Name: biophysical characterization of flagellar motor functions
Uploaded: 2017-01-18T15:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 6 min 8 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Biophysical Characterization of Flagellar Motor Functions at JoVE.com

The authors acknowledge Howard Berg for the gift of the bead-tracking microscope/photomultipliers and the Texas A&amp;M Engineering Experiment Station for funds.

1. Zellpräparation <ol><li> Wachsen über Nacht Kulturen der gewünschten Stamm der klebrigen fliC Allel 15,22 in Trypton - Bouillon tragen (TB, 1% Pepton, 0,5% NaCl) , gefolgt von der Inokulation bei 1: 100 Verdünnung in 10 ml frischem TB. Die Kultur bei 33 ° C in einem Schüttelinkubator bis OD 600 = 0,5. </li><li> Pelletieren Sie die Zellen bei 1.500 xg für 5 bis 7 min und re-dispergieren das Pellet kräftig in 10 ml filtersterilisiert Motilität Puffer (MB; 10 mM Phosphatpuffer: 0,05-0,06 M NaCl, 10 -4 M EDTA, 1 &amp; mgr; M Methionin, pH 7,0). </li><li> Wiederholen Sie Schritt 1.2 zwei weitere Male und das endgültige Pellet in 1 ml MB wieder zu dispergieren. </li><li> Scher die Suspension durch durch Polyethylenschlauch verbunden mit 21 bis 23 Manometeradaptern hin und her ~ 75 mal zwischen zwei Spritzen vorbei (7 bis 12 cm lang, 0,58 mm Innendurchmesser). Begrenzen Sie die Gesamtzeit für die auf 30 Scheren - 45 s. </li><li> Zentrifugieren Sie die geschert Zellen bei 1.500 × g für 5-7 Minuten und wieder zu dispergieren diePellet in 100-500 ul MB. </li></ol> 2. Schieben Vorbereitung <ol><li> Bereiten Sie eine Imaging-Kammer durch zwei doppelseitige Klebebänder zwischen einem Deckglas zwischen sich und einem Objektträger. Für die Chemotaxis-Assays einsetzen jede mikrofluidischen Kammer, die den Austausch von MB und chemischen Stimulanzien ermöglicht. </li><li> 0.01% Poly-L-Lysin-Lösung in der Kammer und nach 5 min sanft spülen Sie die Oberflächen mit MB (80 - 100 ul). </li><li> Werden 40 &amp; mgr; l der Zellsuspension in die Kammer und damit ausreichend Zeit für die Befestigung an der Glasoberfläche (7 - 8 min). Ausfließen unstuck Zellen durch Zugabe von 100 &amp; mgr; l MB auf einer Seite der Kammer, während die Lösung mit einem Filterpapier von der anderen Seite wicking. </li><li> In 10 bis 15 &amp; mgr; l von Latexkügelchen in die Kammer und damit die angemessene Zeit Perlen absetzen und zu den Zellen befestigen (7 - 8 min). Spülen Sie vorsichtig mit 100 &amp; mgr; l MB, wie 2.3 in Schritt beschrieben, Perlen zu entfernen unstuck. Verwenden Sie eine Reihe von Perle-sizes für die Experimente so lange, wie ein guter Kontrast zur Verfügung steht. </li></ol> 3. Bead-Tracking <ol><li> Legen Sie die Probe auf einem Mikroskoptisch und scannen die Oberfläche für die Perlen an Motoren angebracht. Verwenden Sie ein 40X Phase Ziel Beobachtungen zu machen, obwohl Phasenmikroskopie nicht notwendig ist. Alternativ verwenden Hellfeld-Bildgebung, solange ein ausreichender Kontrast aufrechterhalten wird, um deutlich eine helle Perle auf einem dunklen Hintergrund zu unterscheiden. </li><li> Sobald ein Wulst ausgewählt wurde, bewegen die Bühne seitlich den Wulst in einem vorbestimmten Winkel zu positionieren , wie in 1B gezeigt. Position beads an derselben Ecke zu gewährleisten, dass die Drehrichtung des Wulstes richtig bekannt ist. Die ideale Perle Bahn ist etwa kreisförmig, sondern elliptisch Bahnen sind zulässig. </li><li> Pflegen die Abtastfrequenz höher ist als das Doppelte der Drehfrequenz des Motors Fehler mit aliasing zugeordnet zu vermeiden. In dieser Arbeit, einen Motor verwenden, der rotierte bei50 Hz und Probe bei Frequenzen, die 10-mal höher (500 Hz) sind, ein glattes Signal zu erhalten. </li></ol> 4. Datenanalyse <ol><li> Center und die PMT - Ausgangsspannungen und korrekte Elliptizität in den Trajektorien mit Affintransformationen skaliert , wenn 23 benötigt. Verwenden Sie ein Power-Spektrum - Analyse Drehraten 17 zu bestimmen. </li><li> Bestimmen Polarwinkel, θ (t) = atan (y (t) / x (t)). Bestimmung der Schwankungen der Motordrehzahlen und Schalt über die Zeit durch ω Berechnungs <img alt="Gleichung 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/55240/55240eq1.jpg" /> 14. </li><li> Verwenden einen Medianfilter die Motordrehzahldaten zu glätten. Ein Filterfenster über zwei volle Umdrehungen wird 23,24 empfohlen. </li></ol>

<ol>
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C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Switching+of+the+bacterial+flagellar+motor+near+zero+load.">Switching of the bacterial flagellar motor near zero load.</a> J Mol Biol. 390 (3), 394-400 (2009).</li><li>Sowa, Y., Hotta, H., Homma, M., Ishijima, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Torque-speed+Relationship+of+the+Na+-driven+Flagellar+Motor+of+Vibrio+alginolyticus.">Torque-speed Relationship of the Na+-driven Flagellar Motor of Vibrio alginolyticus.</a> J Mol Biol. 327 (5), 1043-1051 (2003).</li><li>Xing, J., Bai, F., Berry, R., Oster, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Torque-speed+relationship+of+the+bacterial+flagellar+motor.">Torque-speed relationship of the bacterial flagellar motor.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 103 (5), 1260-1265 (2006).</li><li>Meacci, G., Tu, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamics+of+the+bacterial+flagellar+motor+with+multiple+stators.">Dynamics of the bacterial flagellar motor with multiple stators.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 106 (10), 3746-3751 (2009).</li><li>Lele, P. P., Roland, T., Shrivastava, A., Chen, Y. H., Berg, H. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+flagellar+motor+of+Caulobacter+crescentus+generates+more+torque+when+a+cell+swims+backwards.">The flagellar motor of Caulobacter crescentus generates more torque when a cell swims backwards.</a> Nat Phys. 12 (2), 175-178 (2016).</li><li>Lele, P. P., Shrivastava, A., Roland, T., Berg, H. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Response+thresholds+in+bacterial+chemotaxis.">Response thresholds in bacterial chemotaxis.</a> Sci Adv. 1 (9), e1500299 (2015).</li><li>Berg, H. C., Turner, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Torque+Generated+by+the+Flagellar+Motor+of+Escherichia+coli.">Torque Generated by the Flagellar Motor of Escherichia coli.</a> Biophys J. 65, 2201-2216 (1993).</li><li>Bai, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Conformational+Spread+as+a+Mechanism+for+Cooperativity+in+the+Bacterial+Flagellar+Switch.">Conformational Spread as a Mechanism for Cooperativity in the Bacterial Flagellar Switch.</a> Science. 327, 685-689 (2010).</li><li>Reid, S. 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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Um tethered Wulst-Tracking und korrekte Schätzung der Motor-Drehmomente zu erleichtern, sollten die folgenden Informationen überprüft werden. Wenn diese Messungen mit flagellated Zellen durchgeführt wird, Scherung ist ein kritischer Schritt. Shearing reduziert die Flagellenfilamenten auf eine bloße stub, wodurch sichergestellt wird, dass die viskose Last auf dem Motor zu dem Wulst überwiegend aus und kann innerhalb von 10% Fehler 16 geschätzt werden. Shearing verbessert auch die Chancen mit dicht verte...

Flagellenmotoren ermöglichen Zellen durch Drehen Schraubenextrazellulären Filamente zu schwimmen. Der Betrag des Drehmoments des Motors für eine gegebene Länge des Flagellums erzeugen kann (dh die viskose Last) bestimmt die Schwimmgeschwindigkeit. Auf der anderen Seite, seine Fähigkeit, die Drehrichtung steuert, die Zellmigration in Reaktion auf Chemikalien, ein Verfahren bekannt, wie Chemotaxis zu wechseln. Chemotaxis und Beweglichkeit sind Virulenzfaktoren 1-3, Flagellenmotoren wurden 4 über die Jahre gut charakterisierte. Montage Hinweise darauf , nun , dass der Motor als Mechanosensor wirkt - es erkennt , mechanisch das Vorhandensein von festen Substraten 5,6. Diese Fähigkeit hilft wahrscheinlich bei der Auslösung von Oberflächenbesiedlung und Infektionen 5,7. Als Ergebnis, wobei die Mechanismen die Motoroberflächen und initiiert Signalisierungs Sinne sind von Bedeutung 8,9. Der Flagellenmotors kann leicht durch Anbinden der flagell untersucht werdenum auf ein Substrat und das Beobachten Zellrotation. Solche Anbinden wurde zuerst von Silverman und Simon erreicht, der mit einer polyhook Mutante in E. coli und erfolgreich befestigt Haken auf Glassubstrate mit anti-hook Antikörper 10 gearbeitet. Die tethered-Zell-Assay Forschern ermöglicht, die Antworten des Motorschalter in einer Vielzahl von chemischen Stimuli zu studieren. Zum Beispiel Segall et al chemisch gebundenen Zellen mit Hilfe von iontophoretischen Pipetten stimuliert. Die entsprechenden Änderungen in CW bias (der Bruchteil der Zeit Motoren drehen im Uhrzeigersinn CW) ermöglichte es ihnen 11,12 die Kinetik der Anpassung in der Chemotaxis - Netzwerk zu messen. Während die tethered - Zell - Assay in Studium Schalter Reaktionen wirksam war, war es nur in der Lage Einblicke in Motormechanik 13 über einen begrenzten Bereich von viskosen Belastungen zu bieten. Um dieses Problem zu überwinden, Ryu et al gebunden sphärisch, Latexperlen stubs auf Zellen an Oberflächen geklebt Filaments. Die Perlen wurdendann zurückverfolgt Brenn Interferometrie mit schwachen optischen Fallen 14 verwendet wird . Durch die Arbeit mit Perlen unterschiedlicher Größe, könnten Forscher untersuchen den Motor über eine viel breitere Palette von Lasten. Dieser Assay wurde später verbessert durch Yuan und Berg, der einen Photovervielfacher-basierte bead-Verfolgungstechnik mit Laser-Dunkelfeldbeleuchtung in Kombination entwickelt. Ihre Methode ermöglicht Verfolgung von tethered Gold Nanobeads , die so klein waren (~ 60 nm) , dass die externen viskoser Widerstände waren niedriger im Vergleich zu den inneren viskosen Widerstände gegen Rotation 15,16. Dies führte zu den Messungen der maximal erreichbaren Geschwindigkeiten in E. coli (~ 300 Hz). In V. alginolyticus, ähnlich Perle Assays Messungen der Spinngeschwindigkeiten bei Zwischen viskos Lasten (~ 700 Hz) 17 aktiviert. Durch die Aktivierung Messungen der motorischen Reaktionen über den gesamten möglichen Bereich von viskosen Lasten (von Null-Last bis nahen Stall), vorausgesetzt, die Wulst-Assays ein wichtiges Werkzeug, um die biophysikalischen t zu verstehen,orque-Erzeugungsprozess 18,19. Vor kurzem geändert wir den Yuan-Berg - Test optische Pinzette aufzunehmen , die uns präzise mechanische Reize auf einzelne Motoren 6 anwenden aktiviert. Unter Verwendung dieser Technik haben wir gezeigt, daß die Kraftgeneratoren, die den Motor dynamisch sind Mechanosensoren drehen - sie remodellieren in Reaktion auf Änderungen in viskoser Lasten. Es ist möglich, dass solche Load-Sensing-Zelldifferenzierung in Schwärmen Bakterien ausgelöst wird, obwohl die Mechanismen unklar bleiben. Sie ist auch wahrscheinlich , dass die Flagellenmotoren in anderen Spezies sind auch mechanosensitive 20, direkte Beweise fehlen. Hier diskutieren wir die Photomultiplier-basierte (PMT) Ansatz zur Verfolgung der Rotation von Latex - Kügelchen gebunden an Flagellen Fäden 15. Im Vergleich mit ultraschnellen Kameras Verfolgung der Photomultiplier-Aufbau ist vorteilhaft, da es relativ einfach ist, einzelne Perlen in Echtzeit und über lange dura zu verfolgengen. Es ist besonders nützlich , wenn 21 Umbau in Flagellenmotors Komplexe durch Umweltreize seit langer Zeit zu studieren. Obwohl wir Detail Protokolle speziell für E. coli, können sie leicht für das Studium Flagellenmotoren in anderen Arten angepasst werden.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Poly-L-lysine Solution (0.1%)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>P8920</td><td>http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/sigma/p8920?lang=en&amp;amp;region=US</td></tr><tr><td>Polybead Microspheres</td><td>Polysciences, Inc.</td><td>7307</td><td>http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/sigma/p8920?lang=en&amp;amp;region=US</td></tr><tr><td>1 mL Luer Slip Tip Syringe</td><td>Exel Int.</td><td>26048</td><td>http://www.exelint.com/tuberculin_syringes.php</td></tr><tr><td>Clay Adams Intramedic Luer-Stub Adapter 23-gauge</td><td>Becton, Dickinson and Company</td><td>427565</td><td>http://www.bd.com/ds/productCenter/ES-LuerStubAdaptors.asp</td></tr><tr><td>Polyethylene tubing</td><td>Harvard Apparatus</td><td>59-8325</td><td>http://www.harvardapparatus.com/laboratory-polye-polyethylene-non-sterile-tubing.html</td></tr><tr><td>Photomultiplier Tubes</td><td>Hamamatsu</td><td>R7400U-20</td><td>Spectral response range of 300 to 920 nm, Peak wavelength 630 nm,&amp;nbsp; 0.78 ns response time&amp;nbsp;&lt;br/&gt; http://pdf1.alldatasheet.com/datasheet-pdf/view/212308/HAMAMATSU/R7400U-20.html</td></tr><tr><td>3 x 1 mm precision slits</td><td>Edmund Optics</td><td>NT39-908</td><td>2 slits mounted at right angles to one another on photomultiplier tubes</td></tr><tr><td>Oscilloscope</td><td>Tektronix</td><td>TBS 1032B</td><td>Alternative brands are acceptable. Digital Oscilloscope, TBS 1000B Series, 2 Analogue, 30 MHz, 500 MSPS, 2.5 kpts&amp;nbsp;&lt;br/&gt; http://www.tek.com/oscilloscope/tbs1000b-digital-storage-oscilloscope</td></tr><tr><td>8 Pole LP/HP Filter</td><td>Krohn-Hite</td><td>3384</td><td>Alternative brands are acceptable. A frequency range from 0.1 Hz to 200 kHz is recommended.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br/&gt; http://www.krohn-hite.com/htm/filters/PDF/3384Data.pdf</td></tr><tr><td>Optiphot microscope</td><td>Nikon</td><td>NA</td><td>Any upright or inverted phase microscope can be used.&lt;br/&gt; https://www.thorlabs.com/newgrouppage9.cfm?objectgroup_id=754</td></tr><tr><td>50:50 (R:T) Cube Beamsplitter</td><td>ThorLabs</td><td>BS013</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

biophysical characterization of flagellar motor functions

The role of flagellar motors in bacterial motility and chemotaxis is well-understood. Recent discoveries suggest that flagellar motors are able to remodel in response to a variety of environmental stimuli and are among the triggers for surface colonization and infections. The precise mechanisms by which motors remodel and promote cellular adaptation likely depend on key motor attributes. The photomultiplier-based bead-tracking technique presented here enables accurate biophysical characterization of motor functions, including adaptations in motor speeds and switch-dynamics. This approach offers the advantage of real-time tracking and the ability to probe motor behavior over extended durations. The protocols discussed can be readily extended to study flagellar motors in a variety of bacterial species.

Der Photomultiplier Aufbau ist in 1A gezeigt. Es ist wichtig, dass die PMT von den Kügelchen von Interesse verstreut hohe Empfindlichkeiten über den Bereich von Wellenlängen aufweisen. Die PMT hier beschäftigt arbeiten im sichtbaren und im nahen Infrarot-Bereich, und waren in der Lage Licht von Perlen mit einem Halogenlichtquelle beleuchtet verstreut zu erkennen. Die optimale Lichtverhältnisse und Versorgungsspannungen werden von einer Einrichtung zur anderen variie...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Biophysical Characterization of Flagellar Motor Functions at JoVE.com

Biophysical Characterization of Flagellar Motor Functions

Recent findings suggest that bacterial flagellar motors sense a variety of environmental signals and remodel in response. The bead-assays discussed here are expected to help explain the role of remodeling in cellular adaptation to environmental stressors.

Biophysikalische Charakterisierung von Flagellenmotors Funktionen

The role of flagellar motors in bacterial motility and chemotaxis is well-understood. Recent discoveries suggest that flagellar motors are able to remodel ...

biophysical-characterization-of-flagellar-motor-functions

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JoVE Journal

Biology

8.2K Aufrufe.  Texas A&M University. Recent findings suggest that bacterial flagellar motors sense a variety of environmental signals and remodel in response. The bead-assays discussed here are expected to help explain the role of remodeling in cellular adaptation to environmental stressors.

Serie: Biophysical Characterization of Flagellar Motor Functions

Production of Dynein and Kinesin Motor Ensembles on DNA Origami Nanostructures for Single Molecule Observation

Cytoskeletal motors are responsible for a wide variety of functions in eukaryotic cells, including mitosis, cargo transport, cellular motility, and others. Many of these functions require motors to operate in ensembles. Despite a wealth of knowledge about the mechanisms of individual cytoskeletal motors, comparatively less is known about the mechanisms and emergent behaviors of motor ensembles, examples of which include changes to ensemble processivity and velocity with changing motor number, location, and configuration. Structural DNA nanotechnology, and the specific technique of DNA origami, enables the molecular construction of well-defined architectures of motor ensembles. The shape of cargo structures as well as the type, number and placement of motors on the structure can all be controlled. Here, we provide detailed protocols for producing these ensembles and observing them using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy. Although these techniques have been specifically applied for cytoskeletal motors, the methods are generalizable to other proteins that assemble in complexes to accomplish their tasks. Overall, the DNA origami method for creating well-defined ensembles of motor proteins provides a powerful tool for dissecting the mechanisms that lead to emergent motile behavior.

The goal of this protocol is to form ensembles of molecular motors on DNA origami nanostructures and observe the ensemble motility using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy.

Produktion von Dynein und Kinesin Motor Ensembles auf DNA Origami Nanostrukturen für die Einzelmolekülbeobachtung

Cytoskeletal motors are responsible for a wide variety of functions in eukaryotic cells, including mitosis, cargo transport, cellular motility, and ...

Forschung

Biochemie

Myosin-Specific Adaptations of In vitro Fluorescence Microscopy-Based Motility Assays

Myosin proteins bind and interact with filamentous actin (F-actin) and are found in organisms across the phylogenetic tree. Their structure and enzymatic properties are adapted for the particular function they execute in cells. Myosin 5a processively walks on F-actin to transport melanosomes and vesicles in cells. Conversely, nonmuscle myosin 2b operates as a bipolar filament containing approximately 30 molecules. It moves F-actin of opposite polarity toward the center of the filament, where the myosin molecules work asynchronously to bind actin, impart a power stroke, and dissociate before repeating the cycle. Nonmuscle myosin 2b, along with its other nonmuscle myosin 2 isoforms, has roles that include&#160;cell adhesion, cytokinesis, and tension maintenance. The mechanochemistry of myosins can be studied by performing in vitro motility assays using purified proteins. In the gliding actin filament assay, the myosins are bound to a microscope coverslip surface and translocate fluorescently labeled F-actin, which can be tracked. In the single molecule/ensemble motility assay, however, F-actin is bound to a coverslip and the movement of fluorescently labeled myosin molecules on the F-actin is observed. In this report, the purification of recombinant myosin 5a from Sf9 cells using affinity chromatography is outlined. Following this, we outline two fluorescence microscopy-based assays: the gliding actin filament assay and the inverted motility assay. From these assays, parameters such as actin translocation velocities and single molecule run lengths and velocities can be extracted using the image analysis software. These techniques can also be applied to study the movement of single filaments of the nonmuscle myosin 2 isoforms, discussed herein in the context of nonmuscle myosin 2b. This workflow represents a protocol and a set of quantitative tools that can be used to study the single molecule and ensemble dynamics of nonmuscle myosins.

Presented here is a procedure to express and purify myosin 5a followed by a discussion of its characterization, using both ensemble and single molecule in vitro fluorescence microscopy-based assays, and how these methods can be modified for the characterization of nonmuscle myosin 2b.

Myosin-spezifische Anpassungen von In-vitro-Fluoreszenzmikroskopie-basierten Motilitätsassays

Myosin proteins bind and interact with filamentous actin (F-actin) and are found in organisms across the phylogenetic tree. Their structure and enzymatic ...

Motility of Single Molecules and Clusters of Bi-Directional Kinesin-5 Cin8 Purified from S. cerevisiae Cells

The mitotic bipolar kinesin-5 motors perform essential functions in spindle dynamics. These motors exhibit a homo-tetrameric structure with two pairs of catalytic motor domains, located at opposite ends of the active complex. This unique architecture enables kinesin-5 motors to crosslink and slide apart antiparallel spindle microtubules (MTs), thus providing the outwardly-directed force that separates the spindle poles apart. Previously, kinesin-5 motors were believed to be exclusively plus-end directed. However, recent studies revealed that several fungal kinesin-5 motors are minus-end directed at the single-molecule level and can switch directionality under various experimental conditions. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae kinesin-5 Cin8 is an example of such bi-directional motor protein: in high ionic strength conditions single molecules of Cin8 move in the minus-end direction of the MTs. It was also shown that Cin8 forms motile clusters, predominantly at the minus-end of the MTs, and such clustering allows Cin8 to switch directionality and undergo slow, plus-end directed motility. This article provides a detailed protocol for all steps of working with GFP-tagged kinesin-5 Cin8, from protein overexpression in S. cerevisiae cells and its purification to in vitro single-molecule motility assay. A newly developed method described here helps to differentiate between single molecules and clusters of Cin8, based on their fluorescence intensity. This method enables separate analysis of motility of single molecules and clusters of Cin8, thus providing the characterization of the dependence of Cin8 motility on its cluster size.

Motility of Single Molecules and Clusters of Bi-Directional Kinesin-5 Cin8 Purified from S. cerevisiae Cells

The bi-directional mitotic kinesin-5 Cin8 accumulates in clusters that split and merge during their motility. Accumulation in clusters also changes the velocity and directionality of Cin8. Here, a protocol for motility assays with purified Cin8-GFP and analysis of motile properties of single molecules and clusters of Cin8 is described.

Motilität einzelner Moleküle und Cluster von bidirektionalem Kinesin-5 Cin8, gereinigt aus S. cerevisiae-Zellen

The mitotic bipolar kinesin-5 motors perform essential functions in spindle dynamics. These motors exhibit a homo-tetrameric structure with two pairs of ...

Characterizing the Composition of Molecular Motors on Moving Axonal Cargo Using "Cargo Mapping" Analysis

Understanding the mechanisms by which molecular motors coordinate their activities to transport vesicular cargoes within neurons requires the quantitative analysis of motor/cargo associations at the single vesicle level. The goal of this protocol is to use quantitative fluorescence microscopy to correlate (&#8220;map&#8221;) the position and directionality of movement of live cargo to the composition and relative amounts of motors associated with the same cargo. &#8220;Cargo mapping&#8221; consists of live imaging of fluorescently labeled cargoes moving in axons cultured on microfluidic devices, followed by chemical fixation during recording of live movement, and subsequent immunofluorescence (IF) staining of the exact same axonal regions with antibodies against motors. Colocalization between cargoes and their associated motors is assessed by assigning sub-pixel position coordinates to motor and cargo channels, by fitting Gaussian functions to the diffraction-limited point spread functions representing individual fluorescent point sources. Fixed cargo and motor images are subsequently superimposed to plots of cargo movement, to &#8220;map&#8221; them to their tracked trajectories. The strength of this protocol is the combination of live and IF data to record both the transport of vesicular cargoes in live cells and to determine the motors associated to these exact same vesicles. This technique overcomes previous challenges that use biochemical methods to determine the average motor composition of purified heterogeneous bulk vesicle populations, as these methods do not reveal compositions on single moving cargoes. Furthermore, this protocol can be adapted for the analysis of other transport and/or trafficking pathways in other cell types to correlate the movement of individual intracellular structures with their protein composition. Limitations of this protocol are the relatively low throughput due to low transfection efficiencies of cultured primary neurons and a limited field of view available for high-resolution imaging. Future applications could include methods to increase the number of neurons expressing fluorescently labeled cargoes.

Intracellular transport of cargoes, such as vesicles or organelles, is carried out by molecular motor proteins that track on polarized microtubules. This protocol describes the correlation of the directionality of transport of individual cargo particles moving inside neurons, to the relative amount and type of associated motor proteins.

Charakterisierung der Zusammensetzung der molekulare Motoren auf Umzug Axonal Fracht Mit &quot;Fracht Mapping&quot; Analysis

Understanding the mechanisms by which molecular motors coordinate their activities to transport vesicular cargoes within neurons requires the quantitative ...

Neurowissenschaften

Single-Molecule Analysis of Sf9 Purified Superprocessive Kinesin-3 Family Motors

A complex cellular environment poses challenges for single-molecule motility analysis. However, advancement in imaging techniques have improved single-molecule studies and has gained immense popularity in detecting and understanding the dynamic behavior of fluorescent-tagged molecules. Here, we describe a detailed method for&#160;in vitro single-molecule studies of kinesin-3 family motors using Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy. Kinesin-3 is a large family that plays critical roles in cellular and physiological functions ranging from intracellular cargo transport to cell division to development. We have shown previously that constitutively active dimeric kinesin-3 motors exhibit fast and superprocessive motility with high microtubule affinity at the single-molecule level using cell lysates prepared by expressing motor in mammalian cells. Our lab studies kinesin-3 motors and their regulatory mechanisms using cellular, biochemical and biophysical approaches, and such studies demand purified proteins at a large scale. Expression and purification of these motors using mammalian cells would be expensive and time-consuming, whereas expression in a prokaryotic expression system resulted in significantly aggregated and&#160;inactive protein. To overcome the limitations posed by bacterial purification systems and mammalian cell lysate, we have established a robust Sf9-baculovirus expression system to express and purify these motors. The kinesin-3 motors are C-terminally tagged with 3-tandem fluorescent proteins (3xmCitirine or 3xmCit) that provide enhanced signals and decreased photobleaching. In vitro single-molecule and multi-motor gliding analysis of Sf9 purified proteins demonstrate that kinesin-3 motors are fast and superprocessive akin to our previous studies using mammalian cell lysates. Other applications using these assays include detailed knowledge of oligomer conditions of motors, specific binding partners paralleling biochemical studies, and their kinetic state.

This study details purification of KIF1A(1-393LZ), a member of kinesin-3 family, using Sf9-baculovirus expression system. In vitro single-molecule and multi-motor gliding analysis of these purified motors exhibited robust motility properties comparable to motors from mammalian cell lysate. Thus, Sf9-baculovirus system is amenable to express and purify motor protein of interest.

Einzelmolekülanalyse von Sf9-gereinigten superprozessiven Motoren der Kinesin-3-Familie

A complex cellular environment poses challenges for single-molecule motility analysis. However, advancement in imaging techniques have improved ...

Probing Myosin Ensemble Mechanics in Actin Filament Bundles Using Optical Tweezers

Myosins are motor proteins that hydrolyze ATP to step along actin filament (AF) tracks and are essential in cellular processes such as motility and muscle contraction. To understand their force-generating mechanisms, myosin II has been investigated both at the single-molecule (SM) level and as teams of motors in vitro using biophysical methods such as optical trapping.
These studies showed that myosin force-generating behavior can differ greatly when moving from the single-molecule level in a three-bead arrangement to groups of motors working together on a rigid bead or coverslip surface in a gliding arrangement. However, these assay constructions do not permit evaluating the group dynamics of myosin within viscoelastic structural hierarchy as they would within a cell. We have developed a method using optical tweezers to investigate the mechanics of force generation by myosin ensembles interacting with multiple actin filaments.
These actomyosin bundles facilitate investigation in a hierarchical and compliant environment that captures motor communication and ensemble force output. The customizable nature of the assay allows for altering experimental conditions to understand how modifications to the myosin ensemble, actin filament bundle, or the surrounding environment result in differing force outputs.

Formation of actomyosin bundles in vitro and measuring myosin ensemble force generation using optical tweezers is presented and discussed.

Untersuchung der Myosin-Ensemblemechanik in Aktinfilamentbündeln mit einer optischen Pinzette

Myosins are motor proteins that hydrolyze ATP to step along actin filament (AF) tracks and are essential in cellular processes such as motility and muscle ...

Biotechnik

Generation of Null Mutants to Elucidate the Role of Bacterial Glycosyltransferases in Bacterial Motility

The study of glycosylation in prokaryotes is a rapidly growing area. Bacteria harbor different glycosylated structures on their surface whose glycans constitute a strain-specific barcode. The associated glycans show higher diversity in sugar composition and structure than those of eukaryotes and are important in bacterial-host recognition processes and interaction with the environment. In pathogenic bacteria, glycoproteins have been involved in different stages of the infectious process, and glycan modifications can interfere with specific functions of glycoproteins. However, despite the advances made in the understanding of glycan composition, structure, and biosynthesis pathways, understanding of the role of glycoproteins in pathogenicity or interaction with the environment remains very limited. Furthermore, in some bacteria, the enzymes required for protein glycosylation are shared with other polysaccharide biosynthetic pathways, such as lipopolysaccharide and capsule biosynthetic pathways. The functional importance of glycosylation has been elucidated in several bacteria through mutation of specific genes thought to be involved in the glycosylation process and the study of its impact on the expression of the target glycoprotein and the modifying glycan. Mesophilic Aeromonas have a single and O-glycosylated polar flagellum. Flagellar glycans show diversity in carbohydrate composition and chain length between Aeromonas strains. However, all strains analyzed to date show a pseudaminic acid derivative as the linking sugar that modifies serine or threonine residues. The pseudaminic acid derivative is required for polar flagella assembly, and its loss has an impact on adhesion, biofilm formation, and colonization. The protocol detailed in this article describes how the construction of null mutants can be used to understand the involvement of genes or genome regions containing putative glycosyltransferases in the biosynthesis of a flagellar glycan. This includes the potential to understand the function of the glycosyltransferases involved and the role of the glycan. This will be achieved by comparing the glycan deficient mutant to the wild-type strain.

Here, we describe the construction of null mutants of Aeromonas in specific glycosyltransferases or regions containing glycosyltransferases, the motility assays, and flagella purification performed to establish the involvement and function of their encoded enzymes in the biosynthesis of a glycan, as well as the role of this glycan in bacterial pathogenesis.

Erzeugung von Nullmutanten zur Aufklärung der Rolle bakterieller Glykosyltransferasen in der bakteriellen Motilität

The study of glycosylation in prokaryotes is a rapidly growing area. Bacteria harbor different glycosylated structures on their surface whose glycans ...

Immunologie und Infektion

Investigating Flagella-Driven Motility in Escherichia coli by Applying Three Established Techniques in a Series

Motility is crucial to the survival and success of many bacterial species. Many methodologies exist to exploit motility to understand signaling pathways, to elucidate the function and assembly of flagellar parts, and to examine and understand patterns of movement. Here we demonstrate a combination of three of these methodologies. Motility in soft agar is the oldest, offering a strong selection for isolating gain-of-function suppressor mutations in motility-impaired strains, where motility is restored through a second mutation. The cell-tethering technique, first employed to demonstrate the rotary nature of the flagellar motor, can be used to assess the impact of signaling effectors on the motor speed and its ability to switch rotational direction. The &#8220;border-crossing&#8221; assay is more recent, where swimming bacteria can be primed to transition into moving collectively as a swarm. In combination, these protocols represent a systematic and powerful approach to identifying components of the motility machinery, and to characterizing their role in different facets of swimming and swarming. They can be easily adapted to study motility in other bacterial species.

Investigating Flagella-Driven Motility in Escherichia coli by Applying Three Established Techniques in a Series

Many bacteria use flagella-driven motility to navigate their environment and colonize favorable surroundings both individually and as a collective. Demonstrated here is the use of three established methods that exploit motility as a selection tool to identify components/pathways contributing to swimming and swarming motility.

Untersuchung der Flagellen-getriebenen Motilität in Escherichia coli durch Anwendung von drei etablierten Techniken in einer Serie

Motility is crucial to the survival and success of many bacterial species. Many methodologies exist to exploit motility to understand signaling pathways, ...

Biologie

Dissecting Mechanoenzymatic Properties of Processive Myosins with Ultrafast Force-Clamp Spectroscopy

Ultrafast force-clamp spectroscopy (UFFCS) is a single molecule technique based on laser tweezers that allows the investigation of the chemomechanics of both conventional and unconventional myosins under load with unprecedented time resolution. In particular, the possibility to probe myosin motors under constant force right after the actin-myosin bond formation, together with the high rate of the force feedback (200 kHz), has shown UFFCS to be a valuable tool to study the load dependence of fast dynamics such as the myosin working stroke. Moreover, UFFCS enables the study of how processive and non-processive myosin-actin interactions are influenced by the intensity and direction of the applied force.
By following this protocol, it will be possible to perform ultrafast force-clamp experiments on processive myosin-5 motors and on a variety of unconventional myosins. By some adjustments, the protocol could also be easily extended to the study of other classes of processive motors such as kinesins and dyneins. The protocol includes all the necessary steps, from the setup of the experimental apparatus to sample preparation, calibration procedures, data acquisition and analysis.

Presented here is a comprehensive protocol to perform ultrafast force-clamp experiments on processive myosin-5 motors, which could be easily extended to the study of other classes of processive motors. The protocol details all the necessary steps, from the setup of the experimental apparatus to sample preparation, data acquisition and analysis.

Analyse der mechanoenzymatischen Eigenschaften prozessiver Myosine mit ultraschneller Kraftklemmenspektroskopie

Ultrafast force-clamp spectroscopy (UFFCS) is a single molecule technique based on laser tweezers that allows the investigation of the chemomechanics of ...

Visualizing Bacterial Motility Based on a Color Reaction

Bacterial motility is crucial for bacterial pathogenicity, biofilm formation, and drug resistance. Bacterial motility is crucial for the invasion and/or dissemination of many pathogenic species. Therefore, it is important to detect bacterial motility. Bacterial growth conditions, such as oxygen, pH, and temperature, can affect bacterial growth and the expression of bacterial flagella. This can lead to reduced motility or even loss of motility, resulting in the inaccurate evaluation of bacterial motility. Based on the color reaction of 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) by intracellular dehydrogenases of living bacteria, TTC was added to traditional semisolid agar for bacterial motility detection. The results showed that this TTC semisolid agar method for the detection of bacterial motility is simple, easy to operate, and does not involve large and expensive instruments. The results also showed that the highest motility was observed in semisolid medium prepared with 0.3% agar. Compared with the traditional semisolid medium, the results are easier to evaluate and more accurate.

Here, we present a protocol to detect bacterial motility based on a color reaction. Key advantages of this method are that it is easy to evaluate and more accurate, and does not require specialized equipment.

Visualisierung der bakteriellen Motilität anhand einer Farbreaktion

Bacterial motility is crucial for bacterial pathogenicity, biofilm formation, and drug resistance. Bacterial motility is crucial for the invasion and/or ...