The authors have no acknowledgements.

Ethik Aussage: Alle Tierstudien von der Institutional Animal Care und Use Committee (IACUC) von der University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center genehmigt. 1. Bereiten Sie Krebszellen für die Injektion <ol><li> Samen, die Krebszellen ein oder zwei Tage vor der Injektion. Verwenden Sie DMEM / F12-Medium mit 10% FBS ergänzt, es sei denn, eine Spezialität Medium in der Literatur für eine bestimmte Zelllinie angedeutet ist. </li><li> Am Tag des chirurgischen Eingriffs, Ernte Zellen, wenn sie erreicht 70 bis 80% Konfluenz, indem zuerst Waschen mit serumfreiem Medium einmal vor Trypsinisierung (0,25%) für 1 bis 2 min bei 37 ° C. Hinzufügen, in Zellen 10% FBS enthaltendes DMEM / F12-Medium, das 0,25% Trypsin zu quenchen. </li><li> Zentrifugieren der Zellen bei 80 × g für 3 min. 5 × 10 6 Zellen / ml, abhängig von der Zelllinie - in Hanks Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS) bei 1 waschen Zellen in serumfreien Medien zweimal restliche Serum zu entfernen, die Zellen mit einem Hämozytometer zählen und zu resuspendieren. Halten Sie sich auf Eisbis zum Zeitpunkt der Injektion. HINWEIS: MDA-MB-231 Brustkrebszellen und K1735 Melanomzellen wurden in dieser Studie, und beide Zellinien wurden bei 2 × 10 6 Zellen / ml Konzentration verwendet. Halten Sie die Trypsinierung Dauer so kurz wie möglich als Übertherapie können die Ergebnisse der Metastasierung Assays beeinflussen. </li></ol> 2. Bereiten Sie Mäuse für Tumorzellinjektion <ol><li> Anästhesieren Mäuse durch intraperitoneale (ip) Injektion von Ketamin / Xylazin-Cocktail (Ketamin 100 mg / kg, Xylazin 10 mg / kg). </li><li> Bestätigen Sie eine komplette Anästhesie durch Kneifen der Tierfüße und beobachten fehlende Reaktion. </li><li> Platzieren Sie die Maus auf einer Glasplatte (verwendet für das Gießen von Protein-Gele), und befestigen Sie sie mit Gummibändern. </li><li> Falls erforderlich, entfernen Sie die Haare des Halses durch Rasieren oder eine kleine Menge Haarentfernung Produkt Auftragen und Abwischen der Haare mit einem Papiertuch ab. HINWEIS: Wenn Nacktmäuse mit, diesen Schritt überspringen, da sie keine Körperhaare haben. </li><li> Reinigen Sie die Haut am Hals durch die AnwendungPVP-Jod und 70% Alkohol. </li><li> Platzieren Sie die Maus auf der Bühne des Binokular </li><li> Einen Einschnitt in die Haut ~ 1 cm lang mit einem chirurgischen Skalpell. </li><li> Unverblümt sezieren den Muskel mit Zahnzange unterhalb der Arteria carotis zu belichten. </li><li> Trennen Sie die Arteria carotis vom benachbarten Vagusnerv mit chirurgischen Pinzette. </li><li> Mit chirurgische Pinzette, trennen einige Baumwolle aus einem Wattebausch, befeuchten und Mode in eine kleinere Wattebausch. Dieses Puffer-befeuchtete Wattebausch unter der A. carotis der beabsichtigten Stelle der Injektion. </li><li> Legen Sie eine Naht distalen und proximalen zu dem Wattebausch und lose Knoten machen. Ziehen Sie den proximalen Knoten den Blutfluss in der Injektionsstelle zu blockieren. </li><li> Gehen Sie zur Krebszellinjektion, wenn die Arteria carotis auf dem Wattebausch mit frischen roten Blut voll unter Druck erscheint. </li></ol> 3. Cancer Cell Injektion in Arteria carotis <ol><li> Vortex und ziehen 100 ul of Krebszellen in die Spritze. </li><li> Unter dem Binokular, legen Sie langsam die 31 G-Nadel (mit Fase nach oben) in das Lumen der Arterie Carotis auf der Oberseite der Baumwollkugel sitzt. </li><li> injizieren langsam die Zellen aus der Spritze in die Carotis-Arterie. Erfolgreiche Injektion kann durch die wechselnden Farben der umliegenden Blutgefäße und Muskulatur, wenn gepufferte Krebszellen in die Blutbahn geschoben werden unter dem Mikroskop beobachtet werden. </li><li> Wenn die Einspritzung des gesamten Volumens abgeschlossen ist, heben Sie vorsichtig die distale Arteria carotis Aufstoßen zu verhindern. </li><li> Schnell den distalen Knoten ziehen Sie die Injektionsvorgang abzuschließen. </li><li> Nach der Injektion abgeschlossen, ziehen Sie die Ligatur und schneiden Sie die überschüssige Seidennaht mit Mikro-Schere unter dem Binokular. Bewegen Sie den abgetrennten Muskel wieder auf die Wunde abzudecken. Schließen Sie die Haut mit zwei Heftklammern. </li></ol> 4. Chirurgische Erholung <ol><li> Bewegen Sie das operierte Tier auf einem Heizkissenzur Erholung. 60 min für die Tiere das Bewusstsein wieder zu erlangen - Es kann 30 nehmen. In der Zwischenzeit, Buprenorphin (0,05 mg / kg) subkutane Injektion als postoperative Analgesie verabreichen. Hinweis: Analgesie zur Verfügung gestellt werden sollten, entsprechend den lokalen IACUC Protokoll genehmigt. </li><li> Sobald die Tiere erwachen und ihr normales Verhalten fortzusetzen, kehren die Mäuse zu ihren Wohnstandort. Geben Sie Mäuse mit Gel Lebensmittel für einige Tage nach der Operation. Achten Sie auf eine chirurgische Aufzeichnung und halten Sie sie in den Raum. </li></ol> 5. Nicht-invasive In - vivo - Bildgebung <ol><li> Für mit Luciferase - Reporterkonstrukte markierten Zellen, Krebszellen Injektionseffizienz unter Verwendung von in - vivo - Bildgebungssystem 14 messen. HINWEIS: Imaging nicht am Tag der Injektion durchgeführt, eine übermäßige Belastung auf Versuchstiere zu vermeiden. </li></ol>

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	<li>Gavrilovic, I. T., Posner, J. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Brain+metastases:+epidemiology+and+pathophysiology.">Brain metastases: epidemiology and pathophysiology.</a> J Neurooncol. 75 (1), 5-14 (2005).</li><li>Patchell, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+management+of+brain+metastases.">The management of brain metastases.</a> Cancer Treat Rev. 29 (6), 533-540 (2003).</li><li>Barnholtz-Sloan, J. 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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Die kritischsten Schritte zur erfolgreichen carotis arterielle Injektion von Krebszellen sind: 1) tiefer Anästhesie von Maus in Vorbereitung für die chirurgische Operation; 2) stetig Platzierung der Arteria carotis auf der Oberseite der Baumwolle zu unterstützen; 3) dicht Ligatur der A. carotis nach erfolgreicher Injektion. Tief Anästhesie von ~ 30 min ist in der Regel notwendig für die stationäre chirurgische Leistung unter dem Binokular. Wir verwenden kommerziell ready-to-use Ketamin...

Die Metastasierung von Krebs auf das zentrale Nervensystem (ZNS) ist eine verheerende Krankheit, und kann entweder das Hirnparenchym oder die Leptomeningen ( &quot;Hirnmetastasen&quot; bezieht sich sowohl auf die in diesem Artikel) einzubeziehen. Es ist die vorherrschende intracranial Malignität, outnumbering primären Gliomen von&gt; 10: 1 1, 2. Lungenkrebs, Brustkrebs und Melanomen sind die drei wichtigsten Tumorerkrankungen, die eine hohe Inzidenz von Hirnmetastasen produzieren 3, 4. In den letzten Jahren haben beeindruckende Fortschritte in der neuen Krebstherapien, dramatisch verlängert das Überleben und die Verbesserung der Lebensqualität für viele Krebspatienten. Doch bei Wiederholung wird das Auftreten von Hirnmetastasen steigt rapide an. Beispielsweise wurde die Anti-HER2-Antikörper Trastuzumab (Herceptin) signifikante klinische Wirksamkeit bei Patienten mit HER2 + Brustkrebs nachgewiesen; noch eine beunruhigende Tendenz hat sich herausbei diesen Patienten: bis zu 1/3 von denen , deren extracranial systemische Erkrankung zunächst von Trastuzumab Behandlung profitierten später Hirnmetastase 5, 6, 7 zu entwickeln. Leider Patienten mit Hirnmetastasen sind resistent gegen fast alle gängigen Behandlungen, in der Regel eine traumatische Verschlechterung der Lebensqualität erleben, und ihre Ein-Jahres - Überleben nach der Diagnose ist nur ~ 20% 8. Aktuelle Therapien für Hirnmetastasen (einschließlich Steroide, Schädel Strahlentherapie und chirurgische Resektion bei ausgewählten Patienten) sind nur palliativ, nicht kurativ 9. Daher zeichnet sich Hirnmetastasen als die nächste imposante Herausforderung in dieser Ära neuer Krebstherapien. Zur Bewältigung jeden Tag in der Klinik die ungedeckten Herausforderung Patienten konfrontiert, brauchen wir dringend um besser auf die zugrunde liegenden Mechanismus der Hirnmetastasen zu verstehen und dieses Wissen nutzen, um neue Therapien zu entwickeln. <pclass = &quot;jove_content&quot;&gt; Successful Kolonisierung des Gehirns durch metastatische Krebszellen erfordert die Leistung einer Reihe von durch die komplizierte Wechselwirkung mehrerer biologischer Spieler vermittelte Funktionen, wie den Bypass der Blut-Hirn-Schranke (BBB) ​​und die Flucht aus dem Gehirn des intrinsischen Immunabwehrmechanismen 10, von denen keine in einer ex vivo oder in vitro System rekapituliert wird. Daher sind geeignete und treu in - vivo - Modellen von entscheidender Bedeutung für Studien von Hirnmetastasen. Eine herkömmliche in vivo Metastasen Assay führt Krebszellen via Schwanzveneninjektion, was die Mehrzahl der Zellen in der Lunge untergebracht zu werden. Gehirn Metastasen nur selten in diesen Modellen produziert , bevor sie von Tumorbelastung in der Lunge 11 verursacht Tier Tod. Direkte intrazerebrale Injektion von Krebszellen produziert konsistente Tumorauswuchs im ZNS und weit in den Studien von primären Gliomen verwendet wird. Jedoch such Injektion beeinträchtigt die BBB und verursacht eine traumatische Verletzung an der Injektionsstelle, die beide wichtige Punkte der Besorgnis über die physiologische Relevanz dieses Modells. Ein anderes häufig verwendetes Krebszelle Einführung Weg, Intrakardial, ist einfach zu verwalten und experimentelle Metastasierung des ZNS erzeugt. Allerdings sind gleichzeitig Metastasen zu Organ anderen Stellen als das ZNS immer produziert und können Tiersterblichkeit 11 verursachen; Daher macht es die hohe Variabilität dieses Modells ungeeignet für quantitative Bewertung der biologischen Mechanismen oder therapeutische Mittel mit einer begrenzten Anzahl von Tieren. Hier haben wir die Verfahren beschreiben experimentelle Hirnmetastasen über die Injektion von Krebszellen in die Arteria carotis communis erzeugen. Wir haben diesen Ansatz Beiträge zur metastatischen Kaskade von Hirnmetastasen &quot;einzelner Gene zu sezieren und Wirksamkeit der therapeutischen Intervention zu bewertens 12, 13. Die Hauptvorteile dieses Ansatzes sind der hohe Grad an Reproduzierbarkeit und geringer Grad an Variabilität; Der größte Nachteil ist die Raffinesse und Geschicklichkeit erforderlich, um die Mikrochirurgie durchzuführen.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1156">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:447px;">Ketamine hydrochloride/xylazine hydrochloride solution</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">K113</td>
			<td style="width:411px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:447px;"></td>
			<td style="width:151px;"></td>
			<td style="width:151px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:447px;">Routine Stereomicroscope Leica M50</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Leica</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">M50</td>
			<td>The microscope is modular and highly configurable to fit particular space requirements.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:447px;"></td>
			<td style="width:151px;"></td>
			<td style="width:151px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:447px;">Surgical disposable scapel</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Integra Miltex</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">4-410</td>
			<td>to make skin incisions</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:447px;">Tissue Forceps - 1x2 Teeth</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">11021-12</td>
			<td>to bluntly dissect mucles</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:447px;">Dumont #5 - Mirror Finish Forceps</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">11252-23</td>
			<td>to separate and prepare the carotid artery for injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:447px;">Spring Scissors</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">15025-10</td>
			<td>to cut sutures</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:447px;">EZ Clip Kit</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Stoelting</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">59020</td>
			<td>for wound cloure</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:447px;">BD Insulin Syringe</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">328438</td>
			<td>for cell injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:447px;"></td>
			<td style="width:151px;"></td>
			<td style="width:151px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:447px;">IVIS Spectrum In Vivo Imaging System</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">PerkinElmer</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">124262</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

intracarotid cancer cell injection to produce mouse models of brain metastasis

Metastasierung, die Ausbreitung und das Wachstum von bösartigen Zellen an sekundären Standorten innerhalb des Körpers eines Patienten, Konten für&gt; 90% der durch Krebs verursachten Todesfälle. Vor kurzem haben beeindruckende Fortschritte in der neuartigen Therapien dramatisch das Überleben und die Verbesserung der Lebensqualität verlängert für viele Krebspatienten. Leider ist schnell metastasierendem Rezidive Inzidenz von Gehirn steigt, und alle aktuellen Therapien sind nur palliative. Daher sind gute experimentelle Tiermodelle dringend notwendig in eingehende Studien der Biologie von Krankheiten zu erleichtern und neuartige Therapieschemata für die präklinische Evaluierung zu beurteilen. Jedoch erzeugt die Standard - in - vivo - Metastase Assay über Schwanzveneninjektion von Krebszellen überwiegend Lunge Metastasen; Tiere in die Lunge Tumorbelastung vor eine sinnvolle Auswuchs von Hirnmetastasen erliegen gewöhnlich. Intrakardial von Tumorzellen produziert metastatischen Läsionen zu multiplen Organ Websites einschließlich des Gehirns; jedoch die variabikeit des Tumorwachstums mit diesem Modell hergestellt ist groß, bei der Bewertung der therapeutischen Wirksamkeit seiner Nützlichkeit dämpfend. So generieren zuverlässige und konsistente Tiermodelle für Hirnmetastasen Studie beschreiben wir ein Verfahren zur Herstellung von experimentellen Hirnmetastasen in der Hausmaus (Mus musculus) über intracarotid Injektion von Tumorzellen. Dieser Ansatz ermöglicht eine große Anzahl von Hirnmetastasen tragenden Mäuse mit ähnlichen Wachstum und Mortalität Eigenschaften zu erzeugen, so dass die Forschungsanstrengungen zu erleichtern grundlegende biologische Mechanismen zu untersuchen und neuartige therapeutische Mittel zu beurteilen.

Es gibt zwei Punkte, an denen die Qualität der Injektion ausgewertet werden kann. Die erste Chance wird durch die Beobachtung des Bedieners während der Injektion von Blutgefäßen Farben ändern. Leckage aus armen Injektionen können leicht unter dem Binokular beobachtet werden. Die stetige und sichere Platzierung des Mauskörpers (1A) und seine Arteria carotis (Abbildung 1B) auf der Stützwattebausch sind kritische Faktoren für glatte und erfolgreich...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Intracarotid Cancer Cell Injection to Produce Mouse Models of Brain Metastasis at JoVE.com

Intracarotid Cancer Cell Injection to Produce Mouse Models of Brain Metastasis

Hirnmetastasen hat ein dringender medizinischer Bedarf werden wie ihre Häufigkeit zugenommen hat, während therapeutische Optionen palliative geblieben sind. Erstellen von experimentellen Tiermodellen von Hirnmetastasen über intracarotid arterielle Injektion von Krebszellen erleichtert mechanistische Untersuchungen der Krankheitsbiologie und Evaluierung neuartiger Interventions Regimen.

Intracarotid Cancer Cell Injection zu produzieren Mausmodelle von Hirnmetastase

Metastasis, the spread and growth of malignant cells at secondary sites within a patient&#39;s body, accounts for &#62; 90% of cancer-related mortality. ...

intracarotid-cancer-cell-injection-to-produce-mouse-models-brain

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Cancer Research

26.2K Aufrufe.  The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center.  Hirnmetastasen hat ein dringender medizinischer Bedarf werden wie ihre Häufigkeit zugenommen hat, während therapeutische Optionen palliative geblieben sind. Erstellen von experimentellen Tiermodellen von Hirnmetastasen über intracarotid arterielle Injektion von Krebszellen erleichtert mechanistische Untersuchungen der Krankheitsbiologie und Evaluierung neuartiger Interventions Regimen. 

Serie: Intracarotid Cancer Cell Injection to Produce Mouse Models of Brain Metastasis

Intra-iliac Artery Injection for Efficient and Selective Modeling of Microscopic Bone Metastasis

Intra-iliac artery (IIA) injection is an efficient approach to introduce metastatic lesions of various cancer cells in animals. Compared to the widely used intra-cardiac and intra-tibial injections, IIA injection brings several advantages. First, it can deliver a large quantity of cancer cells specifically to hind limb bones, thereby providing spatiotemporally synchronized early-stage colonization events and allowing robust quantification and swift detection of disseminated tumor cells. Second, it injects cancer cells into the circulation without damaging the local tissues, thereby avoiding inflammatory and wound-healing processes that confound the bone colonization process. Third, IIA injection causes very little metastatic growth in non-bone organs, thereby preventing animals from succumbing to other vital metastases, and allowing continuous monitoring of indolent bone lesions. These advantages are especially useful for the inspection of progression from single cancer cells to multi-cell micrometastases, which has largely been elusive in the past. When combined with cutting-edge approaches of biological imaging and bone histology, IIA injection can be applied to various research purposes related to bone metastases.

This manuscript provides the detailed procedure of intra-iliac artery (IIA) injection, a technique to deliver cancer cells specifically to hind limb tissues including bones to establish experimental bone metastases. Although initially established with breast tumor models, this protocol can be easily extended to other cancer types.

Intra-Beckenarterie Injection für effiziente und selektive Modellierung von Mikroskopische Knochenmetastasen

Intra-iliac artery (IIA) injection is an efficient approach to introduce metastatic lesions of various cancer cells in animals. Compared to the widely ...

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Krebsforschung

Surgical Procedures and Methodology for a Preclinical Murine Model of De Novo Mammary Cancer Metastasis

A rate-limiting aspect of transgenic mouse models of mammary adenocarcinoma is that primary tumor burden in mammary tissue typically defines study end-points. Thus, studies focused on elucidating mechanisms of late-stage de novo metastasis are compromised, as are studies examining efficacy of anti-cancer therapies targeting mediators of metastasis in the adjuvant setting. Numerous murine mammary cancer models have been developed via targeted expression of dominant oncoproteins to mammary epithelial cells yielding models variably mimicking histopathologic and transcriptome-defined breast cancer subtypes common in women1. While much has been learned regarding the biology of mammary carcinogenesis with these models, their utility in identifying molecules regulating growth of late-stage metastasis are compromised as mice are typically euthanized at earlier time points due to significant primary tumor burden. Moreover, since a significant percentage of women diagnosed with breast cancer receive adjuvant therapy after surgical resection of primary tumors and prior to presence of detectable metastatic disease, preclinical models of de novo metastasis are urgently needed as platforms to evaluate new therapies aimed at targeting metastatic foci. To address these deficiencies, we developed a murine model of de novo mammary cancer metastasis, wherein primary mammary tumors are surgically resected, and metastatic foci subsequently develop over a 115 day post-surgical period. This long latency provides a tractable model to identify functionally significant regulators of metastatic progression in mice lacking primary tumor, as well as a model to evaluate preclinical therapeutic efficacy of agents aimed at blocking functionally significant molecules aiding metastatic tumor survival and growth.

Surgical Procedures and Methodology for a Preclinical Murine Model of De Novo Mammary Cancer Metastasis

Pre-clinical models evaluating adjuvant therapy targeting breast cancer metastasis are lacking. To address this, we developed a murine model of de novo pulmonary mammary adenocarcinoma metastasis, wherein therapies administered in the adjuvant setting (post surgical resection of primary tumors) can be evaluated for efficacy in impacting previously seeded pulmonary metastases.

Chirurgische Verfahren und Methodik für ein präklinisches Murine - Modell von<em&gt; De Novo</em&gt; Mamma Krebs Metastase

A rate-limiting aspect of transgenic mouse models of mammary adenocarcinoma is that primary tumor burden in mammary tissue typically defines study ...

A Portal Vein Injection Model to Study Liver Metastasis of Breast Cancer

Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in women worldwide. Liver metastasis is involved in upwards of 30% of cases with breast cancer metastasis, and results in poor outcomes with median survival rates of only 4.8 - 15 months. Current rodent models of breast cancer metastasis, including primary tumor cell xenograft and spontaneous tumor models, rarely metastasize to the liver. Intracardiac and intrasplenic injection models do result in liver metastases, however these models can be confounded by concomitant secondary-site metastasis, or by compromised immunity due to removal of the spleen to avoid tumor growth at the injection site. To address the need for improved liver metastasis models, a murine portal vein injection method that delivers tumor cells firstly and directly to the liver was developed. This model delivers tumor cells to the liver without complications of concurrent metastases in other organs or removal of the spleen. The optimized portal vein protocol employs small injection volumes of 5 - 10 &#956;l, &#8805; 32 gauge needles, and hemostatic gauze at the injection site to control for blood loss. The portal vein injection approach in Balb/c female mice using three syngeneic mammary tumor lines of varying metastatic potential was tested; high-metastatic 4T1 cells, moderate-metastatic D2A1 cells, and low-metastatic D2.OR cells. Concentrations of &#8804; 10,000 cells/injection results in a latency of ~ 20 - 40 days for development of liver metastases with the higher metastatic 4T1 and D2A1 lines, and &#62; 55 days for the less aggressive D2.OR line. This model represents an important tool to study breast cancer metastasis to the liver, and may be applicable to other cancers that frequently metastasize to the liver including colorectal and pancreatic adenocarcinomas.

A surgical procedure was developed to deliver mammary tumor cells to the murine liver via portal vein injection. This model permits investigation of late stages of liver metastasis in a fully immune competent host, including tumor cell extravasation, seeding, survival, and metastatic outgrowth in the liver.

Ein Portal Veneninjektion Modell zur Untersuchung der Leber Metastasierung von Brustkrebs

Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in women worldwide. Liver metastasis is involved in upwards of 30% of cases with breast ...

Generation of Prostate Cancer Cell Models of Resistance to the Anti-mitotic Agent Docetaxel

Microtubule targeting agents (MTAs) are a mainstay in the treatment of a wide range of tumors. However, acquired resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs is a common mechanism of disease progression and a prognostic-determinant feature of malignant tumors. In prostate cancer (PC), resistance to MTAs such as the taxane Docetaxel dictates treatment failure as well as progression towards lethal stages of disease that are defined by a poor prognosis and high mortality rates. Though studied for decades, the array of mechanisms contributing to acquired resistance are not completely understood, and thus pose a significant limitation to the development of new therapeutic strategies that could benefit patients in these advanced stages of disease. In this protocol, we describe the generation of Docetaxel-resistant prostate cancer cell lines that mimic lethal features of late-stage prostate cancer, and therefore can be used to study the mechanisms by which acquired chemoresistance arises. Despite potential limitations intrinsic to a cell based model, such as the loss of resistance properties over time, the Docetaxel-resistant cell lines produced by this method have been successfully used in recent studies and offer&#160;the opportunity to advance our molecular understanding of acquired chemoresistance in lethal prostate cancer.

Resistance to cancer therapies contributes to disease progression and death. Determining the mechanistic underpinnings of resistance is crucial for improving therapeutic response. This manuscript details the protocol to generate taxane-resistant cell models of prostate cancer (PC) to help dissecting the pathways involved in progression to Docetaxel resistance in PC patients.

Prostata-Krebs Zelle Modellgeneration des Widerstandes gegen die Anti-mitotische Agent Docetaxel

Microtubule targeting agents (MTAs) are a mainstay in the treatment of a wide range of tumors. However, acquired resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs is a ...

Live-Cell Imaging Assays to Study Glioblastoma Brain Tumor Stem Cell Migration and Invasion

Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive brain tumor that is poorly controlled with the currently available treatment options. Key features of GBMs include rapid proliferation and pervasive invasion into the normal brain. Recurrence is thought to result from the presence of radio- and chemo-resistant brain tumor stem cells (BTSCs) that invade away from the initial cancerous mass and, thus, evade surgical resection. Hence, therapies that target BTSCs and their invasive abilities may improve the otherwise poor prognosis of this disease. Our group and others have successfully established and characterized BTSC cultures from GBM patient samples. These BTSC cultures demonstrate fundamental cancer stem cell properties such as clonogenic self-renewal, multi-lineage differentiation, and tumor initiation in immune-deficient mice. In order to improve on the current therapeutic approaches for GBM, a better understanding of the mechanisms of BTSC migration and invasion is necessary. In GBM, the study of migration and invasion is restricted, in part, due to the limitations of existing techniques which do not fully account for the in vitro growth characteristics of BTSCs grown as neurospheres. Here, we describe rapid and quantitative live-cell imaging assays to study both the migration and invasion properties of BTSCs. The first method described is the BTSC migration assay which measures the migration toward a chemoattractant gradient. The second method described is the BTSC invasion assay which images and quantifies a cellular invasion from neurospheres into a matrix. The assays described here are used for the quantification of BTSC migration and invasion over time and under different treatment conditions.

Here, we describe live-cell imaging techniques to quantitatively measure the migration and invasion of glioblastoma brain tumor stem cells over time and under multiple treatment conditions.

Live Cell Imaging-Assays Studie Glioblastom Gehirn Tumor Stammzellen Migration und Invasion

Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive brain tumor that is poorly controlled with the currently available treatment options. Key features of GBMs include ...

Patient-derived Orthotopic Xenograft Models for Human Urothelial Cell Carcinoma and Colorectal Cancer Tumor Growth and Spontaneous Metastasis

Cancer patients have poor prognoses when lymph node (LN) involvement is present in both high-grade urothelial cell carcinoma (HG-UCC) of the bladder and colorectal cancer (CRC). More than 50% of patients with muscle-invasive UCC, despite curative therapy for clinically-localized disease, will develop metastases and die within 5 years, and metastatic CRC is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the US. Xenograft models that consistently mimic UCC and CRC metastasis seen in patients are needed. This study aims to generate patient-derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX) models of UCC and CRC for primary tumor growth and spontaneous metastases under the influence of LN stromal cells mimicking the progression of human metastatic diseases for drug screening. Fresh UCC and CRC tumors were obtained from consented patients undergoing resection for HG-UCC and colorectal adenocarcinoma, respectively. Co-inoculated with LN stromal cell (LNSC) analog HK cells, luciferase-tagged UCC cells were intra-vesically (IB) instilled into female non-obese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency (NOD/SCID) mice, and CRC cells were intra-rectally (IR) injected into male NOD/SCID mice. Tumor growth and metastasis were monitored weekly using bioluminescence imaging (BLI). Upon sacrifice, primary tumors and mouse organs were harvested, weighed, and formalin-fixed for Hematoxylin and Eosin and immunohistochemistry staining. In our unique PDOX models, xenograft tumors resemble patient pre-implantation tumors. In the presence of HK cells, both models have high tumor implantation rates measured by BLI and tumor weights, 83.3% for UCC and 96.9% for CRC, and high distant organ metastasis rates (33.3% detected liver or lung metastasis for UCC and 53.1% for CRC). In addition, both models have zero mortality from the procedure. We have established unique, reproducible PDOX models for human HG-UCC and CRC, which allow for tumor formation, growth, and metastasis studies. With these models, testing of novel therapeutic drugs can be performed efficiently and in a clinically-mimetic manner.

This protocol describes the generation of patient-derived orthotopic xenograft models by intra-vesically instilling high-grade urothelial cell carcinoma cells or intra-rectally injecting colorectal cancer cells into non-obese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency (NOD/SCID) mice for primary tumor growth and spontaneous metastases under the influence of lymph node stromal cells, which mimics the progression of human metastatic diseases.

Patientenabgeleitete orthotopische Xenograft-Modelle für humanes Urotheliale Zellkarzinom und Kolorektalkrebs-Tumorwachstum und spontane Metastasierung

Cancer patients have poor prognoses when lymph node (LN) involvement is present in both high-grade urothelial cell carcinoma (HG-UCC) of the bladder and ...

Pathological Analysis of Lung Metastasis Following Lateral Tail-Vein Injection of Tumor Cells

Metastasis, the primary cause of morbidity and mortality for most cancer patients, can be challenging to model preclinically in mice. Few spontaneous metastasis models are available. Thus, the experimental metastasis model involving tail-vein injection of suitable cell lines is a mainstay of metastasis research. When cancer cells are injected into the lateral tail-vein, the lung is their preferred site of colonization. A potential limitation of this technique is the accurate quantification of the metastatic lung tumor burden. While some investigators count macrometastases of a pre-defined size and/or include micrometastases following sectioning of tissue, others determine the area of metastatic lesions relative to normal tissue area. Both of these quantification methods can be exceedingly difficult when the metastatic burden is high. Herein, we demonstrate an intravenous injection model of lung metastasis followed by an advanced method for quantifying metastatic tumor burden using image analysis software. This process allows for investigation of multiple end-point parameters, including average metastasis size, total number of metastases, and total metastasis area, to provide a comprehensive analysis. Furthermore, this method has been reviewed by a veterinary pathologist board-certified by the American College of Veterinary Pathologists (SEK) to ensure accuracy.

Intravenous injection of cancer cells is often used in metastasis research, but the metastatic tumor burden can be difficult to analyze. Herein, we demonstrate a tail-vein injection model of metastasis and include a novel approach to analyze the resulting metastatic lung tumor burden.

Pathologische Analyse der Lungenmetastasierung nach lateraler Schwanzveneninjektion von Tumorzellen

Metastasis, the primary cause of morbidity and mortality for most cancer patients, can be challenging to model preclinically in mice. Few spontaneous ...

Modeling Brain Metastasis Via Tail-Vein Injection of Inflammatory Breast Cancer Cells

Metastatic spread to the brain is a common and devastating manifestation of many types of cancer. In the United States alone, about 200,000 patients are diagnosed with brain metastases each year. Significant progress has been made in improving survival outcomes for patients with primary breast cancer and systemic malignancies; however, the dismal prognosis for patients with clinical brain metastases highlights the urgent need to develop novel therapeutic agents and strategies against this deadly disease. The lack of suitable experimental models has been one of the major hurdles impeding advancement of our understanding of brain metastasis biology and treatment. Herein, we describe a xenograft mouse model of brain metastasis generated via tail-vein injection of an endogenously HER2-amplified cell line derived from inflammatory breast cancer (IBC), a rare and aggressive form of breast cancer. Cells were labeled with firefly luciferase and green fluorescence protein to monitor brain metastasis, and quantified metastatic burden by bioluminescence imaging, fluorescent stereomicroscopy, and histologic evaluation. Mice robustly and consistently develop brain metastases, allowing investigation of key mediators in the metastatic process and the development of preclinical testing of new treatment strategies.

We describe a xenograft mouse model of breast cancer brain metastasis generated via tail-vein injection of an endogenously HER2-amplified inflammatory breast cancer cell line.

Modellierung der Hirnmetastasierung durch Injektion von entzündlichen Brustkrebszellen in die Schwanzvene

Metastatic spread to the brain is a common and devastating manifestation of many types of cancer. In the United States alone, about 200,000 patients are ...

The Establishment and Utilization of Patient Derived Xenograft Models of Central Nervous System Metastasis

The development of novel therapies for central nervous system (CNS) metastasis has been hindered by the lack of preclinical models that accurately represent the disease. Patient derived xenograft (PDX) models of CNS metastasis have been shown to better represent the phenotypic and molecular characteristics of the human disease, as well as better reflect the heterogeneity and clonal dynamics of human patient tumors compared to historic cell line models. There are multiple sites that can be used to implant patient-derived tissue when setting up preclinical trials, each with their own advantages and disadvantages, and each suited for studying different aspects of the metastatic cascade. Here, the protocol describes how to establish PDX models and present three different approaches for utilizing CNS metastasis PDX models in pre-clinical studies, discussing each of their applications and limitations. These include flank implantation, orthotopic injection in the brain, and intracardiac injection. Subcutaneous flank implantation is the easiest to monitor and, therefore, most convenient for pre-clinical studies. In addition, metastases to brain and other tissues from flank implantation were observed, indicating that the tumor has undergone multiple steps of metastasis, including intravasation, extravasation, and colonization. Orthotopic injection in the brain is the best option for recapitulating the brain tumor microenvironment and is useful for determining the efficacy of biologics to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) but bypasses most steps of the metastatic cascade. Intracardiac injection facilitates metastasis to the brain and is also useful for studying organ tropism. While this method forgoes earlier steps of the metastatic cascade, these cells will still have to survive circulation, extravasate, and colonize. The utility of a PDX model, is therefore, impacted by the route of tumor inoculation and the choice of which one to utilize should be dictated by the scientific question and overall goals of the experiment.

Central nervous system metastasis PDX models represent the phenotypic and molecular characteristics of human metastasis, making them excellent models for preclinical studies. Described here is how to establish PDX models and the inoculation routes that are best used for preclinical studies.

Die Etablierung und Nutzung von patientenabgeleiteten Xenograft-Modellen der Metastasierung des Zentralnervensystems

The development of novel therapies for central nervous system (CNS) metastasis has been hindered by the lack of preclinical models that accurately ...

Portal Vein Injection of Colorectal Cancer Organoids to Study the Liver Metastasis Stroma

Hepatic metastasis of colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer-related death. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), a major component of the tumor microenvironment, play a crucial role in metastatic CRC progression and predict poor patient prognosis. However, there is a lack of satisfactory mouse models to study the crosstalk between metastatic cancer cells and CAFs. Here, we present a method to investigate how liver metastasis progression is regulated by the metastatic niche and possibly could be restrained by stroma-directed therapy. Portal vein injection of CRC organoids generated a desmoplastic reaction, which faithfully recapitulated the fibroblast-rich histology of human CRC liver metastases. This model was tissue-specific with a higher tumor burden in the liver when compared to an intra-splenic injection model, simplifying mouse survival analyses. By injecting luciferase-expressing tumor organoids, tumor growth kinetics could be monitored by in vivo imaging. Moreover, this preclinical model provides a useful platform to assess the efficacy of therapeutics targeting the tumor mesenchyme. We describe methods to examine whether adeno-associated virus-mediated delivery of a tumor-inhibiting stromal gene to hepatocytes could remodel the tumor microenvironment and improve mouse survival. This approach enables the development and assessment of novel therapeutic strategies to inhibit hepatic metastasis of CRC.

Portal vein injection of colorectal cancer (CRC) organoids generates stroma-rich liver metastasis. This mouse model of CRC hepatic metastasis represents a useful tool to study tumor-stroma interactions and develop novel stroma-directed therapeutics such as adeno-associated virus-mediated gene therapies.

Portalveneninjektion von Darmkrebs-Organoiden zur Untersuchung der Lebermetastasierung Stroma

Hepatic metastasis of colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer-related death. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), a major component of the ...