The financial support by DFG (German research foundation, project CZ 55/30-1) for parts of this work is gratefully acknowledged.

1. Montage des Versuchsaufbau <ol><li> Vorbereiten der proximalen Seite <ol><li> Platzieren und befestigen Sie den Laser mit einem gebündelten Lichtstrahls - oder verwenden Sie einen fasergekoppelten Laser mit Kollimationsoptik an der Austrittsseite der Faser. </li><li> Setzen Sie den polarisierender Strahlteiler (PBS), um den Laserstrahl in Referenz- und Objektstrahl aufzuspalten. Drehen, die Orientierung der Halbwellenplatte (HWP), indem der HWP in seiner Drehung Drehhalterung, bis die Kraft der Referenzstrahl und Objektstrahl (an der distalen Seite) etwa gleich ist. Überprüfen Sie dies durch einen Bildschirm in beide Referenz- und Objektstrahl setzen. Wählen, um die Ausrichtung der PBS so daß die Polarisation des Referenzstrahls passt die polarisationsempfindliche räumlichen Lichtmodulator (SLM). </li><li> Bringe einen Strahlteiler (BS) in den Referenzstrahl des Referenzstrahls in zwei Strahlen zu splitten. Platzieren Sie die optischen Modulatoren (OM), so dass diese beiden Strahlen von BS1 kommenden passieren kann OM1 und OM2 sind. &lt;/ Li&gt; <li> Kombinieren Sie die beiden Strahlen vorbei OM1 und OM2 bei BS2 Verwendung von zwei Spiegeln. Anpassen der Strahlteiler und Spiegel, so dass beide Strahlen räumlich getrennt sind. </li><li> sorgfältig ausrichten BS5, um sicherzustellen, dass die Einfallsrichtung der beiden Strahlen auf die Pixelebene des SLM senkrecht, zu ignorieren BS3 und BS4 auf den ersten. Zunächst wird nichts auf dem SLM angezeigt werden , das heißt, es wirkt wie ein Spiegel , bis das Ende der Kalibrierung (in Schritt 2). </li><li> Stellen Sie die Position und den Abstand zwischen den beiden Linsen (L), die eine Keplerian Teleskop, um ein scharfes Bild des SLM-Ebene auf der komplementären Metall-Oxid-Halbleiter (CMOS) -Kamera zu erhalten. Schauen Sie auf die richtige Ausrichtung von L1 und L2 (flachen Seiten einander zugewandt sind) Abbildungsfehler zu minimieren. </li></ol></li><li> Vorbereiten der distalen Seite <ol><li> Verwenden Sie BS7 den Objektstrahl in zwei Strahlen aufgeteilt und kombinieren sie bei BS8 Verwendung von zwei Spiegeln. Auch hier stellen Sie die Strahlteiler und mirrors so daß beide Strahlen räumlich getrennt sind. </li><li> Ablenken beide Strahlen BS9, sie zu dem Mikroskopobjektiv zu zielen (OBJ). Konzentrieren OBJ2 am distalen Ende der Multimodenfaser (MMF). Überprüfen Sie den Fokus durch die Rückreflexion von der MMF Beobachtung unter Verwendung L3 und eine ladungsgekoppelte Vorrichtung (CCD) Kamera. </li></ol></li><li> Verbindungs proximalen und distalen Seite <ol><li> Kollimieren das Licht von der Objektstrahl die MMF Verwendung OBJ1 austritt. </li><li> Teilen Sie den Objektstrahl BS6 verwenden, ignorieren Sie den linearen Polarisator (LP) auf den ersten. Kombinieren Sie beide Objektstrahlen mit beiden Referenzstrahlen auf BS3 und BS4 einen Spiegel verwendet wird. Anpassen der Strahlteiler und Spiegel, so daß jedes Paar von Referenz- und Objektstrahl Überlappung an der SLM mit einem kleinen Winkel schneiden (weniger als 1 °). </li><li> Stellen Sie sicher, dass die Leistung des Referenz und der Objektstrahl annähernd gleich sind durch die Ausrichtung des HWP zu verdrehen, entsprechend 1.1.2 zu treten. </li><li> Überprüfen Sie die Störung pattern (off-axis Hologramms) an der CMOS-Kamera und justieren Sie entsprechend den Schnittwinkel. Erhöhen Sie den Winkel, bis die Interferenzstreifenabstand in etwa die Größe von zwei Pixeln auf dem CMOS-Kamera entspricht. </li><li> Passen Sie die Ausrichtung der LP die Polarisation des Objekt- und Referenzstrahl zu halten, um einen maximalen Kontrast des Interferenzmusters in der CMOS-Kamerabild zu erhalten, so dass das Kamerabild unterschiedliche Streifen zeigt. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. Kalibrierung des Systems <ol><li> Kalibrieren des Pixel Beziehung zwischen SLM und CMOS <ol><li> Illuminate die gesamte SLM unter Verwendung nur eines der Referenzstrahlen und blockieren die anderen Referenz und Objekte Balken. </li><li> Aufnehmen eines Bildes des SLM mit der CMOS-Kamera. </li><li> Holen Sie sich die Koordinaten der oberen linken Ecke des SLM in der CMOS - Kamerabild, zum Beispiel Grafik - Software und mit der Maus auf dem PC. Verwenden Sie diese Pixelkoordinaten als Ursprungspunktüber den SLM. </li><li> Entfernen Sie alle Balken blockiert. </li></ol></li><li> Kalibrieren der Signalwege <ol><li> Blockieren sowohl Referenzstrahl 2 und Objektstrahl 2. </li><li> Aufnehmen eines Bildes des Hologramms mit der CMOS-Kamera. Bewerten Sie die Phase in dem aufgezeichneten Hologramm mit Winkelspektrum Verfahren 19. Berechne die invertierte Phase in dem entsprechenden Bereich des Balkens 1. </li><li> Entfernen Sie die frühere Strahlenblöcke und blockieren nun beide Referenzstrahl 1 und Objektstrahl 1. </li><li> Aufnehmen eines Bildes des Hologramms mit der CMOS-Kamera. Messen der Phase in dem aufgezeichneten Hologramm wieder Winkelspektrum-Verfahren. Berechne die invertierte Phase an dem entsprechenden Bereich des Balkens 2. </li><li> Entfernen Sie alle Balken blockiert. </li></ol></li></ol> 3. Übertragung der Signale <ol><li> Blockieren Sie den Objektstrahl. </li><li> Nähen Sie die berechneten invertierten Phasenbilder in den entsprechenden Bereichen des Trägers 1 und 2 zusammen und zeigt diegesamte Bild auf dem SLM verwenden typischerweise den Computer Graphics Port. </li><li> Starten Sie die Modulation der Eingangssignale 1 und 2 von OM1 und OM2 aktivieren. </li><li> Beachten Sie die Ausgangssignale 1 und 2 auf der CCD-Kamera. </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Der Zusammenbau des Versuchsaufbaus (Schritt 1 in dem Protokoll) erfordert eine sorgfältige Ausrichtung der optischen Komponenten in Bezug zueinander. Der wichtigste Aspekt ist die rechteckige Einfalls der Referenzstrahlen auf den SLM um eine hohe PBR zu gewährleisten. Verwendet werden, um die Einrichtung zu mehr als zwei übertragenen Signale, zusätzliche Strahlteiler könnte zu verbessern. Als eine Alternative kann ein faserbasierte Implementierung wäre kompakter und robuster ist das S...

Die Übertragung von mehreren Lichtsignale über eine Multimode - Faser (MMF) ist offensichtlich in der Kommunikationstechnik 1 und Biophotonik 2. In der Kommunikationstechnik, Raummultiplex (SDM) wird angenommen, dass eine tragfähige Lösung zu sein, um die Übertragungskapazität von optischen Fasern für die zukünftige Datenübertragungsanwendungen von einer höheren Ausnutzung des begrenzten Raumes, im Vergleich zu mehreren Single-Mode-Fasern profitieren zu verbessern 3. In der Biophotonik werden biologische Proben , die durch lichtdurchlässige durch ein MMF Endoskop 4 manipuliert. Zum Beispiel ist die unabhängige optische Kontrolle der einzelnen Neuronen MMF Endoskope mit von Interesse für die Optogenetik , um neuronale Netzwerke im Gehirn 5 zu studieren. Jedoch ist das Licht projiziert auf die MMF Eingangsfacette unterworfen Verzerrung aufgrund Modus Mischen und Dispersion während der Ausbreitung auf die output Facette des MMF. Als Ergebnis wird die Lichtausbreitung ändert, die Signalübertragung herausfordernd ist. Wavefront - Formgebungsverfahren 6, 7 sind in Streumedien unter Verwendung von Raumlichtmodulatoren (SLM) angelegt und die Kompensation für die Verzerrung ermöglichen aufgrund 8 während der Lichtausbreitung Streuung. Es gibt iterative Ansätze, die die Ausgabe unter Verwendung einer optischen Rückkopplung 9 optimieren. Diese Ansätze sind ziemlich zeitaufwendig aufgrund der Notwendigkeit für eine Vielzahl von Iterationen und der hohen Freiheitsgrad, entsprechend einer Vielzahl von Modulatorelementen. Ein weiterer Ansatz ist , um vollständig die Verzerrung innerhalb der durch seine Sendematrix 10 beschrieben MMF bestimmen. Wenn die Anzahl von Moden zu übertragenden groß ist, wird diese Zeit als auch raubend sein. Im Gegensatz dazu wird digitale optische Phasenkonjugation (DOPC) angesehen werdenschnell und vorteilhaft, da nur wenige Brennflecken haben an der Ausgangsfacette des MMF erzeugt werden. Phasenkonjugation Ansätze auch zum Fokussieren oder Abbildung durch biologisches Gewebe 12, 13, 14 gezeigt. Bisher wurde DOPC für ein einziges Zeitsignal verwendet nur 15, 16, und wurde für die Übertragung von Licht durch eine MMF 17 angelegt. Ein DOPC Ansatz für mehrere unabhängige Signale zu lassen nicht umgesetzt. Wir haben eine verbesserte DOPC Verfahren bietet die unabhängige Übertragung mehrerer Lichtsignale mit einzelnen Wellenfront für jedes Signal eines einzelnen Phasen nur 18 SLM unter Verwendung der Gestaltung entwickelt. Zu diesem Zweck wird der SLM in Bereiche segmentiert, eines für jedes Signal gesendet werden. Die vorgeschlagene experimentelle Aufbau ist in Abbildung 1 dargestellt, Wobei eine Kalibrierung in a) vor der eigentlichen Übertragung durchgeführt wird, geschieht in b). <img alt="Abbildung 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/55407/55407fig1.jpg" /> Abbildung 1: Versuchsaufbau. BS = Strahlteiler, CCD = charge-coupled device, OM = optischer Modulator, CMOS = Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor, HWP = Halbwellenplatte, L = Linse, LP = linearen Polarisator, MMF = Multimode-Faser, OBJ = Mikroskopobjektiv, PBS = polarisierenden Strahlteiler, SLM = Spatial Light Modulator (Phase nur) - nur relevant Balken für (a) die Kalibrierung und (b) die Übertragung dargestellt werden <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55407/55407fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">Bitte hier klicken</a> , um <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55407/55407fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">eine größere Version dieser Figur zu sehen.</a>

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>spatial light modulator</td>
			<td>Holoeye</td>
			<td>PLUTO&#8208;VIS&#8208;016</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CMOS camera</td>
			<td>Mikrotron</td>
			<td>MC4082</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>diode&#8208;pumped solid state laser</td>
			<td>Laser Quantum</td>
			<td>torus 532</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CCD camera</td>
			<td>IDS</td>
			<td>U3&#8208;3482LE&#8208;M</td>
			<td>CMOS camera; suitable as well</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>lens 1</td>
			<td>Qioptiq</td>
			<td>G063204000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>lens 2</td>
			<td>Qioptiq</td>
			<td>G063203000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>lens 3</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>AC508&#8208;180&#8208;A&#8208;ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>multimode fiber</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>M14L02</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>beam splitters</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>BS013</td>
			<td>9x</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>polarizing beam splitters</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>PBS251</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>mirrors</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>PF10&#8208;03&#8208;P01</td>
			<td>5x</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>microscope objectives</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>RMS20X</td>
			<td>2x</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>half wave plates</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>WPH10M&#8208;532</td>
			<td>2x</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>linear polarizer</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>LPVISB050&#8208;MP2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>optical modulators</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>MC2000B&#8208;EC</td>
			<td>2x</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>linear and rotation stage for CMOS camera</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>XYR1/M</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>fiber connector</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>S120&#8208;SMA</td>
			<td>2x</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>reducing ring for microscope objectives</td>
			<td>Qioptiq</td>
			<td>G061621000</td>
			<td>2x</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>xy adjustment for objective adapters</td>
			<td>Qioptiq</td>
			<td>G061025000</td>
			<td>2x</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>z translation mount for fiber adapter</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>SM1Z</td>
			<td>2x</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>rods for fiber alignment to objectives</td>
			<td>Qioptiq</td>
			<td>G061210000</td>
			<td>8x</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>mounts for lenses 1 and 2 plus two phantom mounts</td>
			<td>Qioptiq</td>
			<td>G061047000</td>
			<td>4x</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>rail carriers for objective and lens mounts</td>
			<td>Qioptiq</td>
			<td>G061372000</td>
			<td>6x</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>rail for rail carriers</td>
			<td>Qioptiq</td>
			<td>G061359000</td>
			<td>2x</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="2">adapter for CCD camera to 1 post</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>in-house</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>adapter for laser to 4 posts</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>in-house</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>mount for lens 3</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>LMR2/M</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>mounts for half wave plates</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>RSP1D/M</td>
			<td>2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>mounts for mirrors</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>KM100</td>
			<td>5x</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>mount for linear polarizer</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>RSP05/M</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>mounts for beam splitters and SLM</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>KM100PM/M</td>
			<td>11x</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>clamping arms for beam splitters and SLM</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>PM4/M</td>
			<td>11x</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>posts for mounts, rail carriers and adapters</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>TR75/M</td>
			<td>29x</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>holders for posts</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>PH50/M</td>
			<td>29x</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pedestals for holders</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>BE1/M</td>
			<td>29x</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>clamping forks for pedestals</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>CF125</td>
			<td>29x</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

transmission of multiple signals through an optical fiber using wavefront shaping

Die Übertragung mehrerer unabhängiger optischer Signale durch eine Multimodenfaser verwendet geführt Wellenfrontformung, um die Licht Verzerrung während der Ausbreitung in der Faser zu kompensieren. Unsere Methode ist auf digitale optische Phasenkonjugation basierend nur einen einzigen räumlichen Lichtmodulator verwendet wird, wo die optische Wellenfront individuell an verschiedenen Bereichen des Modulators moduliert wird, eine Region pro Lichtsignal. Digitale optische Phasenkonjugation Ansätze gelten als schneller als andere Wellenfront Formungs Ansätze, wobei (beispielsweise) eine vollständige Bestimmung der Wellenausbreitungsverhalten der Faser durchgeführt wird. Im Gegensatz dazu ist der vorgestellte Ansatz zeiteffizient, da sie nur pro Lichtsignal eine Kalibrierung erforderlich ist. Das vorgeschlagene Verfahren ist potentiell geeignet für die räumliche Multiplex in der Kommunikationstechnik. Weitere Anwendungsfelder sind endoskopische Lichtabgabe in der Biophotonik, vor allem in optogenetics, wobei einzelne Zellen in biologischen Gewebe haben mit hoher räumlicher und zeitlicher Auflösung selektiv beleuchtet werden.

<html> Typische Ausgangssignale an der distalen Seite der 2 m lange Faser sind in Abbildung 2 dargestellt. Beachten Sie, dass die gewünschte Brennfleck (peak) durch eine unerwünschte Fleckenmuster begleitet wird (Hintergrund), die Unvollkommenheit der DOPC als grundsätzlich zurückzuführen ist. Die entsprechenden Peak-to-Hintergrund-Verhältnis (PBR) beläuft sich auf 53 (nur Signal 1 &#39;auf&#39;), 36 (nur Signal 2 &#39;auf&#39;) und 20 (beide Signale 1 und 2 &#39;a...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Transmission of Multiple Signals through an Optical Fiber Using Wavefront Shaping at JoVE.com

Transmission of Multiple Signals through an Optical Fiber Using Wavefront Shaping

We demonstrate the transmission of multiple independent signals through a multimode fiber using wavefront shaping employing a single spatial light modulator. By modulating the wavefront for each signal individually, spatially separated foci are transmitted. Potential applications are multiplexed data transfer in communications engineering and endoscopic light delivery in biophotonics.

Die Übertragung von mehreren Signalen über eine optische Faser Mit Wavefront-Shaping

The transmission of multiple independent optical signals through a multimode fiber is accomplished using wavefront shaping in order to compensate for the ...

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9.7K Aufrufe.  TU Dresden. We demonstrate the transmission of multiple independent signals through a multimode fiber using wavefront shaping employing a single spatial light modulator. By modulating the wavefront for each signal individually, spatially separated foci are transmitted. Potential applications are multiplexed data transfer in communications engineering and endoscopic light delivery in biophotonics.

Serie: Transmission of Multiple Signals through an Optical Fiber Using Wavefront Shaping

Three-dimensional Optical-resolution Photoacoustic Microscopy

Optical microscopy, providing valuable insights at the cellular and organelle levels, has been widely recognized as an enabling biomedical technology. As the mainstays of in vivo three-dimensional (3-D) optical microscopy, single-/multi-photon fluorescence microscopy and optical coherence tomography (OCT) have demonstrated their extraordinary sensitivities to fluorescence and optical scattering contrasts, respectively. However, the optical absorption contrast of biological tissues, which encodes essential physiological/pathological information, has not yet been assessable. 
The emergence of biomedical photoacoustics has led to a new branch of optical microscopy optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy (OR-PAM)1, where the optical irradiation is focused to the diffraction limit to achieve cellular1 or even subcellular2 level lateral resolution. As a valuable complement to existing optical microscopy technologies, OR-PAM brings in at least two novelties. First and most importantly, OR-PAM detects optical absorption contrasts with extraordinary sensitivity (i.e., 100%). Combining OR-PAM with fluorescence microscopy3 or with optical-scattering-based OCT4 (or with both) provides comprehensive optical properties of biological tissues. Second, OR-PAM encodes optical absorption into acoustic waves, in contrast to the pure optical processes in fluorescence microscopy and OCT, and provides background-free detection. The acoustic detection in OR-PAM mitigates the impacts of optical scattering on signal degradation and naturally eliminates possible interferences (i.e., crosstalks) between excitation and detection, which is a common problem in fluorescence microscopy due to the overlap between the excitation and fluorescence spectra. 
Unique for optical absorption imaging, OR-PAM has demonstrated broad biomedical applications since its invention, including, but not limited to, neurology5, 6, ophthalmology7, 8, vascular biology9, and dermatology10. In this video, we teach the system configuration and alignment of OR-PAM as well as the experimental procedures for in vivo functional microvascular imaging.

Optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy (OR-PAM) is an emerging technology capable of imaging optical absorption contrasts in vivo with cellular resolution and sensitivity. Here, we provide a visualized instruction on the experimental protocols of OR-PAM, including system configuration, system alignment, typical in vivo experimental procedures, and functional imaging schemes.

Dreidimensionale Optische Auflösung photoakustische Mikroskopie

Optical microscopy, providing valuable insights at the cellular and organelle levels, has been widely recognized as an enabling biomedical technology. As ...

Forschung

Biotechnik

Attaching Biological Probes to Silica Optical Biosensors Using Silane Coupling Agents

In order to interface with biological environments, biosensor platforms, such as the popular Biacore system (based on the Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) technique), make use of various surface modification techniques, that can, for example, prevent surface fouling, tune the hydrophobicity / hydrophilicity of the surface, adapt to a variety of electronic environments, and most frequently, induce specificity towards a target of interest.1-5 These techniques extend the functionality of otherwise highly sensitive biosensors to real-world applications in complex environments, such as blood, urine, and wastewater analysis.2,6-7 While commercial biosensing platforms, such as Biacore, have well-understood, standard techniques for performing such surface modifications, these techniques have not been translated in a standardized fashion to other label-free biosensing platforms, such as Whispering Gallery Mode (WGM) optical resonators.8-9
WGM optical resonators represent a promising technology for performing label-free detection of a wide variety of species at ultra-low concentrations.6,10-12 The high sensitivity of these platforms is a result of their unique geometric optics: WGM optical resonators confine circulating light at specific, integral resonance frequencies.13 Like the SPR platforms, the optical field is not totally confined to the sensor device, but evanesces; this "evanescent tail" can then interact with species in the surrounding environment. This interaction causes the effective refractive index of the optical field to change, resulting in a slight, but detectable, shift in the resonance frequency of the device. Because the optical field circulates, it can interact many times with the environment, resulting in an inherent amplification of the signal, and very high sensitivities to minor changes in the environment.2,14-15
To perform targeted detection in complex environments, these platforms must be paired with a probe molecule (usually one half of a binding pair, e.g. antibodies / antigens) through surface modification.2 Although WGM optical resonators can be fabricated in several geometries from a variety of material systems, the silica microsphere is the most common. These microspheres are generally fabricated on the end of an optical fiber, which provides a "stem" by which the microspheres can be handled during functionalization and detection experiments. Silica surface chemistries may be applied to attach probe molecules to their surfaces; however, traditional techniques generated for planar substrates are often not adequate for these three-dimensional structures, as any changes to the surface of the microspheres (dust, contamination, surface defects, and uneven coatings) can have severe, negative consequences on their detection capabilities. Here, we demonstrate a facile approach for the surface functionalization of silica microsphere WGM optical resonators using silane coupling agents to bridge the inorganic surface and the biological environment, by attaching biotin to the silica surface.8,16 Although we use silica microsphere WGM resonators as the sensor system in this report, the protocols are general and can be used to functionalize the surface of any silica device with biotin.

Biosensors interface with complex, biological environments and perform targeted detection by combining highly sensitive sensors with highly specific probes attached to the sensor via surface modification. Here, we demonstrate the surface functionalization of silica optical sensors with biotin using silane coupling agents to bridge the sensor and the biological environment.

Anbringen biologischen Sonden zur Silica Optische Biosensoren Mit Silane Coupling Agents

In order to interface with biological environments, biosensor platforms, such as the popular Biacore system (based on the Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) ...

Induction of Adhesion-dependent Signals Using Low-intensity Ultrasound

In multicellular organisms, cell behavior is dictated by interactions with the extracellular matrix. Consequences of matrix-engagement range from regulation of cell migration and proliferation, to secretion and even differentiation. The signals underlying each of these complex processes arise from the molecular interactions of extracellular matrix receptors on the surface of the cell. Integrins are the prototypic receptors and provide a mechanical link between extracellular matrix and the cytoskeleton, as well as initiating some of the adhesion-dependent signaling cascades. However, it is becoming increasingly apparent that additional transmembrane receptors function alongside the integrins to regulate both the integrin itself and signals downstream. The most elegant of these examples is the transmembrane proteoglycan, syndecan-4, which cooperates with &alpha;5&beta;1-integrin during adhesion to fibronectin. In vivo models demonstrate the importance of syndecan-4 signaling, as syndecan-4-knockout mice exhibit healing retardation due to inefficient fibroblast migration1,2. In wild-type animals, migration of fibroblasts toward a wound is triggered by the appearance of fibronectin that leaks from damaged capillaries and is deposited by macrophages in injured tissue. Therefore there is great interest in discovering strategies that enhance fibronectin-dependent signaling and could accelerate repair processes.
The integrin-mediated and syndecan-4-mediated components of fibronectin-dependent signaling can be separated by stimulating cells with recombinant fibronectin fragments. Although integrin engagement is essential for cell adhesion, certain fibronectin-dependent signals are regulated by syndecan-4. Syndecan-4 activates the Rac1 protrusive signal3, causes integrin redistribution1, triggers recruitment of cytoskeletal molecules, such as vinculin, to focal adhesions4, and thereby induces directional migration3. We have looked for alternative strategies for activating such signals and found that low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) can mimic the effects of syndecan-4 engagement5. In this protocol we describe the method by which 30 mW/cm2, 1.5 MHz ultrasound, pulsed at 1 kHz (Fig. 1) can be applied to fibroblasts in culture (Fig. 2) to induce Rac1 activation and focal adhesion formation. Ultrasound stimulation is applied for a maximum of 20 minutes, as this combination of parameters has been found to be most efficacious for acceleration of clinical fracture repair6. The method uses recombinant fibronectin fragments to engage &alpha;5&beta;1-integrin, without engagement of syndecan-4, and requires inhibition of protein synthesis by cycloheximide to block deposition of additional matrix by the fibroblasts., The positive effect of ultrasound on repair mechanisms is well documented7,8, and by understanding the molecular effect of ultrasound in culture we should be able to refine the therapeutic technique to improve clinical outcomes.

This protocol describes the stimulation of cultured fibroblasts with low-intensity pulsed ultrasound, which drives focal adhesion formation and Rac1 activation by mimicking engagement of the transmembrane matrix receptor, syndecan-4. This approach allows investigation of a successful clinical technique at the cellular level, thereby providing opportunities for refinement of the therapy.

Die Induktion von Adhäsions-abhängigen Signale mit geringer Intensität Ultraschall

In multicellular organisms, cell behavior is dictated by interactions with the extracellular matrix. Consequences of matrix-engagement range from ...

In vitro Synthesis of Native, Fibrous Long Spacing and Segmental Long Spacing Collagen

Collagen fibrils are present in the extracellular matrix of animal tissue to provide structural scaffolding and mechanical strength. These native collagen fibrils have a characteristic banding periodicity of ~67 nm and are formed in vivo through the hierarchical assembly of Type I collagen monomers, which are 300 nm in length and 1.4 nm in diameter. In vitro, by varying the conditions to which the monomer building blocks are exposed, unique structures ranging in length scales up to 50 microns can be constructed, including not only native type fibrils, but also fibrous long spacing and segmental long spacing collagen. Herein, we present procedures for forming the three different collagen structures from a common commercially available collagen monomer. Using the protocols that we and others have published in the past to make these three types typically lead to mixtures of structures. In particular, unbanded fibrils were commonly found when making native collagen, and native fibrils were often present when making fibrous long spacing collagen. These new procedures have the advantage of producing the desired collagen fibril type almost exclusively. The formation of the desired structures is verified by imaging using an atomic force microscope.

In vitro Synthesis of Native, Fibrous Long Spacing and Segmental Long Spacing Collagen

Simple and reproducible procedures are described for making three structurally distinct collagen assemblies from a common commercially available Type I collagen monomer. Native type, fibrous long spacing or segmental long spacing collagen can be constructed by varying the conditions to which the 300 nm long and 1.4 nm diameter monomer building block is exposed.

In vitro Synthese von Native, Fibröse Lange Abstände und Segmentberichterstattung Lange Spacing Collagen

Collagen fibrils are present in the  extracellular matrix of animal tissue to provide structural scaffolding and  mechanical strength. These native ...

Label-free Single Molecule Detection Using Microtoroid Optical Resonators

Detecting small concentrations of molecules down to the single molecule limit has impact on areas such as early detection of disease, and fundamental studies on the behavior of molecules. Single molecule detection techniques commonly utilize labels such as fluorescent tags or quantum dots, however, labels are not always available, increase cost and complexity, and can perturb the events being studied. Optical resonators have emerged as a promising means to detect single molecules without the use of labels. Currently the smallest particle detected by a non-plasmonically-enhanced bare optical resonator system in solution is a 25 nm polystyrene sphere1. We have developed a technique known as Frequency Locking Optical Whispering Evanescent Resonator (FLOWER) that can surpass this limit and achieve label-free single molecule detection in aqueous solution2. As signal strength scales with particle volume, our work represents a &#62; 100x improvement in the signal to noise ratio (SNR) over the current state of the art. Here the procedures behind FLOWER are presented in an effort to increase its usage in the field.

We have developed a label-free biosensing system based on optical resonator technology known as Frequency Locking Optical Whispering Evanescent Resonator (FLOWER) that is capable of detecting single molecules in solution. Here the procedures behind this work are described and presented.

Markierungsfreie Einzelmoleküldetektion Mit Mikrotoroid optischen Resonatoren

Detecting small concentrations of molecules down to the single molecule limit has impact on areas such as early detection of disease, and fundamental ...

Multicolor Fluorescence Detection for Droplet Microfluidics Using Optical Fibers

Fluorescence assays are the most common readouts used in droplet microfluidics due to their bright signals and fast time response. Applications such as multiplex assays, enzyme evolution, and molecular biology enhanced cell sorting require the detection of two or more colors of fluorescence. Standard multicolor detection systems that couple free space lasers to epifluorescence microscopes are bulky, expensive, and difficult to maintain. In this paper, we describe a scheme to perform multicolor detection by exciting discrete regions of a microfluidic channel with lasers coupled to optical fibers. Emitted light is collected by an optical fiber coupled to a single photodetector. Because the excitation occurs at different spatial locations, the identity of emitted light can be encoded as a temporal shift, eliminating the need for more complicated light filtering schemes. The system has been used to detect droplet populations containing four unique combinations of dyes and to detect sub-nanomolar concentrations of fluorescein.

Multicolor fluorescence detection in droplet microfluidics typically involves bulky and complex epifluorescence microscope-based detection systems. Here we describe a compact and modular multicolor detection scheme that utilizes an array of optical fibers to temporally encode multicolor data collected by a single photodetector.

Mehrfarbenfluoreszenzdetektion für Droplet Mikrofluidik Verwendung von Optical Fibers

Fluorescence assays are the most common readouts used in droplet microfluidics due to their bright signals and fast time response. Applications such as ...

Determination of Zeta Potential via Nanoparticle Translocation Velocities through a Tunable Nanopore: Using DNA-modified Particles as an Example

Nanopore technologies, known collectively as Resistive Pulse Sensors (RPS), are being used to detect, quantify and characterize proteins, molecules and nanoparticles. Tunable resistive pulse sensing (TRPS) is a relatively recent adaptation to RPS that incorporates a tunable pore that can be altered in real time. Here, we use TRPS to monitor the translocation times of DNA-modified nanoparticles as they traverse the tunable pore membrane as a function of DNA concentration and structure (i.e., single-stranded to double-stranded DNA).
TRPS is based on two Ag/AgCl electrodes, separated by an elastomeric pore membrane that establishes a stable ionic current upon an applied electric field. Unlike various optical-based particle characterization technologies, TRPS can characterize individual particles amongst a sample population, allowing for multimodal samples to be analyzed with ease. Here, we demonstrate zeta potential measurements via particle translocation velocities of known standards and apply these to sample analyte translocation times, thus resulting in measuring the zeta potential of those analytes.
As well as acquiring mean zeta potential values, the samples are all measured using a particle-by-particle perspective exhibiting more information on a given sample through sample population distributions, for example. Of such, this method demonstrates potential within sensing applications for both medical and environmental fields.

Here we use a polyurethane tunable nanopore integrated into a resistive pulse sensing technique to characterize nanoparticles surface chemistry via the measurement of particle translocation velocities, which can be used to determine the zeta potential of individual nanoparticles.

Bestimmung des Zetapotentials über Nanoparticle Translokation Geschwindigkeiten durch eine Tunable Nanopore: Die Verwendung von DNA-modifizierten Partikel als Beispiel

Nanopore technologies, known collectively as Resistive Pulse Sensors (RPS), are being used to detect, quantify and characterize proteins, molecules and ...

Using Extraordinary Optical Transmission to Quantify Cardiac Biomarkers in Human Serum

For a biosensing platform to have clinical relevance in point-of-care (POC) settings, assay sensitivity, reproducibility, and ability to reliably monitor analytes against the background of human serum are crucial.
Nanoimprinting lithography (NIL) was used to fabricate, at a low cost, sensing areas as large as 1.5 mm x 1.5 mm. The sensing surface was made of high-fidelity arrays of nanoholes, each with an area of about 140 nm2. The great reproducibility of NIL made it possible to employ a one-chip, one-measurement strategy on 12 individually manufactured surfaces, with minimal chip-to-chip variation. These nanoimprinted localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) chips were extensively tested on their ability to reliably measure a bioanalyte at concentrations varying from 2.5 to 75 ng/mL amidst the background of a complex biofluid-in this case, human serum. The high fidelity of NIL enables the generation of large sensing areas, which in turn eliminates the need for a microscope, as this biosensor can be easily interfaced with a commonly available laboratory light source. These biosensors can detect cardiac troponin in serum with a high sensitivity, at a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.55 ng/mL, which is clinically relevant. They also show low chip-to-chip variance (due to the high quality of the fabrication process). The results are commensurable with widely used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-based assays, but the technique retains the advantages of an LSPR-based sensing platform (i.e., amenability to miniaturization and multiplexing, making it more feasible for POC applications).

This work describes a nanoimprinting lithography method to fabricate high-quality sensing arrays that work on the principle of extraordinary optical transmission. The biosensor is low-cost, robust, easy to use, and can detect cardiac troponin I in serum at clinically relevant concentrations (99th percentile cutoff &#8764;10-400 pg/mL, depending on the assay).

Verwendung von außergewöhnlichen optischen Übertragung kardiale Biomarker in humanem Serum quantifizieren

For a biosensing platform to have clinical relevance in point-of-care (POC) settings, assay sensitivity, reproducibility, and ability to reliably monitor ...

A Protocol for Multiple Gene Knockout in Mouse Small Intestinal Organoids Using a CRISPR-concatemer

CRISPR/Cas9 technology has greatly improved the feasibility and speed of loss-of-function studies that are essential in understanding gene function. In higher eukaryotes, paralogous genes can mask a potential phenotype by compensating the loss of a gene, thus limiting the information that can be obtained from genetic studies relying on single gene knockouts. We have developed a novel, rapid cloning method for guide RNA (gRNA) concatemers in order to create multi-gene knockouts following a single round of transfection in mouse small intestinal organoids. Our strategy allows for the concatemerization of up to four individual gRNAs into a single vector by performing a single Golden Gate shuffling reaction with annealed gRNA oligos and a pre-designed retroviral vector. This allows either the simultaneous knockout of up to four different genes, or increased knockout efficiency following the targeting of one gene by multiple gRNAs. In this protocol, we show in detail how to efficiently clone multiple gRNAs into the retroviral CRISPR-concatemer vector and how to achieve highly efficient electroporation in intestinal organoids. As an example, we show that simultaneous knockout of two pairs of genes encoding negative regulators of the Wnt signaling pathway (Axin1/2 and Rnf43/Znrf3) renders intestinal organoids resistant to the withdrawal of key growth factors.

This protocol describes the steps for cloning multiple single guide RNAs into one guide RNA concatemer vector, which is of particular use in creating multi-gene knockouts using CRISPR/Cas9 technology. The generation of double knockouts in intestinal organoids is shown as a possible application of this method.

Ein Protokoll für mehrfache Gen-Knockout in Maus-Dünndarm-Organoiden mit einem CRISPR-Concatemer

CRISPR/Cas9 technology has greatly improved the feasibility and speed of loss-of-function studies that are essential in understanding gene function. In ...

Targeting Neuronal Fiber Tracts for Deep Brain Stimulation Therapy Using Interactive, Patient-Specific Models

Deep brain stimulation (DBS), which involves insertion of an electrode to deliver stimulation to a localized brain region, is an established therapy for movement disorders and is being applied to a growing number of disorders. Computational modeling has been successfully used to predict the clinical effects of DBS; however, there is a need for novel modeling techniques to keep pace with the growing complexity of DBS devices. These models also need to generate predictions quickly and accurately. The goal of this project is to develop an image processing pipeline to incorporate structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) into an interactive, patient specific model to simulate the effects of DBS. A virtual DBS lead can be placed inside of the patient model, along with active contacts and stimulation settings, where changes in lead position or orientation generate a new finite element mesh and solution of the bioelectric field problem in near real-time, a timespan of approximately 10 seconds. This system also enables the simulation of multiple leads in close proximity to allow for current steering by varying anodes and cathodes on different leads. The techniques presented in this paper reduce the burden of generating and using computational models while providing meaningful feedback about the effects of electrode position, electrode design, and stimulation configurations to researchers or clinicians who may not be modeling experts.

The goal of this project is to develop an interactive, patient-specific modeling pipeline to simulate the effects of deep brain stimulation in near real-time and provide meaningful feedback as to how these devices influence neural activity in the brain.

Targeting neuronalen Faser Traktate für Deep Brain Stimulationstherapie mit interaktiven, patientenspezifische Modelle

Deep brain stimulation (DBS), which involves insertion of an electrode to deliver stimulation to a localized brain region, is an established therapy for ...