Adult and Pediatric Porcine Model of Acute Volume Overload

Summary

The protocol here shows how continuous administration of crystalloids into the central veins of a euvolemic pig/piglet allows for the appropriate investigation of the physiological effects of acute volume overload.

Abstract

This protocol describes an acute volume overload porcine model for adult Yorkshire pigs and piglets. Both swine ages undergo general anesthesia, endotracheal intubation, and mechanical ventilation. A central venous catheter and an arterial catheter are placed via surgical cutdown in the external jugular vein and carotid artery, respectively. A pulmonary artery catheter is placed through an introducer sheath of the central venous catheter. PlasmaLyte crystalloid solution is then administered at a rate of 100 mL/min in adult pigs and at 20 mL/kg boluses over 10 min in piglets. Hypervolemia is achieved either at 15% decrease in cardiac output or at 5 L in adult pigs and at 500 mL in piglets. Hemodynamic data, such as heart rate, respiratory rate, end-tidal carbon dioxide, fraction of oxygen-saturated hemoglobin, arterial blood pressure, central venous pressure, pulmonary artery pressure, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, partial arterial oxygen pressure, lactate, pH, base excess, and pulmonary artery fraction of oxygen-saturated hemoglobin, are monitored during experimentation. Preliminary data observed with this model has demonstrated statistically significant changes and strong linear regressions between central hemodynamic parameters and acute volume overload in adult pigs. Only pulmonary capillary wedge pressure demonstrated both a linear regression and a statistical significance to acute volume overload in piglets. These models can aid scientists in the discovery of age-appropriate therapeutic and monitoring strategies to understand and prevent acute volume overload.

Introduction

Acute volume overload, a condition characterized by an abrupt and excessive increase in body fluid volume, is a critical medical concern that warrants comprehensive study¹. It is often associated with aggressive and/or inappropriate fluid resuscitation, blood transfusion, and comorbidities such as heart failure and renal failure. It can lead to severe morbidity and an increased likelihood of mortality^1,2,3. Despite its clinical significance, the pathophysiology of acute volume overload remains poorly understood^3,

Protocol

The study protocol was approved by the Vanderbilt University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (protocol M1800176-00) and strictly adhered to the National Institute of Health Guidelines for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. Male and Female Yorkshire pigs and piglets weighing approximately 40-45 kg and 4-10 kg are used in this experiment. The present approach does not encompass a screening for preexisting medical conditions in the ordered swine. Acknowledging that this practice could potentially influence .......

Discussion

There are two critical steps in this protocol. First, it is imperative that time is taken to obtain appropriate cannulation and ensure the positioning of hemodynamic/volume monitoring. In both adult and piglet models, surgical cutdown is necessary to cannulate the required vessel appropriately and introduce the required catheter. Percutaneous, ultrasound guided approaches have proven challenging and traumatic around the small caliber vessels seen in pigs and piglets. Two catheters that can present a challenge are the PAC.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
1% Isoflurane	Primal, Boston, MA, USA	26675-46-7	https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/aldrich/792632?gclid=Cj0KCQjw9fqnBhDSARIsAHl cQYS_W-q6tS2s6LQw2Qn7Roa3TGIpTLPf5 2351vrhgp44foEcRozPqtYaAtvfEAL w_wcB
Arterial Catheter	Merit Medical, South Jordan, UT, USA	MAK401	MAK Mini Access Kit 4F
Arterial Catheter	Cook Medical, Bloomington, IN, USA	C-PMS-300-RA/G01908	Radial Artery Catheter Set 3.0Fr./5cm
Blood Pressure Amp	AD Instruments, Colorado Springs, CO, USA	FE117	https://www.adinstruments.com/products/bp-blood-pressure-amp
Central Venous Catheter Introducer	Arrow International Inc, Reading, PA, USA	AK-09800	8.5 Fr. x 4" (10 cm) Arrow-Flex
Central Venous Catheter-Introducer	Arrow International	CP-07611-P	Super Arrow-Flex Percutaneous Sheath Introducer Kit 6Fr./7.5cm
Disposable BP Transducers	AD Instruments, Colorado Springs, CO, USA	MLT0670	https://www.adinstruments.com/products/disposable-bp-transducers
Kendall 930 FoamElectrodes	Covidien, Mansfield, MA, USA	22935	https://www.cardinalhealth.com/en/product-solutions/medical/patient-monitoring/electrocardiography/monitoring-ecg-electrodes/radiolucent-electrodes/kendall-930-series-radiolucent-foam-electrodes.html
LabChart 8 software	AD Instruments, Colorado Springs, CO, USA	N/A	https://www.adinstruments.com/products/labchart
Peripheral IV Catheter Angiocath 18-24 Gauge 1.16 inch	McKesson, Irving, TX, USA	329830	https://mms.mckesson.com/product/329830/Becton-Dickinson-381144
PlamaLyte Crystilloid Solution	Baxter International, Deerfield, IL USA	2B2544X	https://www.ciamedical.com/baxter-2b2544x-each-solution-plasma-lyte-a-inj-ph-7-4-1000ml
PowerLab	ADInstruments, Colorado Springs, CO, USA	N/A	https://www.adinstruments.com/products/powerlab/c?creative=532995768429&keyword= powerlab&matchtype=e&network= g&device=c&gclid=CjwKCAjwysipB hBXEiwApJOcu-ulfO0bfCc-j6B7PpO kOAGur8IZ4SWNkhNZ7mORGstO vKON6plWLxoCigsQAvD_BwE
Pulmonary Artery Catheter	Edwards Life Sciences, Irvine, CA, USA	TS105F5	True Size Thermodilution Catheter 24cm Proximal Port- Swan Ganz
Pulmonary Artery Catheter (7F)	Edwards Life Sciences, Irvine, CA, USA	131F7	Swan Ganz 7F x 110cm
Telazol (Tiletamine HCl and Zolazepam HCl), Injectable Solution, 5 mL	Patterson Veterinary, Loveland, CO 80538	07-801-4969	https://www.pattersonvet.com/ProductItem/078014969?omni=telazol
Terumo Sarns 8000 Roller Pump	Terumo Cardiovascular, Ann Arbor, MI, USA	16402	https://aamedicalstore.com/products/terumo-sarns%E2%84%A2-8000-roller-pump
Xylazine HCl 100 mg/mL, Injectable Solution, 50 mL	Patterson Veterinary, Loveland, CO 80538	07-894-5244	https://www.pattersonvet.com/ProductItem/078945244
Yorkshire Adult Pigs	Oak Hill Genetics, Ewing, IL, USA	N/A	Yorkshire/Landrace 81-100lbs
Yorkshire Piglets	Oak Hill Genetics	N/A	Female "piglet", specify age 5 weeks with a correlating healthy weight range (approximately 10-20lbs.)