<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>Rattenmodell für Untersuchungen zur Malperfusion viszeraler Organe

<ol>
	<li>Carden, D. L., Granger, D. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pathophysiology+of+ischemia-reperfusion+injury.">Pathophysiology of ischemia-reperfusion injury.</a> J Pathol. 190 (3), 255-266 (2000).</li><li>Balkwill, F., Mantovani, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inflammation+and+cancer:+Back+to+Virchow.">Inflammation and cancer: Back to Virchow.</a> Lancet. 357 (9255), 539-545 (2001).</li><li>Cruz, R. J., Garrido, A. G., Ribeiro, C. 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C., K&#252;hn, C., Bauersachs, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ECMO+in+cardiac+arrest+and+cardiogenic.">ECMO in cardiac arrest and cardiogenic.</a> Herz. 42 (1), 27-44 (2017).</li><li>Sousa Da Silva, R. X., Weber, A., Dutkowski, P., Clavien, P. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Machine+perfusion+in+liver+transplantation.">Machine perfusion in liver transplantation.</a> Hepatology. 76 (5), 1531-1549 (2022).</li><li>Sen Gupta, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bio-inspired+nanomedicine+strategies+for+artificial+blood+components.">Bio-inspired nanomedicine strategies for artificial blood components.</a> Wiley Interdiscip Rev Nanomed Nanobiotechnol. 9 (6), 1464 (2017).</li><li>Lu, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intramuscular+microvascular+flow+sensing+for+flap+monitoring+in+a+porcine+model+of+arterial+and+venous+occlusion.">Intramuscular microvascular flow sensing for flap monitoring in a porcine model of arterial and venous occlusion.</a> J Reconstr Microsurg. 39 (3), 231-237 (2023).</li><li>Nguyen, G. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Novel+biomarkers+of+arterial+and+venous+ischemia+in+microvascular+flaps.">Novel biomarkers of arterial and venous ischemia in microvascular flaps.</a> PLoS One. 8 (8), e71628 (2013).</li><li>Redlin, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=How+near-infrared+spectroscopy+differentiates+between+lower+body+ischemia+due+to+arterial+occlusion+versus+venous+outflow+obstruction.">How near-infrared spectroscopy differentiates between lower body ischemia due to arterial occlusion versus venous outflow obstruction.</a> Ann Thorac Surg. 91 (4), 1274-1276 (2011).</li><li>Studier-Fischer, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endotracheal+intubation+via+tracheotomy+and+subsequent+thoracotomy+in+rats+for+non-survival+applications.">Endotracheal intubation via tracheotomy and subsequent thoracotomy in rats for non-survival applications.</a> J Vis Exp. (205), e66684 (2024).</li><li>Nickel, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimization+of+anastomotic+technique+and+gastric+conduit+perfusion+with+hyperspectral+imaging+and+machine+learning+in+an+experimental+model+for+minimally+invasive+esophagectomy.">Optimization of anastomotic technique and gastric conduit perfusion with hyperspectral imaging and machine learning in an experimental model for minimally invasive esophagectomy.</a> Eur J Surg Oncol. , 106908 (2023).</li><li>Barberio, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+fluorescence+angiography+versus+hyperspectral+imaging+to+assess+bowel+ischemia:+A+comparative+study+in+enhanced+reality.">Quantitative fluorescence angiography versus hyperspectral imaging to assess bowel ischemia: A comparative study in enhanced reality.</a> Surgery. 168 (1), 178-184 (2020).</li><li>Doukas, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Onset+of+adverse+abdominal+events+due+to+intestinal+ischemia-reperfusion+injury+after+aortic+cross-clamping+is+associated+with+elevated+hsp70+serum+levels+in+the+early+postoperative+phase.">Onset of adverse abdominal events due to intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury after aortic cross-clamping is associated with elevated hsp70 serum levels in the early postoperative phase.</a> Int J Mol Sci. 23 (23), 15063 (2022).</li><li>Mine, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heat+shock+protein+70+messenger+RNA+in+rat+leukocytes+elevates+after+severe+intestinal+ischemia-reperfusion.">Heat shock protein 70 messenger RNA in rat leukocytes elevates after severe intestinal ischemia-reperfusion.</a> J Surg Res. 242, 342-348 (2019).</li><li>Criqui, M. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lower+extremity+peripheral+artery+disease:+Contemporary+epidemiology,+management+gaps,+and+future+directions:+A+scientific+statement+from+the+American+Heart+Association.">Lower extremity peripheral artery disease: Contemporary epidemiology, management gaps, and future directions: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association.</a> Circulation. 144 (9), e171-e191 (2021).</li><li>Seidlitz, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Robust+deep+learning-based+semantic+organ+segmentation+in+hyperspectral+images.">Robust deep learning-based semantic organ segmentation in hyperspectral images.</a> Med Image Anal. 80, 102488 (2022).</li><li>Studier-Fischer, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Icg-augmented+hyperspectral+imaging+for+visualization+of+intestinal+perfusion+compared+to+conventional+icg+fluorescence+imaging:+An+experimental+study.">Icg-augmented hyperspectral imaging for visualization of intestinal perfusion compared to conventional icg fluorescence imaging: An experimental study.</a> Int J Surg. 109 (12), 3883-3895 (2023).</li><li>Studier-Fischer, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heiporspectral+-+the+heidelberg+porcine+hyperspectral+imaging+dataset+of+20+physiological+organs.">Heiporspectral - the heidelberg porcine hyperspectral imaging dataset of 20 physiological organs.</a> Scientific Data. 10 (1), 414 (2023).</li><li>Studier-Fischer, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spectral+organ+fingerprints+for+machine+learning-based+intraoperative+tissue+classification+with+hyperspectral+imaging+in+a+porcine+model.">Spectral organ fingerprints for machine learning-based intraoperative tissue classification with hyperspectral imaging in a porcine model.</a> Sci Rep. 12 (1), 11028 (2022).</li><li>Mallick, I. H., Yang, W., Winslet, M. C., Seifalian, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ischemia-reperfusion+injury+of+the+intestine+and+protective+strategies+against+injury.">Ischemia-reperfusion injury of the intestine and protective strategies against injury.</a> Dig Dis Sci. 49 (9), 1359-1377 (2004).</li><li>Malekinejad, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prazosin+treatment+protects+brain+and+heart+by+diminishing+oxidative+stress+and+apoptotic+pathways+after+renal+ischemia-reperfusion.">Prazosin treatment protects brain and heart by diminishing oxidative stress and apoptotic pathways after renal ischemia-reperfusion.</a> Drug Res (Stuttg). 72 (6), 336-342 (2022).</li><li>Feldman, Z. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inferior+mesenteric+artery+revascularization+can+supplement+salvage+of+mesenteric+ischemia.">Inferior mesenteric artery revascularization can supplement salvage of mesenteric ischemia.</a> J Vasc Surg Cases Innov Tech. 9 (3), 101041 (2023).</li><li>Munley, J. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chronic+mesenteric+ischemia-induced+intestinal+dysbiosis+resolved+after+revascularization.">Chronic mesenteric ischemia-induced intestinal dysbiosis resolved after revascularization.</a> J Vasc Surg Cases Innov Tech. 9 (2), 101084 (2023).</li><li>Lejay, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ischemia+reperfusion+injury,+ischemic+conditioning+and+diabetes+mellitus.">Ischemia reperfusion injury, ischemic conditioning and diabetes mellitus.</a> J Mol Cell Cardiol. 91, 11-22 (2016).</li><li>Huang, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Macrovascular+complications+in+patients+with+diabetes+and+prediabetes.">Macrovascular complications in patients with diabetes and prediabetes.</a> Biomed Res Int. 2017, 7839101 (2017).</li><li>Liu, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hmgb1+in+the+ischemic+and+non-ischemic+liver+after+selective+warm+ischemia/reperfusion+in+rats.">Hmgb1 in the ischemic and non-ischemic liver after selective warm ischemia/reperfusion in rats.</a> Histochem Cell Biol. 135 (5), 443-452 (2011).</li><li>Koc, S., Dogan, H. O., Karatas, O., Erdogan, M. M., Polat, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mitochondrial+homeostasis+and+mast+cells+in+experimental+hepatic+ischemia-reperfusion+injury+of+rats.">Mitochondrial homeostasis and mast cells in experimental hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury of rats.</a> Turk J Gastroenterol. 33 (9), 777-784 (2022).</li><li>Chu, M. J., Vather, R., Hickey, A. J., Phillips, A. R., Bartlett, A. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impact+of+ischaemic+preconditioning+on+experimental+steatotic+livers+following+hepatic+ischemia-reperfusion+injury:+A+systematic+review.">Impact of ischaemic preconditioning on experimental steatotic livers following hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury: A systematic review.</a> HPB (Oxford). 17 (1), 1-10 (2015).</li><li>Chang, M. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sitagliptin+protects+rat+kidneys+from+acute+ischemia-reperfusion+injury+via+upregulation+of+GLP-1+and+GLP-1+receptors.">Sitagliptin protects rat kidneys from acute ischemia-reperfusion injury via upregulation of GLP-1 and GLP-1 receptors.</a> Acta Pharmacol Sin. 36 (1), 119-130 (2015).</li><li>Boys, J. A., Toledo, A. H., Anaya-Prado, R., Lopez-Neblina, F., Toledo-Pereyra, L. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+dantrolene+on+ischemia-reperfusion+injury+in+animal+models:+A+review+of+outcomes+in+heart,+brain,+liver,+and+kidney.">Effects of dantrolene on ischemia-reperfusion injury in animal models: A review of outcomes in heart, brain, liver, and kidney.</a> J. Investig Med. 58 (7), 875-882 (2010).</li><li>Orihashi, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mesenteric+ischemia+in+acute+aortic+dissection.">Mesenteric ischemia in acute aortic dissection.</a> Surg Today. 46 (5), 509-516 (2016).</li><li>Byard, R. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Acute+mesenteric+ischemia+and+unexpected+death.">Acute mesenteric ischemia and unexpected death.</a> J Forensic Leg Med. 19 (4), 185-190 (2012).</li><li>&#321;agosz, P., Sokolski, M., Biegus, J., Tycinska, A., Zymlinski, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Elevated+intra-abdominal+pressure:+A+review+of+current+knowledge.">Elevated intra-abdominal pressure: A review of current knowledge.</a> World J Clin Cases. 10 (10), 3005-3013 (2022).</li></ol>

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Atraumatic preparation forceps</td>
			<td>Aesculap</td>
			<td>FB395R</td>
			<td>DE BAKEY ATRAUMATA atraumatic forceps, straight</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Blunt overholt clamp</td>
			<td>Aesculap</td>
			<td>BJ012R</td>
			<td>BABY-MIXTER preparation and ligature clamp, bent, 180 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cannula</td>
			<td>BD (Beckton, Dickinson)</td>
			<td>301300</td>
			<td>BD Microlance 3 cannula 20 G</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fixation rods</td>
			<td>legefirm</td>
			<td>500343896</td>
			<td>tuning forks used as y-shaped metal fixation rods</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heating pad</td>
			<td>Royal Gardineer</td>
			<td>IP67</td>
			<td>Royal Gardineer Heating Pad Size S, 20 Watt</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plastic perfusor tube</td>
			<td>M. Schilling GmbH</td>
			<td>S702NC150</td>
			<td>connecting tube COEX 150 cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Preparation scissors</td>
			<td>Aesculap</td>
			<td>BC177R</td>
			<td>JAMESON preparation scissors, bent, fine model, blunt/blunt, 150 mm (6&#34;)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silicone vessel loop tie</td>
			<td>SERAG WIESSNER</td>
			<td>SL26</td>
			<td>silicone vessel loop tie 2,5 mm red</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spraque Dawley rat</td>
			<td>Janvier Labs</td>
			<td>RN-SD-M</td>
			<td>Spraque Dawley rat</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Steel plate</td>
			<td>Maschinenbau Feld GmbH</td>
			<td>C010206</td>
			<td>Galvanized sheet plate, 40 x 50 cm, thickness 4.0 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Yasargil clip</td>
			<td>Aesculap</td>
			<td>FE795K</td>
			<td>YASARGIL Aneurysm Clip System 
			Phynox Temporary (Standard) Clip</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Yasargil clip applicator</td>
			<td>Aesculap</td>
			<td>FE558K</td>
			<td>YASARGIL Aneurysm Clip Applicator 
			Phynox (Standard)</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

controlled reversible visceral arterial ischemia, venous congestion and combined malperfusion via midline laparotomy in rats

While the implications of tissue perfusion deprivation in the form of local or systemic tissue malperfusion conditions have long been recognized, they persist as one of the primary causes of morbidity and mortality in both the United States and Europe1. These malperfusion conditions are the third leading cause of tissue degradation, following malignancy and septic inflammation, but have a far wider spectrum of origins compared to the latter two2.
This spectrum ranges from local mechanisms such as atrial fibrillation with thromboembolic occlusion, vasoconstriction, and iatrogenic or traumatic dissection, to systemic mechanisms such as cardiac insufficiency or shock, sepsis, hypovolemia, and steal phenomena. These diverse mechanisms underlie a variety of medical and surgical conditions. The significant morbidity and mortality associated with these conditions have directed medical attention toward procedures for reinstating blood flow to malperfused tissues in order to forestall necrosis and restore organ function over the decades3.
This research effort has resulted in a variety of pharmaceutical, medical, and surgical solutions to restore physiological organ perfusion, including advances in bypass surgery4, endovascular procedures5, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation6,7, organ machine perfusion during transplantation8, and artificial blood substitutes9.
Yet, despite these significant developments, malperfusion, especially of visceral organs, remains a pressing issue in patient care, and the demand for further research on biomedical processes and rescue strategies is high. Valid biological models are of utmost importance in enabling this kind of research. Due to the multifactorial aspects of tissue perfusion research, which include not only cell biology but also vascular microanatomy and rheology, an appropriate model requires a degree of biological complexity that only a complete model organism can provide, making rodents the obvious model of choice.
Tissue malperfusion can be differentiated into three distinct conditions: isolated arterial ischemia, isolated venous congestion, and combined malperfusion10. Clinically relevant scenarios for these conditions include (1) Arterial ischemia: Atrial fibrillation with thromboembolic occlusion, septic emboli, vasoconstriction, iatrogenic or traumatic vascular dissection or clamping, cardiac insufficiency or shock, aortic dissection, sepsis and hypovolemia, extreme arterial obstruction due to external constriction, pulmonary artery embolism, chronic arterial vascular occlusive diseases, or steal phenomena; (2) Venous congestion: Iatrogenic or traumatic vascular dissection or clamping, heart failure, liver fibrosis or cirrhosis, venous obstruction due to external constriction, venous thrombosis, venous insufficiency, and Budd-Chiari syndrome; (3) Combined malperfusion: Combinations of the above conditions and advanced stages of the aforementioned conditions, such as secondary venous congestion due to ischemia-induced fibrosis or secondary arterial ischemia due to congestion-induced retention, as well as specific organ conditions like ischemic inflammation (e.g., ischemic colitis)11,12.
This article, therefore, aims to provide a step-by-step model to induce controlled, reversible visceral arterial ischemia, venous congestion, and combined malperfusion via midline laparotomy in rats for both survival and non-survival applications, as depicted in Figure 1. The experimental model offers a controlled environment for studying the multifaceted dynamics of arterial ischemia, venous congestion, and their combined sequelae, emulating clinically relevant scenarios encountered in various conditions.
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/67171/67171fig01.jpg" /> 
Figure 1: Overview of the protocol. Schematic depiction of vascular rat anatomy and depiction of the clamping site (gray arrow). (A) Physiological perfusion. (B) Arterial ischemia. (C) venous congestion. (D) Combined malperfusion. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/67171/67171fig01large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>Author Spotlight: Advancing Spectral Characterization of Physiological and Malperused Tissues

Kontrollierte reversible viszerale arterielle Ischämie, venöse Stauung und kombinierte Malperfusion mittels Midline-Laparotomie bei Ratten

Besides sepsis and malignancy, malperfusion is the third leading cause of tissue degradation and a major pathomechanism for various medical and surgical ...

controlled-reversible-visceral-arterial-ischemia-venous-congestion

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Controlled Reversible Visceral Arterial Ischemia, Venous Congestion and Combined Malperfusion via Midline Laparotomy in Rats

250 Aufrufe.  Heidelberg University Hospital. Der Schwerpunkt unserer Forschung liegt in der spektralen Charakterisierung physiologischer und nicht durchbluteter Organe und Gewebe. Mit Hilfe der hyperspektralen Bildgebung hoffen wir, Nicht-Perfusionszustände in verschiedenen Geweben zuverlässig identifizieren und differenzieren zu können und diese Technologie als neue diagnostische Säule in der Medizin zu etablieren, um bestehende diagnostische Lücken zu schließen. Aktuelle experimentelle Herausfor...

Serie: Author Spotlight: Advancing Spectral Characterization of Physiological and Malperused Tissues

Besides sepsis and malignancy, malperfusion is the third leading cause of tissue degradation and a major pathomechanism for various medical and surgical conditions. Despite significant developments such as bypass surgery, endovascular procedures, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, and artificial blood substitutes, tissue malperfusion, especially of visceral organs, remains a pressing issue in patient care. The demand for further research on biomedical processes and possible interventions is high. Valid biological models are of utmost importance in enabling this kind of research. Due to the multifactorial aspects of tissue perfusion research, which include not only cell biology but also vascular microanatomy and rheology, an appropriate model requires a degree of biological complexity that only an animal model can provide, rendering rodents the obvious model of choice. Tissue malperfusion can be differentiated into three distinct conditions: (1) isolated arterial ischemia, (2) isolated venous congestion, and (3) combined malperfusion. This article presents a detailed step-by-step protocol for the controlled and reversible induction of these three types of visceral malperfusion via midline laparotomy and clamping of the abdominal aorta and caval vein in rats, underscoring the significance of precise surgical methodology to guarantee uniform and dependable results. Prime examples of possible applications of this model include the development and validation of innovative intraoperative imaging modalities, such as Hyperspectral Imaging (HSI), to objectively visualize and differentiate malperfusion of gastrointestinal, gynecological, and urological organs.

This article introduces a standardized procedure for controlled, reversible malperfusion of visceral organs in rat models. The aim is to induce these malperfusion states with a high degree of methodological certainty and control while maintaining technical simplicity and error resilience.