted as the plus-maze. 
In the present article I describe a modification of the plus-maze design that not only eliminates the central area but also incorporates elements from other anxiety tests, such as the light-dark box and emergence tests. It is a linear series of four alleys, each having increasing anxiogenic properties. It has given similar results to the plus-maze in general. Although it may not be more sensitive than the plus-maze (more data is needed before a firm conclusion can be reached on this point), it provides a useful confirmation of plus-maze results which would be useful when, for example, only a single example of a mutant mouse was available, as, for example, in ENU-based mutagenesis programs.

The plus-maze measures anxiety-like behaviour in rodents. There are two opposite closed and two opposite open arms; anxious rodents avoid the open arms. The central area is neither completely open nor closed, so time spent here is ambiguous and difficult to interpret. Here a modification of the plus-maze protocol eliminating this area is described.

Le successive Vicoli test di ansia nei topi e nei ratti

The plus-maze was derived from the early work of Montgomery. He observed that rats tended to avoid the open arms of a maze, preferring the enclosed ones.  ...

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Contextual and Cued Fear Conditioning Test Using a Video Analyzing System in Mice

The contextual and cued fear conditioning test is one of the behavioral tests that assesses the ability of mice to learn and remember an association between environmental cues and aversive experiences. In this test, mice are placed into a conditioning chamber and are given parings of a conditioned stimulus (an auditory cue) and an aversive unconditioned stimulus (an electric footshock). After a delay time, the mice are exposed to the same conditioning chamber and a differently shaped chamber with presentation of the auditory cue. Freezing behavior during the test is measured as an index of fear memory. To analyze the behavior automatically, we have developed a video analyzing system using the ImageFZ application software program, which is available as a free download at http://www.mouse-phenotype.org/. Here, to show the details of our protocol, we demonstrate our procedure for the contextual and cued fear conditioning test in C57BL/6J mice using the ImageFZ system. In addition, we validated our protocol and the video analyzing system performance by comparing freezing time measured by the ImageFZ system or a photobeam-based computer measurement system with that scored by a human observer. As shown in our representative results, the data obtained by ImageFZ were similar to those analyzed by a human observer, indicating that the behavioral analysis using the ImageFZ system is highly reliable. The present movie article provides detailed information regarding the test procedures and will promote understanding of the experimental situation.

This article presents a protocol for a contextual and cued fear conditioning test using a video analyzing system to assess fear learning and memory in mice.

Contestuali e Cued paura condizionata test utilizzando un sistema di video Analizzare in topi

The contextual and cued fear conditioning test is one of the behavioral tests that assesses the ability of mice to learn and remember an association ...

Assessing Functional Performance in the Mdx Mouse Model

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe and progressive muscle wasting disorder for which no cure is available. Nevertheless, several potential pharmaceutical compounds and gene therapy approaches have progressed into clinical trials. With improvement in muscle function being the most important end point in these trials, a lot of emphasis has been placed on setting up reliable, reproducible, and easy to perform functional tests to pre clinically assess muscle function, strength, condition, and coordination in the mdx mouse model for DMD. Both invasive and noninvasive tests are available. Tests that do not exacerbate the disease can be used to determine the natural history of the disease and the effects of therapeutic interventions (e.g. forelimb grip strength test, two different hanging tests using either a wire or a grid and rotarod running). Alternatively, forced treadmill running can be used to enhance disease progression and/or assess protective effects of therapeutic interventions on disease pathology. We here describe how to perform these most commonly used functional tests in a reliable and reproducible manner. Using these protocols based on standard operating procedures enables comparison of data between different laboratories.

Assessing Functional Performance in the Mdx Mouse Model

The primary outcome measure in clinical trials for neuromuscular disorders is generally improved muscle function. Therefore, assessing the effect of potential therapeutic compounds on muscle performance pre clinically in mouse models is of great importance. We here describe several functional tests to address this.

Valutare prestazioni funzionali nel<em&gt; Mdx</em&gt; Mouse Model

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe and progressive muscle wasting disorder for which no cure is available. Nevertheless, several potential ...

Operant Procedures for Assessing Behavioral Flexibility in Rats

Executive functions consist of multiple high-level cognitive processes that drive rule generation and behavioral selection. An emergent property of these processes is the ability to adjust behavior in response to changes in one&#8217;s environment (i.e., behavioral flexibility). These processes are essential to normal human behavior, and may be disrupted in diverse neuropsychiatric conditions, including schizophrenia, alcoholism, depression, stroke, and Alzheimer&#8217;s disease. Understanding of the neurobiology of executive functions has been greatly advanced by the availability of animal tasks for assessing discrete components of behavioral flexibility, particularly strategy shifting and reversal learning. While several types of tasks have been developed, most are non-automated, labor intensive, and allow testing of only one animal at a time. The recent development of automated, operant-based tasks for assessing behavioral flexibility streamlines testing, standardizes stimulus presentation and data recording, and dramatically improves throughput. Here, we describe automated strategy shifting and reversal tasks, using operant chambers controlled by custom written software programs. Using these tasks, we have shown that the medial prefrontal cortex governs strategy shifting but not reversal learning in the rat, similar to the dissociation observed in humans. Moreover, animals with a neonatal hippocampal lesion, a neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia, are selectively impaired on the strategy shifting task but not the reversal task. The strategy shifting task also allows the identification of separate types of performance errors, each of which is attributable to distinct neural substrates. The availability of these automated tasks, and the evidence supporting the dissociable contributions of separate prefrontal areas, makes them particularly well-suited assays for the investigation of basic neurobiological processes as well as drug discovery and screening in disease models.

The ability to assess executive functions such as behavioral flexibility in rats is useful for investigating the neurobiology of cognition in both intact animals and disease models. Here we describe automated tasks for assessing strategy shifting and reversal learning, which are particularly sensitive to disruptions in prefrontal cortical networks.

Procedure operante per la Valutazione di flessibilità comportamentale in Rats

Executive functions consist of multiple high-level cognitive processes that drive rule generation and behavioral selection. An emergent property of these ...

The Modified Hole Board - Measuring Behavior, Cognition and Social Interaction in Mice and Rats

This protocol describes the modified hole board (mHB), which combines features from a traditional hole board and open field and is designed to measure multiple dimensions of unconditioned behavior in small laboratory mammals (e.g., mice, rats, tree shrews and small primates). This paradigm is a valuable alternative for the use of a behavioral test battery, since a broad behavioral spectrum of an animal&#8217;s behavioral profile can be investigated in one single test.
The apparatus consists of a box, representing the &#8216;protected&#8217; area, separated from a group compartment. A board, on which small cylinders are staggered in three lines, is placed in the center of the box, representing the &#8216;unprotected&#8217; area of the set-up. The cognitive abilities of the animals can be measured by baiting some cylinders on the board and measuring the working and reference memory. Other unconditioned behavior, such as activity-related-, anxiety-related- and social behavior, can be observed using this paradigm. Behavioral flexibility and the ability to habituate to a novel environment can additionally be observed by subjecting the animals to multiple trials in the mHB, revealing insight into the animals&#8217; adaptive capacities.
Due to testing order effects in a behavioral test battery, na&#239;ve animals should be used for each individual experiment. By testing multiple behavioral dimensions in a single paradigm and thereby circumventing this issue, the number of experimental animals used is reduced. Furthermore, by avoiding social isolation during testing and without the need to food deprive the animals, the mHB represents a behavioral test system, inducing if any, very low amount of stress.

This protocol describes the modified hole board, which is a behavioral test set-up that comprises the characteristics of an open field and a traditional hole board. This set-up enables the differential analysis of unconditioned behavior of small laboratory mammals as well as the analysis of cognitive abilities.

The Hole Consiglio Modified - Behavior, Cognition e l&#39;interazione sociale in topi e ratti di misura

This protocol describes the modified hole board (mHB), which combines features from a traditional hole board and open field and is designed to measure ...

A Method to Test the Effect of Environmental Cues on Mating Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster

An individual's sexual drive is influenced by genotype, experience and environmental conditions. How these factors interact to modulate sexual behaviors remains poorly understood. In Drosophila melanogaster, environmental cues, such as food availability, affect mating activity offering a tractable system to investigate the mechanisms modulating sexual behavior. In D. melanogaster, environmental cues are often sensed via the chemosensory gustatory and olfactory systems. Here, we present a method to test the effect of environmental chemical cues on mating behavior. The assay consists of a small mating arena containing food medium and a mating couple. The mating frequency for each couple is continuously monitored for 24 h. Here we present the applicability of this assay to test environmental compounds from an external source through a pressurized air system as well as manipulation of the environmental components directly in the mating arena. The use of a pressurized air system is especially useful to test the effect of very volatile compounds, while manipulating components directly in the mating arena can be of value to ascertain a compound's presence. This assay can be adapted to answer questions about the influence of genetic and environmental cues on mating behavior and fecundity as well as other male and female reproductive behaviors.

A Method to Test the Effect of Environmental Cues on Mating Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster

We demonstrate an assay to analyze the environmental and genetic cues that influence mating behavior in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster.

Un metodo per testare l &#39;effetto dei segnali ambientali sul comportamento di accoppiamento in<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em

An individual's sexual drive is influenced by genotype, experience and environmental conditions. How these factors interact to modulate sexual behaviors ...

Novel Object Recognition Test for the Investigation of Learning and Memory in Mice

The object recognition test (ORT) is a commonly used behavioral assay for the investigation of various aspects of learning and memory in mice. The ORT is fairly simple and can be completed over 3 days: habituation day, training day, and testing day. During training, the mouse is allowed to explore 2 identical objects. On test day, one of the training objects is replaced with a novel object. Because mice have an innate preference for novelty, if the mouse recognizes the familiar object, it will spend most of its time at the novel object. Due to this innate preference, there is no need for positive or negative reinforcement or long training schedules. Additionally, the ORT can also be modified for numerous applications. The retention interval can be shortened to examine short-term memory, or lengthened to probe long-term memory. Pharmacological intervention can be used at various times prior to training, after training, or prior to recall to investigate different phases of learning (i.e., acquisition, early or late consolidation, or recall). Overall, the ORT is a relatively low-stress, efficient test for memory in mice, and is appropriate for the detection of neuropsychological changes following pharmacological, biological, or genetic manipulations.

The object recognition test (ORT) is a simple and efficient assay for evaluating learning and memory in mice. The methodology is described below.

Test di riconoscimento di oggetto romanzo per l'indagine di apprendimento e memoria in topi

The object recognition test (ORT) is a commonly used behavioral assay for the investigation of various aspects of learning and memory in mice. The ORT is ...

The Knob Supination Task: A Semi-automated Method for Assessing Forelimb Function in Rats

Tasks that accurately measure dexterity in animal models are critical to understand hand function. Current rat behavioral tasks that measure dexterity largely use video analysis of reaching or food manipulation. While these tasks are easy to implement and are robust across disease models, they are subjective and laborious for the experimenter. Automating traditional tasks or creating new automated tasks can make the tasks more efficient, objective, and quantitative. Since rats are less dexterous than primates, central nervous system (CNS) injury produces more subtle deficits in dexterity, however, supination is highly affected in rodents and crucial to hand function in primates. Therefore, we designed a semi-automated task that measures forelimb supination in rats. Rats are trained to reach and grasp a knob-shaped manipulandum and turn the manipulandum in supination to receive a reward. Rats can acquire the skill within 20 &plusmn; 5 days. While the early part of training is highly supervised, much of the training is done without direct supervision. The task reliably and reproducibly captures subtle deficits after injury and shows functional recovery that accurately reflects clinical recovery curves. Analysis of data is performed by specialized software through a graphical user interface that is designed to be intuitive. We also give solutions to common problems encountered during training, and show that minor corrections to behavior early in training produce reliable acquisition of supination. Thus, the knob supination task provides efficient and quantitative evaluation of a critical movement for dexterity in rats.

This manuscript describes a semi-automated task that quantifies supination in rats. Rats reach, grasp, and supinate a spherical manipulandum. The rat is rewarded with a pellet if the turn angle exceeds a criterion set by the user. This task increases throughput, sensitivity to injury, and objectivity compared to traditional tasks.

L'attività di supinazione manopola: Un metodo semi-automatico per la valutazione della funzione degli arti anteriori in ratti

Tasks that accurately measure dexterity in animal models are critical to understand hand function. Current rat behavioral tasks that measure dexterity ...

A New Method for Inducing a Depression-Like Behavior in Rats

Contagious depression is a phenomenon that is yet to be fully recognized and this stems from insufficient material on the subject. At the moment, there is no existing format for studying the mechanism of action, prevention, containment, and treatment of contagious depression. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to establish the first animal model of contagious depression.
Healthy rats can contract depressive behaviors if exposed to depressed rats. Depression is induced in rats by subjecting them to several manipulations of chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) over 5 weeks, as described in the protocol. A successful sucrose preference test confirmed the development of depression in the rats. The CUS-exposed rats were then caged with na&#239;ve rats from the contagion group (1 na&#239;ve rat/2 depressed rats in a cage) for an additional 5 weeks. 30 social groups were created from the combination of CUS-exposed rats and na&#239;ve rats.
This proposed depression-contagion protocol in animals consists mainly of cohabiting CUS-exposed and healthy rats for 5 weeks. To ensure that this method works, a series of tests are carried out - first, the sucrose preference test upon inducing depression to rats, then, the sucrose preference test, alongside the open field and forced-swim tests at the end of the cohabitation period. Throughout the experiment, rats are given tags and are always returned to their cages after each test.
A few limitations to this method are the weak differences recorded between the experimental and control groups in the sucrose preference test and the irreversible traumatic outcome of the forced swim test. These may be worth considering for suitability before any future application of the protocol. Nonetheless, following the experiment, na&#239;ve rats developed contagion depression after 5 weeks of sharing the same cage with the CUS-exposed rats.

This protocol describes a new model by which healthy rats could contract depression over a given time periodthrough contagion by exposure to chronic unpredictable stressed (CUS) rats.

Un nuovo metodo per indurre un comportamento depressione-come in ratti

Contagious depression is a phenomenon that is yet to be fully recognized and this stems from insufficient material on the subject. At the moment, there is ...

Assessing the Coherence of Parents' Short Narratives Regarding their Child Using the Five-Minute Speech Sample Procedure

Valid and efficient measures for assessing the quality of parent-child relationships are needed to facilitate research and evidence-based practice with parents. This paper focuses on such a method, namely Five-Minute Speech Sample-Coherence (FMSS-Coherence). In this method, a parent is asked to speak for five uninterrupted minutes about her/his child and their relationship. The resulted narrative is coded for coherence, namely the extent to which the parent provides&#160;in the narrative&#160;a clear, consistent, multidimensional and well-supported portrayal of the child. FMSS-Coherence is based on attachment research that shows that the coherence of parents&#8217; narratives is indicative of the quality of the parent-child relationship and child adjustment. It overcomes the limitations of attachment narrative measures which are typically labor intensive. FMSS-Coherence is less nuanced than extant attachment narrative measures. Yet, studies of families from different cultural backgrounds, across different child ages and in the context of typically developing children as well as children with special needs suggest that coherence can be reliably evaluated using the FMSS procedure. Furthermore, parents&#8217; FMSS-Coherence is associated with parenting quality and children&#8217;s socio-emotional adjustment. Thus, it holds promise for researchers and practitioners who seek a relatively time- and cost-effective method for assessing the coherence of parents&#8217; narratives regarding their child.

This paper introduces a method for assessing the coherence of parents' short narratives regarding their child and their relationship using the five-minute speech sample procedure.

Valutazione della coerenza delle brevi narrazioni dei genitori per quanto riguarda il loro bambino utilizzando la procedura di campionamento del discorso di cinque minuti

Valid and efficient measures for assessing the quality of parent-child relationships are needed to facilitate research and evidence-based practice with ...