This research was supported by NASA (NNX15AC17G to CMD), and by NASA cooperative agreement NCC 9-58 (E000010 to CMD, NBPF02802 and NBPF04201 to RDH) with the National Space Biomedical Research Institute.

根据公共卫生服务（PHS）政策上的人文关怀和使用实验动物实验动物护理了。所有程序均严格按照该指南中的建议，美国国立卫生研究院的实验动物的护理和使用进行。约翰·霍普金斯大学的机构动物护理和使用委员会批准的方案和所有程序。约翰霍普金斯大学也是由协会实验动物的评估和认可委员会（AAALAC）维护其计划的认可。 1.动物<ol><li>使用成年雄性龙Evans大鼠（大约10 - 12周在行为训练开始老），尽管其它菌株是适用的，包括近交系大鼠。 </li><li>一旦在殖民地的到来，房屋老鼠单独核定笼养和客房，由于粮食需求的限制如下所述。驯化动物住房情况以及处理的多个DAYS之前开始限食过程（约7天）。 </li><li>提供1鼠食自由采食 - 2周让老鼠实现了"自由喂养"的重量。一旦在这个重量，限制食物进入减少大鼠的重量，在1 - 2周，85 - 自由摄食重量的90％。行为训练和测试过程中他们的自由喂养的权重为90％ - 保持在85的动物。先从15 - 17 3g的一天的食物和调整基于速率是否维持其目标重量这一数额。 注意:食物相通常需要一个人的体制ACUC或启动限制之前，其他监管机构审批。 </li><li>每天称量动物并记录体重表的重量。确保称量在相同时间和在相同的规模之前的任何行为训练或馈送开始每天进行。 注:只有启动训练前（下）当动物有实现了他们的目标权重。这种做法可以立即更正食品数额的动物或者是低于或高于自己的目标权重。它也提供了一个方法，以确定是否将大鼠在24小时的间隔保持的权重。此外，还要避免体重在一天中的不同时间大鼠;它会导致体重差的行为表现的巨大差异，不正确的喂养和。 </li><li>在家庭笼所有时间通过​​使用玻璃或塑料瓶的带橡胶塞的顶部和吸管提供淡水。 </li><li>当会话不会进行（ 例如 ，周末，节假日），喂大鼠正常大鼠饲料的配股，以保持体重稳定。称取鼠，以确定是否需要更多的食物，在这些时候保持体重。 </li></ol> 2.设备和软件<ol><li>使用配备有一个鼻子戳键，房子光，和颗粒机（ 即馈线）标准的模块化操作室。</li><li>广场上的中心位置颗粒机两侧的模块化鼻子戳关键;确保该位置仍然在其他操作室和整个研究是一致的。这里，鼻子戳键是在粒料分配器的左侧。 </li><li>放置模块化房子光在腔室的后壁高以便不与其他行为干扰。 </li><li>使用大鼠食物颗粒（ 例如 ，诺伊斯45毫克的颗粒或类似的）进行加固。馈线模型决定了食物颗粒的大小，但大多数老鼠饲养用45毫克的食物颗粒（鼠标馈线通常使用20毫克的食物颗粒）。使用标准饲料颗粒，但其他颗粒可以针对不同的实验操作购买（ 如蔗糖）。 </li><li>通过控制连接到计算机的接口刺激介绍，鼻子戳响应输入，加固交付和数据收集。联系，了解有关书面行为计划的具体信息作者一种编程语言，专门为行为测试（见材料和试剂表 ）设计的。 注:重要的是要记录一个试验按试验的基础上自变量和因变量，包括动物的反应类型（ 例如 ，正确的反应，过早的反应，未命中），响应延迟，并颁发试验次数。当使用不同的菌株，性别或种类，这些变量可以容易地改变在几乎任何类型的啮齿动物的最大化训练。 </li></ol> 3.训练前<ol><li>每个动物分配给操作性室在那里将每一天进行测试，并在约一天的同一时间，在整个实验过程。 </li><li>称量大鼠，并将其放置在与粒料分配器食物颗粒其具体操作性室。将10 - 20食物颗粒在容器中的老鼠吃。 </li><li>对于训练前，设置以下参数低，固定值:foreperiod值= 2秒，超时值= 2秒，保持有限= 10秒。 </li><li>启动所述计算机程序，以控制住宅光的介绍，nosepoke按键照明，并自动食物丸递送。 注意:最好是有行为计划设置为一个级别，允许频繁增援，为广大的由动物产生反应，使得鼻子戳键点亮的时间相对较长的时间（ 如 10秒） 。这增加了，同时它被照亮，从而由计算机程序递送食品增强剂的大鼠会戳密钥的可能性。 </li><li>一旦老鼠完成的食物颗粒，通过加强老鼠当它接近食物容器或鼻子戳键启动塑造过程。这里，手动塑造各大鼠，这意味着，实验者手表老鼠的行为（通过使声音衰减机柜门打开时），并从进料器提供粒料尽快后大鼠发射所需的行为。从上料本身的一个按钮递送小球，通过被连接到馈线，或通过使用通过点击界面上的相应的输出，以控制行为意外事件的计算机软件的手持式开关。 </li><li>使用由连续逼近成形的方法中，对于那些连续逼近到最终期望的行为23行为的变化提供了食物增强剂。例如，一旦将大鼠可靠地从食品容器取回食物颗粒，开始朝向或鼻子周围戳键补强只移动，并且不再加强方法的食品容器。这里，形状大鼠移至左侧检索食物丸后，由于鼻子戳键位于在操作室的食品容器的左侧。 注:即使实验者pretr年初交付期间的强化食品癌宁，所述计算机程序仍在运行和控制房子光，nosepoke键，和馈线。如果一只老鼠刺探键，电脑程序会自动加强它。实验者增强的行为仅仅是那些导致大鼠捅照明键，如嗅键或周围，移动头部附近的键或向它， 等等 。 </li><li>通过计算手动交付颗粒的数量加上由计算机软件自动提供任何颗粒确定训练前会议期间获得的食物量（ 即颗粒传递，因为鼠戳照明键）。通过0.045克乘以这个数来确定总获得食物（ 例如 ，30粒点¯x0.045克=1.35克）。 </li><li>取出老鼠，并把它放回笼子。减法，手，食物的量，从老鼠的日常食物配股行为会赚（见3.7）。喂食物分配的剩余部分大鼠后行为训练。饲料至少30分钟的行为会议结束后立即避免非生产性会议之后笼子食品加固。 </li><li>用温和的消毒剂（ 如肥皂水）日常清洁操作性室。使用70％乙醇节制，因为它可能损坏操作室。每天检查鼻子戳键以便在需要时保持正常的工作状态，并用消毒剂消毒，因为那支或者被锁定到位如果不能迅速修复会破坏动物的性能的关键。 </li><li>形状以这种方式各大鼠直到大鼠发射40 - 对照键50正确计算机增强（未手动或实验者增强）响应，检索各食物丸，并返回到和戳无需额外整形鼻子戳键。通常，大鼠需要约2 - 3 30分钟的会话，达到这些标准（见图2）。 注意:大鼠被可靠地戳密钥和接收的计算机程序运送食物加固后不需要食物颗粒手册交付。 </li></ol> 4. rPVT培训<ol><li>一旦成型，在一个固定的，相对较短的时间间隔foreperiod启动老鼠，直到大鼠完成8出10正确的试验，以在下一次30分钟的会话值（例如，2秒）。对于每个训练期间这些试验，照亮了一段足够长的时间对大鼠做出响应鼻子戳键。在这里，保持亮起9秒的关键;此响应窗口也被称为有限保持（LH）。 </li><li>使用一个相对短的时间进行（TO; 例如 ，2秒），作为过早响应的惩罚，或前鼻戳键的照明响应。该期间，老鼠没有机会获得食物。在这里，TO和foreperiod价值都在以同样的速度，这些培训和变革同样的时间。 </li><l我&gt;一旦老鼠完成8出10正确的试验中，增加foreperiod以及由0.1秒（ 即 2.1），而由0.1秒缩短LH（ 即 8.9）。最好是使用计算机程序，可以在会话过程中自动进行这些调整。 注:当在rPVT训练老鼠，更长的ITI采用，因为老鼠需要更多的时间来消耗食物颗粒。在这里，用30秒的ITI训练和测试雄性C57BL / 6J。此外，由于鼠标可能重达约20克，将在会议期间消耗更少的显著颗粒。因此，有它结束的时候，最大的50颗粒赚缩短一个典型的会议;为提高foreperiod和TO的标准也改为4，满分5正确的审判由0.1秒增加foreperiod和之前。 </li><li>一旦30分钟会话结束，记录最终foreperiod的训练（ 例如 ，4.2 S）期间达成的老鼠，无论是作为preadsheet或通过在一个数据片的手，和食品的获得的量，这是由正确的试验次数乘以0.045克（ 例如 ，100正确试验点¯x0.045克= 4.5克）。减去从大鼠的日常配股这种食物量和饲料老鼠在笼子剩下的食物。 请注意:每日数据文件记录每个鼠杀入决赛foreperiod。以确定在会话获得的食物量的计算可自动通过计算机程序或通过手使用上述公式来完成。获得通过的手从每只大鼠扣除食品是每天的食物分配。 </li><li>第二天，有foreperiod比大鼠在前一交易日结束对价值较低的300毫秒开始30分钟训练课。例如，如果老鼠在4.2讲完，本次会议开始于3.9秒。继续担任老鼠在每个foreperiod完成8出10正确的审判由0.1秒增加foreperiod，UNTIL大鼠达到10个foreperiod。以这种方式，大鼠将经历所有可能foreperiods的。 注:如果只达到9.7 foreperiod - 10秒，TO保持在8秒和LH是1.5秒。 </li><li>在每届会议结束时，通过检查纠正审判，过早的试验和未命中的百分比在此期间检查老鼠的日常表现。在这些培训课程90％的正确反应，平均正确率在整个训练持续增加 - 大鼠常用的40的平均维护。这里，对于各大鼠导出日常数据，为了跟踪日常会话性能计算这些百分比的电子表格。 </li><li>一旦大鼠达到10个foreperiod，开始下一个后续的30分钟会话使用随机时间间隔提出的foreperiods，从7之间foreperiods - 10秒。确保TO和LH分别保持在8和1.5秒。这里，计算机程序控制behaviora升意外事件自动呈现上升foreperiods变量foreperiods一次每只大鼠达到在10秒foreperiod 8出10标准进行切换。 </li><li>一旦大鼠保持与7之间随机赠送foreperiods正确地至少70％ - 10秒，改变程序以随机​​间隔呈现foreperiods，开始用5之间foreperiods - 10秒。在此期间，检查各组大鼠每天的性能，因为这种变化通常在会话中发生的。 </li><li>大鼠保持70％的正确之后，再次更改计划提出的全方位foreperiods的 - 在30分钟会议期间在随机时间间隔（3 10秒）。以类似于4.8的方式，在此期间检查各大鼠的每日的性能，因为这种变化通常是一个会话中发生的情况。 注:计算机软件自动控制行为偶然性使得基于每只大鼠的表现这些变化（ 如 4.7 - 4.9）。只有做出改变的4.9是很重要的，当老鼠的成功率高（&gt; 70％正确的），因为老鼠经常采取及时响应随机，而不是等待正确和出席的刺激战略。如果老鼠的老鼠成功率低，重复4.7 - 4.9。 </li><li>对于收购标准，定义基线表现一样稳定的时候，就在一个星期内4出5日常会话，大鼠的正确反应比例为75％或以上的会议期间过早反应的百分比小于30％。 </li></ol> 5.基本应对措施的数据分析<ol><li>为了采集过程中评估行为表现，采用重复测量方差分析，无论是与会议，时间对任务价值，或Foreperiod价值下文所述的各项性能度量重复的因素。 注:在这里，研究使用这两种内和批间科目的设计，我们所有的动物比较他们的Ø实验条件后WN基准和比较实验动物来控制遵循同样的手法动物。当稳定的行为的基线都实现了，使用的试内设计将限制所需要的大鼠的数目。 </li><li>定义为关键光发病前或钥匙灯正对的第一个150毫秒内响应过早反应。 </li><li>定义正确的反应作为主光源后作出回应亮起，以最小的延迟大于150毫秒，响应时间窗口长度的最大延迟;在这里，1500毫秒。 </li><li>定义缺失（或不作为）作为其主体未作出回应试验。 </li><li>定义从发病光反应潜伏期为经过的时间（毫秒）的鼻子戳关键抑郁症;也被称为反应时间（RT）。 </li><li>总定义为试验过早反应加上正确的反应加命中的数量。 注:在人类PVT表演，过早的资源积水和失误的关注可以说是相当罕见的，研究者最常只报告这些措施的实际原始频率。然而，这是不与大鼠表演的情况。为了允许不同的版本在文献中rPVT的之间的比较，大鼠表现措施这里表示为总试验的百分比。计算机程序的使用，可以记录并标记每个项目的试验按试行随后的分析是首选，因为老鼠会完成每30分钟会超过200次试验，并且常会符合标准移动到另一个步骤在会话中的训练过程。 </li></ol> 6.额外计算的性能措施<ol><li>对于一个30分钟的行为会议上，定义为失误的正确反应，其中RT比平均反应时间为每个老鼠的会议（会议后进行）的两倍;还包括在计算失误无缘试验。 没有TE:在人类PVT，失误通常定义为反应时间（RT）&gt; 500毫秒4。啮齿动物，最好是进行事后比较，以每只鼠的平均RT - 从上述试用通过审上述分析获取的 - 而不是将它们与阈值，由于在从单个大鼠的RT的可变性。这种方法类似于rPVT 15,16的其他版本的出版失误。在这里和其他公布的版本中，失误还包括错过试验（失误=带RTS回应&gt;两次的平均值为RT会话，加上未命中），因为在人类的PVT错过试验被记录为失误，以及。 </li><li> 10秒间隔时，刺激会出现 - 通过计算实际3期间发生过早反应的百分比确定估计误报率。 注:这一措施的使用只在当可能发生刺激的时刻，发生过早的反应的一个子集，即3中发生的过早反应- 10秒foreperiod窗口。这一措施并不包括因为刺激光绝不会在这段时间被照亮前3秒过早反应。在这里，过早的反应这个子集自动从电子表格中的计算机程序都过早的反应来分类的。 </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

本文中所描述的方法导致rPVT演出，在许多方面比较有利，以在人类文献报道的典型PVT性能影响。使用本技术，可以迅速地训练的大鼠进行rPVT，用这些技术获得的性能都受到明确歧视（ 即 ，高水平的正确响应，既过早反应和失效水平低），其特征。另外，在rPVT得到的反应时间分布是十分类似于在人类见到执行PVT 12（ 见图5），因为是的频率既过早响应和失效（ 例如...

人类精神警觉测试（PVT）是一种广泛使用的，用于测量警觉和持续地注意在人类以及验证工具，最初是由丁格斯等人开发的。 1-3评估的反应时间和注意力的稳定性（ 例如 ，在过早反应和注意失误方面的错误）都内的会话作为一个整体和单个进程内的时间。多年来，人类PVT已被修改并更新4-11跟踪在各方面关注的时间变化，并已被证明是在睡眠剥夺疲劳的变化敏感，并且通过使用药物和主体12年龄的影响13。该PVT是一个看似简单的过程，其中一个主题简要介绍了一个画面时的刺激（一般是一个LED号码显示）后2随机及时出现，一般 - 10秒。在人的版本，在编号显示在毫秒递增，并停止在t他触摸屏幕，因此显示拍摄对象的反应时间（RT）。减小在警觉由1表示）减慢反应时间，2）增加的失误（在人类文献称为"遗漏错误"，并且通常定义为在长度&gt; 500毫秒）RT和3）增加过早的响应（称为"委托的错误"或"出师不利"，在人类文学）。也可以与所述PVT用于检查变量如性别和年龄的差异获得的其它措施;对这些措施进行审查，看Basner和丁格斯4。最后，PVT已经在人类风险评估的一般地区采用，并已成功地在大范围，包括军事，航空，铁路等行业，第一反应，以及诸如美国宇航局的极端环境任务极端环境业务领域的使用操作（NEEMO），国际火星500计划项目14，并在国际SPACE站（ISS）。在国际空间站上的PVT被称为"反应自检"，并用来提供个性化的疲劳相关的反馈宇航员（ 例如 ，在RT或注意力失误的变化）。 人类PVT已使用了几十年，作为具有简单的反应时间任务啮齿类版本（这是有些相似）。它已被最近才然而，一个直接啮齿类对应于人PVT已经在文献中报道。佳士得和他的同事描述的版本人类PVT的老鼠，并报告睡眠剥夺15,16的警惕性下降。最近附加的研究已经报道了rPVT 17-19的版本。这些报告描述了以下的各种睡眠剥夺技术持续关注的变化;然而，这些研究中的数据也报道高水平的过早响应（ 例如 ，在一些情况下，respo的总数的40％以上国家科学教育标准）;这样的表现是相当不同的PVT表演与人类。在啮齿动物与人类表演可能是由于在人类与所述PVT的啮齿动物版本使用了特定的参数的差异如此之大的差异;例如，Christie 等。研究采用随机变化的3 - 7秒foreperiod，而一个人的PVT通常采用2 - 10秒foreperiod（虽然见Basner 等 5 3分钟版本人类PVT的一个使用1 - 4秒foreperiod） 。使用相对短foreperiod值常常会导致动物"定时"他们的反应，因此可以促进经由偶然加固，增加的过早响应号码，如已在当前啮齿类rPVT研究的报道。 这里所描述的rPVT的版本是基于我们的先前公布的第20条，并提供所涉及的技术和方法的详细描述。它不同于从在以下几个方面的rPVT的先前公布的版本:1）大鼠用的3可变foreperiod值训练有素 - 10秒，和2）大鼠具有快速响应，因为只有很短的响应窗内的反应（也称为"有限在rPVT以前出版的版本）3.0秒;举办"）刺激开始后进行了加固（1.5秒在本研究中。利用这些修改，以及对不正确简要超时作出答复导致刺激控制的更高水平，通过在准确度显著改进所指示，降低过早响应水平。本报告还描述了在性能变量预测的变化（ 如注意力，即时战略失误）是平行与人类看出，当检查警惕减21，并研究其他性能的措施，包括人类的"时间任务"的效果和响应-当刺激间隔（RSI）是在人类PVT效果观察<s达&gt; 22。 这里所描述的rPVT的最终版本通过打开房子光开始（参见图1）。 3的可变间隔（foreperiod）后 - 10秒过后，鼻子戳键点亮时间最长为1.5秒。 （为了保证foreperiods持续时间的相等分布，而不脱离的，从3至10秒的范围内36个可能值的列表，替换是随机生成的值，是根据200毫秒增量。）的nosepoke键的照明是用于动物的信号响应，并发生之间以下的光发病150至1500毫秒与45毫克沉淀增强的响应。钢筋响应后，无论是鼻子戳按键灯和房子灯被关闭，一个1秒审间的间隔（ITI;房子灯熄灭）随之而来。鼻捅在光前起病产生8秒从被灭火的房子光信号实验的意外超时（TO）。如果1.5秒内资源没有任何反应发生ponse窗口，同时nosepoke光和房子光被断开，并且1秒的ITI接着而来。在随后的审讯中下一个计划foreperiod值开始无论是1秒ITI或8秒TO，现有审判期间发生者为准之后。会话（5天/周）每天进行的，通常由约200次试验，30分钟后结束。这将导致与具有大约7.5秒的时间，平均每次试验。 整形的rPVT稳定的基线性能由1来实现）最初适应大鼠取食物小丸出食物托盘的腔室，2）手工成形大鼠通过加强连续逼近到最终上的鼻子戳键响应鼻子戳反应，以及3）进行日常会话，其中rPVT过程的参数（ 即 foreperiod，ITI，TO，和重点照明倍）正逐渐在一个会议上调整，取决于每个老鼠是如何以及每次会议期间执行（在下面详细描述）。

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			<td height="126" style="height:126px;width:315px;">Modular rat operant chamber with stainless steel grid floor</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Med Associates</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">ENV-008</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Med Associates Inc. 
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			Phone: (802) 527-2343</td>
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			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:315px;">Sound attenuating chamber&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Med Associates</td>
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			<td>Houses rat operant chamber</td>
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			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:315px;">Houselight for rat</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Med Associates</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">ENV-215M</td>
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			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:315px;">1&#34; diameter rat nose poke response key</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Med Associates</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">ENV-119M-1</td>
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			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:315px;">Pellet receptacle, trough type</td>
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			<td style="width:119px;">ENV-200R2M</td>
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			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:315px;">Modular pellet dispenser for rat, 45-mg</td>
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			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:315px;">PCI Operating package for up to 8 operant chambers</td>
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			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:315px;">SmartCtrl</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Med Associates</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">DIG-716P1</td>
			<td>This catalog number has 8 outputs and 4 inputs which is the minimum needed to run the rPVT; SmartCtrl can also be purchased with 16 outputs and 8 inputs for more flexibility</td>
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			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:315px;">Med-PC IV software</td>
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			<td style="width:119px;">SOF-735</td>
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			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:315px;">PC computer with PCI card slot</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Any manfacturer (e.g., Dell)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Use of the PCI operating package requires a computer with a PCI card slot. Systems that use PCIe are available. Contact Med Associates for details.</td>
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			<td height="210" style="height:210px;width:315px;">Dustless Precision pellets 45-mg rodent grain-based diet</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Bio Serv</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">FO165</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Bio-Serv 
			One 8th Street, Suite 1 
			Frenchtown, NJ 08825, USA 
			Phone: (800)-996-9908;&#160;&#160; Standard chow pellets are commonly used. Different pellets (e.g., sucrose) can be acquired from Bio Serv.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

the rodent psychomotor vigilance test (rpvt): a method for assessing neurobehavioral performance in rats and mice

人类的精神运动警觉测试（PVT）是测量疲劳和持续关注的变化一种广泛使用的程序。本文章介绍了PVT-称为"rPVT"，也就是说措施的关注类似方面啮齿类动物的版本（ 即性能准确性，电机转速，过早的响应，并注意失误）。数据表示当与实验室大鼠使用该证明rPVT的短期和长期的有用性。大鼠轻松学习rPVT，学习执行基本过程需要不到两个星期的培训。收购后，大鼠的表演在rPVT表现出高度的相似性在人类PVT这些相同性能的措施，包括在整个会议时间（即 ，人类的"时间导通的相似之处，注意失误，反应时间，警惕性递减任务"效应），以及对人类所描述的响应刺激间隔（RSI）的效果。因此，第rPVT可用于评估多种上持续关注变量非常类似于人类的PVT性能的效果的极有价值的工具，因此，可用于开发神经行为机能障碍的新的治疗是有用的。

基线鼠rPVT表演随着这里详细的参数，122雄性大鼠的86.7％，达到了平均9.0在最后一rPVT参数（SD = 10.13; N = 122）电脑自动化培训课程（4.1节 - 4.9 rPVT培训;根据我们的经验，只大鼠的约2％将不会获得rPVT）。用目前的方法，大鼠平均73.4％的正确回应，18.6％的失误的注意力，和10.6％过早下rPVT标准的性能参数，他们的第一个完整的会话?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test rPVT: A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice at JoVE.com

The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test rPVT: A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice

人类的精神运动警觉测试（PVT）的大鼠的版本描述测量类似于那些与人类PVT，包括如性能准确性，电机转速，过早应对失误在关注人类警惕的各个方面，并测量关注的方面。

鼠类精神运动警觉测试（rPVT）:一个在大鼠和小鼠的神经行为评估性能的方法

The human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is a widely used procedure for measuring changes in fatigue and sustained attention. The present article ...

the-rodent-psychomotor-vigilance-test-rpvt-method-for-assessing

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test (rPVT): A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice

12.0K 次观看.  The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. 人类的精神运动警觉测试（PVT）的大鼠的版本描述测量类似于那些与人类PVT，包括如性能准确性，电机转速，过早应对失误在关注人类警惕的各个方面，并测量关注的方面。 

视频: The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test rPVT: A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice

The Successive Alleys Test of Anxiety in Mice and Rats

The plus-maze was derived from the early work of Montgomery. He observed that rats tended to avoid the open arms of a maze, preferring the enclosed ones. Handley, Mithani and File et al. performed the first studies on the plus-maze design we use today, and in 1987 Lister published a design for use with mice. 
Time spent on, and entries into, the open arms are an index of anxiety; the lower these indices, the more anxious the mouse is. Alternatively, a mouse that spends most of its time in the closed arms is classed as anxious. 
One of the problems of the plus-maze is that, while time spent on, and entries into, the open arms is a fairly unambiguous measure of anxiety, time in the central area is more difficult to interpret, although time spent here has been classified as &#x201C;decision making&#x201D;. In many tests central area time is a considerable part of the total test time.
Shepherd et al. produced an ingenious design to eliminate the central area, which they called the &#x201C;zero maze&#x201D;. However, although used by several groups, it has never been as widely adopted as the plus-maze. 
In the present article I describe a modification of the plus-maze design that not only eliminates the central area but also incorporates elements from other anxiety tests, such as the light-dark box and emergence tests. It is a linear series of four alleys, each having increasing anxiogenic properties. It has given similar results to the plus-maze in general. Although it may not be more sensitive than the plus-maze (more data is needed before a firm conclusion can be reached on this point), it provides a useful confirmation of plus-maze results which would be useful when, for example, only a single example of a mutant mouse was available, as, for example, in ENU-based mutagenesis programs.

The plus-maze measures anxiety-like behaviour in rodents. There are two opposite closed and two opposite open arms; anxious rodents avoid the open arms. The central area is neither completely open nor closed, so time spent here is ambiguous and difficult to interpret. Here a modification of the plus-maze protocol eliminating this area is described.

在小鼠和大鼠连续的小巷测试焦虑

The plus-maze was derived from the early work of Montgomery. He observed that rats tended to avoid the open arms of a maze, preferring the enclosed ones.  ...

科研

行为学

Contextual and Cued Fear Conditioning Test Using a Video Analyzing System in Mice

The contextual and cued fear conditioning test is one of the behavioral tests that assesses the ability of mice to learn and remember an association between environmental cues and aversive experiences. In this test, mice are placed into a conditioning chamber and are given parings of a conditioned stimulus (an auditory cue) and an aversive unconditioned stimulus (an electric footshock). After a delay time, the mice are exposed to the same conditioning chamber and a differently shaped chamber with presentation of the auditory cue. Freezing behavior during the test is measured as an index of fear memory. To analyze the behavior automatically, we have developed a video analyzing system using the ImageFZ application software program, which is available as a free download at http://www.mouse-phenotype.org/. Here, to show the details of our protocol, we demonstrate our procedure for the contextual and cued fear conditioning test in C57BL/6J mice using the ImageFZ system. In addition, we validated our protocol and the video analyzing system performance by comparing freezing time measured by the ImageFZ system or a photobeam-based computer measurement system with that scored by a human observer. As shown in our representative results, the data obtained by ImageFZ were similar to those analyzed by a human observer, indicating that the behavioral analysis using the ImageFZ system is highly reliable. The present movie article provides detailed information regarding the test procedures and will promote understanding of the experimental situation.

This article presents a protocol for a contextual and cued fear conditioning test using a video analyzing system to assess fear learning and memory in mice.

背景和线索恐惧制约试验小鼠中使用视频分析系统

The contextual and cued fear conditioning test is one of the behavioral tests that assesses the ability of mice to learn and remember an association ...

Assessing Functional Performance in the Mdx Mouse Model

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe and progressive muscle wasting disorder for which no cure is available. Nevertheless, several potential pharmaceutical compounds and gene therapy approaches have progressed into clinical trials. With improvement in muscle function being the most important end point in these trials, a lot of emphasis has been placed on setting up reliable, reproducible, and easy to perform functional tests to pre clinically assess muscle function, strength, condition, and coordination in the mdx mouse model for DMD. Both invasive and noninvasive tests are available. Tests that do not exacerbate the disease can be used to determine the natural history of the disease and the effects of therapeutic interventions (e.g. forelimb grip strength test, two different hanging tests using either a wire or a grid and rotarod running). Alternatively, forced treadmill running can be used to enhance disease progression and/or assess protective effects of therapeutic interventions on disease pathology. We here describe how to perform these most commonly used functional tests in a reliable and reproducible manner. Using these protocols based on standard operating procedures enables comparison of data between different laboratories.

Assessing Functional Performance in the Mdx Mouse Model

The primary outcome measure in clinical trials for neuromuscular disorders is generally improved muscle function. Therefore, assessing the effect of potential therapeutic compounds on muscle performance pre clinically in mouse models is of great importance. We here describe several functional tests to address this.

评估在功能性能<em&gt; MDX</em&gt;小鼠模型

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe and progressive muscle wasting disorder for which no cure is available. Nevertheless, several potential ...

Operant Procedures for Assessing Behavioral Flexibility in Rats

Executive functions consist of multiple high-level cognitive processes that drive rule generation and behavioral selection. An emergent property of these processes is the ability to adjust behavior in response to changes in one&#8217;s environment (i.e., behavioral flexibility). These processes are essential to normal human behavior, and may be disrupted in diverse neuropsychiatric conditions, including schizophrenia, alcoholism, depression, stroke, and Alzheimer&#8217;s disease. Understanding of the neurobiology of executive functions has been greatly advanced by the availability of animal tasks for assessing discrete components of behavioral flexibility, particularly strategy shifting and reversal learning. While several types of tasks have been developed, most are non-automated, labor intensive, and allow testing of only one animal at a time. The recent development of automated, operant-based tasks for assessing behavioral flexibility streamlines testing, standardizes stimulus presentation and data recording, and dramatically improves throughput. Here, we describe automated strategy shifting and reversal tasks, using operant chambers controlled by custom written software programs. Using these tasks, we have shown that the medial prefrontal cortex governs strategy shifting but not reversal learning in the rat, similar to the dissociation observed in humans. Moreover, animals with a neonatal hippocampal lesion, a neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia, are selectively impaired on the strategy shifting task but not the reversal task. The strategy shifting task also allows the identification of separate types of performance errors, each of which is attributable to distinct neural substrates. The availability of these automated tasks, and the evidence supporting the dissociable contributions of separate prefrontal areas, makes them particularly well-suited assays for the investigation of basic neurobiological processes as well as drug discovery and screening in disease models.

The ability to assess executive functions such as behavioral flexibility in rats is useful for investigating the neurobiology of cognition in both intact animals and disease models. Here we describe automated tasks for assessing strategy shifting and reversal learning, which are particularly sensitive to disruptions in prefrontal cortical networks.

操作性程序，以评估大鼠的行为灵活性

Executive functions consist of multiple high-level cognitive processes that drive rule generation and behavioral selection. An emergent property of these ...

The Modified Hole Board - Measuring Behavior, Cognition and Social Interaction in Mice and Rats

This protocol describes the modified hole board (mHB), which combines features from a traditional hole board and open field and is designed to measure multiple dimensions of unconditioned behavior in small laboratory mammals (e.g., mice, rats, tree shrews and small primates). This paradigm is a valuable alternative for the use of a behavioral test battery, since a broad behavioral spectrum of an animal&#8217;s behavioral profile can be investigated in one single test.
The apparatus consists of a box, representing the &#8216;protected&#8217; area, separated from a group compartment. A board, on which small cylinders are staggered in three lines, is placed in the center of the box, representing the &#8216;unprotected&#8217; area of the set-up. The cognitive abilities of the animals can be measured by baiting some cylinders on the board and measuring the working and reference memory. Other unconditioned behavior, such as activity-related-, anxiety-related- and social behavior, can be observed using this paradigm. Behavioral flexibility and the ability to habituate to a novel environment can additionally be observed by subjecting the animals to multiple trials in the mHB, revealing insight into the animals&#8217; adaptive capacities.
Due to testing order effects in a behavioral test battery, na&#239;ve animals should be used for each individual experiment. By testing multiple behavioral dimensions in a single paradigm and thereby circumventing this issue, the number of experimental animals used is reduced. Furthermore, by avoiding social isolation during testing and without the need to food deprive the animals, the mHB represents a behavioral test system, inducing if any, very low amount of stress.

This protocol describes the modified hole board, which is a behavioral test set-up that comprises the characteristics of an open field and a traditional hole board. This set-up enables the differential analysis of unconditioned behavior of small laboratory mammals as well as the analysis of cognitive abilities.

修改后的孔板 - 测量行为，认知和社会互动小鼠和大鼠

This protocol describes the modified hole board (mHB), which combines features from a traditional hole board and open field and is designed to measure ...

A Method to Test the Effect of Environmental Cues on Mating Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster

An individual's sexual drive is influenced by genotype, experience and environmental conditions. How these factors interact to modulate sexual behaviors remains poorly understood. In Drosophila melanogaster, environmental cues, such as food availability, affect mating activity offering a tractable system to investigate the mechanisms modulating sexual behavior. In D. melanogaster, environmental cues are often sensed via the chemosensory gustatory and olfactory systems. Here, we present a method to test the effect of environmental chemical cues on mating behavior. The assay consists of a small mating arena containing food medium and a mating couple. The mating frequency for each couple is continuously monitored for 24 h. Here we present the applicability of this assay to test environmental compounds from an external source through a pressurized air system as well as manipulation of the environmental components directly in the mating arena. The use of a pressurized air system is especially useful to test the effect of very volatile compounds, while manipulating components directly in the mating arena can be of value to ascertain a compound's presence. This assay can be adapted to answer questions about the influence of genetic and environmental cues on mating behavior and fecundity as well as other male and female reproductive behaviors.

A Method to Test the Effect of Environmental Cues on Mating Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster

We demonstrate an assay to analyze the environmental and genetic cues that influence mating behavior in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster.

测试环境线索对交配行为的影响的方法<em&gt;黑腹果蝇</em

An individual's sexual drive is influenced by genotype, experience and environmental conditions. How these factors interact to modulate sexual behaviors ...

Novel Object Recognition Test for the Investigation of Learning and Memory in Mice

The object recognition test (ORT) is a commonly used behavioral assay for the investigation of various aspects of learning and memory in mice. The ORT is fairly simple and can be completed over 3 days: habituation day, training day, and testing day. During training, the mouse is allowed to explore 2 identical objects. On test day, one of the training objects is replaced with a novel object. Because mice have an innate preference for novelty, if the mouse recognizes the familiar object, it will spend most of its time at the novel object. Due to this innate preference, there is no need for positive or negative reinforcement or long training schedules. Additionally, the ORT can also be modified for numerous applications. The retention interval can be shortened to examine short-term memory, or lengthened to probe long-term memory. Pharmacological intervention can be used at various times prior to training, after training, or prior to recall to investigate different phases of learning (i.e., acquisition, early or late consolidation, or recall). Overall, the ORT is a relatively low-stress, efficient test for memory in mice, and is appropriate for the detection of neuropsychological changes following pharmacological, biological, or genetic manipulations.

The object recognition test (ORT) is a simple and efficient assay for evaluating learning and memory in mice. The methodology is described below.

小鼠学习记忆研究的新对象识别实验

The object recognition test (ORT) is a commonly used behavioral assay for the investigation of various aspects of learning and memory in mice. The ORT is ...

The Knob Supination Task: A Semi-automated Method for Assessing Forelimb Function in Rats

Tasks that accurately measure dexterity in animal models are critical to understand hand function. Current rat behavioral tasks that measure dexterity largely use video analysis of reaching or food manipulation. While these tasks are easy to implement and are robust across disease models, they are subjective and laborious for the experimenter. Automating traditional tasks or creating new automated tasks can make the tasks more efficient, objective, and quantitative. Since rats are less dexterous than primates, central nervous system (CNS) injury produces more subtle deficits in dexterity, however, supination is highly affected in rodents and crucial to hand function in primates. Therefore, we designed a semi-automated task that measures forelimb supination in rats. Rats are trained to reach and grasp a knob-shaped manipulandum and turn the manipulandum in supination to receive a reward. Rats can acquire the skill within 20 &plusmn; 5 days. While the early part of training is highly supervised, much of the training is done without direct supervision. The task reliably and reproducibly captures subtle deficits after injury and shows functional recovery that accurately reflects clinical recovery curves. Analysis of data is performed by specialized software through a graphical user interface that is designed to be intuitive. We also give solutions to common problems encountered during training, and show that minor corrections to behavior early in training produce reliable acquisition of supination. Thus, the knob supination task provides efficient and quantitative evaluation of a critical movement for dexterity in rats.

This manuscript describes a semi-automated task that quantifies supination in rats. Rats reach, grasp, and supinate a spherical manipulandum. The rat is rewarded with a pellet if the turn angle exceeds a criterion set by the user. This task increases throughput, sensitivity to injury, and objectivity compared to traditional tasks.

旋钮旋任务: 一种半自动评估大鼠前肢功能的方法

Tasks that accurately measure dexterity in animal models are critical to understand hand function. Current rat behavioral tasks that measure dexterity ...

A New Method for Inducing a Depression-Like Behavior in Rats

Contagious depression is a phenomenon that is yet to be fully recognized and this stems from insufficient material on the subject. At the moment, there is no existing format for studying the mechanism of action, prevention, containment, and treatment of contagious depression. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to establish the first animal model of contagious depression.
Healthy rats can contract depressive behaviors if exposed to depressed rats. Depression is induced in rats by subjecting them to several manipulations of chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) over 5 weeks, as described in the protocol. A successful sucrose preference test confirmed the development of depression in the rats. The CUS-exposed rats were then caged with na&#239;ve rats from the contagion group (1 na&#239;ve rat/2 depressed rats in a cage) for an additional 5 weeks. 30 social groups were created from the combination of CUS-exposed rats and na&#239;ve rats.
This proposed depression-contagion protocol in animals consists mainly of cohabiting CUS-exposed and healthy rats for 5 weeks. To ensure that this method works, a series of tests are carried out - first, the sucrose preference test upon inducing depression to rats, then, the sucrose preference test, alongside the open field and forced-swim tests at the end of the cohabitation period. Throughout the experiment, rats are given tags and are always returned to their cages after each test.
A few limitations to this method are the weak differences recorded between the experimental and control groups in the sucrose preference test and the irreversible traumatic outcome of the forced swim test. These may be worth considering for suitability before any future application of the protocol. Nonetheless, following the experiment, na&#239;ve rats developed contagion depression after 5 weeks of sharing the same cage with the CUS-exposed rats.

This protocol describes a new model by which healthy rats could contract depression over a given time periodthrough contagion by exposure to chronic unpredictable stressed (CUS) rats.

一种诱导大鼠抑郁症状行为的新方法

Contagious depression is a phenomenon that is yet to be fully recognized and this stems from insufficient material on the subject. At the moment, there is ...

Assessing the Coherence of Parents' Short Narratives Regarding their Child Using the Five-Minute Speech Sample Procedure

Valid and efficient measures for assessing the quality of parent-child relationships are needed to facilitate research and evidence-based practice with parents. This paper focuses on such a method, namely Five-Minute Speech Sample-Coherence (FMSS-Coherence). In this method, a parent is asked to speak for five uninterrupted minutes about her/his child and their relationship. The resulted narrative is coded for coherence, namely the extent to which the parent provides&#160;in the narrative&#160;a clear, consistent, multidimensional and well-supported portrayal of the child. FMSS-Coherence is based on attachment research that shows that the coherence of parents&#8217; narratives is indicative of the quality of the parent-child relationship and child adjustment. It overcomes the limitations of attachment narrative measures which are typically labor intensive. FMSS-Coherence is less nuanced than extant attachment narrative measures. Yet, studies of families from different cultural backgrounds, across different child ages and in the context of typically developing children as well as children with special needs suggest that coherence can be reliably evaluated using the FMSS procedure. Furthermore, parents&#8217; FMSS-Coherence is associated with parenting quality and children&#8217;s socio-emotional adjustment. Thus, it holds promise for researchers and practitioners who seek a relatively time- and cost-effective method for assessing the coherence of parents&#8217; narratives regarding their child.

This paper introduces a method for assessing the coherence of parents' short narratives regarding their child and their relationship using the five-minute speech sample procedure.

使用五分钟言语样本程序评估家长对孩子的简短叙述的一致性

Valid and efficient measures for assessing the quality of parent-child relationships are needed to facilitate research and evidence-based practice with ...