Wir bedanken uns bei AdVec, Inc. für die Erlaubnis zur Nutzung ADHD Reagenzien, Julia Feyk für die Amtshilfe und die Abteilung für vergleichende Medizin Veterinärdienste für chirurgische Beratung und Unterstützung. Diese Arbeit wurde durch HL114541 und die John L. Locke, Jr. Charitable Trust unterstützt.

Die Autoren haben nichts preisgeben.

Bestimmte Aspekte der Operationstechnik verdienen besondere Aufmerksamkeit. Volle Belichtung und Mobilisierung der gemeinsame Halsschlagader über sorgfältige Dissektion wird gen-Transfer und arteriotomie Reparatur zu erleichtern. Allerdings sollten während der Dissektion, direkte Manipulation der Halsschlagader minimiert werden, um Vasospasmus zu verhindern. Darüber hinaus eine Blutung angrenzend an die Arterie angehalten werden sollte, durch leichte Druckmassage mit Gaze und extravasierten Blut bereinigt werden soll...

Das Ziel dieser Methode ist, ein Transgen in das Endothel der gemeinsamen Halsschlagadern Kaninchen einzuführen. Einführung des Transgens ermöglicht die Beurteilung der biologischen Rolle der Transgen-Produkt sowohl in normalen Arterien Kaninchen Modelle der menschlichen arteriellen Verschlusskrankheit. Überexpression des Transgens in Krankheitsmodellen kann zeigen, ob das Transgen (und seine Proteinprodukt), Versprechen als Therapeutika1,2,3,4 zeigen. Einbeziehung der GUS wirkenden regulatorische Elemente in der Transgen-Expressionskassette erlaubt eine Beurteilung der Aktivität dieser Elemente im arteriellen Endothel in Vivo5,6. Kenntnisse über die Aktivität der spezifischen GUS wirkenden regulatorische Elemente kann mehr aktive Expressionskassetten gestalten und Mechanismen der Genregulation in große Arterie Endothel in Vivo7Sonde verwendet werden.
Kaninchen sind ein wertvolles Modell für die verschiedenen Aspekte der menschlichen vaskuläre Physiologie und Krankheit. Kaninchen haben viele vaskuläre Merkmale mit den Menschen. Beispielsweise ähneln hämatologischen Ausgangswerte, blutstillende Regulierung und vaskuläre Längsspannung zwischen Kaninchen und Menschen8. Kaninchen-Modelle von Gefäßerkrankungen Replizieren der wichtigsten Features von vielen menschlichen Krankheiten einschließlich: Aneurysmen (ähnliche geometrische und Fließeigenschaften)9, Vasospasmus (ähnliche Reaktion auf die endovaskuläre Behandlung)10,11, und Atherosklerose (Intima Plaketten mit ähnlichen Eigenschaften, einschließlich einen Kern reich an Lipid, Makrophagen und glatten Muskelzellen in einer fibrösen Kappe)12,13. Entsprechend, Kaninchen-Modelle wurden für viele Gefäßerkrankungen wie Thrombose, vasospasmen, Aneurysma, Diabetes, Gefäßprothese Stenose und Arteriosklerose8,13,14, 15,16.
Für die Forscher unter Tiermodellen für vaskuläre Physiologie und Krankheit zu wählen hat die Kaninchen mehrere Vorteile. Im Vergleich zu Nagern, ermöglichen größere Schiffe von Kaninchen einfachere chirurgische Manipulation, Verwendung von endovaskuläre Prothesen und eine größere Menge des Gewebes für quantitative Messungen. Kaninchen sind phylogenetisch Primaten als Nagetiere17sind viel näher, und die größere genetische Vielfalt der fremd-Kaninchen besser approximiert die genetische Variabilität des Menschen. Genetischer Vielfalt ist besonders wichtig für präklinische Studien, die-durch ihre Natur-Ziel, Therapien zu entwickeln, die genetisch vielfältigen menschlichen Bevölkerung angewendet werden können. Wie mit vielen, wenn nicht alle anderen Modell Arten Kaninchen Gene einfach geklont oder synthetisiert, weil mit hoher Abdeckung der Kaninchen-Genom sequenziert hat (7,48 X) [http://rohsdb.cmb.usc.edu/GBshape/cgi-bin/hgGateway?db=oryCun2]. Im Vergleich zu anderen großen Tiermodellen (wie Hunde, Schweine oder Schafe), Kaninchen sind relativ kostengünstig zu erwerben und Haus und sie sind einfacher zu züchten und zu handhaben. Spezifische Gefäßerkrankungen Modelle bei jedem Kaninchen haben ihre eigenen vor- und Nachteile als Modelle für menschliche Krankheiten, die über den Rahmen dieses Manuskript8,12,18sind. Ein Ermittler sollten überprüfen, diese vor- und Nachteile zu ermitteln, ob das Kaninchen das beste Modell für eine spezifische experimentelle Frage zu beantworten ist.
Einführung der Desoxyribonukleinsäure (DNA) regulatorischen Sequenzen in Endothelzellen in Vivo ermöglicht die Untersuchung der Aktivität dieser Sequenzen in einem komplexen physiologischen Umfeld. In-vitro- Studien in transfizierten Endothelzellen können nützlich für die Erstbewertung von regulatorischen DNA-Sequenzen sein; jedoch sind Ausdruck Niveaus in Gewebekultur Modelle manchmal nicht wiedergegeben, wenn die Studien wiederholt in Vivo5,19,20sind. In-vitro- Systeme können auch für die Erkundung von grundlegenden Wege der Protein-Signalisierung und endotheliale Physiologie sowie Kommunikation zwischen kultivierten vaskuläre Zellen nützlich sein; jedoch sind komplexere Wege oder regulatorische Netzwerke, die durch komplexe Populationen von vaskulären Nachbarzellen oder das Immunsystem beeinflusst werden am besten in einem in Vivo System6,20studiert. Die hier beschriebene Methode bietet eine Plattform für die Regulierung des Transgens Ausdruck in dem Endothel im Rahmen eines intakten Schiffes, mit oder ohne Krankheit zu erforschen. Das in-Vivo -System erlaubt auch Untersuchung der physiologischen und pathologischen zellulären Übersprechen und Identifikation von Beiträgen des Immunsystems zur Regulierung der Gen-Expression-6.
Keimbahn Transgenese (vor allem bei Mäusen) ist ein alternativer Ansatz für die Leitung der Transgene Ausdruck Endothelzellen. Dieser Ansatz bieten lebenslange Transgene Ausdruck mit endothelialen targeting vermittelt durch spezifische Promoter oder regulatorischen Regionen21,22. Aber die Generation von transgenen Mäusen ist zeitaufwändig und teuer, mehrere transgene Linien müssen oft getestet werden, um sicherzustellen, Ausrichtung des Transgens auf die gewünschte Zelle Art und Leistung angemessene Transgene Ausdruck Niveaus, und experimentelle Ergebnisse in murinen Systeme können Belastung abhängig sein. Murine transgene Modelle mit endothelialen gezielt transgene haben viele Vorteile: Es gibt keine Notwendigkeit, auf jedes Versuchstier operieren, um Transgenese zu erreichen, experimentellen Mäuse gezüchtet werden können, mit zahlreichen anderen verfügbaren Transgene Mäuse in um genetische und phänotypische Interaktionen zu testen, und gibt es eine große Auswahl an Antikörpern, die mit murinen Proteinen, Erleichterung der Charakterisierung von Phänotypen zu reagieren. Ausrichtung der Transgene des Endothels über die Keimbahn in der Regel führt jedoch Transgene Ausdruck in das Gefäßsystem,22 macht es schwierig, die Website zu bestimmen, an der das Transgen-Produkt handelt. Dies gilt insbesondere wenn das Transgen Produkt abgesondert wird, weil ein Transgen Produkt sezerniert Endothelzellen in das Gefäßsystem biologischen Aktivität an vielen verschiedenen Standorten innerhalb eines Tieres haben könnte. Obwohl in diesem Manuskript beschriebene Methode Fachwissen und spezialisierte Einrichtungen erfordert, kann es weniger zeitaufwendig und weniger teuer als die Entwicklung einer endothelialen-spezifische transgene mauslinie. Es ermöglicht die Beurteilung der Funktion eines Proteins selektiv in Endothelzellen eines Segments große Arterie, und es erlaubt die Verwendung von der kontralateralen gemeinsame Halsschlagader als gekoppelte Steuerung (Beseitigung systemische Faktoren, die unter experimentellen variieren kann Tiere-zum Beispiel Blutdruck oder Cholesterinspiegel-als unkontrollierte Variablen).
Gentherapie ist ein vielversprechender Ansatz für die Behandlung von Gefäßerkrankungen, insbesondere chronische Erkrankungen, weil eine einzelne Anwendung nachhaltig oder möglicherweise lebenslange Ausdruck einer therapeutischen Gens23bieten kann. Das therapeutische Versprechen der Gentherapie ist in Tiermodellen der somatischen Gentransfer, oft gezielt die Leber24,25, ein relativ leichtes Ziel ist, weil viele Blut übertragbare virale Vektoren Hepatotropic untersucht worden. Jedoch muss um auf Gefäßerkrankungen auswirken, Gentherapie, die gezielt auf die Leber systemische Überexpression von Proteinen erreichen. Dies erfordert in der Regel große Dosen des Vektors, die giftige oder tödliche26sein kann. Darüber hinaus höhere systemische Protein erhöhen das Risiko von Nebenwirkungen, Ziel, die erschweren oder sogar verschleiern Interpretation der experimentellen Ergebnisse könnten. Lokale Gentherapie gezielt Gefäßendothels, wie in diesem Manuskript beschrieben könnte systemischen Nebenwirkungen vermeiden, denn der infundierte Vektor nicht weit über die transduced arteriellen Segment verbreitet ist und lokale vaskuläre Effekte, ohne erzielt werden Änderungen im systemischen Plasmaspiegel von Protein. 27 darüber hinaus ein weit geringer Betrag des Vektors muss eine arterielle Segment transduzieren als erforderlich, um robuste hepatische Transduktion zu erreichen. Transgene Ausdruck aus der Leber wurde berichtet, zu sinken im Laufe der Zeit wahrscheinlich aufgrund der Zellerneuerung, die wiederholter Gabe, wenn hochrangige Transgene Ausdruck soll beibehalten werden. 28 im Gegensatz dazu bietet die niedrige Fluktuationsrate des Endothels stabile Expression für mindestens 48 Wochen in Chow gefütterten Kaninchen und mindestens 24 Wochen bei atherosklerotischen Läsionen des Cholesterin-gefütterten Kaninchen. 1 , 27
Um festzustellen, ob diese Methode des Gentransfers auf gemeinsame Halsschlagader Endothel Kaninchen geeignet ist, sollten die vor- und Nachteile (Tabelle 1) im Zusammenhang mit den spezifischen Forschungsziele betrachtet werden. Vorteile dieser Methode sind unter anderem: fremd-Kaninchen sind bessere Vertreter der menschlichen genetischen Vielfalt als Inzucht Mäuse (wichtig für präklinische Arbeit); Kaninchen, größere Schiffe für einfachere Handhabung und mehr Gewebe für die Analyse bereitzustellen; die Methode kann Endothel gezielt Transgen Ausdruck erreichen sehr viel schneller als Keimbahn endotheliale targeting bei transgenen Mäusen tut; Vektor-Dosis kann leicht zu einer Variable Transgene Ausdruck Modell eingestellt werden; speziell für große Arterie Endothel Prozesse untersucht werden können; und lokale vaskuläre Transgenese ermöglicht dem gegenüberliegenden Carotis im gleichen Tier als ein Steuerelement, systemische Faktoren als unkontrollierte Variablen verwendet werden. Nachteile sind: spezielle Einrichtungen und Fachkenntnisse sind erforderlich; weniger gentechnisch veränderte Hintergründe auf dem Experimentieren gibt es bei Kaninchen als bei Mäusen; und es gibt eine weniger umfangreiche Auswahl von Antikörpern gegen Kaninchen gegen Maus-Proteine (für Immunodetection des Transgens Protein und andere Antigene, die möglicherweise wichtig bei der Interpretation der Versuchsergebnisse).

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:888px;" width="887">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">Disposables</td>
			<td style="width:181px;"></td>
			<td style="width:149px;"></td>
			<td style="width:199px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:359px;">3mL syringe with 24G needle</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td>309571</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">2x for gene transfer surgery; 3x for harvest surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:359px;">1mL syringe with 27G needle</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td>309623</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">6x for gene transfer surgery; 1x for harvest surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:359px;">20mL syringe, luer lock</td>
			<td>Nipro Medical Corp</td>
			<td>JD+20L</td>
			<td style="width:199px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:359px;">Catheters, 24G x 3/4&#34;</td>
			<td>Terumo Medical Products</td>
			<td>SROX2419V</td>
			<td style="width:199px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:359px;">19G needle</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td>305187</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Gene transfer surgery only</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:359px;">21G needle</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td>305165</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">For 20 mL syringe of saline</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:359px;">Gauze 4&#34; x 4&#34;</td>
			<td>Dynarex</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">3242</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">~10-15 per surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:359px;">3-0 silk suture</td>
			<td>Covidien Ltd.</td>
			<td>S-244</td>
			<td style="width:199px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:359px;">5-0 silk suture</td>
			<td>Covidien Ltd.</td>
			<td>S-182</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Gene transfer surgery only</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:359px;">7-0 polypropylene suture</td>
			<td>CP Medical</td>
			<td>8648P</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Gene transfer surgery only</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:359px;">5-0 polyglycolic acid suture</td>
			<td>CP Medical</td>
			<td>421A</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Gene transfer surgery only</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:359px;">3-0 polyglycolic acid suture</td>
			<td>CP Medical</td>
			<td>398A</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Gene transfer surgery only</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:359px;">Alcohol swabs</td>
			<td>Covidien Ltd.</td>
			<td>6818</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">For placement of I.V. line</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:359px;">Catheter plug</td>
			<td>Vetoquinol</td>
			<td>411498</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Gene transfer surgery only</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:359px;">Ketamine HCl, 100 mg/mL</td>
			<td>Vedco Inc.</td>
			<td>05098916106</td>
			<td style="width:199px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:359px;">Xylazine, 100 mg/mL</td>
			<td>Akorn Inc.</td>
			<td>4821</td>
			<td style="width:199px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:359px;">Lidocaine HCl, 2%</td>
			<td>Pfizer</td>
			<td>00409427702</td>
			<td style="width:199px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:359px;">Bupivacaine HCl, 0.5%</td>
			<td>Pfizer</td>
			<td>00409161050</td>
			<td style="width:199px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:359px;">Beuthanasia D-Special</td>
			<td>Intervet Inc.</td>
			<td>NDC 00061047305</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Harvest surgery only</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:359px;">Buprenorphine HCl, 0.3 mg/mL&#160;</td>
			<td>Patterson Veterinary</td>
			<td>12496075705</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Gene transfer surgery only</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:359px;">Saline IV bag, 0.9% sodium chloride</td>
			<td>Baxter</td>
			<td>2B1309</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">2x for gene transfer surgery; can use vial of sterile saline in place of one</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:359px;">Heparin&#160; (5000 U/mL)</td>
			<td>APP Pharmaceuticals</td>
			<td>NDC 63323-047-10</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Gene transfer surgery only</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:359px;">Fentanyl patch, 25 mcg/hr&#160;</td>
			<td>Apotex Corp.</td>
			<td>NDC 60505-7006-2</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Gene transfer surgery only</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:359px;">Isoflurane</td>
			<td>Multiple vendors</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Catalog number not available</td>
			<td style="width:199px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:359px;">Gene transfer vector</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:149px;"></td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Dilute 350 &#181;L per artery; 2 x 1011 vp/mL for adenovirus; gene transfer surgery only</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:359px;">Surgical Instruments</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:149px;"></td>
			<td style="width:199px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:359px;">Metzenbaum needle holder 7&#34; straight</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">RS-7900</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Gene transfer surgery only</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:359px;">Operating scissors 6.5&#34; straight blunt/blunt</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">RS-6828</td>
			<td style="width:199px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:359px;">Needle holder /w suture scissors</td>
			<td>Miltex</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">8-14-IMC</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Gene transfer surgery only</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:359px;">Castroviejo scissors</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td>RS-5658</td>
			<td style="width:199px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:359px;">Castroviejo needle holder, 5.75&#34; straight with lock</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">RS-6412</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Gene transfer surgery only</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:359px;">Stevens scissors 4.25&#34; curved blunt/blunt</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">RS-5943</td>
			<td style="width:199px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:359px;">Alm retractor 4&#34; 4X4 5mm blunt prongs</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">RS-6514</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">2x</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:359px;">Backhaus towel clamp 3.5&#34;</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td style="width:149px;"></td>
			<td style="width:199px;">4x</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:359px;">Micro clip setting forceps 4.75&#34;</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">RS-6496</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Gene transfer surgery only</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:359px;">Micro vascular clips, 11 mm</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td style="width:149px;"></td>
			<td style="width:199px;">2x for gene transfer surgery only</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:359px;">Surg-I-Loop</td>
			<td>Scanlan International</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">1001-81M</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">5 cm length</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:359px;">Bonaccolto forceps, 4&#8221; (10 cm) long longitudinal serrations, cross serrated tip, 1.2mm tip width</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">RS-5210</td>
			<td style="width:199px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:359px;">Dumont #3 forceps Inox tip size .17 X .10mm</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">RS-5042</td>
			<td style="width:199px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:359px;">Graefe forceps, 4&#8221; (10 cm) long serrated straight, 0.8mm tip</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">RS-5280</td>
			<td style="width:199px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:359px;">Halstead mosquito forceps,&#160; 5&#34; straight, 1.3mm tips</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">RS-7110</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">2x</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:359px;">Halstead mosquito forceps,&#160; 5&#34; curved, 1.3mm tips</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">RS-7111</td>
			<td style="width:199px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:359px;">Jacobson mosquito forceps 5&#34; curved extra delicate, 0.9 mm tips</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">RS-7117</td>
			<td style="width:199px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:359px;">Kantrowitz forceps, 7.25&#34; 90 degree delicate, 1.7 mm tips</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">RS-7305</td>
			<td style="width:199px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:359px;">Tissue forceps 5&#34;, 1X2 teeth, 2 mm tip width</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">RS-8162</td>
			<td style="width:199px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:359px;">Allis-Baby forceps, 12 cm, 4x5 teeth, 3 mm tip width</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">11092-12</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">2x</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:359px;">Adson forceps, 12 cm, serrated, straight</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">11006-12</td>
			<td style="width:199px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:359px;">Veterinary electrosurgery handpiece and electrode</td>
			<td>MACAN Manufacturing</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">HPAC-1; R-F11</td>
			<td style="width:199px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:359px;">Surgical Suite Equipment</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:149px;"></td>
			<td style="width:199px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:359px;">Circulating warm water blanket and pump</td>
			<td>Multiple vendors</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Catalog number not available</td>
			<td style="width:199px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:359px;">Forced air warming unit</td>
			<td>3M</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Bair Hugger Model 505</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Gene transfer surgery only</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:359px;">IV infusion pump</td>
			<td>Heska</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Vet IV 2.2</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Gene transfer surgery only</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:359px;">Isoflurane vaporizer and scavenger</td>
			<td>Multiple vendors</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Catalog number not available</td>
			<td style="width:199px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:359px;">Veterinary multi-parameter monitor</td>
			<td>Surgivet</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Surgivet Advisor</td>
			<td style="width:199px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:359px;">Veterinary electrosurgery unit</td>
			<td>MACAN Manufacturing</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">MV-9</td>
			<td style="width:199px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:359px;">Surgical microscope</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">D.F. Vasconcellos</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">M900</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Needs ~16x magnification</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

in vivo gene transfer to the rabbit common carotid artery endothelium

Das Ziel dieser Methode ist, ein Transgen in das Endothel der isolierte Segmente der beiden Kaninchen gemeinsame Halsschlagadern einzuführen. Die Methode erreicht fokale endotheliale selektive Transgenese, wodurch ein Ermittler um die biologische Rollen von endothelialen ausgedrückt transgenen zu ermitteln und zu quantifizieren, die in-vivo transkriptionelle Aktivität der DNA-Sequenzen in große Arterie Endothelzellen. Die Methode verwendet chirurgische Isolation von Kaninchen gemeinsame Halsschlagadern und eine arteriotomie Transgen exprimierenden viralen Vektoren in das arterielle Lumen liefern. Eine kurze Inkubationszeit des Vektors in das Lumen mit nachfolgenden Aspiration des Inhalts Lumen ist ausreicht, um effizienter und langlebiger Expression des Transgens in das Endothel ohne nachweisbare Transduktion oder Ausdruck außerhalb der isolierte arterielle Segment. Die Methode erlaubt Einschätzung der biologischen Aktivitäten des Transgens Produkte sowohl in normalen Arterien Modelle menschlicher vaskulären Erkrankungen, unter Vermeidung von systemischen Wirkungen, die entweder durch gezielte gen Lieferung zu anderen Websites (zB. verursacht werden könnten der Leber) oder durch den alternativen Ansatz genetischen Konstrukte des Endothels durch Keim Linie Transgenese zu liefern. Anwendung der Methode wird durch die Notwendigkeit eines erfahrenen Chirurgen und Anästhesisten, einen gut ausgestatteten Operationssaal, die Kosten für Kauf und Gehäuse Kaninchen und den Bedarf an Fachwissen in Gentransfer Vektor Bau und die Nutzung begrenzt. Mit dieser Methode erzielten Ergebnisse gehören: Transgen-im Zusammenhang mit Veränderungen im arteriellen Struktur, zellularität, extrazelluläre Matrix oder vasomotorische Funktion; zu- oder Abschläge bei arteriellen Entzündungen; Veränderungen im Kreislauf zellapoptose; und Progression, Retardierung oder Regression von Krankheiten wie Intima-Hyperplasie oder Arteriosklerose. Die Methode erlaubt auch Maß für die Fähigkeit der native und synthetische DNA regulatorischen Sequenzen zum Ändern Transgene Ausdruck in Endothelzellen, die Ergebnisse, die zählen: Ebenen des Transgens mRNA Niveaus des Proteins Transgen und Ebenen des Transgens enzymatische Aktivität.

Zur Umsetzung dieser Methode vertrauensvoll sind Vorversuchen notwendig, um festzustellen, ob der Betreiber effiziente und reproduzierbare Gentransfer mit Transgene Ausdruck vor allem in der luminalen endothelial Zellen erreicht. Nach unserer Erfahrung ist dies am einfachsten anhand eines Vektors, das β-Galaktosidase ausdrückt. 5-Bromo-4-Chloro-3-indolyl-β-D-galactopyranoside (X-gal) Färbung der gemeinsame Halsschlagader Segmente entfernt 3 Tage nach Vektor Infusion sowie Messung der ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In Vivo Gene Transfer to the Rabbit Common Carotid Artery Endothelium at JoVE.com

In Vivo Gene Transfer to the Rabbit Common Carotid Artery Endothelium

Diese Methode ist ein Transgen in das Endothel der Kaninchen Halsschlagadern einzuführen. Einführung des Transgens ermöglicht die Beurteilung der biologischen Rolle der Transgen-Produkt entweder normale Arterien oder Krankheitsmodelle. Die Methode eignet sich auch zur Messung der Aktivität der regulatorischen DNA-Sequenzen.

In Vivo Gentransfer in die Kaninchen gemeinsame Halsschlagader Endothel

The goal of this method is to introduce a transgene into the endothelium of isolated segments of both rabbit common carotid arteries. The method achieves ...

in-vivo-gene-transfer-to-the-rabbit-common-carotid-artery-endothelium

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

In Vivo Gene Transfer to the Rabbit Common Carotid Artery Endothelium

9.0K Aufrufe.  University of Washington. Diese Methode ist ein Transgen in das Endothel der Kaninchen Halsschlagadern einzuführen. Einführung des Transgens ermöglicht die Beurteilung der biologischen Rolle der Transgen-Produkt entweder normale Arterien oder Krankheitsmodelle. Die Methode eignet sich auch zur Messung der Aktivität der regulatorischen DNA-Sequenzen.

Serie: In Vivo Gene Transfer to the Rabbit Common Carotid Artery Endothelium

A Model of Disturbed Flow-Induced Atherosclerosis in Mouse Carotid Artery by Partial Ligation and a Simple Method of RNA Isolation from Carotid Endothelium

Despite the well-known close association, direct evidence linking disturbed flow to atherogenesis has been lacking. We have recently used a modified version of carotid partial ligation methods [1,2] to show that it acutely induces low and oscillatory flow conditions, two key characteristics of disturbed flow, in the mouse common carotid artery. Using this model, we have provided direct evidence that disturbed flow indeed leads to rapid and robust atherosclerosis development in Apolipoprotein E knockout mouse [3]. We also developed a method of endothelial RNA preparation with high purity from the mouse carotid intima [3]. Using this mouse model and method, we found that partial ligation causes endothelial dysfunction in a week, followed by robust and rapid atheroma formation in two weeks in a hyperlipidemic mouse model along with features of complex lesion formation such as intraplaque neovascularization by four weeks. This rapid in vivo model and the endothelial RNA preparation method could be used to determine molecular mechanisms underlying flow-dependent regulation of vascular biology and diseases. Also, it could be used to test various therapeutic interventions targeting endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis in considerably reduced study duration.

This describes a partial carotid ligation surgery, which causes disturbed flow conditions and subsequent atherosclerosis development (in two weeks) with intraplaque neo-vascularization (in four weeks) in the mouse common carotid artery. We also describe a novel method of RNA isolation from the carotid intima, providing high purity endothelial RNA.

Ein Modell des Disturbed Flow-Atherosklerose in Maus Halsschlagader durch partielle Ligation und eine einfache Methode zur RNA-Isolierung aus Carotid Endothelium

Despite the well-known close association, direct evidence linking disturbed flow to atherogenesis has been lacking. We have recently used a modified ...

Forschung

Medizin

A Strategy to Identify de Novo Mutations in Common Disorders such as Autism and Schizophrenia

There are several lines of evidence supporting the role of de novo mutations as a mechanism for common disorders, such as autism and schizophrenia. First, the de novo mutation rate in humans is relatively high, so new mutations are generated at a high frequency in the population. However, de novo mutations have not been reported in most common diseases. Mutations in genes leading to severe diseases where there is a strong negative selection against the phenotype, such as lethality in embryonic stages or reduced reproductive fitness, will not be transmitted to multiple family members, and therefore will not be detected by linkage gene mapping or association studies. The observation of very high concordance in monozygotic twins and very low concordance in dizygotic twins also strongly supports the hypothesis that a significant fraction of cases may result from new mutations. Such is the case for diseases such as autism and schizophrenia. Second, despite reduced reproductive fitness1 and extremely variable environmental factors, the incidence of some diseases is maintained worldwide at a relatively high and constant rate. This is the case for autism and schizophrenia, with an incidence of approximately 1% worldwide. Mutational load can be thought of as a balance between selection for or against a deleterious mutation and its production by de novo mutation. Lower rates of reproduction constitute a negative selection factor that should reduce the number of mutant alleles in the population, ultimately leading to decreased disease prevalence. These selective pressures tend to be of different intensity in different environments. Nonetheless, these severe mental disorders have been maintained at a constant relatively high prevalence in the worldwide population across a wide range of cultures and countries despite a strong negative selection against them2. This is not what one would predict in diseases with reduced reproductive fitness, unless there was a high new mutation rate. Finally, the effects of paternal age: there is a significantly increased risk of the disease with increasing paternal age, which could result from the age related increase in paternal de novo mutations. This is the case for autism and schizophrenia3. The male-to-female ratio of mutation rate is estimated at about 4&#x2013;6:1, presumably due to a higher number of germ-cell divisions with age in males. Therefore, one would predict that de novo mutations would more frequently come from males, particularly older males4. A high rate of new mutations may in part explain why genetic studies have so far failed to identify many genes predisposing to complexes diseases genes, such as autism and schizophrenia, and why diseases have been identified for a mere 3% of genes in the human genome. Identification for de novo mutations as a cause of a disease requires a targeted molecular approach, which includes studying parents and affected subjects. The process for determining if the genetic basis of a disease may result in part from de novo mutations and the molecular approach to establish this link will be illustrated, using autism and schizophrenia as examples.

Molecular genetic strategy for finding de novo mutations causing common disorders such as autism and schizophrenia.

Eine Strategie, um de novo Mutationen in Common Störungen wie Autismus und Schizophrenie Identifizieren

There are several lines of evidence supporting the role of de novo mutations as a mechanism for common disorders, such as autism and schizophrenia. First, ...

Training a Sophisticated Microsurgical Technique: Interposition of External Jugular Vein Graft in the Common Carotid Artery in Rats

Neointimal hyperplasia is one the primary causes of stenosis in arterialized veins that are of great importance in arterial coronary bypass surgery, in peripheral arterial bypass surgery as well as in arteriovenous fistulas.1-5 The experimental procedure of vein graft interposition in the common carotid artery by using the cuff-technique has been applied in several research projects to examine the aetiology of neointimal hyperplasia and therapeutic options to address it. 6-8 The cuff prevents vessel anastomotic remodeling and induces turbulence within the graft and thereby the development of neointimal hyperplasia.
Using the superior caval vein graft is an established small-animal model for venous arterialization experiment.9-11 This current protocol refers to an established jugular vein graft interposition technique first described by Zou et al., 9 as well as others.12-14 Nevertheless, these cited small animal protocols are complicated.
To simplify the procedure and to minimize the number of experimental animals needed, a detailed operation protocol by video training is presented. This video should help the novice surgeon to learn both the cuff-technique and the vein graft interposition. Hereby, the right external jugular vein was grafted in cuff-technique in the common carotid artery of 21 female Sprague Dawley rats categorized in three equal groups that were sacrificed on day 21, 42 and 84, respectively. Notably, no donor animals were needed, because auto-transplantations were performed. The survival rate was 100 % at the time point of sacrifice. In addition, the graft patency rate was 60 % for the first 10 operated animals and 82 % for the remaining 11 animals. The blood flow at the time of sacrifice was 8&plusmn;3 ml/min. In conclusion, this surgical protocol considerably simplifies, optimizes and standardizes this complicated procedure. It gives novice surgeons easy, step-by-step instruction, explaining possible pitfalls, thereby helping them to gain expertise fast and avoid useless sacrifice of experimental animals.

Neointimal hyperplasia is the primary cause of stenosis in arterialized veins. We propose a new protocol whereby the right external jugular vein is grafted using the cuff technique in the common carotid artery of Sprague Dawley rats. The survival rate was 100 % at the time point of sacrifice.

Trainieren eines Sophisticated mikrochirurgische Technik: Interposition der Vena jugularis externa Graft in der Arteria carotis communis bei Ratten

Neointimal hyperplasia is one the primary causes of stenosis in arterialized veins that are of great importance in arterial coronary bypass surgery, in ...

Bilateral Common Carotid Artery Occlusion as an Adequate Preconditioning Stimulus to Induce Early Ischemic Tolerance to Focal Cerebral Ischemia

There is accumulating evidence, that ischemic preconditioning - a non-damaging ischemic challenge to the brain - confers a transient protection to a subsequent damaging ischemic insult. We have established bilateral common carotid artery occlusion as a preconditioning stimulus to induce early ischemic tolerance to transient focal cerebral ischemia in C57Bl6/J mice. In this video, we will demonstrate the methodology used for this study.

There is accumulating evidence, that ischemic preconditioning (PC) &#x2013; a non-damaging ischemic challenge to the brain - confers a transient protection to a subsequent damaging ischemic insult. We established bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO) as a preconditioning stimulus to induce early ischemic tolerance (IT) to transient focal cerebral ischemia (induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion, MCAO) in C57Bl6/J mice.

Bilaterale Arteria carotis communis Occlusion als adäquate Vorbehandlung Stimulus zu frühe ischämische Toleranz zu Focal zerebraler Ischämie induzieren

There is accumulating evidence, that ischemic preconditioning - a non-damaging ischemic challenge to the brain - confers a transient protection to a ...

A Murine Model of Stent Implantation in the Carotid Artery for the Study of Restenosis

Despite the considerable progress made in the stent development in the last decades, cardiovascular diseases remain the main cause of death in western countries. Beside the benefits offered by the development of different drug-eluting stents, the coronary revascularization bears also the life-threatening risks of in-stent thrombosis and restenosis. Research on new therapeutic strategies is impaired by the lack of appropriate methods to study stent implantation and restenosis processes. Here, we describe a rapid and accessible procedure of stent implantation in mouse carotid artery, which offers the possibility to study in a convenient way the molecular mechanisms of vessel remodeling and the effects of different drug coatings.

A model of stent implantation in mouse carotid artery is described. Compared to other similar methods, this procedure is very rapid, simple and accessible, offering the possibility to study in a convenient way the vascular wall reaction to different drug-eluting stents and the molecular mechanisms of restenosis.

Ein Mausmodell der Stentimplantation in der Arteria carotis für das Studium der Restenose

Despite  the considerable progress made in the stent development in the last decades,  cardiovascular diseases remain the main cause of death in western ...

Adult Mouse Venous Hypertension Model: Common Carotid Artery to External Jugular Vein Anastomosis.

The understanding of the pathophysiology of brain arteriovenous malformations and arteriovenous fistulas has improved thanks to animal models. A rat model creating an artificial fistula between the common carotid artery (CCA) and the external jugular vein (EJV) has been widely described and proved technically feasible. This construct provokes a consistent cerebral venous hypertension (CVH), and therefore has helped studying the contribution of venous hypertension to formation, clinical symptoms, and prognosis of brain AVMs and dural AVFs. Equivalent mice models have been only scarcely described and have shown trouble with stenosis of the fistula. An established murine model would allow the study of not only pathophysiology but also potential genetic therapies for these cerebrovascular diseases.
We present a model of arteriovenous fistula that produces a durable intracranial venous hypertension in the mouse. Microsurgical anastomosis of the murine CCA and EJV can be difficult due to diminutive anatomy and frequently result in a non-patent fistula. In this step-by-step protocol we address all the important challenges encountered during this procedure. Avoiding excessive retraction of the vein during the exposure, using 11-0 sutures instead of 10-0, and making a carefully planned end-to-side anastomosis are some of the critical steps. Although this method requires advanced microsurgical skills and a longer learning curve that the equivalent in the rat, it can be consistently developed.
This novel model has been designed to integrate transgenic mouse techniques with a previously well-established experimental system that has proved useful to study brain AVMs and dural AVFs. By opening the possibility of using transgenic mice, a broader spectrum of valid models can be achieved and genetic treatments can also be tested. The experimental construct could also be further adapted to the study of other cerebrovascular diseases related with venous hypertension such as migraine, transient global amnesia, transient monocular blindness, etc.

We describe a method for creating a reliable model of cerebral venous hypertension in the adult mouse. This model has been widely described and tested in the rat. This new counterpart in the mice opens the possibility of using genetic modified animals and thereby broadens the applications of the model.

Erwachsene Maus venöse Bluthochdruckmodell: A. carotis communis, um äußere Jugularvene Anastomose.

The understanding of the pathophysiology of brain arteriovenous malformations and arteriovenous fistulas has improved thanks to animal models. A rat model ...

A Novel in vivo Gene Transfer Technique and in vitro Cell Based Assays for the Study of Bone Loss in Musculoskeletal Disorders

Differentiation and activation of osteoclasts play a key role in the development of musculoskeletal diseases as these cells are primarily involved in bone resorption. Osteoclasts can be generated in vitro from monocyte/macrophage precursor cells in the presence of certain cytokines, which promote survival and differentiation. Here, both in vivo and in vitro techniques are demonstrated, which allow scientists to study different cytokine contributions towards osteoclast differentiation, signaling, and activation. The minicircle DNA delivery gene transfer system provides an alternative method to establish an osteoporosis-related model is particularly useful to study the efficacy of various pharmacological inhibitors in vivo. Similarly, in vitro culturing protocols for producing osteoclasts from human precursor cells in the presence of specific cytokines enables scientists to study osteoclastogenesis in human cells for translational applications. Combined, these techniques have the potential to accelerate drug discovery efforts for osteoclast-specific targeted therapeutics, which may benefit millions of osteoporosis and arthritis patients worldwide.

A Novel in vivo Gene Transfer Technique and in vitro Cell Based Assays for the Study of Bone Loss in Musculoskeletal Disorders

Differentiation of precursor cells into osteoclasts is regulated by cytokines and growth factors. Here, a novel gene transfer technique for differentiation of osteoclasts in vivo and cell culture protocols for differentiating precursor cells into osteoclasts in vitro as a method to study the effects of cytokines on osteoclastogenesis are described.

A Novel<em&gt; In vivo</em&gt; Gentransfer-Technik und<em&gt; In-vitro-</em&gt; Zellbasierte Assays für das Studium der Knochenverlust in Skeletterkrankungen

Differentiation and activation of osteoclasts play a key role in the development of musculoskeletal diseases as these cells are primarily involved in bone ...

Carotid Artery Infusions for Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Analysis of Taxanes in Mice

When proposing the use of a drug, drug combination, or drug delivery into a novel system, one must assess the pharmacokinetics of the drug in the study model. As the use of mouse models are often a vital step in preclinical drug discovery and drug development1-8, it is necessary to design a system to introduce drugs into mice in a uniform, reproducible manner. Ideally, the system should permit the collection of blood samples at regular intervals over a set time course. The ability to measure drug concentrations by mass-spectrometry, has allowed investigators to follow the changes in plasma drug levels over time in individual mice1, 9, 10. In this study, paclitaxel was introduced into transgenic mice as a continuous arterial infusion over three hours, while blood samples were simultaneously taken by retro-orbital bleeds at set time points. Carotid artery infusions are a potential alternative to jugular vein infusions, when factors such as mammary tumors or other obstructions make jugular infusions impractical. Using this technique, paclitaxel concentrations in plasma and tissue achieved similar levels as compared to jugular infusion. In this tutorial, we will demonstrate how to successfully catheterize the carotid artery by preparing an optimized catheter for the individual mouse model, then show how to insert and secure the catheter into the mouse carotid artery, thread the end of the catheter out through the back of the mouse&#8217;s neck, and hook the mouse to a pump to deliver a controlled rate of drug influx. Multiple low volume retro-orbital bleeds allow for analysis of plasma drug concentrations over time.

This method was developed with the goal of delivering a steady drug solution via the carotid artery, to assess the pharmacokinetics of novel drugs in mouse models.

Halsschlagader Infusionen für pharmakokinetischen und pharmakodynamischen Analyse von Taxanen in Mäusen

When proposing the use of a drug, drug combination, or drug delivery into a novel system, one must assess the pharmacokinetics of the drug in the study ...

Vascular Balloon Injury and Intraluminal Administration in Rat Carotid Artery

The carotid artery balloon injury model in rats has been well established for over two decades. It remains an important method to study the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in vascular smooth muscle dedifferentiation, neointima formation and vascular remodeling. Male Sprague-Dawley rats are the most frequently employed animals for this model. Female rats are not preferred as female hormones are protective against vascular diseases and thus introduce a variation into this procedure. The left carotid is typically injured with the right carotid serving as a negative control. Left carotid injury is caused by the inflated balloon that denudes the endothelium and distends the vessel wall. Following injury, potential therapeutic strategies such as the use of pharmacological compounds and either gene or shRNA transfer can be evaluated. Typically for gene or shRNA transfer, the injured section of the vessel lumen is locally transduced for 30 min with viral particles encoding either a protein or shRNA for delivery and expression in the injured vessel wall. Neointimal thickening representing proliferative vascular smooth muscle cells usually peaks at 2 weeks after injury. Vessels are mostly harvested at this time point for cellular and molecular analysis of cell signaling pathways as well as gene and protein expression. Vessels can also be harvested at earlier time points to determine the onset of expression and/or activation of a specific protein or pathway, depending on the experimental aims intended. Vessels can be characterized and evaluated using histological staining, immunohistochemistry, protein/mRNA assays, and activity assays. The intact right carotid artery from the same animal is an ideal internal control. Injury-induced changes in molecular and cellular parameters can be evaluated by comparing the injured artery to the internal right control artery. Likewise, therapeutic modalities can be evaluated by comparing the injured and treated artery to the control injured only artery.

This protocol uses a balloon catheter to cause an intraluminal injury on the rat carotid artery and henceforth elicit neointimal hyperplasia. This is a well-established model for studying the mechanisms of vascular remodeling in response to injury. It is also widely used to determine the validity of potential therapeutic approaches.

Gefäßballon Verletzung und intraluminale Verwaltung in Rattenhalsschlagader

The carotid artery balloon injury model in rats has been well established for over two decades. It remains an important method to study the molecular and ...

Performing Permanent Distal Middle Cerebral with Common Carotid Artery Occlusion in Aged Rats to Study Cortical Ischemia with Sustained Disability

Stroke typically occurs in elderly people with a range of comorbidities including carotid (or other arterial) atherosclerosis, high blood pressure, obesity and diabetes. Accordingly, when evaluating therapies for stroke in animals, it is important to select a model with excellent face validity. Ischemic stroke accounts for 80% of all strokes, and the majority of these occur in the territory of the middle cerebral artery (MCA), often inducing infarcts that affect the sensorimotor cortex, causing persistent plegia or paresis on the contralateral side of the body. We demonstrate in this video a method for producing ischemic stroke in elderly rats, which causes sustained sensorimotor disability and substantial cortical infarcts. Specifically, we induce permanent distal middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in elderly female rats by using diathermy forceps to occlude a short segment of this artery. The carotid artery on the ipsilateral side to the lesion was then permanently occluded and the contralateral carotid artery was transiently occluded for 60 min. We measure the infarct size using structural T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 24 hr and 8 weeks after stroke. In this study, the mean infarct volume was 4.5% &#177; 2.0% (standard deviation) of the ipsilateral hemisphere at 24 hr (corrected for brain swelling using Gerriet&#8217;s equation, n = 5). This model is feasible and clinically relevant as it permits the induction of sustained sensorimotor deficits, which is important for the elucidation of pathophysiological mechanisms and novel treatments.

Here we present a protocol to produce permanent distal middle cerebral artery occlusion in elderly female rats with simultaneous occlusion of the carotid arteries to generate large cortical infarcts and sustained deficits. We show confirmation of the lesion size using structural MRI at 24 hr and 8 weeks after stroke.

Darstellende Permanent Distal cerebri mit Arteria carotis communis Occlusion bei alten Ratten zu studieren kortikale Ischämie mit anhaltenden Behinderungs

Stroke typically occurs in elderly people with a range of comorbidities including carotid (or other arterial) atherosclerosis, high blood pressure, ...