We appreciate Feifei Zhang for the helpful discussions. We are grateful to Jing Gao and Yixuan Sun for the technical assistance and to Zhengshuai Liu and Fengguang Ma for the animal studies.

Alle Tierversuchsprotokolle wurden von der Institutional Animal Care und Use Committee am Institut für Ernährungswissenschaften, Shanghai Institute für Biologische Wissenschaften, Chinesische Akademie der Wissenschaften (Shanghai, China) zugelassen. 1. DIO Mausmodell <ol><li> HFHS Fütterung <ol><li> Feed the acht Wochen alten männlichen C57BL / 6-Mäuse mit einem HFHS, die 40 kcal% Fett enthält und 40 kcal% Saccharose. Haus sie in 12 h Hell-Dunkel-Zyklus Bedingungen. </li><li> Halten Sie die Mäuse in HFHS Diät-Fütterung Bedingung für vier bis 16 Wochen. Überprüfen Sie das Körpergewicht pro Woche. </li></ol></li><li> Analyse der Körperzusammensetzung und Pseudofarbbildanalyse <ol><li> Betreff die Mäuse mit einem Körperzusammensetzung Analysator Analyse. <ol><li> Sicherung bewußt nicht narkotisierten Mäusen in einem Kunststoffrohr in der. Messen Sie die Körperfettmasse, Muskelmasse und Flüssigkeiten ein NMR - System, wie zuvor beschrieben 2. </li></ol></li><li> Scannen Sie den ganzen Körper jeder Maus ein MRT-System. <ol><li> Anesthetize die Mäuse mit 1% Avertin über intraperitoneale Injektion (25 &amp; mgr; l / g) und die Bildanalyse in Spezialglasröhren durchzuführen. HINWEIS: Der Prozess der Abbildungs ​​dauert fast 0,5 h für jede Maus. Wenn die Messung abgeschlossen ist, kehren die Mäuse in ihren Käfig. </li></ol></li><li> Scannen Sie die ganze Körper der Mäuse in dorsalen, mittleren und ventralen Schichten; Scannen der Leber in der vertikalen Richtung. Verwenden Sie ein 0,55 T-Magneten und die folgenden Geräteparameter: K space = 192 x 256 &amp; mgr; m, Schnittdicke = 3 mm, TE = 14,8 ms, TR = 400 ms, FOVRead = 100 mm, FOVPhase = 100 mm, und die Anzahl der Scans = 8. Scan die gleiche magnetische Zustand für die alle Gruppen von Mäusen. </li><li> Ordnen Sie das Graustufenbild auf ein Pseudofarbbild entsprechend der Signalstärke 9. </li></ol></li><li> Maus - Euthanasie <ol><li> Sterilisieren dissecting Werkzeuge, wie Zangen und Scheren. </li><li> Gießen Sie ausreichend Isofluran auf einem Papiertuch und lassen Sie die Isofluran in einem Glas verflüchtigen. Stellen Sie sicher, dass die Mäuse durch das Isofluran euthanasiert werden. </li><li> Befestigen Sie die Mäuse auf einem Operationstisch. Spray jeden Bauch mit 75% Ethanol, machen einen Einschnitt in der Dermis der Xiphoidbasis Schere und reißen die Dermis der Länge nach durch die Mittellinie mit den Händen das Peritoneum zu belichten. </li><li> Klemmen Sie den Xiphoidbasis mit einer Pinzette und schneiden Sie das Peritoneum der Breite durch den Boden der Rippen die Eingeweide zu belichten. </li><li> Sammeln Sie Blut in EDTA-beschichteten Röhrchen durch Herzpunktion. </li><li> Schneiden Sie die Membran entlang der Leber und entfernen Sie vorsichtig die Leber von den enterocoelia mit einer feinen Schere. Schneiden drei Stücke von Lebergewebe für die folgenden Lipidmessungen: a) 6 x 3 x 3 mm für H &amp; E-Färbung, b) 6 x 3 x 3 mm für Oil Red-O-Färbung, und c) 20-40 mg Leber für Chloroform / Methanol-Extraktion. </li></ol></li><li> H &amp; E - Färbung <ol><li> Fixieren Sie die Leber in 4% phosphatgepufferten Formalin Acetat bei 4 ° C über Nacht und dann binde sie in Paraffinwachs. </li><li> Schneiden Sie Paraffinschnitte (5 &amp; mgr; m) und montieren sie auf Glasobjektträger für H &amp; E - Färbung, wie zuvor beschrieben 3, 10. </li></ol></li><li> Oil Red - O - Färbung <ol><li> Regent Vorbereitung <ol><li> Bereiten Oil Red O Arbeitslösung mit 10% Formalin, 60% Isopropanol, Hämatoxylin und Glycerin Gelee. Man löst 0,5 g Oil Red O-Pulver mit 100 ml Isopropanol und erhitzen Sie es in einem 60 ° C-Bad eine 0,5% ige Stammlösung zu machen. </li><li> Verdünnen mit doppelt destilliertem Wasser (ddH 2 O) in einem Verhältnis 3: 2 (3 ml der Stammlösung und 2 ml ddH 2 O). Filtern Sie die Arbeitslösung und lassen Sie für mindestens 10 Minuten bei Raumtemperatur stehen. </li></ol></li><li> Betten Sie die Leber in eine optimale Schnitttemperatur (OCT) -Verbindung in aplastic Kastens. Einfrieren bei -20 ° C für 30 min. Schneiden Sie es in 8-um-Schnitte in einem Gefriermikrotom, montieren Sie das Gewebe auf einer Folie, und legen Sie es für 30 Minuten bei Raumtemperatur. </li><li> Legen Sie ein Papiertuch in den Boden einer Anfärbung Wanne und gießen Sie eine kleine Menge von 10% Formalin das Papiertuch zu benetzen. Legen Sie die Folie in der Färbung Badewanne und fixieren die Gefrierschnitten in Formaldehyd Dämpfe für 5 min bei 4 ° C. </li><li> Tauchen Sie die Folie in 60% Isopropanol in der Färbungs Wanne für 3 s; wiederhole einmal. </li><li> Fügen Sie ein paar Tropfen Öl O Red Arbeitslösung auf die Folie alle Gewebe zu bedecken und für 15 min inkubiert. Schützen Sie das Gewebe von Licht bei Raumtemperatur. </li><li> Spülen Sie die Folie in neuen 60% Isopropanol in der Färbungs Wanne für 3 s; zweimal wiederholen. </li><li> Vorsichtig spülen Sie das Wasser um das Gewebe die Folie durch destilliertes Wasser zweimal und zu entfernen. Achten Sie darauf, nicht um das Gewebe zu trocknen. </li><li> Legen Sie die Folie in Hämatoxylin für 1 min und spülen Sie vorsichtig mit Leitungswasser für 5-10Minute Vorsichtig spülen Sie die es in destilliertem Wasser, bis sie bereit auf dem Deckglas die Folie in destilliertem Wasser zweimal und halten zu setzen. </li><li> Erhitzen Sie das Glycerin Gelee in der Mikrowelle und mehrere Tropfen auf dem Gewebe platzieren. Sanft legen Sie das Deckglas auf und kümmern uns nicht um Blasen zu bilden. </li><li> Beachten Sie den Fleck unter dem Mikroskop und erfassen charakteristische Bilder mit 20X und 40X Ziele. </li></ol></li><li> Die Messung der Leberlipide <ol><li> Legen Sie die seziert Lebergewebe in einem neuen 2-mL-Zentrifugenröhrchen. Homogenisieren in 1 ml PBS mit einem Homogenisator und Transfer des Lysats auf ein neues 15-mL Glasrohr. </li><li> 5 ml Chloroform / Methanol (2: 1, v / v) Lösung, vortex die Mischung kräftig für 1 min und ließ für 2 h auf Eis stehen. </li><li> Zentrifuge bei 1.650 xg für 10 min bei 4 ° C; sollte die Mischung in drei Schichten zu trennen: die obere Methanolschicht, die mittlere Protein Scheibe und die untere Chloroform und Lipiden. </li><li> Tran<html> sfer der unteren Phase in ein neues Glasrohr mit einem Glas Pasteur Pipette; es besteht keine Notwendigkeit, jeden Tropfen der Bodenfraktion zu erhalten. Stellen Sie den Schlauch zur Seite auf dem Eis. </li><li> Hinzufügen , 600 &amp; mgr; l von 4 mM MgCl 2 und 1,5 ml Chloroform zu der überstehenden Fraktion nach links in dem vorhergehenden Rohr und kräftig vortexen. Inkubieren auf Eis für 30 min und zentrifugieren bei 1.650 xg für 10 min bei 4 ° C. </li><li> Kombinieren Sie die untere Phase mit dem ersten Bodenphase Rohr mit Pasteur-Pipette. Entsorgen Sie die oberen und mittleren Schichten. </li><li> Verdampfe das Chloroform unter Stickstoffgas in einem 37 ° C-Bad. Waschen Sie die Seiten der Glasrohre gründlich mit 200 ul 1% Triton X-100 / Chloroform (v / v). Man dampft unter Stickstoffgas. Man löst das Lipid mit 200 &amp; mgr; l ddH 2 O und Wirbel auch die endgültige Emulsion zu machen. </li><li> Messen Sie die Gesamt Triglycerid (TG) und Cholesterin (TC) Ebenen durch ein Triglycerid oder Cholesterin-Kit nach Protokoll des Herstellersxref &quot;&gt; 3. HINWEIS: Die Lipidwerte normalisiert sind , die denen der Proteinkonzentration in dem anfänglichen Homogenisat, wie 3 durch Proteinquantifizierung bestimmt. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. Primäre Maus-Hepatozyten-Modell <ol><li> Isolierung von Maus primären Hepatozyten <ol><li> Anesthetize jede Maus mit 6% Chloralhydrat (10 &amp; mgr; l / g intraperitoneal). </li><li> Isolieren primäre Hepatozyten, wie zuvor beschrieben 10. Wachsen Zellen auf Kollagen beschichteten Glasplättchen in einer 6-Well-Platte für Oil Red O Färbung. Für Lipidextraktion, Samen der Zellen auf einer 10 cm Zellkulturschale 10. </li></ol></li><li> Zellbehandlung und Oil Red - O - Färbung <ol><li> Ersetzen Sie das Medium mit 2 ml Hungermedium und Inkubation bei 37 ° C für 24 h. Behandeln Sie es mit 30 mM Glucose und 100 nM Insulin. Inkubieren es in einem 37 ° C Inkubator Kultur für 24 h. </li><li> Saugen Sie das Medium. In 2 ml PBS und vorsichtig schwenken, das Medium zu spülen; wiederhole einmal. </li><li> Befestigen Sie das Deckglas auf den Objektträger mit einem Gummiband. Setzen Sie die an der äußeren Oberfläche anhaftenden Zellen. Führen Sie die Öl-Rot-O-Färbung, wie oben (Schritt 1.5) beschrieben. HINWEIS: Die Basalniveaus von Lipidakkumulation mit einem hohen Glucose plus Insulin-Behandlung nach Serumentzug stimuliert. Die Lipidtropfen werden von Oil Red-O-Färbung sichtbar gemacht. </li></ol></li><li> Messung von Lipiden <ol><li> Behandeln Sie die Hepatozyten mit hoher Glukose und Insulin im gleichen Zustand (Schritt 2.2.1). 1 ml PBS in jede 10-cm Zellkulturschale. Kratzen Sie die Zellen aus und ernten sie in neue 15-ml-Glasröhrchen, aus denen Teilmengen von 100 ul übertragen werden an die frische 1,5-ml-Röhrchen für die Proteinquantifizierung. </li><li> 4 ml Chloroform / Methanol (2: 1, v / v) an die verbleibenden 900 &amp; mgr; l der Zellen. Beschallen für ca. 20 Pieptöne und dann Vortex kräftig zu lösendas Lipid in den Zellen. Inkubieren Sie die Mischung auf Eis für 2 Stunden. Führen Sie die Lipidextraktion (Schritt 1.6). </li></ol></li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Angulo, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Medical+progress+-+Nonalcoholic+fatty+liver+disease.">Medical progress - Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.</a> New England Journal of Medicine. 346 (16), 1221-1231 (2002).</li><li>Chen, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hepatic+ATF6+Increases+Fatty+Acid+Oxidation+to+Attenuate+Hepatic+Steatosis+in+Mice+through+Peroxisome+Proliferator-Activated+Receptor+Alpha.">Hepatic ATF6 Increases Fatty Acid Oxidation to Attenuate Hepatic Steatosis in Mice through Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Alpha.</a> Diabetes. 65 (7), 1904-1915 (2016).</li><li>Li, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=AMPK+phosphorylates+and+inhibits+SREBP+activity+to+attenuate+hepatic+steatosis+and+atherosclerosis+in+diet-induced+insulin-resistant+mice.">AMPK phosphorylates and inhibits SREBP activity to attenuate hepatic steatosis and atherosclerosis in diet-induced insulin-resistant mice.</a> Cell Metab. 13 (4), 376-388 (2011).</li><li>Li, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hepatic+SIRT1+attenuates+hepatic+steatosis+and+controls+energy+balance+in+mice+by+inducing+fibroblast+growth+factor+21.">Hepatic SIRT1 attenuates hepatic steatosis and controls energy balance in mice by inducing fibroblast growth factor 21.</a> Gastroenterology. 146 (2), 539-549 (2014).</li><li>Esau, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=miR-122+regulation+of+lipid+metabolism+revealed+by+in+vivo+antisense+targeting.">miR-122 regulation of lipid metabolism revealed by in vivo antisense targeting.</a> Cell Metabolism. 3 (2), 87-98 (2006).</li><li>Kanda, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MCP-1+contributes+to+macrophage+infiltration+into+adipose+tissue,+insulin+resistance,+and+hepatic+steatosis+in+obesity.">MCP-1 contributes to macrophage infiltration into adipose tissue, insulin resistance, and hepatic steatosis in obesity.</a> Journal of Clinical Investigation. 116 (6), 1494-1505 (2006).</li><li>Cohen, J. C., Horton, J. D., Hobbs, H. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+fatty+liver+disease:+old+questions+and+new+insights.">Human fatty liver disease: old questions and new insights.</a> Science. 332 (6037), 1519-1523 (2011).</li><li>Hebbard, L., George, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Animal+models+of+nonalcoholic+fatty+liver+disease.">Animal models of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.</a> Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 8 (1), 35-44 (2011).</li><li>Chen, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Highly+effective+inhibition+of+lung+cancer+growth+and+metastasis+by+systemic+delivery+of+siRNA+via+multimodal+mesoporous+silica-based+nanocarrier.">Highly effective inhibition of lung cancer growth and metastasis by systemic delivery of siRNA via multimodal mesoporous silica-based nanocarrier.</a> Biomaterials. 35 (38), 10058-10069 (2014).</li><li>Gong, Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fibroblast+growth+factor+21+improves+hepatic+insulin+sensitivity+by+inhibiting+mammalian+target+of+rapamycin+complex+1+in+mice.">Fibroblast growth factor 21 improves hepatic insulin sensitivity by inhibiting mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 in mice.</a> Hepatology. 64 (2), 425-438 (2016).</li><li>Anstee, Q. M., Targher, G., Day, C. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Progression+of+NAFLD+to+diabetes+mellitus,+cardiovascular+disease+or+cirrhosis.">Progression of NAFLD to diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease or cirrhosis.</a> Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 10 (6), 330-344 (2013).</li></ol>

Die Autoren erklären, dass sie keine finanziellen Interessen haben. Finanzierung: Diese Arbeit wurde durch Zuschüsse aus dem National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nr 81270930, 31471129 und 31671224) und die hundert Talente-Programm der Chinesischen Akademie der Wissenschaften (2013OHTP04) zu YL unterstützt wurde

NASH ist eine Reihe von progressiven Lebererkrankungen, die mit metabolischem Syndrom assoziiert ist, Fettleibigkeit, Insulinresistenz oder Typ - 2 - Diabetes mellitus (T2DM) 11. Das Markenzeichen von NAFLD ist Steatose, die Anhäufung von Lipid in Hepatozyten. Hier wird ein Spektrum von Verfahren vorgestellt, die Phänotypen und die Parameter der Lebersteatose Verwendung DIO Mäuse und Maus primären Hepatozyten zu charakterisieren. Dieses Verfahren könnte hilfreich sein, die molekularen Mechan...

Adipositas ist eine wachsende Gesundheitsproblem in den entwickelten und den Entwicklungsländern. Es wurde eines der koexistierenden Bedingungen 1 häufig mit nicht - alkoholische Fettleber (NASH), mit einer Prävalenz im Bereich zwischen 30 und 100 Prozent in NASH Patienten in Verbindung gebracht werden berichtet. Aufgrund der starken Korrelation zwischen Fettleber und Fettsucht, Diät-induzierte fettleibig (DIO) Mausmodelle werden häufig zur Untersuchung der komplexen molekularen Mechanismen im Zusammenhang mit der Entwicklung von NAFLD 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 verwendet. Hepatosteatose ist das früheste Stadium von NAFLD, und es kann zu nichtalkoholische Steatohepatitis (NASH), Zirrhose fortschreiten und schließlich Leberkrebs 7. Daher ist das allgemeine Ziel dieser Methode Tier- und Zellmodellen der hepatischen steatotic Bedingungen zu erzeugen und zu provide detaillierte Protokolle für die effiziente und genaue Lipidmessung. Diese Modelle und Messungen sind auch geeignet für die Untersuchung von anderen Stoffwechselstörungen, wie Insulinresistenz und Typ-2-Diabetes. Da Fettleibigkeit identifiziert wird einer der wichtigsten Risikofaktoren für NAFLD, eine fettreiche, High-Saccharose-Diät (HFHS), die den Western-Stil hohen Fett-Diät imitiert sein wird verwendet, Fettleibigkeit bei Mäusen zu induzieren. Anschließend kann der Grad der Lebersteatose verschiedenen Methoden beurteilt werden. Erstens, Körpergewicht und Körperzusammensetzungsanalyse mit Kernspinresonanz (NMR) zeigen die Lipidakkumulation während der Fütterung. Die Fettmasse und Muskelmasse in einem nicht-invasiv und in Echtzeit Weise quantifiziert werden. Zusätzlich wird die Kernspintomographie (MRI) verwendet, um sowohl die Ganzkörper und die Leber Fettverteilung zu zeigen. Das Graustufensignal des MRI-Analyse kann in einem lesbaren Pseudofarbbild umgewandelt werden, und die Intensität derdie Graustufen- und Farb ist Hemi-quantifizierbar. Diese Technologie bietet einzigartige Vorteile für die Messung der Lipidakkumulation in lebenden Tieren. Zweitens ist die histologische Analyse der Leber am häufigsten verwendete Methode Hepatosteatose zu bestimmen. Hämatoxylin und Eosin (H &amp; E) Färbung liefert histologischen Daten wie Hepatozyten Morphologie und Makrophageninfiltration, während Oil Red-O-Färbung, die Größe und Position der Lipidtröpfchen in Hepatozyten zeigt. Drittens ist der Lipidgehalt Analyse Chloroform / Methanol-Extraktion unter Verwendung eine genaue und quantitative Messung von Leberlipiden. Gesamt-Triglycerid-und Cholesterinspiegel kann mit biochemischen Methoden gemessen werden. Wichtig ist, dass Lipid-Extraktionsanalyse und Oil Red O Färbung auch in genetisch manipulierten oder pharmazeutisch behandelten Hepatozyten verwendet werden. Der Vorteil des vorliegenden Verfahrens ist die Verwendung von mehreren optimiert Ansätze hepatischen steatotic Modelle zu erzeugenund umfassend die Phänotypen charakterisieren sowohl in vivo und in vitro. Die DIO Mausmodelle können die Pathologie und metabolischen Phänotyp der menschlichen Fettleberkrankheit rekapitulieren. Andere Stoffwechselparameter beim Menschen können in diesem Modell als auch 8 repliziert werden. Die Erzeugung des steatotic Hepatozyten-Modell in Reaktion auf hohe Glukose plus Insulin ist effizient, nützlich und überwindet die Begrenzung der kostspielig und zeitraubend Maus funktionieren. Zusammengenommen sind diese Verfahren ausreichend und notwendig für die Untersuchung von Leberlipidstörungen und Insulinresistenz bei Nährstoff Überlastung.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="728">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">O.C.T compound</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">SAKURA</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">4583</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">Oil Red O</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">O0625-25G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">Infinity Triglycerides kit</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Fisher&#160;Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">TR22421</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">Infinity Cholesterol kit</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Fisher&#160;Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">TR13421</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">Collagen type I, Rat tail</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">08-115</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">DMEM (low glucose)</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">11885-092</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">Penicillin / Streptomycin</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">15140-122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">FBS</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">10099141</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">PBS</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">cellgro</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">R21-040-CVR</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">HBSS</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">cellgro</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">20-021-CV</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">Insulin</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">TOCRIS Bioscience</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">3435</td>
			<td>dissolve in PBS, 1mM for stock</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">Glucose</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">G8270-100G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">Microscope</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Olympus</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">BX53</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">Peristaltic pump</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Longerpump</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">BT100-2J</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">10cm cell culture dish</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">420167</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">6-well-plate</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">3516</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">BCA assay</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Beyotime</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">P0010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">Nuclear Magnetic Resonance</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Niumag technology</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">MiniQMR23-060H-I</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">High fat high surcose diet(HFHS)</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Research Diets</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">D12327</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

optimized analysis of in vivo and in vitro hepatic steatosis

Establishing a system of procedures to qualitatively and quantitatively characterize in vivo and in vitro hepatic steatosis is important for metabolic study in the liver. Here, numerous assays are described to comprehensively measure the phenotype and parameters of hepatic steatosis in mouse and hepatocyte models. 
Combining the physiological, histological, and biochemical methods, this system can be used to assess the progress of hepatic steatosis. In vivo, the measurements of body weight and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) provide a general understanding of mice in a non-invasive manner. Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&amp;E) and Oil Red O staining determine the histological morphology and lipid deposition of liver tissue under nutrient overload conditions, such as high-fat diet feeding. Next, the total lipid contents are isolated by chloroform/methanol extraction, which are followed by a biochemical analysis for triglyceride and cholesterol. Moreover, mouse primary hepatocytes are treated with high glucose plus insulin to stimulate lipid accumulation, an efficient in vitro model to mimic diet-induced hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia in vivo. Then, the lipid deposition is measured by Oil Red O staining and chloroform/methanol extraction. Oil Red O staining determines intuitive hepatic steatotic phenotypes, while the lipid extraction analysis determines the parameters that can be analyzed statistically. The present protocols are of interest to scientists in the fields of fatty liver diseases, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes.

Wie in 1A gezeigt ist , wurde die Mauskörpergewicht 45 ± 1,2 g nach 16 Wochen HFHS Fütterung erhöht, was etwa 1,5-fach höher als Chow - Diät Zuführgruppe ist. Die NMR - Körperzusammensetzung analysiert die Fettmasse und Muskelmasse von Mäusen zeigt , sind angegeben (1B). Die Fettverteilung des ganzen Körpers und der Leber wurden durch MRI bestimmt, und repräsentative Pseudo-Farbbilder in Live - bewusste Mäuse werden in 1C-D g...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Optimized Analysis of In Vivo and In Vitro Hepatic Steatosis at JoVE.com

Optimized Analysis of In Vivo and In Vitro Hepatic Steatosis

Here, optimized methods to generate in vivo and in vitro models of hepatic steatosis and to analyze the steatotic phenotypes and related physiological parameters are described.

Optimierte Analyse von<em&gt; In Vivo</em&gt; und<em&gt; In Vitro</em&gt; Hepatosteatose

Establishing a system of procedures to qualitatively and quantitatively characterize in vivo and in vitro hepatic steatosis is important for metabolic ...

optimized-analysis-of-in-vivo-and-in-vitro-hepatic-steatosis

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Optimized Analysis of In Vivo and In Vitro Hepatic Steatosis

15.8K Aufrufe.  Chinese Academy of Sciences. Here, optimized methods to generate in vivo and in vitro models of hepatic steatosis and to analyze the steatotic phenotypes and related physiological parameters are described. 

Serie: Optimized Analysis of In Vivo and In Vitro Hepatic Steatosis

Visualization and Analysis of Blood Flow and Oxygen Consumption in Hepatic Microcirculation: Application to an Acute Hepatitis Model

There is a considerable discrepancy between oxygen supply and demand in the liver because hepatic oxygen consumption is relatively high but about 70% of the hepatic blood supply is poorly oxygenated portal vein blood derived from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen. Oxygen is delivered to hepatocytes by blood flowing from a terminal branch of the portal vein to a central venule via sinusoids, and this makes an oxygen gradient in hepatic lobules. The oxygen gradient is an important physical parameter that involves the expression of enzymes upstream and downstream in hepatic microcirculation, but the lack of techniques for measuring oxygen consumption in the hepatic microcirculation has delayed the elucidation of mechanisms relating to oxygen metabolism in liver. We therefore used FITC-labeled erythrocytes to visualize the hepatic microcirculation and used laser-assisted phosphorimetry to measure the partial pressure of oxygen in the microvessels there. Noncontact and continuous optical measurement can quantify blood flow velocities, vessel diameters, and oxygen gradients related to oxygen consumption in the liver. In an acute hepatitis model we made by administering acetaminophen to mice we observed increased oxygen pressure in both portal and central venules but a decreased oxygen gradient in the sinusoids, indicating that hepatocyte necrosis in the pericentral zone could shift the oxygen pressure up and affect enzyme expression in the periportal zone. In conclusion, our optical methods for measuring hepatic hemodynamics and oxygen consumption can reveal mechanisms related to hepatic disease.

An optical system was developed to visualize hepatic microcirculation with FITC-labeled erythrocytes and to measure the partial pressure of oxygen in the microvessels with laser-assisted phosphorimetry. This method can be used to investigate physiological and pathological mechanisms by analyzing microvascular structure, diameter, blood flow velocity, and oxygen tension.

Visualisierung und Analyse des Blutflusses und der Sauerstoffverbrauch in hepatischen Mikrozirkulation: Anwendung auf eine akute Hepatitis-Modell

There is a considerable discrepancy between oxygen supply and demand in the liver because hepatic oxygen consumption is relatively high but about 70% of ...

Forschung

Medizin

In vivo 19F MRI for Cell Tracking

In vivo 19F MRI allows quantitative cell tracking without the use of ionizing radiation. It is a noninvasive technique that can be applied to humans. Here, we describe a general protocol for cell labeling, imaging, and image processing. The technique is applicable to various cell types and animal models, although here we focus on a typical mouse model for tracking murine immune cells. The most important issues for cell labeling are described, as these are relevant to all models. Similarly, key imaging parameters are listed, although the details will vary depending on the MRI system and the individual setup. Finally, we include an image processing protocol for quantification. Variations for this, and other parts of the protocol, are assessed in the Discussion section. Based on the detailed procedure described here, the user will need to adapt the protocol for each specific cell type, cell label, animal model, and imaging setup. Note that the protocol can also be adapted for human use, as long as clinical restrictions are met.

In vivo 19F MRI for Cell Tracking

We describe a general protocol for in vivo cell tracking using MRI in a mouse model with ex vivo labeled cells. A typical protocol for cell labeling, image acquisition processing and quantification is included.

In-vivo-19 F-MRT für die Zellverfolgung

In vivo 19F MRI allows quantitative cell tracking without the use of ionizing radiation. It is a noninvasive technique that can be applied to humans. ...

Carotid Artery Infusions for Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Analysis of Taxanes in Mice

When proposing the use of a drug, drug combination, or drug delivery into a novel system, one must assess the pharmacokinetics of the drug in the study model. As the use of mouse models are often a vital step in preclinical drug discovery and drug development1-8, it is necessary to design a system to introduce drugs into mice in a uniform, reproducible manner. Ideally, the system should permit the collection of blood samples at regular intervals over a set time course. The ability to measure drug concentrations by mass-spectrometry, has allowed investigators to follow the changes in plasma drug levels over time in individual mice1, 9, 10. In this study, paclitaxel was introduced into transgenic mice as a continuous arterial infusion over three hours, while blood samples were simultaneously taken by retro-orbital bleeds at set time points. Carotid artery infusions are a potential alternative to jugular vein infusions, when factors such as mammary tumors or other obstructions make jugular infusions impractical. Using this technique, paclitaxel concentrations in plasma and tissue achieved similar levels as compared to jugular infusion. In this tutorial, we will demonstrate how to successfully catheterize the carotid artery by preparing an optimized catheter for the individual mouse model, then show how to insert and secure the catheter into the mouse carotid artery, thread the end of the catheter out through the back of the mouse&#8217;s neck, and hook the mouse to a pump to deliver a controlled rate of drug influx. Multiple low volume retro-orbital bleeds allow for analysis of plasma drug concentrations over time.

This method was developed with the goal of delivering a steady drug solution via the carotid artery, to assess the pharmacokinetics of novel drugs in mouse models.

Halsschlagader Infusionen für pharmakokinetischen und pharmakodynamischen Analyse von Taxanen in Mäusen

When proposing the use of a drug, drug combination, or drug delivery into a novel system, one must assess the pharmacokinetics of the drug in the study ...

Monitoring of Systemic and Hepatic Hemodynamic Parameters in Mice

The use of mouse models in experimental research is of enormous importance for the study of hepatic physiology and pathophysiological disturbances. However, due to the small size of the mouse, technical details of the intraoperative monitoring procedure suitable for the mouse were rarely described. Previously we have reported a monitoring procedure to obtain hemodynamic parameters for rats. Now, we adapted the procedure to acquire systemic and hepatic hemodynamic parameters in mice, a species ten-fold smaller than rats. This film demonstrates the instrumentation of the animals as well as the data acquisition process needed to assess systemic and hepatic hemodynamics in mice. Vital parameters, including body temperature, respiratory&#160;rate&#160;and heart&#160;rate were recorded throughout the whole procedure. Systemic hemodynamic parameters consist of carotid artery pressure (CAP) and central venous pressure (CVP). Hepatic perfusion parameters include portal vein pressure (PVP), portal flow rate as well as the flow rate of the common hepatic artery (table 1). Instrumentation and data acquisition to record the normal values was completed within 1.5 h. Systemic and hepatic hemodynamic parameters remained within normal ranges during this procedure.
This procedure is challenging but feasible. We have already applied this procedure to assess hepatic hemodynamics in normal mice as well as during 70% partial hepatectomy and in liver lobe clamping experiments. Mean PVP after resection (n= 20), was 11.41&#177;2.94 cmH2O which was significantly higher (P&#60;0.05) than before resection (6.87&#177;2.39 cmH2O). The results of liver lobe clamping experiment indicated that this monitoring procedure is sensitive and suitable for detecting small changes in portal pressure and portal flow rate. In conclusion, this procedure is reliable in the hands of an experienced micro-surgeon but should be limited to experiments where mice are absolutely needed.

This film demonstrates how to acquire systemic and hepatic hemodynamics in mice. The whole monitoring includes acquisition of vital parameters, systemic blood pressure, central venous pressure, common hepatic artery flow rate, and portal vein pressure as well as the portal flow rate in mice.

Überwachung der System und Leber hämodynamischen Parameter in Mäuse

The use of mouse models in experimental research is of enormous importance for the study of hepatic physiology and pathophysiological disturbances. ...

Evaluating the Effectiveness of Cancer Drug Sensitization In Vitro and In Vivo

Due to the high level of heterogeneity and mutations inherent in human cancers, single agent therapies, or combination regimens which target the same pathway, are likely to fail. Emphasis must be placed upon the inhibition of pathways that are responsible for intrinsic and/or adaptive resistance to therapy. An active field of investigation is the development and testing of DNA repair inhibitors that promote the action of, and prevent resistance to, commonly used chemotherapy and radiotherapy. We used a novel protocol to evaluate the effectiveness of BRCA2 inhibition as a means to sensitize tumor cells to the DNA damaging drug cisplatin. Tumor cell metabolism (acidification and respiration) was monitored in real-time for a period of 72 hr to delineate treatment effectiveness on a minute by minute basis. In combination, we performed an assessment of metastatic frequency using a chicken embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model of extravasation and invasion. This protocol addresses some of the weaknesses of commonly used in vitro and in vivo methods to evaluate novel cancer therapy regimens. It can be used in addition to common methods such as cell proliferation assays, cell death assays, and in vivo murine xenograft studies, to more closely discriminate amongst candidate targets and agents, and select only the most promising candidates for further development.

Evaluating the Effectiveness of Cancer Drug Sensitization In Vitro and In Vivo

Here, real-time monitoring of tumor cell metabolism, combined with an in vivo chicken embryo chorio-allantoic membrane (CAM) model of metastasis, are used to evaluate novel anti-cancer targets/agents for their ability to sensitize tumor cells to DNA damaging chemotherapeutics.

Bewertung der Wirksamkeit der Krebsmedikament Sensibilisierung<em&gt; In-vitro-</em&gt; Und<em&gt; In-vivo-</em

Due to the high level of heterogeneity and mutations inherent in human cancers, single agent therapies, or combination regimens which target the same ...

Intrauterine Telemetry to Measure Mouse Contractile Pressure In Vivo

A complex integration of molecular and electrical signals is needed to transform a quiescent uterus into a contractile organ at the end of pregnancy. Despite the discovery of key regulators of uterine contractility, this process is still not fully understood. Transgenic mice provide an ideal model in which to study parturition. Previously, the only method to study uterine contractility in the mouse was ex vivo isometric tension recordings, which are suboptimal for several reasons. The uterus must be removed from its physiological environment, a limited time course of investigation is possible, and the mice must be sacrificed. The recent development of radiometric telemetry has allowed for longitudinal, real-time measurements of in vivo intrauterine pressure in mice. Here, the implantation of an intrauterine telemeter to measure pressure changes in the mouse uterus from mid-pregnancy until delivery is described. By comparing differences in pressures between wild type and transgenic mice, the physiological impact of a gene of interest can be elucidated. This technique should expedite the development of therapeutics used to treat myometrial disorders during pregnancy, including preterm labor.

Intrauterine Telemetry to Measure Mouse Contractile Pressure In Vivo

This manuscript provides a protocol for implanting telemeters in the mouse for the purpose of measuring intrauterine pressures during pregnancy.

Intrauterine Telemetrie zur Maus Kontraktionsdruck messen<em&gt; In-vivo-</em

A complex integration of molecular and electrical signals is needed to transform a quiescent uterus into a contractile organ at the end of pregnancy. ...

Depletion of Mouse Cells from Human Tumor Xenografts Significantly Improves Downstream Analysis of Target Cells

The use of in vitro cell line models for cancer research has been a useful tool. However, it has been shown that these models fail to reliably mimic patient tumors in different assays1. Human tumor xenografts represent the gold standard with respect to tumor biology, drug discovery, and metastasis research 2-4. Tumor xenografts can be derived from different types of material like tumor cell lines, tumor tissue from primary patient tumors4 or serially transplanted tumors. When propagated in vivo, xenografted tissue is infiltrated and vascularized by cells of mouse origin. Multiple factors such as the tumor entity, the origin of xenografted material, growth rate and region of transplantation influence the composition and the amount of mouse cells present in tumor xenografts. However, even when these factors are kept constant, the degree of mouse cell contamination is highly variable.
Contaminating mouse cells significantly impair downstream analyses of human tumor xenografts. As mouse fibroblasts show high plating efficacies and proliferation rates, they tend to overgrow cultures of human tumor cells, especially slowly proliferating subpopulations. Mouse cell derived DNA, mRNA, and protein components can bias downstream gene expression analysis, next-generation sequencing, as well as proteome analysis 5. To overcome these limitations, we have developed a fast and easy method to isolate untouched human tumor cells from xenografted tumor tissue. This procedure is based on the comprehensive depletion of cells of mouse origin by combining automated tissue dissociation with the benchtop tissue dissociator and magnetic cell sorting. Here, we demonstrate that human target cells can be can be obtained with purities higher than 96% within less than 20 min independent of the tumor type.

Human tumor xenografts are vascularized and infiltrated by cells of mouse origin during the growth phase in vivo. To circumvent the bias caused by these contaminating cells during downstream analysis, we developed a method allowing for comprehensive depletion of all mouse cells by magnetic cell sorting.

Depletion von Maus-Zellen aus menschlichem Tumorxenografte deutlich verbessert Downstream-Analyse von Zielzellen

The use of in vitro cell line models for cancer research has been a useful tool. However, it has been shown that these models fail to reliably mimic ...

In Vitro and In Vivo Detection of Mitophagy in Human Cells, C. Elegans, and Mice

Mitochondria are the powerhouses of cells and produce cellular energy in the form of ATP. Mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to biological aging and a wide variety of disorders including metabolic diseases, premature aging syndromes, and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Maintenance of mitochondrial health depends on mitochondrial biogenesis and the efficient clearance of dysfunctional mitochondria through mitophagy. Experimental methods to accurately detect autophagy/mitophagy, especially in animal models, have been challenging to develop. Recent progress towards the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of mitophagy has enabled the development of novel mitophagy detection techniques. Here, we introduce several versatile techniques to monitor mitophagy in human cells, Caenorhabditis elegans (e.g., Rosella and DCT-1/ LGG-1 strains), and mice (mt-Keima). A combination of these mitophagy detection techniques, including cross-species evaluation, will improve the accuracy of mitophagy measurements and lead to a better understanding of the role of mitophagy in health and disease.

In Vitro and In Vivo Detection of Mitophagy in Human Cells, C. Elegans, and Mice

Mitophagy, the process of clearing damaged mitochondria, is necessary for mitochondrial homeostasis and health maintenance. This article presents some of the latest mitophagy detection methods in human cells, Caenorhabditis elegans, and mice.

In Vitro und In Vivo Nachweis von Mitophagy in menschlichen Zellen, C. Elegansund Mäuse

Mitochondria are the powerhouses of cells and produce cellular energy in the form of ATP. Mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to biological aging and a ...

Preparation Of Gushukang (GSK) Granules for In Vivo and In Vitro Experiments

Traditional Chinese herbal medicine plays a role as an alternative method in treating many diseases, such as postmenopausal osteoporosis (POP). Gushukang (GSK) granules, a marketed prescription in China, have bone-protective effects in treating POP. Before administration to the body, one standard preparation procedure is commonly required, which aims to promote the release of active constituents from raw herbs and enhance the pharmacological effects as well as therapeutic outcomes. This study proposes a detailed protocol for using GSK granules in in vivo and in vitro experimental assays. The authors first provide a detailed protocol to calculate the animal-appropriate dosages of granules for in vivo investigation: weighing, dissolving, storage, and administration. Second, this article describes protocols for micro-CT scanning and the measurement of bone parameters. Sample preparation, protocols for running the micro-CT machine and quantification of bone parameters were evaluated. Third, serum-containing GSK granules are prepared, and drug-containing serum is extracted for in vitro osteoclastogenesis and osteoblastogenesis. GSK granules were intragastrically administered twice per day to rats for three consecutive days. Blood was then collected, centrifuged, inactivated, and filtered. Finally, serum was diluted and used for performing osteoclastogenesis and osteoblastogenesis. The protocol described here can be considered a reference for pharmacological investigations of herbal prescription medicines, such as granules.

Preparation Of Gushukang GSK Granules for In Vivo and In Vitro Experiments

This article provides a detailed protocol for preparing a working solution of Gushukang granules for animal studies and GSK granule containing serum for in vitro experiments. This protocol can be applied to pharmacological investigations of herbal medicines as well as prescriptions for both in vivo and in vitro experiments.

Vorbereitung von Gushukang (GSK) Granulat en for In Vivo und In Vitro Experiments

Traditional Chinese herbal medicine plays a role as an alternative method in treating many diseases, such as postmenopausal osteoporosis (POP). Gushukang ...

Scratch Migration Assay and Dorsal Skinfold Chamber for In Vitro and In Vivo Analysis of Wound Healing

Impaired cutaneous wound healing is a major concern for patients suffering from diabetes and for elderly people, and there is a need for an effective treatment. Appropriate in vitro and in vivo approaches are essential for the identification of new target molecules for drug treatments to improve the skin wound healing process. We identified the &#946;3 subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels (Cav&#946;3) as a potential target molecule to influence the wound healing in two independent assays, i.e., the in vitro scratch migration assay and the in vivo dorsal skinfold chamber model. Primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) acutely isolated from wild-type (WT) and Cav&#946;3-deficient mice (Cav&#946;3 KO) or fibroblasts acutely isolated from WT mice treated with siRNA to down-regulate the expression of the Cacnb3 gene, encoding Cav&#946;3, were used. A scratch was applied on a confluent cell monolayer and the gap closure was followed by taking microscopic images at defined time points until complete repopulation of the gap by the migrating cells. These images were analyzed, and the cell migration rate was determined for each condition. In an in vivo assay, we implanted a dorsal skinfold chamber on WT and Cav&#946;3 KO mice, applied a defined circular wound of 2 mm diameter, covered the wound with a glass coverslip to protect it from infections and desiccation, and monitored the macroscopic wound closure over time. Wound closure was significantly faster in Cacnb3-gene-deficient mice. Because the results of the in vivo and the in vitro assays correlate well, the in vitro assay may be useful for the high-throughput screening before validating the in vitro hits by the in vivo wound healing model. What we have shown here for wild-type and Cav&#946;3-deficient mice or cells might also be applicable for specific molecules other than Cav&#946;3.

Here, we present a protocol for an in vitro scratch assay using primary fibroblasts and for an in vivo skin wound healing assay in mice. Both assays are straightforward methods to assess in vitro and in vivo wound healing.

Scratch Migration Assay und Dorsal Skinfold Kammer für In Vitro und In Vivo Analyse der Wundheilung

Impaired cutaneous wound healing is a major concern for patients suffering from diabetes and for elderly people, and there is a need for an effective ...