Die vorliegende Arbeit wurde durch eine Spende (RS1-00477-1) vom California Institute for Regenerative Medicine (CIRM), um FS unterstützt

<ol>
	<li>Evans, M. J., Kaufman, M. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Establishment+in+culture+of+pluripotential+cells+from+mouse+embryos.">Establishment in culture of pluripotential cells from mouse embryos.</a> Nature. 292, 154-156 (1981).</li><li>Boyer, L. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Polycomb+complexes+repress+developmental+regulators+in+murine+embryonic+stem+cells.">Polycomb complexes repress developmental regulators in murine embryonic stem cells.</a> Nature. 441, 349-353 (2006).</li><li>Lee, T. I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Control+of+developmental+regulators+by+Polycomb+in+human+embryonic+stem+cells.">Control of developmental regulators by Polycomb in human embryonic stem cells.</a> Cell. 125, 301-313 (2006).</li><li>Kornberg, R. D., Lorch, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Twenty-five+years+of+the+nucleosome,+fundamental+particle+of+the+eukaryotic+chromosome.">Twenty-five years of the nucleosome, fundamental particle of the eukaryotic chromosome.</a> Cell. 98, 285-294 (1999).</li><li>Guenther, M. G., Jenner, R. G., Chevalier, B., Nakamura, T., Croce, C. M., Canaani, E., Young, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Global+and+Hox-specific+roles+for+the+MLL1+methyltransferase.">Global and Hox-specific roles for the MLL1 methyltransferase.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A.. 102, 8603-8608 (2005).</li><li>Lee, T. I., Johnstone, S. E., Young, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chromatin+immunoprecipitation+and+microarray-based+analysis+of+protein+location.">Chromatin immunoprecipitation and microarray-based analysis of protein location.</a> Nat. Protoc. 1, 729-748 (2006).</li><li>Sanchez-Elsner, T., Gou, D., Kremmer, E., Sauer, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Noncoding+RNAs+of+trithorax+response+elements+recruit+Drosophila+Ash1+to+Ultrabithorax.">Noncoding RNAs of trithorax response elements recruit Drosophila Ash1 to Ultrabithorax.</a> Science. 311, 1118-1123 (2006).</li></ol>

Chromatin-Immunopräzipitation (ChIP) bietet eine wertvolle Technik für die Präparation von Chromatin-basierte Prozesse während der zellulären Differenzierung. Voraussetzungen für den Erfolg dieser Methode sind gute Antikörper und die Verfügbarkeit von Chromatin aus Kontroll-Zellen oder Gewebe, die das Antigen von Interesse fehlt. Durch die Kombination von ChIP mit DNA-Mikroarray-Technologie, riesige Mengen an Informationen eingeholt werden können. Die Validierung der ChIP Ergebnisse hängt von der Verfügbarkeit geeigneter Testsysteme, dass die dynamische Zuordnung von Proteinen, Protein-Modifikationen und / oder RNA mit der Ausführung der biologischen Prozesse im Zell-Entwicklung verknüpfen können.

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<td>Poteinase-K</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Roche</td>
<td>#EO0491</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>RNase-A</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Fermentas</td>
<td>#EN0531</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>formaldehyde 37%</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>EMD</td>
<td>FX040-13</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Chloroform</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>EMD</td>
<td>3150</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Ethanol </td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Goldshield</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>phenol:chloroform:isoamyl alcohol</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>15593-031</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>SA, fraction V</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>EMD</td>
<td>2930</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>Dubecco's Phosphate Buffered Saline</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Gibco</td>
<td>14190</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>HEPES</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>EMD</td>
<td>5330</td>
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<td>Sodium Chloride</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
<td>S271-10</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>EDTA</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>EMD</td>
<td>4050</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Triton X-100 </td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>EMD</td>
<td>9410</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>J.T Baker</td>
<td>4095-02</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>Lithium chloride</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>EMD</td>
<td>5910</td>
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<td>Tris-HCl</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>EMD</td>
<td>9230</td>
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<td>NP-40</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Calbiochem</td>
<td>492015</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>Deoxycholic acid, sodium salt</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
<td>BP349-100</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Ammonium acetate</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Applichem</td>
<td>631-61-8</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>Glycine</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>EMD</td>
<td>4840</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>Glycine</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>EMD</td>
<td>4840</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>dynalbeads, protein A</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>100.02D</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>dynalbeads, protein G</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>100.04D</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>1.5ml Low Retention Microtubes, Xtreme</td>
<td>Other</td>
<td>Phenix Research Products</td>
<td>MAX-815S</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Phase Lock Gel Light, 2.0 ml</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Eppendorf</td>
<td>955154037</td>
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chromatin immunoprecipitation from human embryonic stem cells

Die funktionelle und strukturelle Komplexität der Myriaden von Zellen in vielzelligen Organismen ergibt sich aus einer kleinen Anzahl von Stammzellen. Selbsterneuerung und Multipotenz, dass eine Stammzelle in nahezu jeder Zelle Typ 1 unterscheiden können: Stammzellen sind durch zwei grundlegende Eigenschaften aus. Die Progression Stammzellen zu differenzierten Zelle ist durch den Verlust von Multipotenz, strukturellen und morphologischen Veränderungen und die hierarchische Aktivität von Transkriptionsfaktoren und Signalmoleküle, deren Aktivitäten zu etablieren und zu pflegen zelltypspezifisch Genexpressionsmuster gekennzeichnet. Auf molekularer Ebene beinhaltet die Zelldifferenzierung dynamischen Veränderungen der Struktur und Zusammensetzung von Chromatin und der Nachweis dieser dynamischen Veränderungen können wertvolle Einblicke in die funktionellen Eigenschaften von Stammzellen und der Zelldifferenzierung Prozess 2,3 liefern. Chromatin ist eine hoch verdichtete DNA-Protein-Komplex, der entsteht, wenn Zellen Paket chromosomale DNA mit Proteinen, vor allem Histone 4. Stemcellness und Zelldifferenzierung hat mit dem Vorhandensein von spezifischen Arrays von regulatorischen Proteinen wie epigenetische Faktoren, Histon-Varianten und Transkriptionsfaktoren 2,3,5 korreliert. Chromatin-Immunopräzipitation (ChIP) bietet eine wertvolle Methode, um die Anwesenheit von RNA, Proteine ​​und Proteinmodifikationen in Chromatin 6,7 überwachen. Der Vergleich von Chromatin aus verschiedenen Zelltypen aufzuklären dynamischen Änderungen im Protein-Chromatin Verbände, die während der Zelldifferenzierung auftreten. Chromatin Immunopräzipitation beinhaltet die Reinigung von in vivo vernetzt Chromatin. Die isolierte Chromatin ist in kleinere Fragmente durch enzymatische Verdauung oder mechanische Kraft reduziert. Chromatin-Fragmente werden ausgefällt mittels spezifischer Antikörper an Proteine ​​oder Protein-und DNA-Modifikationen Ziel. Die gefällte DNA oder RNA wird gereinigt und als Matrize für die PCR oder DNA-Mikroarray-basierte Assays. Voraussetzungen für eine erfolgreiche ChIP sind hochwertige Antikörper gegen das gewünschte Antigen und die Verfügbarkeit von Chromatin aus Kontroll-Zellen, die nicht exprimieren das Zielmolekül. Chip kann korrelieren die Anwesenheit von Proteinen, Protein-und RNA Modifikationen und RNA mit spezifischen Ziel-DNA, und je nach Wahl des outread Tool, erkennt der Verband der Zielmoleküle an bestimmten Zielgenen oder im Rahmen eines gesamten Genoms. Der Vergleich der Verteilung der Proteine ​​im Chromatin differenzierenden Zellen kann erhellen den dynamischen Veränderungen des Chromatins Zusammensetzung, die mit dem Fortschreiten der Zellen entlang einer Zelllinie zusammenfallen.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Chromatin Immunoprecipitation from Human Embryonic Stem Cells at JoVE.com

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation from Human Embryonic Stem Cells

Die Differenzierung der ESC deckt sich mit Zelltyp-spezifische Veränderungen in der Struktur und Zusammensetzung des Chromatins. Der Nachweis dieser Veränderungen bietet wertvolle Einblicke in die Mechanismen, die stemcellness und der Zelldifferenzierung zu definieren. Chromatin-Immunopräzipitation (ChIP) stellt eine wertvolle Methode, um die zugrunde liegenden molekularen Mechanismen Stammzell-Differenzierung zu sezieren.

Chromatin Immunopräzipitation von humanen embryonalen Stammzellen

The functional and structural complexity of the myriad of cells in metazoan organisms arises from a small number of stem cells. Stem cells are ...

chromatin-immunoprecipitation-from-human-embryonic-stem-cells

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

20.5K Aufrufe.  University of California - Riverside. Die Differenzierung der ESC deckt sich mit Zelltyp-spezifische Veränderungen in der Struktur und Zusammensetzung des Chromatins. Der Nachweis dieser Veränderungen bietet wertvolle Einblicke in die Mechanismen, die stemcellness und der Zelldifferenzierung zu definieren. Chromatin-Immunopräzipitation (ChIP) stellt eine wertvolle Methode, um die zugrunde liegenden molekularen Mechanismen Stammzell-Differenzierung zu sezieren.

Serie: Chromatin Immunoprecipitation from Human Embryonic Stem Cells

Propagation of Human Embryonic Stem (ES) Cells

Propagation of Human Embryonic Stem ES Cells

Vermehrung von humanen embryonalen Stammzellen (ES-Zellen)

Forschung

Biologie

Derivation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells from Murine Embryonic Stem Cells

A stem cell is defined as a cell with the capacity to both self-renew and generate multiple differentiated progeny.  Embryonic stem cells (ESC) are derived from the blastocyst of the early embryo and are pluripotent in differentiative ability.  Their vast differentiative potential has made them the focus of much research centered on deducing how to coax them to generate clinically useful cell types.  The successful derivation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) from mouse ESC has recently been accomplished and can be visualized in this video protocol.  HSC, arguably the most clinically exploited cell population, are used to treat a myriad of hematopoietic malignancies and disorders.  However, many patients that might benefit from HSC therapy lack access to suitable donors.  ESC could provide an alternative source of HSC for these patients.  The following protocol establishes a baseline from which ESC-HSC can be studied and inform efforts to isolate HSC from human ESC.  In this protocol, ESC are differentiated as embryoid bodies (EBs) for 6 days in commercially available serum pre-screened for optimal hematopoietic differentiation.  EBs are then dissociated and infected with retroviral HoxB4.  Infected EB-derived cells are plated on OP9 stroma, a bone marrow stromal cell line derived from the calvaria of  M-CSF-/- mice, and co-cultured in the presence of hematopoiesis promoting cytokines for ten days.  During this co-culture, the infected cells expand greatly, resulting in the generation a heterogeneous pool of 100s of millions of cells.  These cells can then be used to rescue and reconstitute lethally irradiated mice.

This protocol details the derivation of transplantable hematopoietic stem cells from mouse embryonic stem cells (ESC) and their subsequent injection into lethally irradiated recipient mice. Briefly, ESC are differentiated as embryoid bodies, which are then infected with retroviral HoxB4 and co-cultured with OP9 stromal cells and hematopoietic cytokines.

Ableitung von hämatopoetischen Stammzellen aus embryonalen Stammzellen der Maus

A stem cell is defined as a cell with the capacity to both self-renew and generate multiple differentiated progeny.  Embryonic stem cells (ESC) are ...

Derivation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells by Immunosurgery

The ability of human embryonic stem cells to self-renew and differentiate into all cell types of 
the body suggests that they hold great promise for both medical applications and as a research 
tool for addressing fundamental questions in development and disease. Here, we provide a 
concise, step-by-step protocol for the derivation of human embryonic stem cells from embryos 
by immunosurgical isolation of the inner cell mass. 


The ability of human embryonic stem cells to self-renew and differentiate into all cell types of 
the body suggests that they hold great promise for both medical applications and as a research 
tool for addressing fundamental questions in development and disease. Here, we provide a 
concise, step-by-step protocol for the derivation of human embryonic stem cells from embryos 
by immunosurgical isolation of the inner cell mass.

Gewinnung menschlicher embryonaler Stammzellen durch Immunosurgery

The ability of human embryonic stem cells to self-renew and differentiate into all cell types of 
the body suggests that they hold great promise for both ...

Culture and Maintenance of Human Embryonic Stem Cells  

Human embryonic stem (hES) cells must be monitored and cared for in order to maintain healthy, undifferentiated cultures. At minimum, the cultures must be  fed  every day by performing a complete medium change to replenish lost nutrients and to keep the cultures free of unwanted differentiation factors. Although a small amount of differentiation is normal and expected in stem cell cultures, the culture should be routinely cleaned up by manually removing, or "picking" differentiated areas. Identifying and removing excess differentiation from hES cell cultures are essential techniques in the maintenance of a healthy population of cells.

Culture and Maintenance of Human Embryonic Stem Cells

This protocol demonstrates how to maintain healthy, undifferentiated human embryonic stem (ES) cells.

Kultur und Wartung von humanen embryonalen Stammzellen

Human embryonic stem (hES) cells must be monitored and cared for in order to maintain healthy, undifferentiated cultures. At minimum, the cultures must be ...

Chromosomal Spread Preparation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells for Karyotyping

Although human embryonic stem cells (hESC) have been shown to present a stable diploid karyotype 1, many studies have reported that depending on culture conditions they become prone to acquire chromosomal anomalies such as addition of whole or parts of chromosomes. Indeed, during long-term culture, karyotypic alterations are observed when enzymatic or chemical dissociation are used 2,3,4, while manual dissection of colonies for passaging retains a stable karyotype 5. Besides, changes in the environment such as the removal of feeder cells also seem to compromise the genetic integrity of hESC 3,6. Once chromosomal alterations could affect cellular physiology, the characterization of the genetic integrity of hESC in vitro is crucial considering hESC as an essential tool in embryogenesis studies and drug testing. Furthermore, for future therapeutic purposes chromosomal changes are a real concern as it is frequently associated to carcinogenesis.
Here we show a simple and useful method to obtain high quality chromosome spreads for subsequent analysis of chromosome set by G-banding, FISH, SKY or CGH techniques 7,8. We recommend checking the chromosomal status routinely with intervals of 5 passages in order to monitor the appearance of translocations and aneuploidies
Priscila Britto and Rafaela Sartore contributed equally to the paper.

Karyotyping is a simple and useful technique widely used for detecting genetic alterations. Here we describe a step by step protocol for chromosome spread preparation of human embryonic stem cells for monitoring the chromosomal status of these cells maintained in culture.

Chromosomale Spread-Vorbereitung von humanen embryonalen Stammzellen für die Karyotypisierung

Although human embryonic stem cells (hESC) have been shown to present a stable diploid karyotype 1, many studies have reported that depending on culture ...

Freezing and Thawing Human Embryonic Stem Cells

Since James Thomson et al developed a technique in 1998 to isolate and grow hES in culture, freezing cells for later use and thawing and expanding cells from a frozen stock have become important procedures performed in routine hES cell culture. Since hES cells are very sensitive to the stresses of freezing and thawing, special care must taken. Here we demonstrate the proper technique for rapidly thawing hES cells from liquid nitrogen stocks, plating them on mouse embryonic feeder cells, and slowly freezing them for long-term storage.

Since James Thomson et al developed a technique in 1998 to isolate and grow hES in culture, freezing cells for later use and thawing and expanding cells from a frozen stock have become important procedures performed in routine hES cell culture. Since hES cells are very sensitive to the stresses of freezing and thawing, special care must taken. Here we demonstrate the proper technique for rapidly thawing hES cells from liquid nitrogen stocks, plating them on mouse embryonic feeder cells, and slowly freezing them for long-term storage.

Einfrieren und Auftauen humanen embryonalen Stammzellen

Since James Thomson et al developed a technique in 1998 to isolate and grow hES in culture, freezing cells for later use and thawing and expanding cells ...

Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells into Oligodendrocyte Precursors

Oligodendrocytes are the myelinating cells of the central nervous system. For regenerative cell therapy in demyelinating diseases, there is significant interest in deriving a pure population of lineage-committed oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) for transplantation. OPCs are characterized by the activity of the transcription factor Olig2 and surface expression of a proteoglycan NG2. Using the GFP-Olig2 (G-Olig2) mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC) reporter line, we optimized conditions for the differentiation of mESCs into GFP+Olig2+NG2+ OPCs. In our protocol, we first describe the generation of embryoid bodies (EBs) from mESCs. Second, we describe treatment of mESC-derived EBs with small molecules: (1) retinoic acid (RA) and (2) a sonic hedgehog (Shh) agonist purmorphamine (Pur) under defined culture conditions to direct EB differentiation into the oligodendroglial lineage. By this approach, OPCs can be obtained with high efficiency (&gt;80%) in a time period of 30 days. Cells derived from mESCs in this protocol are phenotypically similar to OPCs derived from primary tissue culture. The mESC-derived OPCs do not show the spiking property described for a subpopulation of brain OPCs in situ. To study this electrophysiological property, we describe the generation of spiking mESC-derived OPCs by ectopically expressing NaV1.2 subunit. The spiking and nonspiking cells obtained from this protocol will help advance functional studies on the two subpopulations of OPCs.

We describe a small molecule-based protocol for differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells into oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). This protocol generates Olig2+NG2+ OPCs with high efficiency by 30 days of differentiation. We also describe a method to generate "spiking" OPCs that can fire action potentials.

Differenzierung von embryonalen Stammzellen in Oligodendrozyten Precursors

Oligodendrocytes are the myelinating cells of the central nervous system. For regenerative cell therapy in demyelinating diseases, there is significant ...

Fate Mapping of Human Embryonic Stem Cells by Teratoma Formation

Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) have an unlimited capacity for self-renewal, and the ability to differentiate into cells derived from all three embryonic germ layers (1). Directed differentiation of hESCs into specific cell types has generated much interest in the field of regenerative medicine (e.g., (2-5)), and methods for determining the in vivo fate of selected or manipulated hESCs are essential to this endeavor. We have adapted a highly efficient teratoma formation assay for this purpose. A small number of specifically selected hESCs is mixed with undifferentiated wild type hESCs and Phaseolus vulgaris lectin to form a cell pellet. This is grafted beneath the kidney capsule in an immunodeficient mouse. As few as 2.5 x 105 hESCs are needed to form a 16 cm3 teratoma within 8-12 weeks. The fate of the originally selected hESCs can then be determined by immunohistochemistry. This method provides a valuable tool for characterizing tissue-specific reagents for cell-based therapy.

Directed differentiation of hESCs into specific cells has generated much interest in regenerative medicine. We provide a concise, step-by-step protocol for determining the in vivo fate of selected hESCs that provides a valuable tool for characterizing tissue-specific reagents for cell-based therapy.

Fate Mapping von humanen embryonalen Stammzellen durch Teratom Formation

Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) have an unlimited capacity for self-renewal, and the ability to differentiate into cells derived from all three ...

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) to Assay Dynamic Histone Modification in Activated Gene Expression in Human Cells

In response to a variety of extracellular ligands, the STAT (signal transducer and activator of transcription) transcription factors are rapidly recruited from their latent state in the cytoplasm to cell surface receptors where they are activated by phosphorylation at a single tyrosine residue1. They then dimerize and translocate to the nucleus to drive the transcription of target genes, affecting growth, differentiation, homeostasis and the immune response. Not surprisingly, given their widespread involvement in normal cell processes, dysregulation of STAT function contributes to human disease, particularly to cancers2 and autoimmune diseases3. It is well established that transcription is regulated by alterations to the chromatin template4,5. These alterations include the activities of ATP-dependent complexes, as well as covalent histone modifications and DNA methylation6. Because STAT activation of gene expression is both rapid and transient, it requires specific mechanisms for modulating the chromatin template at STAT-dependent gene loci. To define these mechanisms, we characterize the histone modifications and the enzymatic activities that generate them at gene loci that respond to STAT signaling. This protocol describes chromatin immunoprecipitation, a method that is valuable for the study of STAT signaling to chromatin in activated gene expression.

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation ChIP to Assay Dynamic Histone Modification in Activated Gene Expression in Human Cells

This protocol describes how chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) is used to study the dynamic alterations to the chromatin template that regulate transcription induced by a signal transduction pathway.

Chromatin Immunopräzipitation (ChIP) zur Assay Dynamische Histonmodifikationen in Activated Gene Expression in menschlichen Zellen

In response to a variety of extracellular ligands, the STAT (signal transducer and activator of transcription) transcription factors are rapidly recruited ...

Photobleaching Assays (FRAP &amp; FLIP) to Measure Chromatin Protein Dynamics in Living Embryonic Stem Cells

Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching (FRAP) and Fluorescence Loss In Photobleaching (FLIP) enable the study of protein dynamics in living cells with good spatial and temporal resolution. Here we describe how to perform FRAP and FLIP assays of chromatin proteins, including H1 and HP1, in mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells. In a FRAP experiment, cells are transfected, either transiently or stably, with a protein of interest fused with the green fluorescent protein (GFP) or derivatives thereof (YFP, CFP, Cherry, etc.). In the transfected, fluorescing cells, an intense focused laser beam bleaches a relatively small region of interest (ROI). The laser wavelength is selected according to the fluorescent protein used for fusion. The laser light irreversibly bleaches the fluorescent signal of molecules in the ROI and, immediately following bleaching, the recovery of the fluorescent signal in the bleached area - mediated by the replacement of the bleached molecules with the unbleached molecules - is monitored using time lapse imaging. The generated fluorescence recovery curves provide information on the protein's mobility. If the fluorescent molecules are immobile, no fluorescence recovery will be observed. In a complementary approach, Fluorescence Loss in Photobleaching (FLIP), the laser beam bleaches the same spot repeatedly and the signal intensity is measured elsewhere in the fluorescing cell. FLIP experiments therefore measure signal decay rather than fluorescence recovery and are useful to determine protein mobility as well as protein shuttling between cellular compartments. Transient binding is a common property of chromatin-associated proteins. Although the major fraction of each chromatin protein is bound to chromatin at any given moment at steady state, the binding is transient and most chromatin proteins have a high turnover on chromatin, with a residence time in the order of seconds. These properties are crucial for generating high plasticity in genome expression1. Photobleaching experiments are therefore particularly useful to determine chromatin plasticity using GFP-fusion versions of chromatin structural proteins, especially in ES cells, where the dynamic exchange of chromatin proteins (including heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1), linker histone H1 and core histones) is higher than in differentiated cells2,3.

Photobleaching Assays FRAP &amp; FLIP to Measure Chromatin Protein Dynamics in Living Embryonic Stem Cells

We describe photobleaching methods including Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching (FRAP) and Fluorescence Loss In Photobleaching (FLIP) to monitor chromatin protein dynamics in embryonic stem (ES) cells. Chromatin protein dynamics, which is considered to be one of the means to study chromatin plasticity, is enhanced in pluripotent cells.

Photobleaching Assays (FRAP &amp; FLIP) zu Chromatin Protein Dynamics in Living embryonalen Stammzellen Measure

Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching (FRAP) and Fluorescence Loss In Photobleaching (FLIP) enable the study of protein dynamics in living cells with ...