Este trabajo fue apoyado por el Consejo Nacional de Salud y Consejo de Investigación Médica, Australia (1008865), el Consejo de Investigación Australiano (LE110100125), el Instituto Nacional del Cáncer (CA138687-01), Erica Sloan con el apoyo de una beca de Carrera Temprana del Cáncer National Breast Fundación, Australia. Corina Kim-Fuchs es apoyado por una beca de la Liga Suiza contra el Cáncer y una beca de HDR de Monash Instituto de Ciencias Farmacéuticas. Eliane Angst es apoyado por una beca de la Sociedad del Cáncer de Berna.

El protocolo que se está demostrado que se realiza bajo la supervisión y aprobación de cuidado de los animales de la institución del autor y el empleo. Todos los experimentos se realizan en cumplimiento de todas las directrices, reglamentos y las agencias reguladoras. 1. Transducción de páncreas líneas celulares de cáncer <ol><li> Transducir las células de cáncer de páncreas para expresar luciferasa como se ha descrito anteriormente. Capan-1 de páncreas líneas celulares de cáncer de 12,13 Panc-1 y transducidas con luciferasa de luciérnaga se utilizan aquí. </li></ol> Nota: luciferasa de Renilla luciferasa bacteriana o también se pueden usar. 2. Preparación de las células del cáncer de páncreas <ol><li> Cultura transducidas células del cáncer pancreático hasta el 70% de confluencia. </li><li> Levante las células pancreáticas y asegurar la viabilidad es superior al 90%. </li><li> Volver a suspender en 2 x 10 7 células / ml en una mezcla 3:2 de Matrigel refrigeradas: tamponada con fosfato Saline (PBS). </li><li> Mantener la suspensión de células Matrigel en hielo antes de la inyección en el páncreas. </li></ol> Notas: Para garantizar una rápida solidificación de Matrigel, reducir el volumen de PBS para tener en cuenta el volumen del sedimento celular. Mango Matrigel usando instrumentos de hielo frío y jeringas en todo momento para evitar la solidificación antes de la inyección. El número de células que se sugiere es una guía y debe ser determinada empíricamente para cada línea celular. 3. Ratón Preparación <ol><li> Anestesiar el ratón usando inhalado 2-3% isoflurano. Determine la profundidad de la anestesia por la falta de pedal reflejo de una pizca dedo del pie suave. </li><li> Aplique lubricante a los ojos para evitar la desecación. </li><li> Coloque el ratón en la espalda a un ° C almohadilla eléctrica 37 y gire suavemente el ratón para elevar el lado izquierdo del abdomen. </li><li> Preparar el abdomen con una solución de povidona yodada 10%. </li></ol> Notas: InjectabLe anestesia puede ser utilizado en lugar de la anestesia inhalada. El ayuno pre-operatorio no es necesario. 4. Laparotomía <ol><li> Utilizando instrumentos quirúrgicos estériles hacer una incisión de 1,5 cm en la piel de aproximadamente 1 cm lateral izquierda de la línea media. </li><li> Hacer un cm de incisión en el músculo abdominal subyacente 1.5. </li><li> Localice el bazo utilizando las pinzas y retire suavemente el bazo de la cavidad abdominal. Asegure el bazo por un bastoncillo de algodón estéril para exponer el páncreas subyacente. </li><li> Busque la cola del páncreas adyacente al bazo. </li><li> Uso de un G 0,3 ml jeringa de insulina 29, inyectar 20 l de la suspensión de células Matrigel en el páncreas. </li><li> Después de la inyección, mantenga la jeringa en el páncreas durante 30-60 segundos hasta que el Matrigel se ha solidificado. Este paso importante minimiza las fugas celular. </li><li> Inspeccionar el sitio de la inyección para asegurar que tuviera lugar ninguna fuga. </li><li> Volver el bazo y el páncreas a la cavidad abdominal. </li></ol> Nota: Tenga cuidado de no perforar el lado dorsal del páncreas que puede ser delgada. 5. Cierre de la pared abdominal <ol><li> Cierre la musculatura abdominal del ratón con una sutura trenzada absorbible 4-0 con una aguja redonda usando una puntada continua. </li><li> Cierre de la piel externa con un monofilamento no absorbible 6-0 sutura con una aguja de corte con una puntada continua. </li><li> Retire el ratón de la anestesia inhalada e inyectada 0,05-0,1 mg / kg de buprenorfina por vía subcutánea. </li><li> Deje que el ratón se recupere en su jaula colocada sobre una almohadilla térmica ° C 37 con acceso libre a comida y agua. Si los ratones muestran signos de dolor, como encorvarse o con movilidad reducida, la buprenorfina puede administrarse cada 12 horas durante un período de 36 horas. </li><li> Después de la cicatrización de heridas (7-10 días), anestesiar el ratón y retirar los puntos de sutura externos. </li></ol> 6. Seguimiento bioluminiscente de Canc páncreaser progresión <ol><li> Anestesiar el ratón con isoflurano inhalado. </li><li> Inyectar 150 mg / kg de D-luciferina a través de la vena caudal. </li><li> Coloque el ratón en el sistema de imágenes bioluminiscentes y capturar imágenes de luz blanca y bioluminiscencia como se ha descrito anteriormente 14,15. </li><li> Retire el ratón de la anestesia inhalada y permite que se recupere en su jaula. </li></ol> Nota: bioluminiscente de imágenes es no invasivo y puede llevarse a cabo periódicamente para investigar la cinética de crecimiento del tumor. Para tumor imágen en la cola del páncreas, es importante poner el ratón sobre el lado izquierdo, por lo que los puntos tumorales hacia la cámara. Nos Toma de imágenes de una vez por semana con la frecuencia aumentó hasta tres veces por semana antes del punto final experimental utilizando un sistema de imagen II Lumina (Perkin-Elmer, anteriormente Caliper Life Sciences) que ejecuta el software 4.3.1 Imagen de estar con binning 4, FOV 12.5, F-parada 1, la exposición 1-60 seg (determinada por la más alta exposure sin saturación de píxel).

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Los autores declaran que no tienen intereses financieros en competencia.

Aquí se describe un modelo ortotópico para la evaluación longitudinal de desarrollo y la progresión del tumor de páncreas. La cinética de crecimiento del tumor primario son reproducibles (Figura 3) y pueden ser de forma no invasiva supervisado usando imágenes de bioluminiscencia de la luciferasa de las células marcadas con, por ejemplo, para el análisis de la respuesta del tumor a nuevas terapias contra el cáncer de páncreas. En consonancia con la enfermedad humana, el modelo muestra...

El cáncer de páncreas es la cuarta causa principal de muerte relacionada con el cáncer, con una tasa de supervivencia a 5 años del 4-6% 1,2. Sólo el 15% de los pacientes son diagnosticados a tiempo de la enfermedad para ser elegibles para la cirugía, y los tumores se repiten en&gt; 80% de los pacientes 3,4. gemcitabina se utiliza para el tratamiento de adenocarcinomas de páncreas, sin embargo, quimio-resistencia es común y muchas veces la droga tiene poco impacto en la supervivencia global. 5 Nuevas estrategias farmacológicas para tratar el cáncer de páncreas son críticamente necesarios. Su desarrollo depende de mejorar significativamente la comprensión de los pasos clave de la progresión de la enfermedad que pueden ser sensibles a la intervención terapéutica. Modelos ortotópico de cáncer de páncreas emulan aspectos clave de la enfermedad humana, haciéndolos herramientas ideales para el estudio de la biología del cáncer de páncreas. 6-9 En contraste con los ensayos in vitro basados ​​en células de comportamiento de las células de un cáncer de páncreasd subcutánea en modelos in vivo de cáncer de páncreas, modelos ortotópico permitir la investigación de las interacciones de células tumorales con el microambiente de páncreas. La cinética de la progresión de la enfermedad son altamente reproducibles en los modelos ortotópico y se producen en un corto período de tiempo (semanas), lo que los hace muy adecuados para las pruebas de pre-clínico de nuevos tratamientos. Esto está en contraste con los modelos transgénicos donde inicio de la enfermedad se produce sobre un marco más largo y más variable de tiempo (meses a 1 año). 10 Cuando se utiliza con líneas de células más agresivas, modelos ortotópico de cáncer de páncreas tienen patrones de metástasis espontánea similares a las observadas en los pacientes. 8 Expresión de genes reporteros bioluminiscentes tales como la luciferasa de luciérnaga facilita el seguimiento longitudinal de crecimiento tumoral, diseminación metastásica, la recidiva y la respuesta a la terapéutica. 6,11 A continuación se describe un modelo ortotópico de cáncer de páncreas que utiliza MatrIgel para la entrega localizada de células e in vivo imágenes de bioluminiscencia para la monitorización no invasiva de la progresión del tumor. Este modelo ortotópico de cáncer de páncreas permite análisis no invasivos de progresión de la enfermedad y la respuesta a las intervenciones terapéuticas en modelos singénicos o xenoinjerto.

<table border="1">
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td>Equipment</td>
 <td>Company</td>
 <td>Catalog Number</td>
 <td>Comments</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Clean Bench coat</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Heating pad</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Set to 37 &deg;C </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Ivis Lumina ll Bioluminescent imager</td>
 <td>Caliper </td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Alternative bioluminescent imaging systems include In vivo F PRO (Carestream) and Photon Imager (Biospace Lab)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Dissecting scissors</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Iris forceps (serrated)</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Needle holder</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>27 G 0.3 ml insulin syringe</td>
 <td>Terumo</td>
 <td>T35525M2913</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>

bioluminescent orthotopic model of pancreatic cancer progression

<p class="jove_content"&gt; El cáncer de páncreas tiene una tasa de supervivencia a cinco años extremadamente pobre del 4-6%. Nuevas opciones terapéuticas son críticamente necesarios y dependen de una mejor comprensión de la biología del cáncer de páncreas. Para entender mejor la interacción de las células cancerosas con el microambiente de páncreas, se demuestra un modelo ortotópico de cáncer de páncreas que permite la monitorización no invasiva de la progresión del cáncer. Células del cáncer pancreático luciferasa-etiquetados se resuspenden en Matrigel y se entregan en la cola del páncreas durante la laparotomía. Matrigel se solidifica a la temperatura corporal para evitar la fuga de las células cancerosas durante la inyección. El crecimiento del tumor primario y la metástasis a órganos distantes se controlan después de la inyección de la luciferina sustrato de luciferasa, utilizando<em&gt; In vivo</em&gt; Formación de imágenes de emisión de bioluminiscencia de las células cancerosas.<em&gt; En vivo</em&gt; De imágenes también puede ser usado para rastrear la recurrencia del tumor primario después de la resección. Este modelo ortotópico es adecuado para ambos modelos singénicos y xenoinjerto y se puede utilizar en ensayos pre-clínicos para investigar el impacto de nuevas terapias contra el cáncer en el crecimiento del tumor pancreático primario y la metástasis.</p&gt;

Este método describe un modelo ortotópico de cáncer de páncreas usando procedimientos quirúrgicos, incluyendo la inducción de la anestesia, la laparotomía, la inyección de las células cancerosas en el cierre de Matrigel y abdominal (Figura 1A). Las células inyectadas forman una burbuja en la superficie del páncreas (Figura 1B). La progresión del cáncer de páncreas puede ser monitorizado de forma no invasiva en el uso de imágenes de bioluminiscencia in vivo</e...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Bioluminescent Orthotopic Model of Pancreatic Cancer Progression at JoVE.com

Bioluminescent Orthotopic Model of Pancreatic Cancer Progression

Una mejor comprensión de la biología del cáncer de páncreas es una necesidad vital para permitir el desarrollo de mejores opciones terapéuticas para el tratamiento de cáncer de páncreas. Para hacer frente a esta necesidad, se demuestra un modelo ortotópico de cáncer de páncreas que permite la monitorización no invasiva de la progresión del cáncer utilizando<em&gt; In vivo</em&gt; Imágenes de bioluminiscencia.

Modelo ortotópico bioluminiscente de la progresión del cáncer de páncreas

Pancreatic cancer has an extremely poor five-year survival rate of 4-6%.  New therapeutic options are critically needed and depend on improved ...

bioluminescent-orthotopic-model-of-pancreatic-cancer-progression

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

26.7K vistas.  Monash University. Una mejor comprensión de la biología del cáncer de páncreas es una necesidad vital para permitir el desarrollo de mejores opciones terapéuticas para el tratamiento de cáncer de páncreas. Para hacer frente a esta necesidad, se demuestra un modelo ortotópico de cáncer de páncreas que permite la monitorización no invasiva de la progresión del cáncer utilizando In vivo Imágenes de bioluminiscencia.

Video: Bioluminescent Orthotopic Model of Pancreatic Cancer Progression

Murine Bioluminescent Hepatic Tumour Model

This video describes the establishment of liver metastases in a mouse model that can be subsequently analysed by bioluminescent imaging. Tumour cells are administered specifically to the liver to induce a localised liver tumour, via mobilisation of the spleen and splitting into two, leaving intact the vascular pedicle for each half of the spleen. Lewis lung carcinoma cells that constitutively express the firefly luciferase gene (luc1) are inoculated into one hemi-spleen which is then resected 10 minutes later. The other hemi-spleen is left intact and returned to the abdomen. Liver tumour growth can be monitored by bioluminescence imaging using the IVIS whole body imaging system. Quantitative imaging of tumour growth using IVIS provides precise quantitation of viable tumour cells. Tumour cell death and necrosis due to drug treatment is indicated early by a reduction in the bioluminescent signal. This mouse model allows for investigating the mechanisms underlying metastatic tumour-cell survival and growth and can be used for the evaluation of therapeutics of liver metastasis. 

This article describes a procedure for the induction of orthotopic bioluminescent liver tumours in mice, and subsequent analysis of tumour growth confined to the liver using live whole body luminescence imaging.

Murino hepática Bioluminiscente modelo tumoral

This video describes the establishment of liver metastases in a mouse model that can be subsequently analysed by bioluminescent imaging. Tumour cells are ...

Investigación

Medicina

An Orthotopic Model of Murine Bladder Cancer

In this straightforward procedure, bladder tumors are established in female C57 mice through the use of catheterization, local cauterization, and subsequent cell adhesion. After their bladders are transurethrally catheterized and drained, animals are again catheterized to permit insertion of a platinum wire into bladders without damaging the urethra or bladder. The catheters are made of Teflon to serve as an insulator for the wire, which will conduct electrical current into the bladder to create a burn injury. An electrocautery unit is used to deliver 2.5W to the exposed end of the wire, burning away extracellular layers and providing attachment sites for carcinoma cells that are delivered in suspension to the bladder through a subsequent catheterization. Cells remain in the bladder for 90 minutes, after which the catheters are removed and the bladders allowed to drain naturally. The development of tumor is monitored via ultrasound. Specific attention is paid to the catheterization technique in the accompanying video.

Bladder tumors are established in female mice in a minimally invasive fashion through catheterization, local cauterization, and subsequent adhesion of carcinoma cells to the burn sites.

Un modelo ortotópico de cáncer de vejiga murino

In this straightforward procedure, bladder tumors are established in female C57 mice through the use of catheterization, local cauterization, and ...

Multi-photon Imaging of Tumor Cell Invasion in an Orthotopic Mouse Model of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Loco-regional invasion of head and neck cancer is linked to metastatic risk and presents a difficult challenge in designing and implementing patient management strategies. Orthotopic mouse models of oral cancer have been developed to facilitate the study of factors that impact invasion and serve as model system for evaluating anti-tumor therapeutics. In these systems, visualization of disseminated tumor cells within oral cavity tissues has typically been conducted by either conventional histology or with in vivo bioluminescent methods. A primary drawback of these techniques is the inherent inability to accurately visualize and quantify early tumor cell invasion arising from the primary site in three dimensions. Here we describe a protocol that combines an established model for squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue (SCOT) with two-photon imaging to allow multi-vectorial visualization of lingual tumor spread. The OSC-19 head and neck tumor cell line was stably engineered to express the F-actin binding peptide LifeAct fused to the mCherry fluorescent protein (LifeAct-mCherry). Fox1nu/nu mice injected with these cells reliably form tumors that allow the tongue to be visualized by ex-vivo application of two-photon microscopy. This technique allows for the orthotopic visualization of the tumor mass and locally invading cells in excised tongues without disruption of the regional tumor microenvironment. In addition, this system allows for the quantification of tumor cell invasion by calculating distances that invaded cells move from the primary tumor site. Overall this procedure provides an enhanced model system for analyzing factors that contribute to SCOT invasion and therapeutic treatments tailored to prevent local invasion and distant metastatic spread. This method also has the potential to be ultimately combined with other imaging modalities in an in vivo setting.

A comprehensive overview of the techniques involved in generating a mouse model of oral cancer and quantitative monitoring of tumor invasion within the tongue through multi-photon microscopy of labeled cells is presented. This system can serve as a useful platform for the molecular assessment and drug efficacy of anti-invasive compounds.

Multi-fotón imágenes de invasión de células tumorales en un modelo de ratón ortotópico de carcinoma oral de células escamosas

Loco-regional invasion of head and neck cancer is linked to metastatic risk and presents a difficult challenge in designing and implementing patient ...

In vivo Dual Substrate Bioluminescent Imaging

Our understanding of how and when breast cancer cells transit from established primary tumors to metastatic sites has increased at an exceptional rate since the advent of in vivo bioluminescent imaging technologies 1-3. Indeed, the ability to locate and quantify tumor growth longitudinally in a single cohort of animals to completion of the study as opposed to sacrificing individual groups of animals at specific assay times has revolutionized how researchers investigate breast cancer metastasis. Unfortunately, current methodologies preclude the real-time assessment of critical changes that transpire in cell signaling systems as breast cancer cells (i) evolve within primary tumors, (ii) disseminate throughout the body, and (iii) reinitiate proliferative programs at sites of a metastatic lesion. However, recent advancements in bioluminescent imaging now make it possible to simultaneously quantify specific spatiotemporal changes in gene expression as a function of tumor development and metastatic progression via the use of dual substrate luminescence reactions. To do so, researchers take advantage for two light-producing luciferase enzymes isolated from the firefly (Photinus pyralis) and sea pansy (Renilla reniformis), both of which react to mutually exclusive substrates that previously facilitated their wide-spread use in in vitro cell-based reporter gene assays 4. Here we demonstrate the in vivo utility of these two enzymes such that one luminescence reaction specifically marks the size and location of a developing tumor, while the second luminescent reaction serves as a means to visualize the activation status of specific signaling systems during distinct stages of tumor and metastasis development. Thus, the objectives of this study are two-fold. First, we will describe the steps necessary to construct dual bioluminescent reporter cell lines, as well as those needed to facilitate their use in visualizing the spatiotemporal regulation of gene expression during specific steps of the metastatic cascade. Using the 4T1 model of breast cancer metastasis, we show that the in vivo activity of a synthetic Smad Binding Element (SBE) promoter was decreased dramatically in pulmonary metastasis as compared to that measured in the primary tumor 4-6. Recently, breast cancer metastasis was shown to be regulated by changes within the primary tumor microenvironment and reactive stroma, including those occurring in fibroblasts and infiltrating immune cells 7-9. Thus, our second objective will be to demonstrate the utility of dual bioluminescent techniques in monitoring the growth and localization of two unique cell populations harbored within a single animal during breast cancer growth and metastasis.

In vivo Dual Substrate Bioluminescent Imaging

Herein we describe the methods to construct, visualize, and quantify the bioluminescent reactions of both firefly and renilla luciferase enzymes expressed in metastatic breast cancer cells during their growth and metastasis in vivo.

En vivo doble sustrato bioluminiscentes imagen

Our understanding of how and when breast cancer cells transit from established primary tumors to metastatic sites has increased at an exceptional rate ...

Combination Radiotherapy in an Orthotopic Mouse Brain Tumor Model

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) are the most common and aggressive adult primary brain tumors1. In recent years there has been substantial progress in the understanding of the mechanics of tumor invasion, and direct intracerebral inoculation of tumor provides the opportunity of observing the invasive process in a physiologically appropriate environment2. As far as human brain tumors are concerned, the orthotopic models currently available are established either by stereotaxic injection of cell suspensions or implantation of a solid piece of tumor through a complicated craniotomy procedure3. In our technique we harvest cells from tissue culture to create a cell suspension used to implant directly into the brain. The duration of the surgery is approximately 30 minutes, and as the mouse needs to be in a constant surgical plane, an injectable anesthetic is used. The mouse is placed in a stereotaxic jig made by Stoetling (figure 1). After the surgical area is cleaned and prepared, an incision is made; and the bregma is located to determine the location of the craniotomy. The location of the craniotomy is 2 mm to the right and 1 mm rostral to the bregma. The depth is 3 mm from the surface of the skull, and cells are injected at a rate of 2 &mu;l every 2 minutes. The skin is sutured with 5-0 PDS, and the mouse is allowed to wake up on a heating pad. From our experience, depending on the cell line, treatment can take place from 7-10 days after surgery. Drug delivery is dependent on the drug composition. For radiation treatment the mice are anesthetized, and put into a custom made jig. Lead covers the mouse's body and exposes only the brain of the mouse. The study of tumorigenesis and the evaluation of new therapies for GBM require accurate and reproducible brain tumor animal models. Thus we use this orthotopic brain model to study the interaction of the microenvironment of the brain and the tumor, to test the effectiveness of different therapeutic agents with and without radiation.

The purpose of this article is to describe the use of an orthotopic glioblastoma model for chemoradiation studies. This article will go though cell processing, implanting, and radiotherapy of the mouse using an intracranial model.

Combinación de radioterapia en un modelo ortotópico de tumor cerebral del ratón

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) are the most common and aggressive adult primary brain tumors1. In recent years there has been substantial progress in the ...

An Orthotopic Bladder Tumor Model and the Evaluation of Intravesical saRNA Treatment

We present a novel method for treating bladder cancer with intravesically delivered small activating RNA (saRNA) in an orthotopic xenograft mouse bladder tumor model. The mouse model is established by urethral catheterization under inhaled general anesthetic. Chemical burn is then introduced to the bladder mucosa using intravesical silver nitrate solution to disrupt the bladder glycosaminoglycan layer and allows cells to attach. Following several washes with sterile water, human bladder cancer KU-7-luc2-GFP cells are instilled through the catheter into the bladder to dwell for 2 hours. Subsequent growth of bladder tumors is confirmed and monitored by in vivo bladder ultrasound and bioluminescent imaging. The tumors are then treated intravesically with saRNA formulated in lipid nanoparticles (LNPs). Tumor growth is monitored with ultrasound and bioluminescence. All steps of this procedure are demonstrated in the accompanying video.

Establishing an orthotopic bladder tumor model to evaluate antitumor effects of intravesically delivered saRNA and monitoring tumor growth by ultrasound and bioluminescent imaging.

Un modelo de tumor vesical ortotópica y la Evaluación de tratamiento intravesical SARNA

We present a novel method for treating bladder cancer with intravesically delivered small activating RNA (saRNA) in an orthotopic xenograft mouse bladder ...

Surgical Procedures for a Rat Model of Partial Orthotopic Liver Transplantation with Hepatic Arterial Reconstruction

Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) in rats using a whole or partial graft is an indispensable experimental model for transplantation research, such as studies on graft preservation and ischemia-reperfusion injury 1,2, immunological responses 3,4, hemodynamics 5,6, and small-for-size syndrome 7. The rat OLT is among the most difficult animal models in experimental surgery and demands advanced microsurgical skills that take a long time to learn. Consequently, the use of this model has been limited. Since the reliability and reproducibility of results are key components of the experiments in which such complex animal models are used, it is essential for surgeons who are involved in rat OLT to be trained in well-standardized and sophisticated procedures for this model.
While various techniques and modifications of OLT in rats have been reported 8 since the first model was described by Lee et al. 9 in 1973, the elimination of the hepatic arterial reconstruction 10 and the introduction of the cuff anastomosis technique by Kamada et al. 11 were a major advancement in this model, because they simplified the reconstruction procedures to a great degree. In the model by Kamada et al., the hepatic rearterialization was also eliminated. Since rats could survive without hepatic arterial flow after liver transplantation, there was considerable controversy over the value of hepatic arterialization. However, the physiological superiority of the arterialized model has been increasingly acknowledged, especially in terms of preserving the bile duct system 8,12 and the liver integrity 8,13,14.
In this article, we present detailed surgical procedures for a rat model of OLT with hepatic arterial reconstruction using a 50% partial graft after ex vivo liver resection. The reconstruction procedures for each vessel and the bile duct are performed by the following methods: a 7-0 polypropylene continuous suture for the supra- and infrahepatic vena cava; a cuff technique for the portal vein; and a stent technique for the hepatic artery and the bile duct.

Orthotopic liver transplantation in rats is an indispensable experimental model for biomedical research. Here we present our surgical procedures for orthotopic rat liver transplantation with hepatic arterial reconstruction using a 50% partial graft.

Procedimientos Quirúrgicos para un modelo de rata de trasplante hepático ortotópico parcial con reconstrucción arterial hepática

Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) in rats using a whole or partial graft is an indispensable experimental model for transplantation research, such as ...

An Orthotopic Bladder Cancer Model for Gene Delivery Studies

Bladder cancer is the second most common cancer of the urogenital tract and novel therapeutic approaches that can reduce recurrence and progression are needed. The tumor microenvironment can significantly influence tumor development and therapy response. It is therefore often desirable to grow tumor cells in the organ from which they originated. This protocol describes an orthotopic model of bladder cancer, in which MB49 murine bladder carcinoma cells are instilled into the bladder via catheterization. Successful tumor cell implantation in this model requires disruption of the protective glycosaminoglycan layer, which can be accomplished by physical or chemical means. In our protocol the bladder is treated with trypsin prior to cell instillation. Catheterization of the bladder can also be used to deliver therapeutics once the tumors are established. This protocol describes the delivery of an adenoviral construct that expresses a luciferase reporter gene. While our protocol has been optimized for short-term studies and focuses on gene delivery, the methodology of mouse bladder catheterization has broad applications.

Implantation of cancer cells into the organ of origin can serve as a useful preclinical model to evaluate novel therapies. MB49 bladder carcinoma cells can be grown within the bladder following intravesical instillation. This protocol demonstrates catheterization of the mouse bladder for the purpose of tumor implantation and adenoviral delivery.

Un modelo ortotópico de cáncer de vejiga de Estudios de liberación de genes

Bladder cancer is the second most common cancer of the urogenital tract and novel therapeutic approaches that can reduce recurrence and progression are ...

An Orthotopic Murine Model of Human Prostate Cancer Metastasis

Our laboratory has developed a novel orthotopic implantation model of human prostate cancer (PCa). As PCa death is not due to the primary tumor, but rather the formation of distinct metastasis, the ability to effectively model this progression pre-clinically is of high value. In this model, cells are directly implanted into the ventral lobe of the prostate in Balb/c athymic mice, and allowed to progress for 4-6 weeks. At experiment termination, several distinct endpoints can be measured, such as size and molecular characterization of the primary tumor, the presence and quantification of circulating tumor cells in the blood and bone marrow, and formation of metastasis to the lung. In addition to a variety of endpoints, this model provides a picture of a cells ability to invade and escape the primary organ, enter and survive in the circulatory system, and implant and grow in a secondary site. This model has been used effectively to measure metastatic response to both changes in protein expression as well as to response to small molecule therapeutics, in a short turnaround time.

This orthotopic model of human prostate cancer allows for quantification of tumor size, circulating tumor cells, and formation of distinct metastasis to the lung. As cells must escape the primary organ, enter the blood stream, and implant into a secondary site, this model effectively recapitulates the scenario in humans.

Un modelo murino de cáncer de próstata humano Metástasis ortotópico

Our laboratory has developed a novel orthotopic implantation model of  human prostate cancer (PCa). As PCa death is not due to the primary tumor, but  ...

Dynamic Contrast Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging of an Orthotopic Pancreatic Cancer Mouse Model

Dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) has been limitedly used for orthotopic pancreatic tumor xenografts due to severe respiratory motion artifact in the abdominal area. Orthotopic tumor models offer advantages over subcutaneous ones, because those can reflect the primary tumor microenvironment affecting blood supply, neovascularization, and tumor cell invasion. We have recently established a protocol of DCE-MRI of orthotopic pancreatic tumor xenografts in mouse models by securing tumors with an orthogonally bent plastic board to prevent motion transfer from the chest region during imaging. The pressure by this board was localized on the abdominal area, and has not resulted in respiratory difficulty of the animals. This article demonstrates the detailed procedure of orthotopic pancreatic tumor modeling using small animals and DCE-MRI of the tumor xenografts. Quantification method of pharmacokinetic parameters in DCE-MRI is also introduced. The procedure described in this article will assist investigators to apply DCE-MRI for orthotopic gastrointestinal cancer mouse models.

The goal of this protocol is to apply dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) for orthotopic pancreatic tumor xenografts in mice. DCE-MRI is a non-invasive method to analyze microvasculature in a target tissue, and useful to assess vascular response in a tumor following a novel therapy.