El trabajo apoyado por el NIH subvención HD-32116, la Familia Sandler Apoyo a la Fundación John Bowes El Fondo de Células Madre, MEXT, MHLW, y HFSP. ZM con el apoyo de la Fundación Carlos Baldoceda y UCSF Krevans Comunidad. AA-B. tiene el Heather y Melanie Muss Cátedra.

<ol>
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USA. 93, 14895-14900 (1996).</li><li>Shen, Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adult+SVZ+stem+cells+lie+in+a+vascular+niche:+a+quantitative+analysis+of+niche+cell-cell+interactions.">Adult SVZ stem cells lie in a vascular niche: a quantitative analysis of niche cell-cell interactions.</a> Cell Stem Cell. 3, 289-300 (2008).</li><li>Tavazoie, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+specialized+vascular+niche+for+adult+neural+stem+cells.">A specialized vascular niche for adult neural stem cells.</a> Cell Stem Cell. 3, 279-288 (2008).</li><li>Mirzadeh, Z., Merkle, F. T., Soriano-Navarro, M., Garcia-Verdugo, J. M., Alvarez-Buylla, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neural+stem+cells+confer+unique+pinwheel+architecture+to+the+ventricular+surface+in+neurogenic+regions+of+the+adult+brain.">Neural stem cells confer unique pinwheel architecture to the ventricular surface in neurogenic regions of the adult brain.</a> Cell Stem Cell. 3, 265-278 (2008).</li><li>Mirzadeh, Z., Han, Y. G., Soriano-Navarro, M., Garcia-Verdugo, J. M., Alvarez-Buylla, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cilia+organize+ependymal+planar+polarity.">Cilia organize ependymal planar polarity.</a> J Neurosci. 30, 2600-2610 (2010).</li><li>Doetsch, F., Garcia-Verdugo, J. M., Alvarez-Buylla, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regeneration+of+a+germinal+layer+in+the+adult+mammalian+brain.">Regeneration of a germinal layer in the adult mammalian brain.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 96, 11619-11624 (1999).</li><li>Sawamoto, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+neurons+follow+the+flow+of+cerebrospinal+fluid+in+the+adult+brain.">New neurons follow the flow of cerebrospinal fluid in the adult brain.</a> Science. 311, 629-632 (2006).</li><li>Coskun, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CD133++neural+stem+cells+in+the+ependyma+of+mammalian+postnatal+forebrain.">CD133+ neural stem cells in the ependyma of mammalian postnatal forebrain.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 105, 1026-1031 (2008).</li><li>Merkle, F. T., Mirzadeh, Z., Alvarez-Buylla, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mosaic+organization+of+neural+stem+cells+in+the+adult+brain.">Mosaic organization of neural stem cells in the adult brain.</a> Science. 317, 381-384 (2007).</li><li>Young, K. M., Fogarty, M., Kessaris, N., Richardson, W. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Subventricular+zone+stem+cells+are+heterogeneous+with+respect+to+their+embryonic+origins+and+neurogenic+fates+in+the+adult+olfactory+bulb.">Subventricular zone stem cells are heterogeneous with respect to their embryonic origins and neurogenic fates in the adult olfactory bulb.</a> J Neurosci. 27, 8286-8296 (2007).</li><li>Waclaw, R. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+zinc+finger+transcription+factor+Sp8+regulates+the+generation+and+diversity+of+olfactory+bulb+interneurons.">The zinc finger transcription factor Sp8 regulates the generation and diversity of olfactory bulb interneurons.</a> Neuron. 49, 503-516 (2006).</li><li>Kohwi, M., Osumi, N., Rubenstein, J. L., Alvarez-Buylla, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pax6+is+required+for+making+specific+subpopulations+of+granule+and+periglomerular+neurons+in+the+olfactory+bulb.">Pax6 is required for making specific subpopulations of granule and periglomerular neurons in the olfactory bulb.</a> J Neurosci. 25, 6997-7003 (2005).</li><li>Kohwi, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+subpopulation+of+olfactory+bulb+GABAergic+interneurons+is+derived+from+Emx1-+and+Dlx5/6-expressing+progenitors.">A subpopulation of olfactory bulb GABAergic interneurons is derived from Emx1- and Dlx5/6-expressing progenitors.</a> J Neurosci. 27, 6878-6891 (2007).</li><li>Hack, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuronal+fate+determinants+of+adult+olfactory+bulb+neurogenesis.">Neuronal fate determinants of adult olfactory bulb neurogenesis.</a> Nat Neurosci. , (2005).</li><li>Ventura, R. E., Goldman, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dorsal+radial+glia+generate+olfactory+bulb+interneurons+in+the+postnatal+murine+brain.">Dorsal radial glia generate olfactory bulb interneurons in the postnatal murine brain.</a> J Neurosci. 27, 4297-4302 (2007).</li><li>Kelsch, W., Mosley, C. P., Lin, C. W., Lois, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Distinct+mammalian+precursors+are+committed+to+generate+neurons+with+defined+dendritic+projection+patterns.">Distinct mammalian precursors are committed to generate neurons with defined dendritic projection patterns.</a> PLoS Biol. 5, e300 (2007).</li><li>Wang, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Asymmetric+centrosome+inheritance+maintains+neural+progenitors.">Asymmetric centrosome inheritance maintains neural progenitors.</a> Nature. 461, 947-955 (2009).</li></ol>

La mayoría de los estudios de la neurogénesis en zonas ventricular y subventricular se han basado en las técnicas clásicas de corte para examinar la microanatomía y de las relaciones celulares en estas regiones. A continuación se describe una técnica alternativa, utilizó por primera vez para analizar la red de cadenas migratorias de los neuroblastos generados en la SVZ 1, entonces se utiliza para estudiar la regeneración de la población de progenitores SVZ después de un tratamiento anti-mitótico 6, y más recientemente para estudiar la precisión apical y basal interacciones célula-célula de células adultas de la SVZ madre neurales 2,3,4. Curiosamente, esta técnica ha revelado que las células madre neurales, o las células de tipo B1, de la SVZ adultos forman parte de un neuroepitelio mezclado con diferencia que no se dividen las células ependimarias. En la cara de imagen usando wholemounts ha demostrado que esta mezcla tiene una arquitectura neuroepitelio molinete formado por las terminaciones apicales de las células de tipo B1 y rodeado de grandes superficies apicales de las células ependimarias 4. Este análisis en cara ha aclarado nuestra comprensión del linaje de células madre neurales en el cerebro embrionario y adulto como un conjunto de células con terminaciones en la superficie apical del ventrículo y procesos basal en contacto con un nicho vascular. Estos hallazgos han sido casi imposible con las técnicas clásicas de corte. Wholemounts también facilitar la identificación de las células madre neurales a través de su ventrículo-ponerse en contacto con el proceso apical. Como los marcadores más específicos de estas células madre se encuentran, wholemounts será una parte integral de la identificación y análisis del comportamiento de las células madre neurales. Wholemounts de las paredes del ventrículo lateral también ofrecen la perspectiva ideal para el estudio de la polaridad plana de células ependimarias. Las células ependimarias son las células de revestimiento de los ventrículos multiciliated que la función de impulsar CSF de manera coordinada. Con la técnica de wholemount, el epitelio ependimario completa está expuesta en la cara y se puede teñir y estudiado ampliamente desde su anterior a las fronteras ventral posterior y dorsal al. Además, los ensayos realizados en el flujo de ependimarias aguda disección, wholemounts vivir con firmeza demostrar el flujo plano polarizado generada por los cilios ependimarias. Un trabajo reciente utilizando enfoques wholemount ha descubierto determinantes celulares de este ependimarias polaridad plana 5. Curiosamente, los estudios wholemount también han sugerido que ependimarias-generó un flujo de CSF establece gradientes de chemorepellents que guían la migración de las neuronas jóvenes en la SVZ 7. Enfoques wholemount que inicialmente identificó la red de cadenas migratorias neuronal, por lo tanto continuar proporcionando pistas sobre los mecanismos que regulan la migración en cadena. El análisis de los VZ y SVZ por wholemount imágenes añade un nuevo enfoque para los estudios de futuro y una forma de clarificar nuestra comprensión de los estudios existentes. Por ejemplo, un estudio reciente sugiere que las células madre neurales en la SVZ adultos fueron CD133 + / CD24-células en contacto con el ventrículo 8. En base a su tinción en secciones, estos autores afirman que estas células eran una subpoblación de células ependimarias multiciliated. Sin embargo, en nuestro estudio, utilizando el enfoque wholemount, lo que da una visión más completa del epitelio ependimario todo, encontramos que todas las células ependimarias expresan CD24 y el único ventrículo-ponerse en contacto con las células que fueron CD133 + / CD24-fueron un subconjunto de tipo B1 las células 4. Además, la técnica wholemount promete ser útiles en futuros estudios que examinen la organización del mosaico descrito recientemente de las células madre neurales en el cerebro adulto 9. Varios estudios han demostrado que las células madre neurales en el cerebro adulto no son una población homogénea, sino que se especifican a nivel regional y normalmente sólo producen subtipos específicos de las interneuronas bulbo olfatorio. Estos estudios han propuesto que las diferentes subpoblaciones de células madre neurales pueden ser distinguidos, ya sea por la expresión de factores de transcripción específicos 10,11,12,13,14 y / o por su localización regional a lo largo de la extensión dorsal-ventral y antero-posterior de la pared lateral 9,15,16. A medida que más marcadores moleculares de las subpoblaciones regionalmente específico de células madre neurales adultas se identifican, imágenes wholemount debe proporcionar una visión completa de la parcelación de estos dominios progenitoras diferentes a lo largo de la pared ventricular. La disección wholemount y técnicas de imagen que aquí se presenta puede ser utilizado para analizar las paredes ventriculares en el embrión. La disección de la pared lateral de embriones se lleva a cabo, paso a paso, de la misma manera. Sólo hay pequeñas diferencias en el nivel de dificultad, los ventrículos embrionarias son relativamente más grandes haciendo la disección más fácil, pero el tejido es más suave haciendo más difícil la manipulación. En particular, una exposición similar del ventrículo lateral se puede utilizar en Embryos para disecar la pared cortical del ventrículo para estudiar la neurogénesis cortical. La evidencia reciente sugiere que la herencia asimétrica del centrosoma mantiene glía radial en la superficie ventricular durante la neurogénesis cortical 17. En-frente a imágenes de la superficie apical radial gliales pueden proporcionar ideas sobre cómo centrosomas dentro de estas células que se dividen asimétricamente son heredados. Como con la mayoría de las técnicas, especialmente las relacionadas con la destreza precisa, la maestría requiere de práctica. Hay, sin embargo, algunos elementos en la disección que son clave para obtener mejores resultados: 1) el ajuste de iluminación de la iluminación de la muestra para crear sombras ofrece un contraste muy valiosa durante la disección de tejido que es de otra manera relativamente homogénea, 2) el uso de los fórceps como dos pasadores de insectos en las pinzas de esta técnica no se utilizan para apretar juntos o recoger a los tejidos, sino que se utilizan como pasadores maniobrable que se pueden reajustar continuamente para estabilizar el tejido durante el corte, 3) un balance de retracción suave y el corte del cuchillo no debe sólo se utiliza para cortar, sino también para proporcionar la retracción suave para separar las paredes medial y lateral, recordando que la mayoría de la disección, se efectúa a través de la retracción suave con sólo el corte intermitente.

the subventricular zone en-face: wholemount staining and ependymal flow

Las paredes de los ventrículos laterales contienen la mayor región germinales en el cerebro adulto de mamíferos. La zona subventricular (SVZ) en estos muros es un sistema modelo estudiado para comprender el comportamiento de las células madre neurales y la regulación de la neurogénesis adulta. Tradicionalmente, estos estudios se han basado en las técnicas clásicas de corte para el análisis histológico. Aquí se presenta un enfoque alternativo, la técnica wholemount, que ofrece una completa, en la cara vista de esta región germinal. En comparación con las secciones, wholemounts preservar la citoarquitectura completa y las relaciones celulares dentro de la SVZ. Este enfoque ha revelado recientemente que las células madre neurales adultas o células de tipo B1, son parte de un neuroepitelio se mezcla con las células diferenciadas ependimarias revestimiento de los ventrículos laterales. Además, este enfoque ha sido utilizado para estudiar la polarización plana de células ependimarias y el flujo del líquido cefalorraquídeo que generan en el ventrículo. Con la evidencia reciente de que células madre neurales adultas son una población heterogénea que se especifica regional, el enfoque wholemount probablemente será una herramienta esencial para la comprensión de la organización y la parcelación de este nicho de células madre.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Subventricular Zone En-face: Wholemount Staining and Ependymal Flow at JoVE.com

The Subventricular Zone En-face: Wholemount Staining and Ependymal Flow

Las paredes del ventrículo lateral se encuentra la mayor región germinales en el cerebro adulto de mamíferos. Tradicionalmente, los estudios sobre la neurogénesis en esta región se han basado en las técnicas clásicas de corte para el análisis histológico. Aquí se presenta un enfoque alternativo, la técnica wholemount, que ofrece una completa, en la cara vista de esta región germinal.

En la zona subventricular cara: tinción wholemount y flujo ependimarios

The walls of the lateral ventricles contain the largest germinal region in the adult mammalian brain. The subventricular zone (SVZ) in these walls is an ...

the-subventricular-zone-en-face-wholemount-staining-and-ependymal-flow

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

41.7K vistas.  University of California, San Francisco - UCSF. Las paredes del ventrículo lateral se encuentra la mayor región germinales en el cerebro adulto de mamíferos. Tradicionalmente, los estudios sobre la neurogénesis en esta región se han basado en las técnicas clásicas de corte para el análisis histológico. Aquí se presenta un enfoque alternativo, la técnica wholemount, que ofrece una completa, en la cara vista de esta región germinal.

Video: The Subventricular Zone En-face: Wholemount Staining and Ependymal Flow

Wholemount Immunohistochemistry for Revealing Complex Brain Topography

The repeated and well-understood cellular architecture of the cerebellum make it an ideal model system for exploring brain topography. Underlying its relatively uniform cytoarchitecture is a complex array of parasagittal domains of gene and protein expression. The molecular compartmentalization of the cerebellum is mirrored by the anatomical and functional organization of afferent fibers. To fully appreciate the complexity of cerebellar organization we previously refined a wholemount staining approach for high throughput analysis of patterning defects in the mouse cerebellum. This protocol describes in detail the reagents, tools, and practical steps that are useful to successfully reveal protein expression patterns in the adult mouse cerebellum by using wholemount immunostaining. The steps highlighted here demonstrate the utility of this method using the expression of zebrinII/aldolaseC as an example of how the fine topography of the brain can be revealed in its native three-dimensional conformation. Also described are adaptations to the protocol that allow for the visualization of protein expression in afferent projections and large cerebella for comparative studies of molecular topography. To illustrate these applications, data from afferent staining of the rat cerebellum are included.

Neural circuits are topographically organized into functional compartments with specific molecular profiles. Here, we provide the practical and technical steps for revealing global brain topography using a versatile wholemount immunohistochemical staining approach. We demonstrate the utility of the method using the well-understood cytoarchitecture and circuitry of cerebellum.

La inmunohistoquímica wholemount de Topografía Revelando Complex Brain

The repeated and well-understood cellular architecture of the cerebellum make it an ideal model system for exploring brain topography. Underlying its ...

Investigación

Neurociencias

Preparation of Acute Subventricular Zone Slices for Calcium Imaging

The subventricular zone (SVZ) is one of the two neurogenic zones in the postnatal brain. The SVZ contains densely packed cells, including neural progenitor cells with astrocytic features (called SVZ astrocytes), neuroblasts, and intermediate progenitor cells. Neuroblasts born in the SVZ tangentially migrate a great distance to the olfactory bulb, where they differentiate into interneurons. Intercellular signaling through adhesion molecules and diffusible signals play important roles in controlling neurogenesis. Many of these signals trigger intercellular calcium activity that transmits information inside and between cells. Calcium activity is thus reflective of the activity of extracellular signals and is an optimal way to understand functional intercellular signaling among SVZ cells.
Calcium activity has been studied in many other regions and cell types, including mature astrocytes and neurons. However, the traditional method to load cells with calcium indicator dye (i.e. bath loading) was not efficient at loading all SVZ cell types. Indeed, the cellular density in the SVZ precludes dye diffusion inside the tissue. In addition, preparing sagittal slices will better preserve the three-dimensional arrangement of SVZ cells, particularly the stream of neuroblast migration on the rostral-caudal axis.
Here, we describe methods to prepare sagittal sections containing the SVZ, the loading of SVZ cells with calcium indicator dye, and the acquisition of calcium activity with time-lapse movies. We used Fluo-4 AM dye for loading SVZ astrocytes using pressure application inside the tissue. Calcium activity was recorded using a scanning confocal microscope allowing a precise resolution for distinguishing individual cells. Our approach is applicable to other neurogenic zones including the adult hippocampal subgranular zone and embryonic neurogenic zones. In addition, other types of dyes can be applied using the described method.

A method to load subventricular zone (SVZ) cells with calcium indicator dyes for recording calcium activity is described. The postnatal SVZ contains tightly packed cells including neural progenitor cells and neuroblasts. Rather than using bath loading we injected the dye by pressure inside the tissue allowing better dye diffusion.

Preparación de agudos Slices zona subventricular for Imaging Calcio

The subventricular zone (SVZ) is one of the two neurogenic zones in the postnatal brain. The SVZ contains densely packed cells, including neural ...

Neonatal Subventricular Zone Electroporation

Neural stem cells (NSCs) line the postnatal lateral ventricles and give rise to multiple cell types which include neurons, astrocytes, and ependymal cells1. Understanding the molecular pathways responsible for NSC self-renewal, commitment, and differentiation is critical for harnessing their unique potential to repair the brain and better understand central nervous system disorders. Previous methods for the manipulation of mammalian systems required the time consuming and expensive endeavor of genetic engineering at the whole animal level2. Thus, the vast majority of studies have explored the functions of NSC molecules in vitro or in invertebrates.
Here, we demonstrate the simple and rapid technique to manipulate neonatal NPCs that is referred to as neonatal subventricular zone (SVZ) electroporation. Similar techniques were developed a decade ago to study embryonic NSCs and have aided studies on cortical development3,4 . More recently this was applied to study the postnatal rodent forebrain5-7. This technique results in robust labeling of SVZ NSCs and their progeny. Thus, postnatal SVZ electroporation provides a cost and time effective alternative for mammalian NSC genetic engineering.

We demonstrate a minimally invasive technique referred to as neonatal subventricular zone electroporation. The technique consists of injecting plasmid DNA into the lateral ventricles of neonatal pups and applying electrical current to deliver and genetically manipulate neural stem cells

La electroporación neonatal zona subventricular

Neural stem cells (NSCs) line the postnatal lateral ventricles and give rise to multiple cell types which include neurons, astrocytes, and ependymal ...

Immunohistochemical and Calcium Imaging Methods in Wholemount Rat Retina

In this paper we describe the tools, reagents, and the practical steps that are needed for: 1) successful preparation of wholemount retinas for immunohistochemistry and, 2) calcium imaging for the study of voltage gated calcium channel (VGCC) mediated calcium signaling in retinal ganglion cells. The calcium imaging method we describe circumvents issues concerning non-specific loading of displaced amacrine cells in the ganglion cell layer.

Immunohistochemistry protocols are used to study the localization of a specific protein in the retina. Calcium imaging techniques are employed to study calcium dynamics in retinal ganglion cells and their axons.

Inmunohistoquímicos y métodos de imagen de calcio en Wholemount Rata Retina

In this paper we describe the tools, reagents, and the practical steps that are needed for: 1) successful preparation of wholemount retinas for ...

Live Imaging of the Ependymal Cilia in the Lateral Ventricles of the Mouse Brain

Multiciliated ependymal cells line the ventricles in the adult brain. Abnormal function or structure of ependymal cilia is associated with various neurological deficits. The current ex vivo live imaging of motile ependymal cilia technique allows for a detailed study of ciliary dynamics following several steps. These steps include: mice euthanasia with carbon dioxide according to protocols of The University of Toledo&#8217;s Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC); craniectomy followed by brain removal and sagittal brain dissection with a vibratome or sharp blade to obtain very thin sections through the brain lateral ventricles, where the ependymal cilia can be visualized. Incubation of the brain&#8217;s slices in a customized glass-bottom plate containing Dulbecco&#8217;s Modified Eagle&#8217;s Medium (DMEM)/High-Glucose at 37 &#176;C in the presence of 95%/5% O2/CO2 mixture is essential to keep the tissue alive during the experiment. A video of the cilia beating is then recorded using a high-resolution differential interference contrast microscope. The video is then analyzed frame by frame to calculate the ciliary beating frequency. This allows distinct classification of the ependymal cells into three categories or types based on their ciliary beating frequency and angle. Furthermore, this technique allows the use of high-speed fluorescence imaging analysis to characterize the unique intracellular calcium oscillation properties of ependymal cells as well as the effect of pharmacological agents on the calcium oscillations and the ciliary beating frequency. In addition, this technique is suitable for immunofluorescence imaging for ciliary structure and ciliary protein localization studies. This is particularly important in disease diagnosis and phenotype studies. The main limitation of the technique is attributed to the decrease in live motile cilia movement as the brain tissue starts to die.

Using high-resolution differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy, an ex vivo observation of the beating of motile ependymal cilia located within the mouse brain ventricles is demonstrated by live-imaging. The technique allows a recording of the unique ciliary beating frequency and beating angle as well as their intracellular calcium oscillation pacing properties.

Imágenes en vivo de la ependimarios cilios en los ventrículos laterales del cerebro del ratón

Multiciliated ependymal cells line the ventricles in the adult brain. Abnormal function or structure of ependymal cilia is associated with various ...

Cell Sorting of Neural Stem and Progenitor Cells from the Adult Mouse Subventricular Zone and Live-imaging of their Cell Cycle Dynamics

Neural stem cells (NSCs) in the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles (SVZ) sustain olfactory neurogenesis throughout life in the mammalian brain. They successively generate transit amplifying cells (TACs) and neuroblasts that differentiate into neurons once they integrate the olfactory bulbs. Emerging fluorescent activated cell sorting (FACS) techniques have allowed the isolation of NSCs as well as their progeny and have started to shed light on gene regulatory networks in adult neurogenic niches. We report here a cell sorting technique that allows to follow and distinguish the cell cycle dynamics of the above-mentioned cell populations from the adult SVZ with a LeX/EGFR/CD24 triple staining. Isolated cells are then plated as adherent cells to explore in details their cell cycle progression by time-lapse video microscopy. To this end, we use transgenic Fluorescence Ubiquitination Cell Cycle Indicator (FUCCI) mice in which cells are red-fluorescent during G1 phase due to a G1 specific red-Cdt1 reporter. This method has recently revealed that proliferating NSCs progressively lengthen their G1 phase during aging, leading to neurogenesis impairment. This method is easily transposable to other systems and could be of great interest for the study of the cell cycle dynamics of brain cells in the context of brain pathologies.

We report a Fluorescent Activated Cell Sorting (FACS)-based method to isolate neural stem cells (NSCs) and their progeny from the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the adult mouse brain. Applied to Fluorescence Ubiquitination Cell Cycle Indicator (FUCCI) transgenic mice, it allows the study of cell cycle progression by live imaging.

Clasificación celular del Neuronales madre y progenitoras Las células del adulto Ratón zona subventricular y Live-imágenes de sus Dinámica del Ciclo Celular

Neural stem cells (NSCs) in the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles (SVZ) sustain olfactory neurogenesis throughout life in the mammalian brain. ...

Isolation and Culture of Adult Neural Stem Cells from the Mouse Subcallosal Zone

Adult neural stem cells (aNSCs) can be used for the regeneration of damaged brain tissue. NSCs have the potential for differentiation and proliferation into three types of cells: neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. Identifying aNSC-derived regions and characterizing the aNSC properties are critical for the potential use of aNSCs and for the elucidation of their role in neural regeneration. The subcallosal zone (SCZ), located between white matter and the hippocampus, has recently been reported to contain aNSCs and continuously give rise to neuroblasts. A low percentage of aNSCs from the SCZ is differentiated into neurons; most cells are differentiated into glial cells, such as oligodendrocytes and astrocytes. These cells are suggested to have a therapeutic potential for traumatic cortical injury. This protocol describes in detail the process to generate SCZ-aNSCs from an adult mouse brain. A brain matrix with intervals of 1 mm is used to obtain the SCZ-containing coronal slices and to precisely dissect the SCZ from the whole brain. The SCZ sections are initially subjected to a neurosphere culture. A well-developed culture system allows for the verification of their characteristics and can increase research on NSCs. A neurosphere culture system provides a useful tool for determining proliferation and collecting the genuine NSCs. A monolayer culture is also an in vitro system to assay proliferation and differentiation. Significantly, this culture system provides a more homogenous environment for NSCs than the neurosphere culture system. Thus, using a discrete brain region, these culture systems will be helpful for expanding our knowledge about aNSCs and their applications for therapeutic uses.

Establishing culture systems for the expansion of adult neural stem cells (aNSCs) allows for the examination and application of aNSCs for therapy. The subcallosal zone (SCZ) has recently been recognized as a novel neuroblast-forming region in adult mice. Here, methods for the isolation, expansion, and differentiation of SCZ-aNSCs are described.

Aislamiento y cultivo de células madre adultas neural de la Zona subcallosal Ratón

Adult neural stem cells (aNSCs) can be used for the regeneration of damaged brain tissue. NSCs have the potential for differentiation and proliferation ...

Measuring Post-Stroke Cerebral Edema, Infarct Zone and Blood-Brain Barrier Breakdown in a Single Set of Rodent Brain Samples

One of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide is ischemic stroke. Historically, an animal model used to stimulate ischemic stroke involves middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Infarct zone, brain edema and blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown are measured as parameters that reflect the extent of brain injury after MCAO. A significant limitation to this method is that these measurements are normally obtained in different rat brain samples, leading to ethical and financial burdens due to the large number of rats that need to be euthanized for an appropriate sample size. Here we present a method to accurately assess brain injury following MCAO by measuring infarct zone, brain edema and BBB permeability in the same set of rat brains. This novel technique provides a more efficient way to evaluate the pathophysiology of stroke.

This protocol describes a novel technique of measuring the three most important parameters of ischemic brain injury on the same set of rodent brain samples. Using only one brain sample is highly advantageous in terms of ethical and economic costs.

Medición del edema cerebral post-accidente cerebrovascular, zona infarta y descomposición de la barrera hematoencefálica en un solo conjunto de muestras cerebrales de roedores

One of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide is ischemic stroke. Historically, an animal model used to stimulate ischemic stroke ...

Cryo-section Dissection of the Adult Subependymal Zone for Accurate and Deep Quantitative Proteome Analysis

The subependymal neurogenic niche consists of a paraventricular ribbon of the lateral ventricular wall of the lateral ventricle. The subependymal zone (SEZ) is a thin and distinct region exposed to the ventricles and cerebrospinal fluid. The isolation of this niche allows the analysis of a neurogenic stem cell microenvironment. However, extraction of small tissues for proteome analysis&#160;is challenging, especially for the maintenance of considerable measurement depth and the achievement of reliable robustness. A new method termed cryo-section-dissection (CSD), combining high precision with minimal tissue perturbation, was developed to address these challenges. The method is compatible with state-of-the-art mass spectrometry (MS) methods that allow the detection of low-abundant niche regulators. This study compared the CSD and its proteome data to the method and data obtained by laser-capture-microdissection (LCM) and a standard wholemount dissection. The CSD method resulted in twice the quantification depth in less than half the preparation time compared to the LCM and simultaneously clearly outperformed the dissection precision of the wholemount dissection. Hence, CSD is a superior method for collecting the SEZ for proteome analysis.

Cryo-section-dissection allows fresh, frozen preparation of the largest neurogenic niche in the murine brain for deep quantitative proteome analysis. The method is precise, efficient, and causes minimal tissue perturbation. Therefore, it is ideally suited for studying the molecular microenvironment of this niche, as well as other organs, regions, and species.

Disección crioseccional de la zona subependimaria adulta para un análisis cuantitativo preciso y profundo del proteoma

The subependymal neurogenic niche consists of a paraventricular ribbon of the lateral ventricular wall of the lateral ventricle. The subependymal zone ...

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>Nucleofección eficiente de NSCs aisladas de la zona subventricular murina

Isolation, Expansion, and Nucleofection of Neural Stem Cells from Adult Murine Subventricular Zone

Isolation and expansion of neural stem cells (NSCs) from the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the adult mouse brain can be achieved in a medium supplemented with basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) as mitogens, producing clonal aggregates known as neurospheres. This in vitro system is a valuable tool for studying NSC potential. Transfection of siRNAs or genes carried in plasmids can be used to induce perturbations to gene expression and study NSC biology. However, the exogenous nucleic acid delivery to NSC cultures is challenging due to the low efficiency of central nervous system (CNS) cells transfection. Here, we present an improved nucleofection system that achieves high efficiency of gene delivery in expanded NSCs from adult murine SVZ. We demonstrate that this relatively simple method enhances gene perturbation in adult NSCs, surpassing traditional transfection protocols with survival rates exceeding 80%. Moreover, this method can also be applied in primary isolated NSCs, providing a crucial advancement in gene function studies through gene expression manipulation via knockdown or overexpression in neurosphere cultures.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>Autor destacado: Nucleofección mejorada para la entrega de genes de alta eficiencia en cultivos de células madre neurales derivadas de la zona subventricular murin

Here, we describe a nucleofection system designed to enhance gene delivery efficiency in expanded neural stem cells (NSCs) isolated from the adult murine subventricular zone. The findings demonstrate that this method significantly improves gene perturbation in NSCs, surpassing the effectiveness of traditional transfection protocols and enhancing cell survival rate.

Aislamiento, expansión y nucleofección de células madre neurales de la zona subventricular murina adulta

Isolation and expansion of neural stem cells (NSCs) from the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the adult mouse brain can be achieved in a medium supplemented ...