This work was partially supported by NIH grants CA194013, CA192064 and U54GM104942. The WVCTSI is acknowledged for start-up to VVK, AB, and TDE. The authors thank Dr. M. Gencheva and K. Steinberger for the assistance with the illustrative experiments. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the NIH.

All animal work was performed in accordance with WVU IACUC approved protocol.
1. Probe Synthesis and Calibration
<ol>
	<li>Particulate pO2-sensitive LiNc-BuO probe 
	Note: LiNc-BuO microcrystals are synthesized and prepared as described in reference13. They are very stable and can be kept at room temperature for years. The EPR linewidth of the LiNc-BuO particulate probe is a pO2-sensitive parameter. LiNc-Bu...

<ol>
	<li>Siemann, D. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Tumor Microenvironment. , (2011).</li><li>Tatum, J. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hypoxia:+importance+in+tumor+biology,+noninvasive+measurement+by+imaging,+and+value+of+its+measurement+in+the+management+of+cancer+therapy.">Hypoxia: importance in tumor biology, noninvasive measurement by imaging, and value of its measurement in the management of cancer therapy.</a> Int J Radiat Biol. 82 (10), 699-757 (2006).</li><li>Brahimi-Horn, M. C., Chiche, J., Pouyssegur, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hypoxia+signalling+controls+metabolic+demand.">Hypoxia signalling controls metabolic demand.</a> Curr Opin Cell Biol. 19 (2), 223-229 (2007).</li><li>Haulica, A., Ababei, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparative+study+of+glycolytic+activity+in+the+erythrocytes+of+animals+with+chronic+experimental+hypoxia+and+with+tumours.">Comparative study of glycolytic activity in the erythrocytes of animals with chronic experimental hypoxia and with tumours.</a> Neoplasma. 21 (1), 29-35 (1974).</li><li>Matsumoto, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-resolution+mapping+of+tumor+redox+status+by+magnetic+resonance+imaging+using+nitroxides+as+redox-sensitive+contrast+agents.">High-resolution mapping of tumor redox status by magnetic resonance imaging using nitroxides as redox-sensitive contrast agents.</a> Clin Cancer Res. 12 (8), 2455-2462 (2006).</li><li>Estrela, J. M., Ortega, A., Obrador, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Glutathione+in+cancer+biology+and+therapy.">Glutathione in cancer biology and therapy.</a> Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci. 43 (2), 143-181 (2006).</li><li>Voegtlin, C., Thompson, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Glutathione+content+of+tumor+animals.">Glutathione content of tumor animals.</a> J. Biol. Chem. 70, 801-806 (1926).</li><li>Bobko, A. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interstitial+Inorganic+Phosphate+as+a+Tumor+Microenvironment+Marker+for+Tumor+Progression.">Interstitial Inorganic Phosphate as a Tumor Microenvironment Marker for Tumor Progression.</a> Sci Rep. 7, 41233 (2017).</li><li>Gillies, R. J., Raghunand, N., Garcia-Martin, M. L., Gatenby, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=pH+imaging.+A+review+of+pH+measurement+methods+and+applications+in+cancers.">pH imaging. A review of pH measurement methods and applications in cancers.</a> IEEE Eng Med Biol Mag. 23 (5), 57-64 (2004).</li><li>Gade, T. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Imaging+intratumoral+convection:+pressure-dependent+enhancement+in+chemotherapeutic+delivery+to+solid+tumors.">Imaging intratumoral convection: pressure-dependent enhancement in chemotherapeutic delivery to solid tumors.</a> Clin Cancer Res. 15 (1), 247-255 (2009).</li><li>Bobko, A. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+monitoring+of+pH,+redox+status,+and+glutathione+using+L-band+EPR+for+assessment+of+therapeutic+effectiveness+in+solid+tumors.">In vivo monitoring of pH, redox status, and glutathione using L-band EPR for assessment of therapeutic effectiveness in solid tumors.</a> Magn Reson Med. 67, 1827-1836 (2012).</li><li>Dhimitruka, I., Bobko, A. A., Eubank, T. D., Komarov, D. A., Khramtsov, V. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phosphonated+Trityl+Probe+for+Concurrent+In+Vivo+Tissue+Oxygen+and+pH+Monitoring+Using+EPR-based+Techniques.">Phosphonated Trityl Probe for Concurrent In Vivo Tissue Oxygen and pH Monitoring Using EPR-based Techniques.</a> JACS. 135, 5904-5910 (2013).</li><li>Pandian, R. P., Parinandi, N. L., Ilangovan, G., Zweier, J. L., Kuppusamy, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Novel+particulate+spin+probe+for+targeted+determination+of+oxygen+in+cells+and+tissues.">Novel particulate spin probe for targeted determination of oxygen in cells and tissues.</a> Free Radic Biol Med. 35 (9), 1138-1148 (2003).</li><li>Bobko, A. A., Evans, J., Denko, N. C., Khramtsov, V. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Concurrent+Longitudinal+EPR+Monitoring+of+Tissue+Oxygenation,+Acidosis,+and+Reducing+Capacity+in+Mouse+Xenograft+Tumor+Models.">Concurrent Longitudinal EPR Monitoring of Tissue Oxygenation, Acidosis, and Reducing Capacity in Mouse Xenograft Tumor Models.</a> Cell Biochem Biophys. 75, 247-253 (2017).</li><li>Khramtsov, V. V., Yelinova, V. I., Glazachev Yu, I., Reznikov, V. A., Zimmer, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+determination+and+reversible+modification+of+thiols+using+imidazolidine+biradical+disulfide+label.">Quantitative determination and reversible modification of thiols using imidazolidine biradical disulfide label.</a> J Biochem Biophys Methods. 35 (2), 115-128 (1997).</li><li>Roshchupkina, G. I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+EPR+measurement+of+glutathione+in+tumor-bearing+mice+using+improved+disulfide+biradical+probe.">In vivo EPR measurement of glutathione in tumor-bearing mice using improved disulfide biradical probe.</a> Free Rad. Biol. Med. 45, 312-320 (2008).</li><li>Khramtsov, V. V., Zweier, J. L., Hicks, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Stable Radicals: Fundamentals and Applied Aspects of Odd-Electron Compounds. , 537-566 (2010).</li><li>Bobko, A. A., Dhimitruka, I., Zweier, J. L., Khramtsov, V. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fourier+Transform+EPR+of+Trityl+Radicals+for+Multifunctional+Assessment+of+Chemical+Microenvironment).">Fourier Transform EPR of Trityl Radicals for Multifunctional Assessment of Chemical Microenvironment).</a> Angew. Chem. Int. Edit. 53, 2735-2738 (2014).</li><li>Martin, M. L., Martin, G. J., Delpuech, J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Practical NMR spectroscopy. , (1980).</li><li>Lin, E. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Progression+to+malignancy+in+the+polyoma+middle+T+oncoprotein+mouse+breast+cancer+model+provides+a+reliable+model+for+human+diseases.">Progression to malignancy in the polyoma middle T oncoprotein mouse breast cancer model provides a reliable model for human diseases.</a> Am J Pathol. 163 (5), 2113-2126 (2003).</li><li>Eubank, T. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Granulocyte+macrophage+colony-stimulating+factor+inhibits+breast+cancer+growth+and+metastasis+by+invoking+an+anti-angiogenic+program+in+tumor-educated+macrophages.">Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor inhibits breast cancer growth and metastasis by invoking an anti-angiogenic program in tumor-educated macrophages.</a> Cancer Res. 69 (5), 2133-2140 (2009).</li><li>Khramtsov, V. V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+determination+of+SH+groups+in+low-+and+high-molecular-weight+compounds+by+an+electron+spin+resonance+method.">Quantitative determination of SH groups in low- and high-molecular-weight compounds by an electron spin resonance method.</a> Anal Biochem. 182 (1), 58-63 (1989).</li><li>Komarov, D. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electron+paramagnetic+resonance+monitoring+of+ischemia-induced+myocardial+oxygen+depletion+and+acidosis+in+isolated+rat+hearts+using+soluble+paramagnetic+probes.">Electron paramagnetic resonance monitoring of ischemia-induced myocardial oxygen depletion and acidosis in isolated rat hearts using soluble paramagnetic probes.</a> Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. 68 (2), 649-655 (2012).</li><li>Song, Y. G., Liu, Y. P., Liu, W. B., Villamena, F. A., Zweier, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+the+binding+of+the+Finland+trityl+radical+with+bovine+serum+albumin.">Characterization of the binding of the Finland trityl radical with bovine serum albumin.</a> Rsc Advances. 4 (88), 47649-47656 (2014).</li><li>Khramtsov, V. V., Bobko, A. A., Tseytlin, M., Driesschaert, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exchange+Phenomena+in+the+Electron+Paramagnetic+Resonance+Spectra+of+the+Nitroxyl+and+Trityl+Radicals:+Multifunctional+Spectroscopy+and+Imaging+of+Local+Chemical+Microenvironment.">Exchange Phenomena in the Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectra of the Nitroxyl and Trityl Radicals: Multifunctional Spectroscopy and Imaging of Local Chemical Microenvironment.</a> Analyt. Chem. 89 (9), 4758-4771 (2017).</li><li>Samouilov, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+Vivo+Proton-Electron+Double-Resonance+Imaging+of+Extracellular+Tumor+pH+Using+an+Advanced+Nitroxide+Probe.">In Vivo Proton-Electron Double-Resonance Imaging of Extracellular Tumor pH Using an Advanced Nitroxide Probe.</a> Analyt. Chem. 86 (2), 1045-1052 (2014).</li><li>Goodwin, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+tumour+extracellular+pH+monitoring+using+electron+paramagnetic+resonance:+the+effect+of+X-ray+irradiation.">In vivo tumour extracellular pH monitoring using electron paramagnetic resonance: the effect of X-ray irradiation.</a> NMR Biomed. 27 (4), 453-458 (2014).</li></ol>

The presented methods allow for noninvasive in vivo assessment of the critical parameters of the chemical TME, namely pO2, pH, redox status, and concentrations of interstitial Pi and intracellular GSH. Magnetic resonance techniques, such as MRI and low-field EPR, are the methods of choice for noninvasive in vivo profiling of these TME parameters. MRI visualizes anatomical structures but lacks functional sensitivity. In contrast to MRI, EPR techniques provide functional sensitivity to...

A key role of the TME in cancer progression and therapy is increasingly appreciated1. Among important physiological parameters of the TME in solid tumors, tissue hypoxia2, acidosis3,4, high reducing capacity5, elevated concentrations of intracellular GSH6,7, and interstitial Pi8 are well documented. Noninvasive in vivo pO2, pH, Pi, GSH, and redox assessments provide unique insights into the biological processes in TME, and help advance tools for pre-clinical screening of anti-cancer drugs and TME-targeted therapeutic strategies. A reasonable radiofrequency penetration depth in tissues by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and low-field EPR-based techniques makes them the most appropriate approaches for noninvasive assessment of these TME parameters. MRI relies largely on imaging water protons and is widely used in clinical settings to provide anatomical resolution but lacks functional resolution. The phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance (31P-NMR) measurements of extracellular Pi concentration and pH based on a signal from endogenous phosphate are potentially attractive for TME characterization, but are normally masked by several times higher intracellular Pi concentrations9,10. In contrast to this, EPR measurements rely on spectroscopy and imaging of specially designed paramagnetic probes to provide functional resolution. Note that exogenous EPR probes have an advantage over exogenous NMR probes due to the much higher intrinsic sensitivity of EPR and absence of endogenous background EPR signals. The recent development of a dual function pH and redox nitroxyl probe11 and multifunctional trityl probe12&#160;provides unsurpassed opportunities for in vivo concurrent measurements of several TME parameters and their correlation analyses independent on probe distribution and time of measurement. To our knowledge, there are no other methods available to concurrently assess in vivo physiologically important chemical TME parameters in living subjects, such as pO2, pHe, Pi, redox, and GSH.
Probes for In Vivo Functional Measurements:
Figure 1 shows chemical structures of the paramagnetic probes used to access TME parameters, which include particulate and soluble probes. High functional sensitivity, stability in living tissue, and minimal toxicity are a few benefits that make particulate probes preferred over soluble probes for in vivo EPR oximetry. For example, particulate probes have increased retention times at the site of tissue implant compared to soluble probes allowing for longitudinal measurement of tissue pO2 over several weeks. On the other hand, soluble probes outperform particulate probes by providing spatial-resolved measurements using EPR-based imaging techniques as well as allowing concomitant analyses from multiple functionalities (pO2, pH, Pi, redox, and GSH).
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56624/56624fig1.jpg" /> 
Figure 1. Chemical structures of the paramagnetic probes that assemble TME assessment assay. This includes the particulate pO2 probe, LiNc-BuO (R = -O(CH2)3CH3), and soluble probes: dual function pH and redox probe, NR; GSH-sensitive probe, RSSR; and multifunctional pO2, pH, and Pi probe of the extracellular&#160;microenvironment, the HOPE probe. The synthesis of these probes has been described in the provided references 11,12. <a href="//cloudflare.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/56624/56624fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="703">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">L-band EPR spectrometer</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">Magnettech, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">L-band (1.2 GHz) electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrometer for collection in vitro and in vivo spectra of paramagnetic molecules</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">&#160;Temperature &#38; Gas Controller&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">Noxygen, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Temperature &#38; Gas Controller designed to control and adjust the temperature and gas composition&#160;&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Sonicator</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">GSH (L-Glutathione reduced)</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">G4251</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">MMTV-PyMT&#160; mice</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">In house</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">DMEM</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11995065</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Met-1 murine breast cancer cells</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">In house</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">C57Bl/6 wild type mice&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">Jackson Laboratory</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Trypsin</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">25200056</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Trypan Blue Exclusion Dye&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">T10282</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Ohmeda Fluotec 3&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:201px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Isoflurane (IsoFlo)</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">Abbott Laboratories</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Sodium phosphate dibasic</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S9763</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Sodium phosphate monobasic</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S07051</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Sodium Chloride</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S7653</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Hydrochloric acid</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">320331</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Sodium Hydroxide</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S8045</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Glucose</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Glucose oxydase</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Lauda Circulator E100</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">Lauda-Brikmann</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">pH meter Orion</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">Thermo Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">LiNc-BuO probe</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">In house</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>The Octa-n-Butoxy-Naphthalocyanine probe was synthesizided according to ref 13</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">NR probe</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">In house</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>The Nitroxide probe was synthesizided according to ref 11</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">RSSR probe</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">In house</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>The di-Nitroxide probe was synthesizided according to ref 15</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">HOPE probe</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">In house</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>The monophoshonated Triarylmethyl probe was synthesizided according to ref 12</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

in vivo epr assessment of ph, po2, redox status, and concentrations of phosphate and glutathione in the tumor microenvironment

This protocol demonstrates the capability of low-field electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR)-based techniques in combination with functional paramagnetic probes to provide quantitative information on the chemical tumor microenvironment (TME), including pO2, pH, redox status, concentrations of interstitial inorganic phosphate (Pi), and intracellular glutathione (GSH). In particular, an application of a recently developed soluble multifunctional trityl probe provides unsurpassed opportunity for in vivo concurrent measurements of pH, pO2 and Pi in Extracellular space (HOPE probe). The measurements of three parameters using a single probe allow for their correlation analyses independent of probe distribution and time of the measurements.

Tissue pO2 Assessment Using the LiNc-BuO Probes:
Using the procedure described under step 1.1, we performed the calibration of freshly prepared LiNc-BuO microcrystals suspension. Figure 2 shows the typical oxygen dependence of the linewidth of the LiNc-BuO probe, as well as its exemplified EPR sp...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In Vivo EPR Assessment of pH, pO2, Redox Status, and Concentrations of Phosphate and Glutathione in the Tumor Microenvironment at JoVE.com

In Vivo EPR Assessment of pH, pO2, Redox Status, and Concentrations of Phosphate and Glutathione in the Tumor Microenvironment

Low-field (L-band, 1.2 GHz) electron paramagnetic resonance using soluble nitroxyl and trityl probes is demonstrated for assessment of physiologically important parameters in the tumor microenvironment in mouse models of breast cancer.

In Vivo EPR Assessment of pH, pO2, Redox Status, and Concentrations of Phosphate and Glutathione in the Tumor Microenvironment

This protocol demonstrates the capability of low-field electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR)-based techniques in combination with functional paramagnetic ...

The overall goal of this in vivo electron paramagnetic resonance technology is to quantitatively and noninvasively assess the physiologically relevant parameters of local tissue microenvironment in preclinical settings in animal models of cancer. This technique is based on the combination of flourofield APR with special design functional paramagnetic probes to provide quantitative information on tissue oxygenation as CDT in dock status as well as interstitial organic phosphate and intercellular concentrations. This noninvasive technique provides unique insight into the world of tumor microenvironment and tumor regenesis and may contribute to the future rational design of tumor microenvironment targeted anticancer therapeutics.The application of this technique extend toward brain's corelation between the parameters of application of multifunctional APR probes. Therefore providing additional insight into underlying biological mechanisms. In addition to me and Andrey, demonstrating the procedure will be Marieta Gencheva and Dr.Benoit Driesschaert and a graduate student, Kayla Steinberger from IMMR Center.To prepare the particulate oxygen sensitive probe, first weigh 60 milligrams of the microcrystals. For oxygen sensitivity calibration, suspend microcrystals in three milliliters of dolbeckas modified eagle media. Sonicate for five minutes, on ice, with a probe sonicator at 20 kilohertz using seven watts of power in a five milliliter glass round bottom tube.Next, place one milliliter of the sonicated microcrystals in a glass tube in the surface coil resignator of the L-band EPR spectrometer. Acquire continuous waves EPR spectra at the physiological temperature of 37 degrees Celsius and oxygen concentrations of zero, one, two, four, eight, and 20.9 percent. To prepare the dual function pH and redox probe, dissolve 6.34 milligrams of the probe in one milliliter of saline solution.Adjust the pH to 7.2 with small allocates of hydrochloric acid or sodium hydroxide using a pH meter. To perform the pH calibration of the nitroxide probe, first add 0.1 milliliter of the probe stock solution to 0.9 milliliters of two millimolar sodium phosphate buffer, 150 millimolar sodium chloride. Then titrate the obtained one millimolar probe solution with allocates of hydrochloric acid or sodium hydroxide to the required pH using a pH meter.Record the EPR spectra of the samples in 1.5 milliliter microcentrifuge tubes using the L-band EPR spectrometer. To prepare the GSH sensitive RSSR probe, dissolve 4.05 milligrams of the probe in one milliliter of DMSO solution. Next, determine the value of the rate constant of the reaction of RSSR with GSH.To do so, first add 20 microliters of the RSSR stock solution to 0.98 milliliters of one millimolar phosphate buffer pH 7.2, 150 millimolar sodium chloride to obtain a 0.2 millimolar RSSR probe solution. Then mix equal volumes of 0.2 millimolar RSSR solution in one of the GSH solutions for a final concentration of the probe at 0.1 millimolar and of GSH at 0.5, one, or 2.5 millimolar. Immediately after RSSR and GSH solution mixing, place the sample in the EPR resignator and record the EPR spectra every 12 seconds for 10 minutes.Then calculate the kinetics of the increase of the monoradical spectral amplitude for the multifunctional HOPE probe for oxygen pH and Pi assessment. Dissolve 10.7 milligrams of the probe in one milliliter of saline solution and adjust the pH to 7.4. Then add 20 microliters of the prepared stock solution to 0.98 milliliters of the saline solution to obtain a 0.2 millimolar probe solution.For probe calibration of the pH, titrate 0.2 millimolar of the probe solution by the addition of a small volume of sodium hydroxide or hydrochloric acid so that the final dilution of sample less than 1%Acquire the EPR spectra at intermediate pH as described in the text protocol. For oxygen sensitivity probe calibration, acquire EPR spectra of the probe at various oxygen concentrations as described in the text protocol. For probe calibration of Pi, acquire EPR specra of the probe at various phosphate concentrations.Use the radical solution with a pH value near the PKA and titrate it with various phosphate concentrations. Maintain the temperature and gas composition as before. In the case of the MET1 tumor model for internalization of the particulate probe into MET1 cells, add 100 microliters of the sonicated suspension to a T75 flask with 10 milliliters of culture media containing MET1 cells.All procedures take place in a biosafety cabinet and the media contains penicillin and streptomycin to minimize potential infection. Incubate the cells at 37 degrees Celsius for 72 hours or until they reach approximately 80%confluency. Aspirate the media and wash the cells five times with 10 milliliters of PBS.Detach the cells with five milliliters of tripson EDTA. After collecting the cells and centrifuging as before, stain the sample of cells of the exclusion dye to determine cell viability and quantity. Suspend the cells at a concentration of one million cells per 100 microliters in minimal DMEM.Using an insulin syringe, slowly inject 100 microliters of the cell suspension containing the internalized microcrystals into the number four mammary fat pads of an eight week old, female, wild-type mouse as described in the text protocol. Monitor tumor initiation and growth. For EPR spectroscopic measurements, anesthetize the mice by inhalation of air isophlorane mixture using an anesthesia machine as described in the text protocol.Perform functional measurements using an L-band EPR spectrometer by placing the surface coil resignator onto a normal mammary gland or a mammary tumor. Proceed to tune the spectrometer. In the case of soluble probes, acquire the EPR spectra immediately after probe injection for five to 10 minutes.Acquire the EPR spectra from the implanted particulate probe for five to 10 minutes over several weeks after implantation. Finally, analyze the EPR spectra and the probes as described in the text protocol. The EPR spectral sensitivity of particulate LiNc-BuO probe to oxygen is shown here.The EPR spectrum was measured at 0%of pO2 and 37 degrees Celsius. Representative dependents of the line width of the EPR spectrum of the probe suspension on oxygen partial pressure is shown. The line width increases linearly with pO2.A spectrum measured in mammary tumor tissue of an anesthetized female mouse corresponds to tissue partial oxygen of 7.5 millimeters of mercury. L-band EPR spectra of the NR probe solution were acquired at 37 degrees Celsius at various pH levels. Dependents of the observed hyperfine splitting constant on pH is plotted and fitted with the standard titration curve.Shown here is the multifunctional tumor microenvironment assessment combining the oxygen sensitive LiNc-BuO probe in the dual function pH in redox NR probe. The observed triplet spectrum of the NR is superimposed with the single EPR line of LiNc-BuO probe embedded within tumor. In vivo EPR assessment of intracellular tissue glutathione concentrations is shown here.Kinetics of the monoradical spectral peek intensity change measured by L-band EPR in mammary tumor in normal mammary gland of FVBN mice immediately after intratissual injection of RSSR probe are shown. The faster kinetics reflects the higher GSH concentration in tumor tissue. The technique assists investigators in the field of cancer research with surpassed opportunity for in vivo performing of cellular physiological important parameters of tumor microenvironment and the transpotential for the translation.The sensitives of the probes according to the previous procedures requires expertise in synthetic chemistry and is critical for presentation. Our center reported the difficult of this technology and to the sites on a collaborative basis.

in-vivo-epr-assessment-ph-po2-redox-status-concentrations-phosphate

Research

JoVE Journal

Cancer Research

8.1K Aufrufe.  West Virginia University. The overall goal of this in vivo electron paramagnetic resonance technology is to quantitatively and noninvasively assess the physiologically relevant parameters of local tissue microenvironment in preclinical settings in animal models of cancer. This technique is based on the combination of flourofield APR with special design functional paramagnetic probes to provide quantitative information on tissue oxygenation as CDT in dock status as well as interstitial organic phosphate and intercellul...