The authors thank Gr&#225;inne Tierney and Silvia Bellissimo for their editorial assistance.

Das Protokoll folgt den Richtlinien des IRST Human Research Ethics Committee. HINWEIS: In diesem Protokoll isolierten wir DNA aus Urinproben eine Integritätsanalyse UCF DNA durchzuführen. LNCaP und MRC-Zelllinien wurden verwendet Standards zu konstruieren. Techniken wie DNA - Extraktion, DNA - Quantifizierung (Spektralphotometer und real-time PCR für das Kontroll - Gen, STOX1) und Echtzeit - PCR für spezifische Onkogene wurden durchgeführt (Abbildung 1). 1. Urin Erhebung und Verarbeitung <ol><li> Besorgen Sie sich eine saubere Beifang ersten Morgenurinprobe in einem sauberen, trockenen, Plastikbecher. Sammeln mindestens 50 ml der Urinprobe. </li><li> Aufrechterhaltung des Urins bei 4 ° C für maximal 3 Stunden und an das Labor bei der gleichen Temperatur zu senden. </li><li> Mischen Sie jede Probe zweimal unmittelbar nach der Ankunft im Labor und den Transfer in zwei 50-ml konischen Boden Polypropylen-Röhrchen zu invertieren. </li><li> Zentrifugieren Sie die Röhrchenbei 850 xg für 10 min bei 4 ° C oder bei Raumtemperatur. </li><li> Vorsichtig 10 mL übertragen des oberen Teils des Urins Überstand in zwei 5-ml-Röhrchen, mit mindestens 2 ml des Überstandes über dem Zellpellet zu verlassen. HINWEIS: Übertragen des oberen Teils des Überstands verringert das Risiko einer Kontamination durch Zellen oder Zelltrümmer. Es gibt keine klare Abgrenzung zwischen den oberen und unteren Teil. </li><li> Entsorgen Sie das Pellet und gefrieren sofort den Überstand bei -80 ° C bis zur Verwendung. </li></ol> 2. DNA-Isolierung aus dem Urin Überstand und Zelllinien HINWEIS: Trennen Sie die DNA aus einer Zelllinie (zB LNCap für Prostatakrebs oder MRC für Blasenkrebs) unter Verwendung eines kommerziellen Kits und nach den Anweisungen des Herstellers. Isolierung von DNA aus dem Urin Überstand sollte mit dem kommerziellen Protokoll durchgeführt werden, wie folgt geändert: <ol><li> Auftauen ein Aliquot des Urins Überstand bei Raumtemperatur. &lt;/ Li&gt; <li> Vortex und mischen Sie die Urinprobe und 1 ml des Urins Überstand in eine klare 5-ml-Röhrchen. Frieren Sie den Restharn bei -80 ° C. </li><li> Füge 100 &amp; mgr; l Proteinase K direkt auf die Probe. </li><li> 1 ml AL-Puffer auf die Probe und mischen Sie gut durch Pipettieren. </li><li> Schließen die Röhrchen und Inkubation der Proben bei 56 ° C für 15 min. </li><li> Während der Inkubation vorbereiten eine Spalte für jede Probe und bereiten die Waschpuffer, AW1 und AW2, gemäß den Anweisungen des Herstellers (fügen Sie die angegebene Menge von 100% Ethanol). </li><li> Bringen Sie die Proben wieder auf Raumtemperatur und 1 mL absolutem Ethanol. Mischen Sie vollständig durch Pipettieren. </li><li> Hinzufügen 650 &amp; mgr; l der Mischung in Schritt erhaltenen 2,7 auf die Säule und Zentrifugieren es bei 6.000 × g für 1 min. </li><li> Entsorgen Sie das Rohr des Durchflusses und legen Sie die Spalte auf eine neue, saubere Sammelröhrchen enthält. Wiederholen Sie die Schritte 2.8 und 2.9 bis sich das gesamte Probenmischung verwendet wurde (5-mal). </li><li> In 500 &amp;# 181; l Puffer AW1 ohne den oberen Rand der Säule zu benetzen. Zentrifugieren es bei 6000 × g für 1 min. </li><li> Entsorgen Sie das Rohr des Durchflusses enthält, und ersetzen sie durch eine neue, saubere Sammelröhrchen. </li><li> Hinzufügen 500 ul Puffer AW2 ohne den oberen Rand der Säule zu benetzen. Zentrifuge bei voller Geschwindigkeit (20.000 × g) für 3 min. </li><li> Entsorgen Sie das Rohr des Durchflusses enthält, und ersetzen sie durch eine neue, saubere Sammelröhrchen. </li><li> Wiederholen Sie Schritt 2.12 restliche Waschpuffer zu entfernen. </li><li> Die Säule in ein sauberes 1,5-ml-Röhrchen. Zugabe von 50 &amp; mgr; l Elutionspuffer AE und warten 7 min, um sicherzustellen, dass der Puffer benetzt die Säule. </li><li> Zentrifugieren es bei 8000 × g für 1 min. </li><li> Pipettieren Eluent aus Schritt 2.15 in die Mini-Säule zentrifugieren und es bei maximaler Geschwindigkeit für 1 Minute die maximale Rückgewinnung von DNA zu gewährleisten. </li></ol> 3. DNA-Quantifizierung und Verdünnung <ol><li> Mit einem Spektralphotometer, führen Sie die Quantifizierung von DNA aus Both die Zelllinie und die Urinproben Überstand. Verwenden Sie 2 ul der Probe auf einem Benchtop-Spektrometer, gemäß den Anweisungen des Herstellers. </li><li> Verdünne die Proben UCF DNA mit einer Konzentration von 1 ng / &amp; mgr; l zu erhalten und speichern die DNA bei -20 ° C, bis die DNA Integritätsanalyse. HINWEIS: Wenn die DNA-Menge nicht ausreicht, um mit Echtzeit-PCR (mindestens 100 ng), um fortzufahren, führen Sie eine neue DNA-Isolierungsverfahren. </li><li> Verdünne die DNA aus der Zelllinie Proben zu erhalten sechs Standards mit unterschiedlichen Konzentrationen: 0,001, 0,01, 0,1, 1, 0,5 und 2 ng / &amp; mgr; l, jeweils mit einem Volumen von 100 ul (ST1, ST2, ST3, ST4, ST5 und ST6). Bewahren Sie die Zelllinie DNA-Standards bei -20 ° C, bis die DNA-Integritätsanalyse. </li></ol> 4. DNA-Integritätstest - PCR <ol><li> Auftauen die Primer (die Konzentration ist abhängig von der Art des Assays), Grün supermix, Zelllinie DNA-Standards und UCF DNA verdünnten Proben auf Eis. </li><li> Bereiten Streifen Rohre in der Platte foder der 72-Well-Rotorscheibe. Aliquot 10 ul in zweifacher Ausfertigung für jeden Standard und verdünnte Probe und 10 &amp; mgr; l RNase-freies Wasser für die negative Kontrolle. </li><li> Bereiten einer Mischung aus 1 &amp; mgr; l jedes Primers (die Konzentrationen sind in Tabelle 1 angegeben), 12,5 &amp; mgr; l des grünen supermix und 6,5 &amp; mgr; l RNase-freiem Wasser für jede Probe. Wenn die Mischung vorbereitet, verwenden Sie die folgende Anzahl der Proben: 6-Normen für 2 Wiederholungen, Anzahl der Proben für 2 Wiederholungen, negative Kontrolle für 2 Wiederholungen und 2 zusätzliche Proben. </li><li> Aliquot 15 ul der Mischung in jede Vertiefung. Sie nicht die Rohre Pipette oder drehen. </li><li> Starten Sie das Protokoll mit den Bedingungen PCR in Tabelle 1 angegeben. HINWEIS: Für die UCF-DNA-Wert, 29 DNA-Proben für jede Echtzeit-Experiment verarbeitet wurden unter Verwendung des 72-Well-Rotorscheibe: 29 x 2 Proben + 6 x 2 Standards + negative Kontrolle x 2 = 72 (UCF DNA-Wert). HINWEIS: Das Protokoll für die Integritätsanalyse UCF DNA kann auchdurchgeführt andere Echtzeit-PCR Instrument (wenn ein anderes Gerät verwenden, können hinzugefügt werden müssen, ROX-Farbstoff). </li></ol> 5. DNA-Integritätstest - Datenanalyse und Interpretation HINWEIS: Die DNA UCF - Wert für jede Probe wurde durch eine Echtzeit - Gerät-Erfassungssystem - Software unter Verwendung einer Standardkurve Konstruktion für jede einzelne PCR - Gen Auswerte- und unter Verwendung von Standardkurve Interpolation erhalten, wie zuvor beschrieben , 7-9 (Abbildung 2). <ol><li> Bewerten Sie die Replikate; Probe repliziert mit einem Unterschied ≥1 Ct verworfen werden müssen, und in einem zweiten Versuch erneut ausgewertet. </li><li> Berechnen Sie die mittlere Ct für jede Probe und prüfen Proben mit einem Ct-Wert ≤ 36. </li><li> Bewerten Sie die Spezifität der PCR-Produkte Schmelzanalyse. </li><li> Bewerten Sie die Konzentration jedes Amplikon durch Interpolation mit der Standardkurve; einen Konzentrationswert (ng / ul) für jedes Amplifikat erhalten.</li>
</ol>

<ol>
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B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Circulating+cell-free+DNA+in+serum+as+a+biomarker+for+diagnosis+and+prognostic+prediction+of+colorectal+cancer.">Circulating cell-free DNA in serum as a biomarker for diagnosis and prognostic prediction of colorectal cancer.</a> Br.J.Cancer. 111 (8), 1482-1489 (2014).</li><li>Salvi, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Urine+Cell-Free+DNA+Integrity+Analysis+for+Early+Detection+of+Prostate+Cancer+Patients.">Urine Cell-Free DNA Integrity Analysis for Early Detection of Prostate Cancer Patients.</a> Dis.Markers. 2015, 574120 (2015).</li><li>Casadio, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Urine+cell-free+DNA+integrity+as+a+marker+for+early+prostate+cancer+diagnosis:+a+pilot+study.">Urine cell-free DNA integrity as a marker for early prostate cancer diagnosis: a pilot study.</a> Biomed.Res.Int. 2013, 270457 (2013).</li><li>Casadio, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Urine+cell-free+DNA+integrity+as+a+marker+for+early+bladder+cancer+diagnosis:+preliminary+data.">Urine cell-free DNA integrity as a marker for early bladder cancer diagnosis: preliminary data.</a> Urol.Oncol. 31 (8), 1744-1750 (2013).</li><li>Salvi, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Circulating+cell-free+AR+and+CYP17A1+copy+number+variations+may+associate+with+outcome+of+metastatic+castration-resistant+prostate+cancer+patients+treated+with+abiraterone.">Circulating cell-free AR and CYP17A1 copy number variations may associate with outcome of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer patients treated with abiraterone.</a> Br.J.Cancer. 112 (10), 1717-1724 (2015).</li><li>Ishkanian, A. 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The authors declare no competing financial interests.

UCF DNA Integritätsanalyse ist eine neue, nicht-invasive Methode zur Beurteilung DNA Integrität im Urin. Es wurde für die Frühdiagnose von Blasen 9 und Prostatakrebs 7,8 kürzlich vorgeschlagen. Eine Reihe von Vor- und Nachteilen der UCF DNA-Integritätstest werden hier diskutiert, zusammen mit Zukunftsperspektiven. Der Hauptvorteil dieses Ansatzes ist, daß es eine kostengünstige, nicht-invasive Methode bietet und ein einfaches Protokoll Urin als potentielle Quell...

Zellfreie DNA kann in Blut und Urin aufgrund von Zelltod durch apoptotische oder nekrotische Mechanismen nachgewiesen werden. Zellfreie DNA in Blut wurde für diagnostische und prognostische Zwecke in verschiedenen Krankheiten intensiv untersucht, insbesondere Krebs 1. Jedoch weniger ist über die Rolle der Harn- zellfreien (UCF) DNA bekannt. UCF DNA kann aus dem Blut , das durch die glomeruläre Filtrationssystems oder aus Zellen stammen , die mit diesem Körperflüssigkeit 2 (beispielsweise Urothelzellen oder Prostatazellen) direkt in Kontakt kommen. Die Verwendung von UCF DNA als Quelle von Biomarkern ist für die Frühdiagnose von Nieren-, Blasen- und Prostatakrebs durch den hohen Anteil der UCF DNA , das direkt von der Harnwege Zellen untersucht 3,4 hauptsächlich worden. Wenig ist bekannt über UCF-DNA und die besten Methoden zur Isolierung und Charakterisierung von ihm. Angesichts der Hypothese, dass die Tumorzellen freizusetzen längere DNA-Fragmente als normale Zellen, die Auswertungsder zellfreien DNA - Integrität wurde in einem Versuch untersucht, 5 den Ursprung der DNA in den Blutkreislauf zu erläutern. Einige Studien haben gezeigt , daß zellfreie DNA Integrität im Blut einen guten diagnostischen Test für viele Krebsarten darstellt 6, und die gleiche Hypothese in bezug auf Urin 7-9 vorgeschlagen. Dieses Dokument beschreibt ein neues Verfahren zur UCF DNA Integritätsanalyse mit einer potentiellen Anwendung auf Blasen- und Prostatakrebserkennung. Insbesondere wurde die Integrität der UCF DNA - Fragmente mehr als 250 bp in 4 Regionen getestet bekannt , eine erhöhte DNA - Kopienzahl in soliden Tumoren, einschließlich Prostata- und Blasenkrebs: c-MYC (8q24.21), HER2 (17q12.1 ), BCAS1 (20q13.2) und AR (Xq12) 14.10. Spezifische Onkogene, anstatt Zufallssequenzen wurden gewählt, um die Wahrscheinlichkeit, sie in der zellfreie Fraktion von Krebspatienten zu erhöhen. Einer der wichtigsten Vorteile derdieses Verfahren ist, dass es flexibel ist und dass andere Bereiche können auch auf der Grundlage der Tumorart und Eigenschaften gewählt werden.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="779">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:277px;">QIAamp DNA Mini Kit 
			&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">51304</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:277px;">iQ SYBR&#160;Green Supermix, 100 x 50 &#181;l rxns, 2.5 ml (2 x 1.25 ml)</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Biorad</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1708880</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:277px;">IDT custom DNA oligos&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">IDT&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">HPLC purification, 100nMole DNA oligo</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;">NanoDrop 1000 Spectrophotometer</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Other spectrophotometric methods could also be used to quantify DNA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="74">
			<td height="74" style="height:74px;width:277px;">Rotor-Gene 6000</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Corbett</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Another Real Time PCR instrument could also be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">microcentrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">one centrifuge for 50 ml tubes</td>
			<td style="width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">incubator</td>
			<td style="width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">&#160;-80&#176;C freezer</td>
			<td style="width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">-20&#176;C freezer</td>
			<td style="width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">10 ul pipette</td>
			<td style="width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">20 ul pipette</td>
			<td style="width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">200 ul pipette</td>
			<td style="width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">1000 ul pipette</td>
			<td style="width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">pipette tips (10;20;200;1000)</td>
			<td style="width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">1,5 ml tubes</td>
			<td style="width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">50ml tubes</td>
			<td style="width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">15 ml tubes</td>
			<td style="width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">Rotor-Disc 72 Rotor</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Corbett</td>
			<td>&#160;9018899</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Strip Tubes and Caps, 0.1 ml (250)</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">981103</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">Collection Tubes (2 ml)</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">19201</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">Buffer AL (264 ml)</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">19075</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">Proteinase K (10ml)</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">19133</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

cell-free dna integrity analysis in urine samples

Obwohl die Anwesenheit zellfreie DNA in Plasma oder Serum von Zirkulieren einer geeigneten Quelle von Biomarkern für viele Krebsarten haben nur wenige Studien konzentrierten sich auf die mögliche Verwendung von zellfreien Urin (UCF) DNA weithin erwiesen hat. Ausgehend von den Hypothesen, die normale apoptotische Zellen produzieren stark fragmentierten DNA und dass Krebszellen schütten mehr DNA, die mögliche Rolle der UCF DNA-Integrität wurde als eine frühe Diagnosemarker ausgewertet Lage, die Unterscheidung zwischen Patienten mit Prostata- oder Blasenkrebs und gesunden Personen. C-MYC, BCAS1, HER2 und AR: A UCF DNA Integritätsanalyse wird auf der Grundlage von vier quantitative Echtzeit - PCR - Reaktionen von vier Sequenzen , die länger als 250 bp vorgeschlagen. Sequenzen, die häufig eine erhöhte DNA-Kopienzahl in der Blase und Prostata-Krebsarten wurden für die Analyse ausgewählt, aber das Verfahren ist flexibel, und diese Gene können mit anderen Genen von inte substituiert seinsich ausruhen. Die potentielle Nützlichkeit von UCF DNA als Quelle von Biomarkern bereits für urologische Malignitäten nachgewiesen und damit den Weg geebnet für weitere Untersuchungen auf UCF DNA Charakterisierung. Die UCF DNA-Integritätstest hat den Vorteil, dass sie nicht-invasive, schnelle und einfach durchzuführen, mit nur wenigen Milliliter Urin benötigt, um die Analyse durchzuführen.

Die gesamte freie DNA-Konzentration war quantifizierbare spektrophotometrisch für alle Proben analysiert, wobei eine Reihe von zwischen 1,51 und 138 ng / &amp; mgr; l zeigt. Fünf Kontrollproben wurden für die Reproduzierbarkeit der Daten verwendet: zwei unabhängige Echtzeit - Experimente durchgeführt wurden , für c-MYC, HER2, BCAS1, AR, und STOX1. Die Variationskoeffizienten (CV) wurden dann für jedes Gen (Tabelle 2) be...

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Cell-Free DNA Integrity Analysis in Urine Samples

A method for analyzing DNA integrity in the cell-free supernatant fraction of urine samples is proposed. The method is suitable for early detection of urological malignancies and has proven accurate for the early diagnosis of bladder cancer.

Zellfreie DNA-Integritätsanalyse in Urinproben

Although the presence of circulating cell-free DNA in plasma or serum has been widely shown to be a suitable source of biomarkers for many types of ...

cell-free-dna-integrity-analysis-in-urine-samples

Research

JoVE Journal

Cancer Research

13.7K Aufrufe.  Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS. A method for analyzing DNA integrity in the cell-free supernatant fraction of urine samples is proposed. The method is suitable for early detection of urological malignancies and has proven accurate for the early diagnosis of bladder cancer.

Serie: Cell-Free DNA Integrity Analysis in Urine Samples

Harnessing the DNA Dye-triggered Side Population Phenotype to Detect and Purify Cancer Stem Cells from Biological Samples

Cancer is a stem cell-driven disease and eradication of these cells has become a major therapeutic goal. Deciphering vulnerabilities of Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs) and identifying suitable molecular targets relies on methods that allow their specific discrimination in heterogeneous samples such as cell lines and ex vivo tumor tissue. Flow cytometry/FACS is a powerful technology to multi-parametrically dissect biological samples at the single cell level and is to date the method of choice to recover live cells for downstream analyses. Surface markers such as CD44 and CD133 as well as detection of aldehyde dehydrogenase enzymatic activity have often been used to define and sort out CSCs from tumor samples by FACS. A complementary approach, depicted here in methodological detail, makes use of functional dye extrusion by ABC drug transporters, which identifies a distinct population of fluorescence-dim cells commonly referred to as side population (SP). SP&#160;cancer cells exhibit canonical stem cell characteristics and can be abrogated and functionally confirmed using agents that inhibit the dye-extruding drug transporter (most frequently ABCB1/P-glycoprotein/MDR1/CD243 and ABCG2/Bcrp1/CD338). Moreover, the SP&#160;assay is compatible with other flow cytometric evaluations such as staining of surface antigens, aldehyde dehydrogenase detection and dead cell discrimination (e.g., with 7-AAD or propidium iodide (PI)). Thus, we describe a valuable and broadly applicable method for CSC identification, isolation and sub-characterization mechanistically based on a functional, rather than a phenotypic parameter. Although originally performed with Hoechst 33342 as triggering dye, we here focus on the more recent Violet dye-based SP phenotype that is resolvable on any flow cytometer equipped with a violet laser source.

Methods allowing the characterization and isolation of stem cell populations from biological samples are critical for the advance of stem cell-targeted treatments in cancer and beyond. Here, we provide a detailed protocol for cancer stem cell isolation using the dye-triggered side population phenotype.

Die DNA-Farbstoff-ausgelöste Seitenbevölkerung Phänotyp zur Erkennung und Reinigung von Krebsstammzellen aus biologischen Proben

Cancer is a stem cell-driven disease and eradication of these cells has become a major therapeutic goal. Deciphering vulnerabilities of Cancer Stem Cells ...

Forschung

Krebsforschung

Evaluating In Vitro DNA Damage Using Comet Assay

DNA damage is a common phenomenon for each cell during its lifespan, and is defined as an alteration of the chemical structure of genomic DNA. Cancer therapies, such as radio- and chemotherapy, introduce enormous amount of additional DNA damage, leading to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis to limit cancer progression. Quantitative assessment of DNA damage during experimental cancer therapy is a key step to justify the effectiveness of a genotoxic agent. In this study, we focus on a single cell electrophoresis assay, also known as the comet assay, which can quantify single and double-strand DNA breaks in vitro. The comet assay is a DNA damage quantification method that is efficient and easy to perform, and has low time/budget demands and high reproducibility. Here, we highlight the utility of the comet assay for a preclinical study by evaluating the genotoxic effect of olaparib/temozolomide combination therapy to U251 glioma cells.

Evaluating In Vitro DNA Damage Using Comet Assay

The comet assay is an efficient method to detect DNA damage including single and double-stranded DNA breaks. We describe alkaline and neutral comet assays to measure DNA damage in cancer cells to evaluate the therapeutic effect of chemotherapy.

Bewertung von In-vitro- DNA-Schäden mit Comet-Assay

DNA damage is a common phenomenon for each cell during its lifespan, and is defined as an alteration of the chemical structure of genomic DNA. Cancer ...

Simple and Rapid Method to Obtain High-quality Tumor DNA from Clinical-pathological Specimens Using Touch Imprint Cytology

It is critical to determine the mutational status in cancer before administration and treatment of specific molecular targeted drugs for cancer patients. In the clinical setting, formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues are widely used for genetic testing. However, FFPE DNA is generally damaged and fragmented during the fixation process with formalin. Therefore, FFPE DNA is sometimes not adequate for genetic testing because of low quality and quantity of DNA. Here we present a method of touch imprint cytology (TIC) to obtain genomic DNA from cancer cells, which can be observed under a microscope. Cell morphology and cancer cell numbers can be evaluated using TIC specimens. Furthermore, the extraction of genomic DNA from TIC samples can be completed within two days. The total amount and quality of TIC DNA obtained using this method was higher than that of FFPE DNA. This rapid and simple method allows researchers to obtain high-quality DNA for genetic testing (e.g., next generation sequencing analysis, digital PCR, and quantitative real time PCR) and to shorten the turnaround time for reporting results.

Obtaining high-quality genomic DNA from tumor tissues is an essential first step for analyzing genetic alterations using next generation sequencing. In this article, we present a simple and rapid method to enrich tumor cells and obtain intact DNA from touch imprint cytology specimens.

Einfache und schnelle Methode, um qualitativ hochwertige Tumor DNA von klinischen pathologischen Proben mit Touch Impressum Zytologie zu erhalten

It is critical to determine the mutational status in cancer before administration and treatment of specific molecular targeted drugs for cancer patients. ...

Using 22C3 Anti-PD-L1 Antibody Concentrate on Biopsy and Cytology Samples from Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Patients

Pembrolizumab monotherapy has been approved for the first- and second-line treatment of patients with PD-L1-expressing advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Testing for PD-L1 expression with the PD-L1 immunohistochemistry (IHC) 22C3 companion diagnostic assay, which gives a tumor proportion score (TPS), has been validated on tumor tissue. We developed an optimized laboratory-developed test (LDT) that uses the 22C3 antibody (Ab) concentrate on a widely available IHC autostainer for biopsy and cytology specimens. The PD-L1 TPS was evaluated with 120 paired whole-tumor tissue sections and biopsy samples and with 70 paired biopsy and cytology samples (bronchial washes, n = 40; pleural effusions, n = 30). The 22C3 Ab concentrate-based LDT showed a high concordance rate between biopsy (~100%) and cytology (~95%) specimens when compared to PD-L1 IHC expression determined using the PD-L1 IHC 22C3 companion assay at both TPS cut points (&#8805;1%, &#8805;50%). The optimized LDT presented here, using the 22C3 Ab concentrate to determine the PD-L1 expression in both tumor tissue and in cytology specimens, will expand the ability of laboratories worldwide to assess the eligibility of patients with NSCLC for treatment with pembrolizumab monotherapy in a reliable and reproducible manner.

To expand the ability of laboratories worldwide to assess the eligibility of patients with lung cancer for treatment with pembrolizumab, in a reliable and reproducible manner, we developed an assay that uses the 22C3 antibody concentrate on a widely available immunohistochemical autostainer, for both biopsy and cytology specimens.

Mit 22 3 Anti-PD-L1-Antikörper konzentrieren sich auf Biopsie und Zytologie Proben von Patienten mit nicht-kleinzelligem Lungenkrebs

Pembrolizumab monotherapy has been approved for the first- and second-line treatment of patients with PD-L1-expressing advanced non-small cell lung cancer ...

Evaluation of Colorectal Cancer Risk and Prevalence by Stool DNA Integrity Detection

Nowadays, stool DNA can be isolated and analyzed by several methods. The long fragments of DNA in stool can be detected by a qPCR assay, which provides a reliable probability of the presence of pre-neoplastic or neoplastic colorectal lesions. This method, called fluorescence long DNA (FL-DNA), is a fast, non-invasive procedure that is an improvement upon the primary prevention system. This method is based on evaluation of fecal DNA integrity by quantitative amplification of specific targets of genomic DNA. In particular, the evaluation of DNA fragments longer than 200 bp allows for detection of patients with colorectal lesions with very high specificity. However, this system and all currently available stool DNA tests present some general issues that need to be addressed (e.g., the frequency at which tests should be carried out and optimal number of stool samples collected at each timepoint for each individual). However, the main advantage of FL-DNA is the possibility to use it in association with a test currently used in the CRC screening program, known as the immunochemical-based fecal occult blood test (iFOBT). Indeed, both tests can be performed on the same sample, reducing costs and achieving a better prediction of the eventual presence of colorectal lesions.

The presented diagnostic FL-DNA kit is a time-saving and user-friendly method to determine the reliable probability of the presence of colorectal cancer lesions.

Bewertung des Darmkrebsrisikos und der Prävalenz durch Stuhl-DNA-Integritätsnachweis

Nowadays, stool DNA can be isolated and analyzed by several methods. The long fragments of DNA in stool can be detected by a qPCR assay, which provides a ...

Testing Targeted Therapies in Cancer using Structural DNA Alteration Analysis and Patient-Derived Xenografts

We present here an integrative approach for testing efficacy of targeted therapies that combines the next generation sequencing technolo-gies, therapeutic target analyses and drug response monitoring using patient derived xenografts (PDX). This strategy was validated using ovarian tumors as an example. The mate-pair next generation sequencing (MPseq) protocol was used to identify structural alterations and followed by analysis of potentially targetable alterations. Human tumors grown in immunocompromised mice were treated with drugs selected based on the genomic analyses. Results demonstrated a good correlation between the predicted and the observed responses in the PDX model. The presented approach can be used to test the efficacy of combination treatments and aid personalized treatment for patients with recurrent cancer, specifically in cases when standard therapy fails and there is a need to use drugs off label.

Here we present a protocol to test the efficacy of targeted therapies selected based on the genomic makeup of a tumor. The protocol describes identification and validation of structural DNA rearrangements, engraftment of patients&#8217; tumors into mice and testing responses to corresponding drugs.

Testen von gezielten Krebstherapien mit struktureller DNA-Alterationsanalyse und patientenabgeleiteten Xenografts

We present here an integrative approach for testing efficacy of targeted therapies that combines the next generation sequencing technolo-gies, therapeutic ...

Evaluating Cell Death Using Cell-Free Supernatant of Probiotics in Three-Dimensional Spheroid Cultures of Colorectal Cancer Cells

This manuscript describes a protocol to evaluate cancer cell deaths in three dimensional (3D) spheroids of multicellular types of cancer cells using supernatants from Lactobacillus fermentum cell culture, considered as probiotics cultures. The use of 3D cultures to test Lactobacillus cell-free supernatant (LCFS) are a better option than testing in 2D monolayers, especially as L. fermentum can produce anti-cancer effects within the gut. L. fermentum supernatant was identified to possess increased anti-proliferative effects against several colorectal cancer (CRC) cells in 3D culture conditions. Interestingly, these effects were strongly related to the culture model, demonstrating the notable ability of L. fermentum to induce cancer cell death. Stable spheroids were generated from diverse CRCs (colorectal cancer cells) using the protocol presented below. This protocol of generating 3D spheroid is time saving and cost effective. This system was developed to easily investigate the anti-cancer effects of LCFS in multiple types of CRC spheroids. As expected, CRC spheroids treated with LCFS strongly induced cell death during the experiment and expressed specific apoptosis molecular markers as analyzed by qRT-PCR, western blotting, and FACS analysis. Therefore, this method is valuable for exploring cell viability and evaluating the efficacy of anti-cancer drugs.

Here methods are presented to understand anti-cancer effects of Lactobacillus cell-free supernatant (LCFS). Colorectal cancer cell lines show cell deaths when treated with LCFS in 3D cultures. The process of generating spheroids can be optimized depending on the scaffold and the analysis methods presented are useful for evaluating the involved signaling pathways.

Evaluierung des Zelltods mit zellfreiem Überstand von Probiotika in dreidimensionalen sphäroiden Kulturen von Darmkrebszellen

This manuscript describes a protocol to evaluate cancer cell deaths in three dimensional (3D) spheroids of multicellular types of cancer cells using ...

Genome-Wide Analysis of DNA Methylation in Gastrointestinal Cancer

DNA methylation is an important epigenetic change that is biologically meaningful and a frequent focus of cancer research. Genome-wide DNA methylation is a useful measure to provide an accurate analysis of the methylation status of gastrointestinal (GI) malignancies. Given the multiple potential translational uses of DNA methylation analysis, practicing clinicians and others new to DNA methylation studies need to be able to understand step by step how these genome-wide analyses are performed. The goal of this protocol is to provide a detailed description of how this method is used for the biomarker identification in GI malignancies. Importantly, we describe three critical steps that are needed to obtain accurate results during genome-wide analysis. Clearly and concisely written, these three methods are often lacking and not noticeable to those new to epigenetic studies. We used 48 samples of a GI malignancy (gastric cancer) to highlight practically how genome-wide DNA methylation analysis can be performed for GI malignancies.

Herein, we describe a procedure for genome-wide analysis of DNA methylation in gastrointestinal cancers. The procedure is of relevance to studies that investigate relationships between methylation patterns of genes and factors contributing to carcinogenesis in gastrointestinal cancers.

Genomweite Analyse der DNA-Methylierung bei Magen-Darm-Krebs

DNA methylation is an important epigenetic change that is biologically meaningful and a frequent focus of cancer research. Genome-wide DNA methylation is ...

Detection of Cell-Free DNA in Blood Plasma Samples of Cancer Patients

Identifying mutations in tumors of cancer patients is a very important step in disease management. These mutations serve as biomarkers for tumor diagnosis as well as for the treatment selection and its response in cancer patients. The current gold standard method for detecting tumor mutations involves a genetic test of tumor DNA by means of tumor biopsies. However, this invasive method is difficult to be performed repeatedly as a follow-up test of the tumor mutational repertoire. Liquid biopsy is a new and emerging technique for detecting tumor mutations as an easy-to-use and non-invasive biopsy approach.
Cancer cells multiply rapidly. In parallel, numerous cancer cells undergo apoptosis. Debris from these cells are released into a patient&#8217;s circulatory system, together with finely fragmented DNA pieces, called cell-free DNA (cfDNA) fragments, which carry tumor DNA mutations. Therefore, for identifying cfDNA based biomarkers using liquid biopsy technique, blood samples are collected from the cancer patients, followed by the separation of plasma and buffy coat. Next, plasma is processed for the isolation of cfDNA, and the respective buffy coat is processed for the isolation of a patient&#39;s genomic DNA. Both nucleic acid samples are then checked for their quantity and quality; and analyzed for mutations using next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques.
In this manuscript, we present a detailed protocol for liquid biopsy, including blood collection, plasma, and buffy coat separation, cfDNA and germline DNA extraction, quantification of cfDNA or germline DNA, and cfDNA fragment enrichment analysis.

In this paper we present a detailed protocol for non-invasive liquid biopsy technique, including blood collection, plasma and buffy coat separation, cfDNA and germline DNA extraction, quantification of cfDNA or germline DNA, and cfDNA fragment enrichment analysis.

Nachweis zellfreier DNA in Blutplasmaproben von Krebspatienten

Identifying mutations in tumors of cancer patients is a very important step in disease management. These mutations serve as biomarkers for tumor diagnosis ...

A Standardized Liquid Biopsy Preanalytical Protocol for Downstream Circulating-Free DNA Applications

The term liquid biopsy (LB) refers to molecules such as proteins, DNA, RNA, cells, or extracellular vesicles in blood and other bodily fluids that originate from the primary and/or metastatic tumor. LB has emerged as a mainstay in translational research and has started to become part of clinical oncology practice, providing a minimally invasive alternative to solid biopsy. The LB allows real-time monitoring of a tumor via a minimally invasive sample extraction, such as blood. The applications include early cancer detection, patient follow-up for the detection of disease progression, assessment of minimal residual disease, and potential identification of molecular progression and mechanism of resistance. In order to achieve a reliable analysis of these samples that can be reported in the clinic, the preanalytical procedures should be carefully considered and strictly followed. Sample collection, quality, and storage are crucial steps that determine their usefulness in downstream applications. Here, we present standardized protocols from our liquid biopsy working module for collecting, processing, and storing plasma and serum samples for downstream liquid biopsy analysis based on circulating-free DNA. The protocols presented here require standard equipment and are sufficiently flexible to be applied in most laboratories focused on biological procedures.

The liquid biopsy has revolutionized our approach to oncology translational studies, with sample collection, quality, and storage being crucial steps for its successful clinical application. Here we describe a standardized and validated protocol for downstream circulating-free DNA applications that can be applied in most translational research laboratories.