Chapter 4
Biochemistry of the Cell
Compuestos esenciales para la función humana
The human body is composed of cells that are fundamentally made up of several different molecules. These molecules are essential to carry out all ...
El papel del agua en la biología humana
Water is the one of the most significant components of the human body; it plays a crucial role in several physiological activities because of its unique ...
Introducción a los electrolitos
In humans, electrolytes play a vital role in various physiological processes. Balancing electrolyte levels is essential for normal body functions; their ...
Homeostasis del pH
Acid-base homeostasis is essential for maintaining normal physiological activities in humans. The pH of various body fluids is strictly regulated because ...
Visión general de los grupos funcionales
Functional groups are a group of atoms with characteristic properties, which when linked to the carbon skeleton of a molecule, alter the properties of ...
Introducción a los hidratos de carbono
Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are the primary macronutrients in the human diet. However, carbohydrates are the most favored source of energy in the ...
Metabolismo de carbohidratos
Carbohydrates are polymers composed of molecules containing atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. One gram of carbohydrate can provide four kilo-calories ...
Los azúcares como moléculas de almacenamiento de energía
Sugar (a simple carbohydrate) metabolism (chemical reactions) is a classic example of the many cellular processes that use and produce energy. Living ...
¿Qué son los lípidos?
Lipids function as structural components of cellular membranes, in addition to acting as energy reservoirs and signaling molecules. They are thus crucial ...
Compuestos derivados de lípidos en el cuerpo humano
Fats and lipids are crucial components in the human body. Some lipid-derived compounds, such as fat-soluble vitamins, eicosanoids, lipoproteins, and ...
Las grasas como moléculas de almacenamiento de energía
Triglycerides are a form of long-term energy storage molecules. They are made of glycerol and three fatty acids. To obtain energy from fat, triglycerides ...
¿Qué son las proteínas?
Proteins are polymers of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. Proteins and polypeptides are interchangeably used to refer to long chains of amino ...
Organización de las proteínas
Proteins are polymers of amino acid residues. They are versatile and responsible for different cellular functions, including DNA replication, molecular ...
Proteínas globulares
In organisms, proteins are the most abundant macromolecules. They act as the building blocks of life and play various crucial roles in the body. Proteins ...
Proteínas fibrosas
Fibrous proteins are either long and narrow proteins or assemble to form long and thin structures. They contain repetitive units and usually consist of ...
Desnaturalización de proteínas
The function of proteins depends on their native three-dimensional structure, which is dictated by the amino acid sequence of the specific protein. ...
Papel de las proteínas en el cuerpo humano
Proteins are the building block of life. They are also the most abundant macromolecules with as many diverse roles in the body. They are part of ...
Introducción a las enzimas
The use of enzymes by humans dates to 7000 BCE. Humans first used enzymes to ferment sugars and produce alcohol without knowing that this was an ...
Enzimas y energía de activación
The activation energy (or free energy of activation), abbreviated as Ea, is the small amount of energy input necessary for all chemical reactions to ...
Introducción a los mecanismos de la catálisis enzimática
For many years, scientists thought that enzyme-substrate binding took place in a simple "lock-and-key" fashion. This model stated that the enzyme ...
Ácidos nucleicos y nucleótidos
Nucleic acids are the most important macromolecules for the continuity of life. They carry the cell's genetic blueprint and have instructions for its ...
Estructura del ácido nucleico
The pentose sugar in DNA is deoxyribose, while in RNA the pentose sugar is ribose. The difference between the sugars is the presence of the hydroxyl group ...
Almacenamiento y liberación de energía ATP
ATP is a highly unstable molecule. Unless quickly used to perform work, ATP spontaneously dissociates into ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi), and the free ...
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