이 작품은 NIH에 의해 부분적으로 지원 된다 CA194013, CA192064 및 U54GM104942를 부여. WVCTSI VVK, AB, TDE를 시작에 대 한 인정 이다. 저자는 설명 실험 지원에 대 한 박사 M. Gencheva, K. 작성을 감사합니다. 내용은 전적으로 저자의 책임 이며 반드시 NIH의 공식 의견을 대표 하지 않는다.

<ol>
	<li>Siemann, D. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Tumor Microenvironment. , (2011).</li><li>Tatum, J. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hypoxia:+importance+in+tumor+biology,+noninvasive+measurement+by+imaging,+and+value+of+its+measurement+in+the+management+of+cancer+therapy.">Hypoxia: importance in tumor biology, noninvasive measurement by imaging, and value of its measurement in the management of cancer therapy.</a> Int J Radiat Biol. 82 (10), 699-757 (2006).</li><li>Brahimi-Horn, M. C., Chiche, J., Pouyssegur, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hypoxia+signalling+controls+metabolic+demand.">Hypoxia signalling controls metabolic demand.</a> Curr Opin Cell Biol. 19 (2), 223-229 (2007).</li><li>Haulica, A., Ababei, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparative+study+of+glycolytic+activity+in+the+erythrocytes+of+animals+with+chronic+experimental+hypoxia+and+with+tumours.">Comparative study of glycolytic activity in the erythrocytes of animals with chronic experimental hypoxia and with tumours.</a> Neoplasma. 21 (1), 29-35 (1974).</li><li>Matsumoto, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-resolution+mapping+of+tumor+redox+status+by+magnetic+resonance+imaging+using+nitroxides+as+redox-sensitive+contrast+agents.">High-resolution mapping of tumor redox status by magnetic resonance imaging using nitroxides as redox-sensitive contrast agents.</a> Clin Cancer Res. 12 (8), 2455-2462 (2006).</li><li>Estrela, J. M., Ortega, A., Obrador, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Glutathione+in+cancer+biology+and+therapy.">Glutathione in cancer biology and therapy.</a> Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci. 43 (2), 143-181 (2006).</li><li>Voegtlin, C., Thompson, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Glutathione+content+of+tumor+animals.">Glutathione content of tumor animals.</a> J. Biol. Chem. 70, 801-806 (1926).</li><li>Bobko, A. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interstitial+Inorganic+Phosphate+as+a+Tumor+Microenvironment+Marker+for+Tumor+Progression.">Interstitial Inorganic Phosphate as a Tumor Microenvironment Marker for Tumor Progression.</a> Sci Rep. 7, 41233 (2017).</li><li>Gillies, R. J., Raghunand, N., Garcia-Martin, M. L., Gatenby, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=pH+imaging.+A+review+of+pH+measurement+methods+and+applications+in+cancers.">pH imaging. A review of pH measurement methods and applications in cancers.</a> IEEE Eng Med Biol Mag. 23 (5), 57-64 (2004).</li><li>Gade, T. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Imaging+intratumoral+convection:+pressure-dependent+enhancement+in+chemotherapeutic+delivery+to+solid+tumors.">Imaging intratumoral convection: pressure-dependent enhancement in chemotherapeutic delivery to solid tumors.</a> Clin Cancer Res. 15 (1), 247-255 (2009).</li><li>Bobko, A. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+monitoring+of+pH,+redox+status,+and+glutathione+using+L-band+EPR+for+assessment+of+therapeutic+effectiveness+in+solid+tumors.">In vivo monitoring of pH, redox status, and glutathione using L-band EPR for assessment of therapeutic effectiveness in solid tumors.</a> Magn Reson Med. 67, 1827-1836 (2012).</li><li>Dhimitruka, I., Bobko, A. A., Eubank, T. D., Komarov, D. A., Khramtsov, V. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phosphonated+Trityl+Probe+for+Concurrent+In+Vivo+Tissue+Oxygen+and+pH+Monitoring+Using+EPR-based+Techniques.">Phosphonated Trityl Probe for Concurrent In Vivo Tissue Oxygen and pH Monitoring Using EPR-based Techniques.</a> JACS. 135, 5904-5910 (2013).</li><li>Pandian, R. P., Parinandi, N. L., Ilangovan, G., Zweier, J. L., Kuppusamy, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Novel+particulate+spin+probe+for+targeted+determination+of+oxygen+in+cells+and+tissues.">Novel particulate spin probe for targeted determination of oxygen in cells and tissues.</a> Free Radic Biol Med. 35 (9), 1138-1148 (2003).</li><li>Bobko, A. A., Evans, J., Denko, N. C., Khramtsov, V. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Concurrent+Longitudinal+EPR+Monitoring+of+Tissue+Oxygenation,+Acidosis,+and+Reducing+Capacity+in+Mouse+Xenograft+Tumor+Models.">Concurrent Longitudinal EPR Monitoring of Tissue Oxygenation, Acidosis, and Reducing Capacity in Mouse Xenograft Tumor Models.</a> Cell Biochem Biophys. 75, 247-253 (2017).</li><li>Khramtsov, V. V., Yelinova, V. I., Glazachev Yu, I., Reznikov, V. A., Zimmer, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+determination+and+reversible+modification+of+thiols+using+imidazolidine+biradical+disulfide+label.">Quantitative determination and reversible modification of thiols using imidazolidine biradical disulfide label.</a> J Biochem Biophys Methods. 35 (2), 115-128 (1997).</li><li>Roshchupkina, G. I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+EPR+measurement+of+glutathione+in+tumor-bearing+mice+using+improved+disulfide+biradical+probe.">In vivo EPR measurement of glutathione in tumor-bearing mice using improved disulfide biradical probe.</a> Free Rad. Biol. Med. 45, 312-320 (2008).</li><li>Khramtsov, V. V., Zweier, J. L., Hicks, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Stable Radicals: Fundamentals and Applied Aspects of Odd-Electron Compounds. , 537-566 (2010).</li><li>Bobko, A. A., Dhimitruka, I., Zweier, J. L., Khramtsov, V. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fourier+Transform+EPR+of+Trityl+Radicals+for+Multifunctional+Assessment+of+Chemical+Microenvironment).">Fourier Transform EPR of Trityl Radicals for Multifunctional Assessment of Chemical Microenvironment).</a> Angew. Chem. Int. Edit. 53, 2735-2738 (2014).</li><li>Martin, M. L., Martin, G. J., Delpuech, J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Practical NMR spectroscopy. , (1980).</li><li>Lin, E. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Progression+to+malignancy+in+the+polyoma+middle+T+oncoprotein+mouse+breast+cancer+model+provides+a+reliable+model+for+human+diseases.">Progression to malignancy in the polyoma middle T oncoprotein mouse breast cancer model provides a reliable model for human diseases.</a> Am J Pathol. 163 (5), 2113-2126 (2003).</li><li>Eubank, T. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Granulocyte+macrophage+colony-stimulating+factor+inhibits+breast+cancer+growth+and+metastasis+by+invoking+an+anti-angiogenic+program+in+tumor-educated+macrophages.">Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor inhibits breast cancer growth and metastasis by invoking an anti-angiogenic program in tumor-educated macrophages.</a> Cancer Res. 69 (5), 2133-2140 (2009).</li><li>Khramtsov, V. V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+determination+of+SH+groups+in+low-+and+high-molecular-weight+compounds+by+an+electron+spin+resonance+method.">Quantitative determination of SH groups in low- and high-molecular-weight compounds by an electron spin resonance method.</a> Anal Biochem. 182 (1), 58-63 (1989).</li><li>Komarov, D. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electron+paramagnetic+resonance+monitoring+of+ischemia-induced+myocardial+oxygen+depletion+and+acidosis+in+isolated+rat+hearts+using+soluble+paramagnetic+probes.">Electron paramagnetic resonance monitoring of ischemia-induced myocardial oxygen depletion and acidosis in isolated rat hearts using soluble paramagnetic probes.</a> Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. 68 (2), 649-655 (2012).</li><li>Song, Y. G., Liu, Y. P., Liu, W. B., Villamena, F. A., Zweier, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+the+binding+of+the+Finland+trityl+radical+with+bovine+serum+albumin.">Characterization of the binding of the Finland trityl radical with bovine serum albumin.</a> Rsc Advances. 4 (88), 47649-47656 (2014).</li><li>Khramtsov, V. V., Bobko, A. A., Tseytlin, M., Driesschaert, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exchange+Phenomena+in+the+Electron+Paramagnetic+Resonance+Spectra+of+the+Nitroxyl+and+Trityl+Radicals:+Multifunctional+Spectroscopy+and+Imaging+of+Local+Chemical+Microenvironment.">Exchange Phenomena in the Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectra of the Nitroxyl and Trityl Radicals: Multifunctional Spectroscopy and Imaging of Local Chemical Microenvironment.</a> Analyt. Chem. 89 (9), 4758-4771 (2017).</li><li>Samouilov, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+Vivo+Proton-Electron+Double-Resonance+Imaging+of+Extracellular+Tumor+pH+Using+an+Advanced+Nitroxide+Probe.">In Vivo Proton-Electron Double-Resonance Imaging of Extracellular Tumor pH Using an Advanced Nitroxide Probe.</a> Analyt. Chem. 86 (2), 1045-1052 (2014).</li><li>Goodwin, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+tumour+extracellular+pH+monitoring+using+electron+paramagnetic+resonance:+the+effect+of+X-ray+irradiation.">In vivo tumour extracellular pH monitoring using electron paramagnetic resonance: the effect of X-ray irradiation.</a> NMR Biomed. 27 (4), 453-458 (2014).</li></ol>

저자는 공개 없다.

제시 메서드는 중요 한 매개 변수 화학 TME의 즉 pO2, pH, 산화 환 원 상태 및 중간 Pi와 세포내 GSH의 농도의 비 침범 성 비보에 평가 대 한 수 있습니다. 낮은 분야 EPR, MRI와 자기 공명 기법, 비 침 투 적인 vivo에서 TME 매개 변수 프로 파일링에 대 한 선택의 방법이 있습니다. MRI는 해부학 적 구조를 시각화 하지만 기능 감도 부족. MRI, 달리 EPR 기술 기능 스핀 프로브와 함께 사?...

암 진행 및 치료에서 TME의 주요 역할은 점점 더 감사1. 단단한 종양, 조직 hypoxia2, 증3,4, 높은 감소 용량5, 세포내 GSH6,7, 높은 농도에서 TME의 중요 한 생리 적인 매개 변수 중 그리고 중간 Pi8 잘 문서화 되어있다. 비 침 투 적인 vivo에서 pO2, pH, Pi, GSH, 및 산화 환 원 평가 TME에서 생물 학적 과정에 대 한 독특한 통찰력을 제공 하 고 도와 항 암 약물과 치료 전략 TME 대상의 전 임상 심사에 대 한 사전 도구. 자기 공명 영상 (MRI) 및 낮은 필드 EPR 기반 기술에 의해 조직에 합리적인 알코올 관통은 그들이 이러한 TME 매개 변수의 비 침범 성 평가 대 한 가장 적절 한 접근 합니다. MRI 이미징 물 양성자에 크게 의존 하 고 해부학 해상도 제공 하기 위해 임상 설정에서 널리 이용 된다 하지만 기능 해상도 부족. Extracellular Pi 농도 pH 생 인산에서 신호에 따라 인-31 핵 자기 공명 (31P NMR) 측정 TME 특성화에 대 한 잠재적으로 매력 있지만 일반적으로 여러 번으로가 면 높은 세포내 Pi 농도9,10. 이, 달리 EPR 측정 분광학에 의존 하 고 특별히의 이미징 설계 상자성 프로브 기능 해상도 제공 하. 참고 exogenous EPR 프로브 외 인 한 이점을 NMR 프로브 EPR의 훨씬 더 높은 본질적인 감도와 내 생 적인 배경 EPR 신호의 부재 합니다. 듀얼 기능 pH 및 redox nitroxyl의 최근 개발11 프로브 및 다기능 trityl 프로브12 비보에 대 한 탁월한 기회 여러 TME 매개 변수의 동시 측정을 제공 하 고 그들의 상관 관계 분석 조사 배포 및 측정의 시간에 독립. 우리의 지식에 없는 다른 방법을 동시에 생체 내에서 생리 적으로 중요 한 화학 TME 매개 변수 pO2, pHe, Pi, redox, GSH 등 생활 주제에 평가를 사용할 수 있다.
에 대 한 조사 Vivo에서 기능 측정:
그림 1 상자성 프로브 TME 매개 변수, 미 립 자 및 녹는 프로브를 포함 하는 액세스 하는 데 사용의 화학 구조를 보여 줍니다. 고감도 기능, 조직 생활, 그리고 최소한의 독성 안정성 미 립 자 프로브 EPR 프로브가 비보에 대 한 수용 성 조사를 통해 선호 하는 몇 가지 이점이 있습니다. 예를 들어 입자 프로브는 몇 주 동안 조직 pO2 의 경도 측정에 대 한 허용 하는 녹는 프로브에 비해 조직 이식의 사이트에서 보존 배 증가 했습니다. 다른 한편으로, 녹는 프로브 EPR 기반 이미징 기법으로 수 있도록 여러 기능에서 부수적인 분석을 사용 하 여 해결 공간 측정을 제공 하 여 미 립 자 프로브를 능가할 (pO2, pH, Pi, 산화 환 원, 그리고 GSH)입니다.
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56624/56624fig1.jpg"> 그림 1. TME 평가 분석 결과 조립 상자성 프로브의 화학 구조. 이 미 립 자 pO2 프로브, 링컨-BuO 포함 (R =-O (CH2)3채널3), 그리고 수용 성 조사: 듀얼 기능 pH 및 redox 프로브, NR; GSH-민감한 프로브, RSSR; 다기능 pO2와 pH, 그리고 extracellular microenvironment, 희망 조사. 의 Pi 프로브 이러한 프로브 합성 제공된 참조 11,12에서 설명 하고있다. <a href="//cloudflare.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/56624/56624fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">이 그림의 더 큰 버전을 보려면 여기를 클릭 하십시오.</a>

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="703">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">L-band EPR spectrometer</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">Magnettech, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">L-band (1.2 GHz) electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrometer for collection in vitro and in vivo spectra of paramagnetic molecules</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">&#160;Temperature &#38; Gas Controller&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">Noxygen, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Temperature &#38; Gas Controller designed to control and adjust the temperature and gas composition&#160;&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Sonicator</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">GSH (L-Glutathione reduced)</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">G4251</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">MMTV-PyMT&#160; mice</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">In house</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">DMEM</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11995065</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Met-1 murine breast cancer cells</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">In house</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">C57Bl/6 wild type mice&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">Jackson Laboratory</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Trypsin</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">25200056</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Trypan Blue Exclusion Dye&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">T10282</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Ohmeda Fluotec 3&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:201px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Isoflurane (IsoFlo)</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">Abbott Laboratories</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Sodium phosphate dibasic</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S9763</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Sodium phosphate monobasic</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S07051</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Sodium Chloride</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S7653</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Hydrochloric acid</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">320331</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Sodium Hydroxide</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S8045</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Glucose</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Glucose oxydase</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Lauda Circulator E100</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">Lauda-Brikmann</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">pH meter Orion</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">Thermo Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">LiNc-BuO probe</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">In house</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>The Octa-n-Butoxy-Naphthalocyanine probe was synthesizided according to ref 13</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">NR probe</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">In house</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>The Nitroxide probe was synthesizided according to ref 11</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">RSSR probe</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">In house</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>The di-Nitroxide probe was synthesizided according to ref 15</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">HOPE probe</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">In house</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>The monophoshonated Triarylmethyl probe was synthesizided according to ref 12</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

in vivo epr assessment of ph, po2, redox status, and concentrations of phosphate and glutathione in the tumor microenvironment

이 프로토콜 낮은 필드 전자 상자성 공명 (EPR)의 기능을 보여줍니다-화학 종양 microenvironment (TME)에 정량적 인 정보를 제공 하는 기능 상자성 프로브 조합에서 기법을 기반으로 포함 p O2, pH, 산화 환 원 상태, 간 질 성 무기 인산 (Pi), 그리고 세포내 티 (GSH)의 농도. 특히, 최근에 개발 된 수용 성 다기능 trityl 프로브 응용 프로그램 탁월한 기회를 제공 한다 vivo에서 pH, pO2 와 P의 동시 측정 e에서 나 xtracellular 공간 (희망 조사)입니다. 세 개의 매개 변수는 단일 프로브를 사용 하 여 측정 프로브 배포 및 시간 측정의 그들의 상관 분석에 대 한 수 있습니다.

조직 p O 2 평가 링컨-BuO를 사용 하 여 조사:
우리는 갓된 링컨 BuO microcrystals 서 스 펜 션의 교정 수행 단계 1.1 아래 설명 된 절차를 사용 하 여. 그림 2 는 일반적인 산소 의존 링컨 BuO 프로브 여성 C57Bl/6 마우스의 세포를 주입 하 ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In Vivo EPR Assessment of pH, pO2, Redox Status, and Concentrations of Phosphate and Glutathione in the Tumor Microenvironment at JoVE.com

In Vivo EPR Assessment of pH, pO2, Redox Status, and Concentrations of Phosphate and Glutathione in the Tumor Microenvironment

낮은 분야 (L-밴드, 1.2 g h z) 전자 상자성 공명 녹는 nitroxyl 및 trityl 프로브를 사용 하 여 유방암의 마우스 모델에서 종양 microenvironment에 생리 적으로 중요 한 매개 변수 평가 대 한 시연입니다.

Vivo에서 PH, pO2, 산화 환 원 상태, 고 농도의 인산 염 및 종양 Microenvironment에 티의 EPR 평가

This protocol demonstrates the capability of low-field electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR)-based techniques in combination with functional paramagnetic ...

in-vivo-epr-assessment-ph-po2-redox-status-concentrations-phosphate

Research

JoVE Journal

Cancer Research

In Vivo EPR Assessment of pH, pO2, Redox Status, and Concentrations of Phosphate and Glutathione in the Tumor Microenvironment

8.2K 조회수.  West Virginia University. 낮은 분야 (L-밴드, 1.2 g h z) 전자 상자성 공명 녹는 nitroxyl 및 trityl 프로브를 사용 하 여 유방암의 마우스 모델에서 종양 microenvironment에 생리 적으로 중요 한 매개 변수 평가 대 한 시연입니다.

비디오: In Vivo EPR Assessment of pH, pO2, Redox Status, and Concentrations of Phosphate and Glutathione in the Tumor Microenvironment

The Drosophila Imaginal Disc Tumor Model: Visualization and Quantification of Gene Expression and Tumor Invasiveness Using Genetic Mosaics

Drosophila melanogaster has emerged as a powerful experimental system for functional and mechanistic studies of tumor development and progression in the context of a whole organism. Sophisticated techniques to generate genetic mosaics facilitate induction of visually marked, genetically defined clones surrounded by normal tissue. The clones can be analyzed through diverse molecular, cellular and omics approaches. This study describes how to generate fluorescently labeled clonal tumors of varying malignancy in the eye/antennal imaginal discs (EAD) of Drosophila larvae using the Mosaic Analysis with a Repressible Cell Marker (MARCM) technique. It describes procedures how to recover the mosaic EAD and brain from the larvae and how to process them for simultaneous imaging of fluorescent transgenic reporters and antibody staining. To facilitate molecular characterization of the mosaic tissue, we describe a protocol for isolation of total RNA from the EAD. The dissection procedure is suitable to recover EAD and brains from any larval stage. The fixation and staining protocol for imaginal discs works with a number of transgenic reporters and antibodies that recognize Drosophila proteins. The protocol for RNA isolation can be applied to various larval organs, whole larvae, and adult flies. Total RNA can be used for profiling of gene expression changes using candidate or genome-wide approaches. Finally, we detail a method for quantifying invasiveness of the clonal tumors. Although this method has limited use, its underlying concept is broadly applicable to other quantitative studies where cognitive bias must be avoided.

The Drosophila Imaginal Disc Tumor Model: Visualization and Quantification of Gene Expression and Tumor Invasiveness Using Genetic Mosaics

This protocol demonstrates how to generate fluorescently marked, genetically defined clonal tumors in the Drosophila eye/antennal imaginal discs (EAD). It describes how to dissect the EAD and brain from the third instar larvae and how to process them to visualize and quantify gene expression changes and tumor invasiveness.

그만큼<em&gt; 초파리</em&gt; 가상적인 디스크 종양 모델 : 유전 모자이크를 사용하여 유전자 발현 및 종양 침윤의 시각화 및 정량화

Drosophila melanogaster has emerged as a powerful experimental system for functional and mechanistic studies of tumor development and progression in the ...

연구

암 연구학

Conditional Knockdown of Gene Expression in Cancer Cell Lines to Study the Recruitment of Monocytes/Macrophages to the Tumor Microenvironment

siRNA and shRNA-mediated knock down (KD) methods of regulating gene expression are invaluable tools for understanding gene and protein function. However, in the case that the KD of the protein of interest has a lethal effect on cells or the anticipated effect of the KD is time-dependent, unconditional KD methods are not appropriate. Conditional systems are more suitable in these cases and have been the subject of much interest. These include Ecdysone-inducible overexpression systems, Cytochrome P-450 induction system1, and the tetracycline regulated gene expression systems. 
The tetracycline regulated gene expression system enables reversible control over protein expression by induction of shRNA expression in the presence of tetracycline. In this protocol, we present an experimental design using functional Tet-ON system in human cancer cell lines for conditional regulation of gene expression. We then demonstrate the use of this system in the study of tumor cell-monocyte interaction.

This protocol serves as a scheme for setting up a functional Tet-ON system in cancer cell lines and its subsequent use, in particular for studying the role of tumor cell-derived proteins in recruitment of monocytes/macrophages to the tumor microenvironment.

암 세포 선 종양 Microenvironment에 Monocytes/대 식 세포의 모집 연구에서 유전자 발현의 조건부 최저

siRNA and shRNA-mediated knock down (KD) methods of regulating gene expression are invaluable tools for understanding gene and protein function. However, ...

Enrichment and Characterization of the Tumor Immune and Non-immune Microenvironments in Established Subcutaneous Murine Tumors

The tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) has recently been recognized as a critical mediator of treatment response in solid tumors, especially for immunotherapies. Recent clinical advances in immunotherapy highlight the need for reproducible methods to accurately and thoroughly characterize the tumor and its associated immune infiltrate. Tumor enzymatic digestion and flow cytometric analysis allow broad characterization of numerous immune cell subsets and phenotypes; however, depth of analysis is often limited by fluorophore restrictions on panel design and the need to acquire large tumor samples to observe rare immune populations of interest. Thus, we have developed an effective and high throughput method for separating and enriching the tumor immune infiltrate from the non-immune tumor components. The described tumor digestion and centrifugal density-based separation technique allows separate characterization of tumor and tumor immune infiltrate fractions and preserves cellular viability, and thus, provides a broad characterization of the tumor immunologic state. This method was used to characterize the extensive spatial immune heterogeneity in solid tumors, which further demonstrates the need for consistent whole tumor immunologic profiling techniques. Overall, this method provides an effective and adaptable technique for the immunologic characterization of subcutaneous solid murine tumors; as such, this tool can be used to better characterize the tumoral immunologic features and in the preclinical evaluation of novel immunotherapeutic strategies.

Here we describe a method to separate and enrich components of the tumor immune and non-immune microenvironment in established subcutaneous tumors. This technique allows for the separate analysis of tumor immune infiltrate and non-immune tumor fractions which can permit comprehensive characterization of the tumor immune microenvironment.

농축 및 설립된 피하 Murine 종양에서 종양 면역 및 비 면역 Microenvironments의 특성

The tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) has recently been recognized as a critical mediator of treatment response in solid tumors, especially for ...

Digital Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay for the Genetic Variation in a Sporadic Familial Adenomatous Polyposis Patient Using the Chip-in-a-tube Format

The quantitative analysis of human genetic variation is crucial for understanding the molecular characteristics of serious medical conditions, such as tumors. Because digital polymerase chain reactions (PCR) enable the precise quantification of DNA copy number variants, they are becoming an essential tool for detecting rare genetic variations, such as drug-resistant mutations. It is expected that molecular diagnoses using digital PCR (dPCR) will be available in clinical practice in the near future; thus, how to efficiently conduct dPCR with human genetic material is a hot topic. Here, we introduce a method to detect Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) somatic mosaicism using dPCR with the chip-in-a-tube format, which allows eight dPCR reactions to be simultaneously conducted. Care should be taken when filling and sealing the reaction mixture on the chips. This article demonstrates how to avoid the over- and underestimation of positive partitions. Furthermore, we present a simple procedure for collecting the dPCR product from the partitions on the chips, which can then be used to confirm the specific amplification. We hope that this methods report will help promote the dPCR with the chip-in-a-tube method in genetic research.

Digital polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a useful tool for the high-sensitivity detection of single nucleotide variants and DNA copy number variants. Here, we demonstrate key considerations for measuring rare variants in the human genome using digital PCR with the chip-in-a-tube format.

튜브에 칩 형식을 사용 하 여 산발적 인 가족 용 대 환자에 있는 유전 변이 대 한 디지털 중 합 효소 연쇄 반응 분석 결과

The quantitative analysis of human genetic variation is crucial for understanding the molecular characteristics of serious medical conditions, such as ...

Measuring Bone Remodeling and Recreating the Tumor-Bone Microenvironment Using Calvaria Co-culture and Histomorphometry

Bone is a connective tissue constituted of osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts and a mineralized extracellular matrix, which gives it its strength and flexibility and allows it to fulfill its functions. Bone is continuously exposed to a variety of stimuli, which in pathological conditions can deregulate bone remodeling. To study bone biology and diseases and evaluate potential therapeutic agents, it has been necessary to develop in vitro and in vivo models.
This manuscript describes the dissection process and culture conditions of calvarias isolated from neonatal mice to study bone formation and the bone tumor microenvironment. In contrast to in vitro and in vivo models, this ex vivo model allows preservation of the three-dimensional environment of the tissue as well as the cellular diversity of the bone while culturing under defined conditions to simulate the desired microenvironment. Therefore, it is possible to investigate bone remodeling and its mechanisms, as well as the interactions with other cell types, such as the interactions between cancer cells and bone.
The assays reported here use calvarias from 5-7 day old BALB/C mice. The hemi-calvarias obtained are cultured in the presence of insulin, breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231), or conditioned medium from breast cancer cell cultures. After analysis, it was established that insulin induced new bone formation, while cancer cells and their conditioned medium induced bone resorption. The calvarial model has been successfully used in basic and applied research to study bone development and cancer-induced bone diseases. Overall, it is an excellent option for an easy, informative, and low-cost assay.

The ex vivo culture of bone explants can be a valuable tool for the study of bone physiology and the potential evaluation of drugs in bone remodeling and bone diseases. The presented protocol describes the preparation and culture of calvarias isolated from newborn mice skulls, as well as its applications.

Calvaria 공동 배양 및 조직 학을 사용하여 뼈 리모델링 및 종양 - 뼈 미세 환경 재현

Bone is a connective tissue constituted of osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts and a mineralized extracellular matrix, which gives it its strength ...

In Vivo Imaging and Quantitation of the Host Angiogenic Response in Zebrafish Tumor Xenografts

Tumor angiogenesis is a key target of anti-cancer therapy and this method has been developed to provide a new model to study this process in vivo. A zebrafish xenograft is created by implanting mammalian tumor cells into the perivitelline space of two days-post-fertilization zebrafish embryos, followed by measuring the extent of the angiogenic response observed at an experimental endpoint up to two days post-implantation. The key advantage to this method is the ability to accurately quantitate the zebrafish host angiogenic response to the graft. This enables detailed examination of the molecular mechanisms as well as the host vs tumor contribution to the angiogenic response. The xenografted embryos can be subjected to a variety of treatments, such as incubation with potential anti-angiogenesis drugs, in order to investigate strategies to inhibit tumor angiogenesis. The angiogenic response can also be live-imaged in order to examine more dynamic cellular processes. The relatively undemanding experimental technique, cheap maintenance costs of zebrafish and short experimental timeline make this model especially useful for the development of strategies to manipulate tumor angiogenesis.

The aim of this method is to generate an in vivo model of tumor angiogenesis by xenografting mammalian tumor cells into a zebrafish embryo that has fluorescently-labelled blood vessels. By imaging the xenograft and associated vessels, a quantitative measurement of the angiogenic response can be obtained.

제브라피시 종양 이종이식에서 숙주 혈관조형성 반응의 생체 내 이미징 및 정량화

Tumor angiogenesis is a key target of anti-cancer therapy and this method has been developed to provide a new model to study this process in vivo. A ...

Analysis of Side Population in Solid Tumor Cell Lines

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are an important cause of tumor growth, metastasis, and recurrence. Isolation and identification of CSCs are of great significance for tumor research. Currently, several techniques are used for the identification and purification of CSCs from tumor tissues and tumor cell lines. Separation and analysis of side population (SP) cells are two of the commonly used methods. The methods rely on the ability of CSCs to rapidly expel fluorescent dyes, such as Hoechst 33342. The efflux of the dye is associated with the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters and can be inhibited by ABC transporter inhibitors. Methods for staining cultured tumor cells with Hoechst 33342 and analyzing the proportion of their SP cells by flow cytometry are described. This assay is convenient, fast, and cost-effective. Data generated in this assay can contribute to a better understanding of the effect of genes or other extracellular and intracellular signals on the stemness properties of tumor cells.

A convenient, fast, and cost-effective method to measure the proportion of side population cells in solid tumor cell lines is presented.

고형 종양 세포주에서 측면 인구의 분석

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are an important cause of tumor growth, metastasis, and recurrence. Isolation and identification of CSCs are of great ...

Isolation of Proximal Fluids to Investigate the Tumor Microenvironment of Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death, and soon to become the second. There is an urgent need of variables associated to specific pancreatic pathologies to help preoperative differential diagnosis and patient profiling. Pancreatic juice is a relatively unexplored body fluid, which, due to its close proximity to the tumor site, reflects changes in the surrounding tissue. Here we describe in detail the intraoperative collection procedure. Unfortunately, translating pancreatic juice collection to murine models of PDAC, to perform mechanistic studies, is technically very challenging. Tumor interstitial fluid (TIF) is the extracellular fluid, outside blood and plasma, which bathes tumor and stromal cells. Similarly to pancreatic juice, for its property to collect and concentrate molecules that are found diluted in plasma, TIF can be exploited as an indicator of microenvironmental alterations and as a valuable source of disease-associated biomarkers. Since TIF is not readily accessible, various techniques have been proposed for its isolation. We describe here two simple and technically undemanding methods for its isolation: tissue centrifugation and tissue elution.

Pancreatic juice is a precious source of biomarkers for human pancreatic cancer. We describe here a method for intraoperative collection procedure. To overcome the challenge of adopting this procedure in murine models, we suggest an alternative sample, tumor interstitial fluid, and describe here two protocols for its isolation.

췌장 선암의 종양 미세 환경을 조사하기위한 근위액 분리

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death, and soon to become the second. There is an urgent need of variables ...

Defining Gene Functions in Tumorigenesis by Ex vivo Ablation of Floxed Alleles in Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor Cells

The development of new drugs that precisely target key proteins in human cancers is fundamentally altering cancer therapeutics. However, before these drugs can be used, their target proteins must be validated as therapeutic targets in specific cancer types. This validation is often performed by knocking out the gene encoding the candidate therapeutic target in a genetically engineered mouse (GEM) model of cancer and determining what effect this has on tumor growth. Unfortunately, technical issues such as embryonic lethality in conventional knockouts and mosaicism in conditional knockouts often limit this approach. To overcome these limitations, an approach to ablating a floxed embryonic lethal gene of interest in short-term cultures of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) generated in a GEM model was developed.
This paper describes how to establish a mouse model with the appropriate genotype, derive short-term tumor cultures from these animals, and then ablate the floxed embryonic lethal gene using an adenoviral vector that expresses Cre recombinase and enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP). Purification of cells transduced with adenovirus using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and the quantification of the effects that gene ablation exerts on cellular proliferation, viability, the transcriptome, and orthotopic allograft growth is then detailed. These methodologies provide an effective and generalizable approach to identifying and validating therapeutic targets in vitro and in vivo. These approaches also provide a renewable source of low-passage tumor-derived cells with reduced in vitro growth artifacts. This allows the biological role of the targeted gene to be studied in diverse biologic processes such as migration, invasion, metastasis, and intercellular communication mediated by the secretome.

Defining Gene Functions in Tumorigenesis by Ex vivo Ablation of Floxed Alleles in Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor Cells

Here, we present a protocol for performing gene knockouts that are embryonic lethal in vivo in genetically engineered mouse model-derived tumors and then assessing the effect that the knockout has on tumor growth, proliferation, survival, migration, invasion, and the transcriptome in vitro and in vivo.

악성 말초 신경 시스 종양 세포에서 Floxed 대립 유전자의 Ex vivo 절제에 의한 종양 발생에서 유전자 기능 정의

The development of new drugs that precisely target key proteins in human cancers is fundamentally altering cancer therapeutics. However, before these ...

Expanding the Comprehension of the Tumor Microenvironment using Mass Spectrometry Imaging of Formalin-Fixed and Paraffin-Embedded Tissue Samples

Advances in immune-based therapies have revolutionized cancer treatment and research. This has triggered growing demand for the characterization of the tumor immune landscape. Although standard immunohistochemistry is suitable for studying tissue architecture, it is limited to the analysis of a small number of markers. Conversely, techniques such as flow cytometry can evaluate multiple markers simultaneously, although information about tissue morphology is lost. In recent years, multiplexed strategies that integrate phenotypic and spatial analysis have emerged as comprehensive approaches to the characterization of the tumor immune landscape. Herein, we discuss an innovative technology combining metal-labeled antibodies and secondary ion mass spectrometry focusing on the technical steps in assay development and optimization, tissue preparation, and image acquisition and processing. Before staining, a metal-labeled antibody panel must be developed and optimized. This hi-plex image system supports up to 40 metal-tagged antibodies in a single tissue section. Of note, the risk of signal interference increases with the number of markers included in the panel. After panel design, particular attention should be given to the metal isotope assignment to the antibody to minimize this interference. Preliminary panel testing is performed using a small subset of antibodies and subsequent testing of the entire panel in control tissues. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections are obtained and mounted on gold-coated slides and further stained. The staining takes 2 days and closely resembles standard immunohistochemical staining. Once samples are stained, they are placed in the image acquisition instrument. Fields of view are selected, and images are acquired, uploaded, and stored. The final stage is image preparation for the filtering and removal of interference using the system&#39;s image processing software. A disadvantage of this platform is the lack of analytical software. However, the images generated are supported by different computational pathology software.

In the era of cancer immunotherapy, interest in elucidating tumor microenvironment dynamics has increased strikingly. This protocol details a mass spectrometry imaging technique with respect to its staining and imaging steps, which allow for highly multiplexed spatial analysis.

포르말린 고정 및 파라핀 임베디드 조직 샘플의 질량 분광법 이미징을 사용하여 종양 미세 환경에 대한 이해 확대

Advances in immune-based therapies have revolutionized cancer treatment and research. This has triggered growing demand for the characterization of the ...