Agradecemos a los miembros de nuestros laboratorios para un debate fructífero y asistencia técnica. Esta presentación en video fue apoyada por el Decano Asociado para la Investigación y el Departamento de Patología Veterinaria, Centro de Ciencias de la Salud Veterinaria, Universidad Estatal de Oklahoma. La investigación fue financiada por el Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, España (proyecto BFU2008-01244/BMC), el proyecto intramural del CSIC PA1002451 a JF, Walter R. Sitlington Cátedra de Investigación en Alimentación Animal de KMK, CVHS 2009 RAC subvención, las emisiones otoacústicas Fondos de Salud Animal y el USDA, la Beca Nacional de Investigación Iniciativa de la competencia, N º 2007-04613.

1. Generación de dsRNA. <ol><li> Sintetizar oligonucleótidos que contienen secuencias de promotor T7 para la transcripción in vitro y la síntesis del dsRNA (por ejemplo, para Dermacentor variabilis subolesin uso de oligonucleótidos D8AAT75: 5&#39;-TAATACGACTCACTATAGGGTACTGACTGGGATCCCCTGCACAGT-3 &#39;y D8DVT73: 5&#39;-TAATACGACTCACTATAGGGTACTCGAGCTTGGTGGAAAGGACG-3&#39;). </li><li> Amplificación del gen diana por RT-PCR con 10 pmol de cada oligonucleótido y 10.1 ng de ARN total de garrapatas. </li><li> Purificar el producto de PCR. </li><li> Sintetizar dsRNA con 8 l del producto de PCR purificado. </li><li> Cuantificar dsRNA por espectrometría. </li></ol> 2. La inyección de garrapatas con dsRNA. 2.1. Preparación de las garrapatas de la inyección. <ol><li> Primero, lávese las garrapatas en una serie de soluciones por agitación en cada solución en un tubo de centrífuga de 50 ml desechables, decantando la solución a través de una malla de alambre fino en la parte superior del tubo para mantener las garrapatas. La secuencia de las soluciones para las garrapatas de lavado es agua del grifo, 3% de peróxido de hidrógeno, dos lavados de agua destilada, etanol 70% y más de dos lavados con agua destilada. </li><li> Blot-seca las garrapatas en las toallas de papel. </li><li> Contar con las garrapatas en grupos de 20 a 50, dependiendo del experimento, coloque las garrapatas de cada grupo en una taza de 1,25 oz de plástico con tapa bien ajustada y una etiqueta con el número del grupo experimental. </li></ol> 2.2. Marque el equipo de inyección. El equipo de RNAi se compone de tres personas: (1) una persona que las posiciones de cada marca en la cinta adhesiva de doble estampará en una hoja de cera dental rojo, (2) una persona que se inyectaba las garrapatas y (3) una persona que controla las garrapatas después inyección, respira CO 2 en las garrapatas para activarlos y cuenta con las garrapatas que viven en las tazas marcado con el número del grupo experimental. Todos los miembros del equipo deben usar guantes desechables. 2.3. La colocación de las garrapatas de la inyección. <ol><li> Captura de una garrapata con unas pinzas finas Dumont y el lugar que la parte ventral en cinta adhesiva de doble colocada en un 3 &quot;x 6&quot; hoja de cera dental rojo. Las garrapatas están muy posicionados en grupos de 5 garrapatas. </li><li> Coloque una pequeña tira de cinta adhesiva sobre las piezas bucales de los 5 garrapatas a fin de promover las limitan, pero dejando la mayor parte del cuerpo que están expuestas de manera que el proceso de inyección se pueden observar por la garrapata del inyector (Figura 1). </li></ol> 2.4. La inyección de garrapatas. <ol><li> Las garrapatas se inyecta en el cuadrante inferior derecho de la cara ventral del exoesqueleto. </li><li> En primer lugar, perfore un agujero en el exoesqueleto con una jeringa de insulina Monoject equipado con un ½ &quot;, 29 de aguja (Figura 2a). </li><li> Inyectar inmediatamente las garrapatas con 0,2-0,5 l de solución de dsRNA (5 x 10 10 - 5 x 10 11 moléculas por microlitro) con una jeringa a medida Hamilton con 1 pulgada, aguja de calibre 33 con un punto de biselado 45 ° (Figura 2b) . La aguja debe estar en buena posición dentro de la cavidad de verificación para asegurar la colocación y el mantenimiento de la dsRNA. Un poco de líquido es probable que escape de la zona de inyección (figura 2c). Se debe tener cuidado de no inyectar más de las garrapatas, lo que causaría la pérdida de hemolinfa y podría causar la muerte de la garrapata. </li><li> Limpie la jeringa Hamilton después de completar la inyección en cada grupo experimental. antes de usar para otro grupo experimental. Llene la jeringa primero de un vaso que contiene 3% de peróxido de hidrógeno y luego expulsar a un contenedor de residuos, y repita 15 veces. Llene la jeringa de un vaso que contiene agua estéril y luego expulsar a un contenedor de residuos, y repita 15 veces. Tenga cuidado de no doblar el émbolo de la jeringa Hamilton, ya que, si se doblan, el émbolo no se mueve sin problemas y responder a la suave toque necesario para la inyección de las garrapatas. </li></ol> 2.5. El tratamiento de garrapatas después de la inyección. <ol><li> Recoger la garrapata inyecta inmediatamente de la cinta adhesiva de doble con las pinzas finas y colocarlo en un recipiente de recuperación de plástico (de aproximadamente 6 &quot;x 6&quot; y rodeada con cinta adhesiva para evitar la fuga de las garrapatas). Las garrapatas se hará una breve inactivos después de la inyección, pero pronto comienzan a gatear alrededor del plato. </li><li> Respiración de CO 2 a la garrapata inmediatamente después de colocarlos en el recipiente de recuperación para ayudar a activar las garrapatas. Una vez que las garrapatas se están arrastrando y activa, la herida de la inyección se curan rápidamente y van a sobrevivir más probable. </li><li> Contar con las garrapatas de acuerdo con el número en cada grupo experimental y colocarlos en un vaso de plástico etiquetados con una tapa bien ajustada. Las garrapatas de reemplazo debe ser inyectada para reemplazar el que cualquier murió antes de inyectar el grupo experimental que viene. </li></ol> 2.6. Marque la celebración. <ol><li> Coloque la garrapata en una cámara de humedad (12 h luz: 12 h fotoperíodo oscuridad a 22-25 ° C y 95% en relación humidity) y mantener durante 1 día. </li><li> Garrapatas lugar en las células de alimentación de garrapatas, uno por cada grupo experimental, pegado a una oveja y les permite alimentarse con el mismo número de garrapatas no inyectadas hombre o mujer (lo que el sexo no se inyecta). Las hembras de que se alimentan hasta la saciedad, los que se retiran de las ovejas después de 10 días de alimentación o cuando el control de las mujeres han desaparecido de la sede se recogen y se pesó. </li><li> Coloque la garrapata en cajas de cartón, y mantener en la cámara de humedad hasta la finalización de la oviposición. Evaluar la oviposición de ponderación la masa de huevos producidos por todas las garrapatas en el grupo. </li></ol> 2.7. Análisis del fenotipo garrapata después de RNAi. <ol><li> Evaluar el fenotipo de garrapatas después de la alimentación mediante la determinación del número de pasos que sobrevivieron, el peso de garrapatas, la oviposición y la fertilidad del huevo. Sin embargo, otros análisis se puede realizar en función de los genes específicos y objetivos del estudio. </li></ol> 3. Análisis para confirmar el silenciamiento de genes por RT-PCR. <ol><li> Diseccionar las glándulas salivales y las vísceras de las garrapatas individuales de los grupos de control de inyección y dsRNA inyectado después de la alimentación. </li><li> Extraer el ARN total de muestras de tejidos individuales. </li><li> Analizar las transcripciones de genes objetivo en los distintos tejidos en tiempo real de RT-PCR y normalizar los niveles de ARN 16S contra la garrapata rRNA utilizando el método de genNorm (método DDCT implementado por Bio-Rad Edition iQ5 estándar, versión 2.0). </li><li> Ejecutar las curvas de disociación en la final de la reacción para garantizar que sólo un amplicón se forma y que la desnaturalizan los amplificados constantemente en el mismo rango de temperatura para cada muestra. </li><li> Comparar los niveles de ARNm (normalizaron los valores Ct) entre el control y con inyección de dsRNA inyección de garrapatas con el Student `s t-test (P = 0,05). </li></ol> 4. Los resultados representativos: El protocolo se describe en este documento se ha utilizado en nuestro laboratorio de RNAi en muchas especies diferentes de garrapatas ixodid (Tabla 1). La cantidad de dsRNA se inyecta en las garrapatas varía con el tamaño de la garrapata; grandes especies de garrapatas pueden alojar a un mayor volumen. Las garrapatas de control negativo debe ser inyectado con un dsRNA relacionados. DsRNAs varios como subolesin 14-19,22-25,27-32,34 y beta-actina 20,21 podrían ser utilizados como controles positivos. Tenga en cuenta que es importante lavar la jeringa entre los tratamientos para evitar la mezcla de soluciones de dsRNA. Si el protocolo se hace correctamente, menos del 5% de mortalidad se debe obtener de el procedimiento de inyección a las 24 horas. Un fenotipo típico después de caída de genes en las garrapatas se muestra en la Figura 3 con un grupo de garrapatas inyectadas con piscinas de dsRNA con el fin de la pantalla para marcar antígenos protectores. <table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Especies de garrapatas </td><td> dsRNA inyección </td><td> Referencias </td></tr><tr><td> Ixodes scapularis </td><td> biblioteca de cDNA, subolesin, la actina, nucleotidasa, NF-kB, akirin </td><td> 21, 22, 29, 30 </td></tr><tr><td> Dermacentor variabilis </td><td> subolesin, GST, la ubiquitina, vATPase, selenoproteínas M y W2A, hematopoyéticas células madre / progenitoras de proteínas como la actina del proteasoma subunidad 26S, ferritin1, varisin, akirin </td><td> 15, 19, 22, 24, 26, 30-32 </td></tr><tr><td> Dermacentor marginatus </td><td> subolesin </td><td> 22 </td></tr><tr><td> Amblyomma americanum </td><td> biblioteca de cDNA, subolesin, akirin </td><td> 17, 22, 30 </td></tr><tr><td> Amblyomma hebraeum </td><td> subolesin, voraxin </td><td> 28 </td></tr><tr><td> Rhipicephalus sanguineus </td><td> Rs86, subolesin </td><td> 22, 23 </td></tr><tr><td> Rhipicephalus microplus </td><td> GST, selenoproteína ubiquitina, Bm86, Bm91, subolesin, GI, GIII, EF1A, proteínas de seda flagelliform, von Willebrand factor </td><td> 16, 18, 25, 27 </td></tr><tr><td> Rhipicephalus annulatus </td><td> subolesin ubiquitina, EF1A, GIII </td><td> 16 </td></tr></tbody></table> Tabla 1. Especies de garrapatas en el que el protocolo de RNAi ha sido utilizado. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2474/2474fig1.jpg" alt="Figura 1" /> Figura 1. Colocación de las garrapatas, lado ventral hacia arriba, en la cinta doble adhesiva adherida a una lámina de cera dental rojo. Las garrapatas son colocados en grupos de 5, después de que una pequeña tira de cinta adhesiva se coloca sobre el aparato bucal con el fin de proteger aún más las garrapatas al tiempo que permite la inyección para observar el cuerpo de la garrapata durante la inyección. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2474/2474fig2.jpg" alt="Figura 2" /> Figura 2. El procedimiento de inyección incluyen (a) perforar el cuadrante inferior derecho del exoesqueleto marque con una insulina de syringe equipado con una aguja de calibre 29 con el fin de crear un sitio de la inyección, (b) la inyección inmediata de la dsRNA en este sitio con una jeringa Hamilton con una aguja de calibre 33, que (c) muy probablemente se traducirá en alguna fuga de la hemolinfa de garrapatas / líquidos. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2474/2474fig3.jpg" alt="Figura 3" /> Figura 3. Un panel de seis grupos de garrapatas en el que se utilizó RNAi para la detección de antígenos protectores garrapata Amblyomma americanum en. Los cambios fenotípicos en las garrapatas se pueden ver cuando se compara con el control positivo subolesin ARN de interferencia y el control negativo dsRNA relacionados. En este experimento, el efecto de RNAi en la mortalidad de garrapatas, pesos y la oviposición de cada grupo se analizaron estadísticamente.

<ol>
	<li>de la Fuente, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Overview:+Ticks+as+vectors+of+pathogens+that+cause+disease+in+humans+and+animals.">Overview: Ticks as vectors of pathogens that cause disease in humans and animals.</a> Front. Biosci. 13, 6938-6946 (2008).</li><li>Peter, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=mosquito+control-Lessons+from+the+past,+solutions+for+the+future.">mosquito control-Lessons from the past, solutions for the future.</a> Vet. Parasitol. 132, 205-215 (2005).</li><li>Barker, S. C., Murrell, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Systematics+and+evolution+of+ticks+with+a+list+of+valid+genus+and+species+names.">Systematics and evolution of ticks with a list of valid genus and species names.</a> Parasitol. 129, S15-S36 (2004).</li><li>Willadsen, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tick+control:+Thoughts+on+a+research+agenda.">Tick control: Thoughts on a research agenda.</a> Vet. Parasitol. 138, 161-168 (2006).</li><li>de la Fuente, J., Kocan, K. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Strategies+for+development+of+vaccines+for+control+of+ixodid+tick+species.">Strategies for development of vaccines for control of ixodid tick species.</a> Parasite Immunol. 28, 275-283 (2006).</li><li>Fire, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Potent+and+specific+genetic+interference+by+double-stranded+RNA+in+Caenorhabditis+elegans.">Potent and specific genetic interference by double-stranded RNA in Caenorhabditis elegans.</a> Nature. 391, 806-811 (1998).</li><li>Cerutti, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RNA+interference:+traveling+in+the+cell+and+gaining+functions.">RNA interference: traveling in the cell and gaining functions.</a> Trends Genet. 19, 39-46 (2003).</li><li>Kavi, H. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RNA+silencing+in+Drosophila.">RNA silencing in Drosophila.</a> FEBS Lett. 579, 5940-5949 (2005).</li><li>Mello, C. C., Conte, D. J. r. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Revealing+the+world+of+RNA+interference.">Revealing the world of RNA interference.</a> Nature. 431, 338-342 (2004).</li><li>Zhou, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RNA+interference+and+potential+applications.">RNA interference and potential applications.</a> Curr. Top. Med. Chem. 6, 901-911 (2006).</li><li>Ramakrishnan, V. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Application+of+RNA+interference+in+tick+salivary+gland+research.">Application of RNA interference in tick salivary gland research.</a> J. Biomol. Tech. 16, 297-305 (2005).</li><li>Aljamali, M. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RNA+interference:+applicability+in+tick+research.">RNA interference: applicability in tick research.</a> Exp. Appl. Acarol. 28, 89-96 (2002).</li><li>Aljamali, M. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RNA+interference+in+ticks:+a+study+using+histamine+binding+protein+dsRNA+in+the+female+tick+Amblyomma+americanum.">RNA interference in ticks: a study using histamine binding protein dsRNA in the female tick Amblyomma americanum.</a> Insect. Mol. Biol. 12, 299-305 (2003).</li><li>de la Fuente, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RNA+interference+for+the+study+and+genetic+manipulation+of+ticks.">RNA interference for the study and genetic manipulation of ticks.</a> Trends Parasitol. 23, 427-433 (2007).</li><li>de la Fuente, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+genomic+studies+of+tick+cells+in+response+to+infection+with+the+cattle+pathogen,+Anaplasma+marginale.">Functional genomic studies of tick cells in response to infection with the cattle pathogen, Anaplasma marginale.</a> Genomics. 90, 712-722 (2007).</li><li>Almaz&#228;N, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+and+characterization+of+Rhipicephalus+(Boophilus)+microplus+candidate+protective+antigens+for+the+control+of+cattle+tick+infestations.">Identification and characterization of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus candidate protective antigens for the control of cattle tick infestations.</a> Parasitol. Res. 106, 471-479 (2010).</li><li>de la Fuente, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+protective+antigens+by+RNA+interference+for+control+of+the+lone+star+tick,+Amblyomma+americanum.">Identification of protective antigens by RNA interference for control of the lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum.</a> Vaccine. 28, 1786-1795 (2010).</li><li>Zivkovic, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+expression+of+genes+in+salivary+glands+of+male+Rhipicephalus+(Boophilus)+microplus+in+response+to+infection+with+Anaplasma+marginale.">Differential expression of genes in salivary glands of male Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus in response to infection with Anaplasma marginale.</a> BMC Genomics. 11, 186-186 (2010).</li><li>de la Fuente, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reduction+of+tick+infections+with+Anaplasma+marginale+and+A.+phagocytophilum+by+targeting+the+tick+protective+antigen+subolesin.">Reduction of tick infections with Anaplasma marginale and A. phagocytophilum by targeting the tick protective antigen subolesin.</a> Parasitol. Res. 100, 85-91 (2006).</li><li>Narasimhan, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Disruption+of+Ixodes+scapularis+anticoagulation+by+using+RNA+interference.">Disruption of Ixodes scapularis anticoagulation by using RNA interference.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci U.S.A. 101, 1141-1146 (2004).</li><li>de la Fuente, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RNA+interference+screening+in+ticks+for+identification+of+protective+antigens.">RNA interference screening in ticks for identification of protective antigens.</a> Parasitol. Res. 96, 137-141 (2005).</li><li>de la Fuente, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+tick+protective+antigen,+4D8,+is+a+conserved+protein+involved+in+modulation+of+tick+blood+ingestion+and+reproduction.">The tick protective antigen, 4D8, is a conserved protein involved in modulation of tick blood ingestion and reproduction.</a> Vaccine. 24, 4082-4095 (2006).</li><li>de la Fuente, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synergistic+effect+of+silencing+the+expression+of+tick+protective+antigens+4D8+and+Rs86+in+Rhipicephalus+sanguineus+by+RNA+interference.">Synergistic effect of silencing the expression of tick protective antigens 4D8 and Rs86 in Rhipicephalus sanguineus by RNA interference.</a> Parasitol. Res. 99, 108-113 (2006).</li><li>de la Fuente, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Autocidal+control+of+ticks+by+silencing+of+a+single+gene+by+RNA+interference.">Autocidal control of ticks by silencing of a single gene by RNA interference.</a> Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 344, 332-338 (2006).</li><li>Nijhof, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bm86,+Bm91+and+subolesin,+in+the+silencing+of+the+tick+protective+antigens.">Bm86, Bm91 and subolesin, in the silencing of the tick protective antigens.</a> Int. J. Parasitol. 37, 653-662 (2007).</li><li>Kocan, K. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Silencing+of+the+defensin,+varisin,+in+male+Dermacentor+variabilis+by+RNA+interference+results+in+reduced+Anaplasma+marginale+infections.">Silencing of the defensin, varisin, in male Dermacentor variabilis by RNA interference results in reduced Anaplasma marginale infections.</a> Exp. Appl. Acarol. 46, 17-28 (2008).</li><li>de la Fuente, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evidence+of+the+role+of+tick+subolesin+in+gene+expression.">Evidence of the role of tick subolesin in gene expression.</a> BMC Genomics. 9, 372-372 (2008).</li><li>Smith, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+impact+of+RNA+interference+of+the+subolesin+and+voraxin+genes+in+male+Amblyomma+hebraeum+(Acari:+Ixodidae)+on+female+engorgement+and+oviposition.">The impact of RNA interference of the subolesin and voraxin genes in male Amblyomma hebraeum (Acari: Ixodidae) on female engorgement and oviposition.</a> Exp. Appl. Acarol. 47, 71-86 (2009).</li><li>Galindo, R. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tick+subolesin+is+an+ortholog+of+the+akirins+described+in+insects+and+vertebrates.">Tick subolesin is an ortholog of the akirins described in insects and vertebrates.</a> Dev. Comp. Immunol. 33, 612-617 (2009).</li><li>Canales, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Conservation+and+immunogenicity+of+the+mosquito+ortholog+of+the+tick+protective+antigen,+subolesin.">Conservation and immunogenicity of the mosquito ortholog of the tick protective antigen, subolesin.</a> Parasitol. Res. 105, 97-111 (2009).</li><li>Kocan, K. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Silencing+of+genes+involved+in+Anaplasma+marginale-tick+interactions+affects+the+pathogen+developmental+cycle+in+Dermacentor+variabilis.">Silencing of genes involved in Anaplasma marginale-tick interactions affects the pathogen developmental cycle in Dermacentor variabilis.</a> BMC Dev. Biol. 9, 42-42 (2009).</li><li>Zivkovic, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Subolesin+expression+in+response+to+pathogen+infection+in+ticks.">Subolesin expression in response to pathogen infection in ticks.</a> BMC Immunol. 11, 7-7 (2010).</li><li>Karim, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+genomics+tool:+gene+silencing+in+Ixodes+scapularis+eggs+and+nymphs+by+electroporated+dsRNA.">Functional genomics tool: gene silencing in Ixodes scapularis eggs and nymphs by electroporated dsRNA.</a> BMC Biotechnol. 10, 1-1 (2010).</li><li>Kocan, K. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transovarial+silencing+of+the+subolesin+gene+in+three-host+ixodid+tick+species+after+injection+of+replete+females+with+subolesin+dsRNA.">Transovarial silencing of the subolesin gene in three-host ixodid tick species after injection of replete females with subolesin dsRNA.</a> Parasitol. Res. 100, 1411-1415 (2007).</li><li>de la Fuente, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Targeting+the+tick-pathogen+interface+for+novel+control+strategies.">Targeting the tick-pathogen interface for novel control strategies.</a> Front. Biosci. 13, 6947-6956 (2008).</li><li>Kurscheid, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evidence+of+a+tick+RNAi+pathway+by+comparative+genomics+and+reverse+genetics+screen+of+targets+with+known+loss-of-function+phenotypes+in+Drosophila.">Evidence of a tick RNAi pathway by comparative genomics and reverse genetics screen of targets with known loss-of-function phenotypes in Drosophila.</a> BMC Mol. Biol. 10, 26-26 (2009).</li></ol>

Aunque otros métodos han sido descritos por RNAi en pasos de 14, 33, la inyección de dsRNA se describe aquí es el más utilizado en los dos sin alimento (Tabla 1) y se alimentan las garrapatas 16,25,34. ARNi ha demostrado ser una herramienta valiosa para el estudio de la función de marcar los genes, la caracterización de la interfaz de garrapata-patógeno y la detección y caracterización de antígenos de garrapatas de protección 14,35. En particular, el ARNi se ha convertido en la herramienta más valiosa para el análisis funcional de las garrapatas 35. Metodológicamente, el ARNi es probable que evolucionar hacia métodos más eficientes que permitan caída de genes en un gran número de personas. El mecanismo de dsRNA inducida por RNAi en las garrapatas debe ser refinado para contribuir a una mejor comprensión y utilización de este enfoque genético de esta especie 35,36. La extensión de los efectos fuera del objetivo de RNAi en las garrapatas es también una cuestión importante que debe abordarse la cuestión 14,27. Por último, el ARNi es muy probable que hagan contribuciones integral para el estudio de la regulación de genes y marque la biología de sistemas y de la garrapata-patógeno y la interfaz puede tener un impacto en el desarrollo de vacunas para controlar la infestación por garrapatas y la transmisión de enfermedades transmitidas por garrapatas patógenos.

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">	
		
		<div>
		<table border="1">
		<thead>
		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>Access RT-PCR system</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Promega</td>
<td>A1250</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Purelink PCR purification kit</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>K3100-02</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Megascript RNAi kit</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Ambion</td>
<td>AM1626M</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Red dental wax</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
<td>72674</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Plastic cups, 1.25 oz and lids</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Solo Cup Company, Urbana Ill.</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Fine forceps</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
<td>Various</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Insulin syringe</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Monoject</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fitted with a &frac12;&#x201D;, 29 gauge needle</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Hamilton syringe</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Hamilton</td>
<td>701SN,33/.375&#x201D;/45DGR</td>
<td>Custom made</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>TriReagent</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>93289</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>iScript One-Step RT-PCR Kit with SYBR Green</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Bio-Rad</td>
<td>170-8892</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Real-time PCR detection system</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Bio-Rad</td>
<td>Several</td>
<td>Please refer to <a href="http://www.bio-rad.com/">http://www.bio-rad.com/</a></td>
</tr>		</tbody>
		</table>
		</div>

rna interference in ticks

Las garrapatas son ectoparásitos hematófagos obligados de los animales salvajes y domésticos y los seres humanos, y se considera que todo el mundo segundo a los mosquitos como vectores de enfermedades humanas 1 y los vectores más importantes que afectan a la industria ganadera a nivel mundial 2. Las garrapatas se clasifican en la subclase Acari, Parasitiformes orden, suborden Ixodida y se distribuyen en todo el mundo desde el Ártico a las regiones tropicales 3. A pesar de los esfuerzos para controlar la infestación por garrapatas, estos ectoparásitos siguen siendo un problema grave para la salud humana y animal 4,5. ARN de interferencia (RNAi) 6 es un ácido nucleico enfoque basado en genética inversa que consiste en la interrupción de la expresión génica con el fin de determinar la función del gen o su efecto sobre una vía metabólica. Pequeños RNAs de interferencia (siRNA) son las moléculas efectoras de la vía de RNAi que se inicia por ARN de doble cadena (dsRNA) y los resultados en una secuencia específica de potentes degradación de los ARNm citoplasmático que contiene la misma secuencia que el gatillo dsRNA 7-9. Post-transcripcional mecanismos de silenciamiento de genes iniciada por dsRNA se han descubierto en todos los eucariotas estudiados hasta ahora, y RNAi se ha desarrollado rápidamente en una variedad de organismos como una herramienta para estudios de genómica funcional y otras aplicaciones 10. RNAi se ha convertido en el más utilizado silenciamiento génico técnica en las garrapatas y otros organismos en distintos criterios para la manipulación genética no están disponibles o no son fiables 5,11. La caracterización genética de las garrapatas se ha limitado hasta la reciente aplicación de RNAi 12,13. En el poco tiempo que el ARNi ha estado disponible, ha demostrado ser una herramienta valiosa para estudiar la función génica garrapata, la caracterización de la interfaz de garrapata-patógeno y la detección y caracterización de antígenos de garrapatas de protección 14. En esto, un método para RNAi a través de la inyección de dsRNA en las garrapatas alimentadas se describe. Es probable que el conocimiento obtenido a partir de este enfoque experimental contribuirá notablemente a la comprensión de los sistemas básicos biológicos y el desarrollo de vacunas para controlar las infestaciones de garrapatas y prevenir la transmisión de patógenos transmitidos por garrapatas 15-19.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about RNA Interference in Ticks at JoVE.com

RNA Interference in Ticks

Un método de interferencia de ARN (RNAi), mediante la inyección de dsRNA en las garrapatas alimentadas se describe. El ARNi es el más utilizado silenciamiento génico técnica en las garrapatas, donde ha sido el uso de otros métodos de manipulación genética limitada.

La interferencia de ARN en las garrapatas

Ticks are obligate hematophagous ectoparasites of wild and domestic animals and humans, and are considered to be second worldwide to mosquitoes as vectors ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

18.0K vistas.  Oklahoma State University. Un método de interferencia de ARN (RNAi), mediante la inyección de dsRNA en las garrapatas alimentadas se describe. El ARNi es el más utilizado silenciamiento génico técnica en las garrapatas, donde ha sido el uso de otros métodos de manipulación genética limitada.

Video: RNA Interference in Ticks

Development of Cell-type specific anti-HIV gp120 aptamers for siRNA delivery

The global epidemic of infection by HIV has created an urgent need for new classes of antiretroviral agents. The potent ability of small interfering (si)RNAs to inhibit the expression of complementary RNA transcripts is being exploited as a new class of therapeutics for a variety of diseases including HIV. Many previous reports have shown that novel RNAi-based anti-HIV/AIDS therapeutic strategies have considerable promise; however, a key obstacle to the successful therapeutic application and clinical translation of siRNAs is efficient delivery. Particularly, considering the safety and efficacy of RNAi-based therapeutics, it is highly desirable to develop a targeted intracellular siRNA delivery approach to specific cell populations or tissues. The HIV-1 gp120 protein, a glycoprotein envelope on the surface of HIV-1, plays an important role in viral entry into CD4 cells. The interaction of gp120 and CD4 that triggers HIV-1 entry and initiates cell fusion has been validated as a clinically relevant anti-viral strategy for drug discovery. 
Herein, we firstly discuss the selection and identification of 2'-F modified anti-HIV gp120 RNA aptamers. Using a conventional nitrocellulose filter SELEX method, several new aptamers with nanomolar affinity were isolated from a 50 random nt RNA library. In order to successfully obtain bound species with higher affinity, the selection stringency is carefully controlled by adjusting the conditions. The selected aptamers can specifically bind and be rapidly internalized into cells expressing the HIV-1 envelope protein. Additionally, the aptamers alone can neutralize HIV-1 infectivity. Based upon the best aptamer A-1, we also create a novel dual inhibitory function anti-gp120 aptamer-siRNA chimera in which both the aptamer and the siRNA portions have potent anti-HIV activities. Further, we utilize the gp120 aptamer-siRNA chimeras for cell-type specific delivery of the siRNA into HIV-1 infected cells. This dual function chimera shows considerable potential for combining various nucleic acid therapeutic agents (aptamer and siRNA) in suppressing HIV-1 infection, making the aptamer-siRNA chimeras attractive therapeutic candidates for patients failing highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).

Several 2&#x2019;-Fluoro RNA aptamers against HIV-1Ba-L gp120 with nanomole affinity are isolated from a RNA library by in vitro SELEX procedure. A new dual inhibitory function anti-gp120 aptamer-siRNA chimera is created and shows considerable promise for systemic anti-HIV therapy.

Desarrollo de programas específicos de células de tipo anti-gp120 del VIH aptámeros para la entrega de siRNA

The global epidemic of infection by HIV has created an urgent need for new classes of antiretroviral agents. The potent ability of small interfering ...

Investigación

Inmunología e Infección

Saliva, Salivary Gland, and Hemolymph Collection from Ixodes scapularis Ticks

Ticks are found worldwide and afflict humans with many tick-borne illnesses. Ticks are vectors for pathogens that cause Lyme disease and tick-borne relapsing fever (Borrelia spp.), Rocky Mountain Spotted fever (Rickettsia rickettsii), ehrlichiosis (Ehrlichia chaffeensis and E. equi), anaplasmosis (Anaplasma phagocytophilum), encephalitis (tick-borne encephalitis virus), babesiosis (Babesia spp.), Colorado tick fever (Coltivirus), and tularemia (Francisella tularensis) 1-8. To be properly transmitted into the host these infectious agents differentially regulate gene expression, interact with tick proteins, and migrate through the tick 3,9-13. For example, the Lyme disease agent, Borrelia burgdorferi, adapts through differential gene expression to the feast and famine stages of the tick's enzootic cycle 14,15. Furthermore, as an Ixodes tick consumes a bloodmeal Borrelia replicate and migrate from the midgut into the hemocoel, where they travel to the salivary glands and are transmitted into the host with the expelled saliva 9,16-19.
As a tick feeds the host typically responds with a strong hemostatic and innate immune response 11,13,20-22. Despite these host responses, I. scapularis can feed for several days because tick saliva contains proteins that are immunomodulatory, lytic agents, anticoagulants, and fibrinolysins to aid the tick feeding 3,11,20,21,23. The immunomodulatory activities possessed by tick saliva or salivary gland extract (SGE) facilitate transmission, proliferation, and dissemination of numerous tick-borne pathogens 3,20,24-27. To further understand how tick-borne infectious agents cause disease it is essential to dissect actively feeding ticks and collect tick saliva. This video protocol demonstrates dissection techniques for the collection of hemolymph and the removal of salivary glands from actively feeding I. scapularis nymphs after 48 and 72 hours post mouse placement. We also demonstrate saliva collection from an adult female I. scapularis tick.

Saliva, Salivary Gland, and Hemolymph Collection from Ixodes scapularis Ticks

The collection of infected tick hemolymph, salivary glands, and saliva is important to study how tick-borne pathogens cause disease. In this protocol we demonstrate how to collect hemolymph and salivary glands from feeding Ixodes scapularis nymphs. We also demonstrate saliva collection from female I. scapularis adults.

La saliva, la glándula salival, y la Colección hemolinfa de las garrapatas Ixodes scapularis

Ticks are found worldwide and afflict humans with many tick-borne illnesses. Ticks are vectors for pathogens that cause Lyme disease and tick-borne ...

Feeding of Ticks on Animals for Transmission and Xenodiagnosis in Lyme Disease Research

Transmission of the etiologic agent of Lyme disease, Borrelia burgdorferi, occurs by the attachment and blood feeding of Ixodes species ticks on mammalian hosts. In nature, this zoonotic bacterial pathogen may use a variety of reservoir hosts, but the white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus) is the primary reservoir for larval and nymphal ticks in North America. Humans are incidental hosts most frequently infected with B. burgdorferi by the bite of ticks in the nymphal stage. B. burgdorferi adapts to its hosts throughout the enzootic cycle, so the ability to explore the functions of these spirochetes and their effects on mammalian hosts requires the use of tick feeding. In addition, the technique of xenodiagnosis (using the natural vector for detection and recovery of an infectious agent) has been useful in studies of cryptic infection. In order to obtain nymphal ticks that harbor B. burgdorferi, ticks are fed live spirochetes in culture through capillary tubes. Two animal models, mice and nonhuman primates, are most commonly used for Lyme disease studies involving tick feeding. We demonstrate the methods by which these ticks can be fed upon, and recovered from animals for either infection or xenodiagnosis.

Lyme disease is the most commonly-reported vector-borne disease in North America. The causative agent, Borrelia burgdorferi is a spirochete bacterium transmitted by Ixodid ticks. Transmission and detection of infection in animal models is optimized by the use of tick feeding, which we describe here.

La alimentación de las garrapatas de los animales para Transmisión y xenodiagnóstico en Lyme Investigación de Enfermedades

Transmission of the etiologic agent of Lyme disease, Borrelia burgdorferi, occurs by the  attachment and blood feeding of Ixodes species ticks on ...

Using RNA-interference to Investigate the Innate Immune Response in Mouse Macrophages

Macrophages are key phagocytic innate immune cells. When macrophages encounter a pathogen, they produce antimicrobial proteins and compounds to kill the pathogen, produce various cytokines and chemokines to recruit and stimulate other immune cells, and present antigens to stimulate the adaptive immune response. Thus, being able to efficiently manipulate macrophages with techniques such as RNA-interference (RNAi) is critical to our ability to investigate this important innate immune cell. However, macrophages can be technically challenging to transfect and can exhibit inefficient RNAi-induced gene knockdown. In this protocol, we describe methods to efficiently transfect two mouse macrophage cell lines (RAW264.7 and J774A.1) with siRNA using the Amaxa Nucleofector 96-well Shuttle System and describe procedures to maximize the effect of siRNA on gene knockdown. Moreover, the described methods are adapted to work in 96-well format, allowing for medium and high-throughput studies. To demonstrate the utility of this approach, we describe experiments that utilize RNAi to inhibit genes that regulate lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cytokine production.

In this protocol, we describe methods to efficiently transfect murine macrophage cell lines with siRNAs using the Amaxa Nucleofector 96-well Shuttle System, stimulate the macrophages with lipopolysaccharide, and monitor the effects on inflammatory cytokine production.

El uso de ARN de interferencia para Investigar la respuesta inmune innata en macrófagos de ratón

Macrophages are key phagocytic innate immune cells.  When macrophages encounter a pathogen, they produce antimicrobial proteins and compounds to kill the ...

Nucleocapsid Annealing-Mediated Electrophoresis (NAME) Assay Allows the Rapid Identification of HIV-1 Nucleocapsid Inhibitors

RNA or DNA folded in stable tridimensional folding are interesting targets in the development of antitumor or antiviral drugs. In the case of HIV-1, viral proteins involved in the regulation of the virus activity recognize several nucleic acids. The nucleocapsid protein NCp7 (NC) is a key protein regulating several processes during virus replication. NC is in fact a chaperone destabilizing the secondary structures of RNA and DNA and facilitating their annealing. The inactivation of NC is a new approach and an interesting target for anti-HIV therapy. The Nucleocapsid Annealing-Mediated Electrophoresis (NAME) assay was developed to identify molecules able to inhibit the melting and annealing of RNA and DNA folded in thermodynamically stable tridimensional conformations, such as hairpin structures of TAR and cTAR elements of HIV, by the nucleocapsid protein of HIV-1. The new assay employs either the recombinant or the synthetic protein, and oligonucleotides without the need of their previous labeling. The analysis of the results is achieved by standard polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) followed by conventional nucleic acid staining. The protocol reported in this work describes how to perform the NAME assay with the full-length protein or its truncated version lacking the basic N-terminal domain, both competent as nucleic acids chaperones, and how to assess the inhibition of NC chaperone activity by a threading intercalator. Moreover, NAME can be performed in two different modes, useful to obtain indications on the putative mechanism of action of the identified NC inhibitors.

Nucleocapsid Annealing-Mediated Electrophoresis NAME Assay Allows the Rapid Identification of HIV-1 Nucleocapsid Inhibitors

This protocol describes NAME, an assay that allows the rapid identification of molecules able to inhibit in vitro the chaperone activities of HIV-1 nucleocapsid protein.

El recocido mediada nucleocápside electroforesis (NOMBRE) ensayo permite la identificación rápida del VIH-1 inhibidores de la nucleocápside

RNA or DNA folded in stable tridimensional folding are interesting targets in the development of antitumor or antiviral drugs. In the case of HIV-1, viral ...

Applying an Inducible Expression System to Study Interference of Bacterial Virulence Factors with Intracellular Signaling

The technique presented here allows one to analyze at which step a target protein, or alternatively a small molecule, interacts with the components of a signaling pathway. The method is based, on the one hand, on the inducible expression of a specific protein to initiate a signaling event at a defined and predetermined step in the selected signaling cascade. Concomitant expression, on the other hand, of the gene of interest then allows the investigator to evaluate if the activity of the expressed target protein is located upstream or downstream of the initiated signaling event, depending on the readout of the signaling pathway that is obtained. Here, the apoptotic cascade was selected as a defined signaling pathway to demonstrate protocol functionality. Pathogenic bacteria, such as Coxiella burnetii, translocate effector proteins that interfere with host cell death induction in the host cell to ensure bacterial survival in the cell and to promote their dissemination in the organism. The C. burnetii effector protein CaeB effectively inhibits host cell death after induction of apoptosis with UV-light or with staurosporine. To narrow down at which step CaeB interferes with the propagation of the apoptotic signal, selected proteins with well-characterized pro-apoptotic activity were expressed transiently in a doxycycline-inducible manner. If CaeB acts upstream of these proteins, apoptosis will proceed unhindered. If CaeB acts downstream, cell death will be inhibited. The test proteins selected were Bax, which acts at the level of the mitochondria, and caspase 3, which is the major executioner protease. CaeB interferes with cell death induced by Bax expression, but not by caspase 3 expression. CaeB, thus, interacts with the apoptotic cascade between these two proteins.

The method described here is used to induce the apoptotic signaling cascade at defined steps in order to dissect the activity of an anti-apoptotic bacterial effector protein. This method can also be used for inducible expression of pro-apoptotic or toxic proteins, or for dissecting interference with other signaling pathways.

La aplicación de un sistema de expresión inducible para el Estudio de la interferencia de los factores de virulencia bacteriana con Señalización Intracelular

The technique presented here allows one to analyze at which step a target protein, or alternatively a small molecule, interacts with the components of a ...

RNA Purification from Intracellularly Grown Listeria monocytogenes in Macrophage Cells

Analysis of the transcriptome of bacterial pathogens during mammalian infection is a valuable tool for studying genes and factors that mediate infection. However, isolating bacterial RNA from infected cells or tissues is a challenging task, since mammalian RNA mostly dominates the lysates of infected cells. Here we describe an optimized method for RNA isolation of Listeria monocytogenes bacteria growing within bone marrow derived macrophage cells. Upon infection, cells are mildly lysed and rapidly filtered to discard most of the host proteins and RNA, while retaining intact bacteria. Next, bacterial RNA is isolated using hot phenol-SDS extraction followed by DNase treatment. The extracted RNA is suitable for gene transcription analysis by multiple techniques. This method is successfully employed in our studies of Listeria monocytogenes gene regulation during infection of macrophage cells 1-4. The protocol can be easily modified to study other bacterial pathogens and cell types.

RNA Purification from Intracellularly Grown Listeria monocytogenes in Macrophage Cells

Here we describe a method for bacterial RNA isolation from Listeria monocytogenes bacteria growing inside murine macrophages. This technique can be used with other intracellular pathogens and mammalian host cells.

La purificación del ARN intracelularmente Grown<em&gt; Listeria monocytogenes</em&gt; En los macrófagos

Analysis of the transcriptome of bacterial pathogens during mammalian infection is a valuable tool for studying genes and factors that mediate infection. ...

Small RNA Transfection in Primary Human Th17 Cells by Next Generation Electroporation

CD4+ T cells can differentiate into several subsets of effector T helper cells depending on the surrounding cytokine milieu. Th17 cells can be generated from na&#239;ve CD4+ T cells in vitro by activating them in the presence of the polarizing cytokines IL-1&#946;, IL-6, IL-23, and TGF&#946;. Th17 cells orchestrate immunity against extracellular bacteria and fungi, but their aberrant activity has also been associated with several autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Th17 cells are identified by the chemokine receptor CCR6 and defined by their master transcription factor, ROR&#947;t, and characteristic effector cytokine, IL-17A. Optimized culture conditions for Th17 cell differentiation facilitate mechanistic studies of human T cell biology in a controlled environment. They also provide a setting for studying the importance of specific genes and gene expression programs through RNA interference or the introduction of microRNA (miRNA) mimics or inhibitors. This protocol provides an easy to use, reproducible, and highly efficient method for transient transfection of differentiating primary human Th17 cells with small RNAs using a next generation electroporation device.

Next generation electroporation is an efficient method for transfecting human Th17 cells with small RNAs to alter gene expression and cell behavior.

Small RNA Transfección en células primarias Th17 humano por Next Generation electroporación

CD4+ T cells can differentiate into several subsets of effector T helper cells depending on the surrounding cytokine milieu. Th17 cells can be generated ...

Identification of Coding and Non-coding RNA Classes Expressed in Swine Whole Blood

The advent of innovative and increasingly powerful next generation sequencing techniques has opened new avenues into the ability to examine the underlying gene expression related to biological processes of interest. These innovations not only allow researchers to observe expression from the mRNA sequences that code for genes that effect cellular function, but also the non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecules that remain untranslated, but still have regulatory functions. Although researchers have the ability to observe both mRNA and ncRNA expression, it has been customary for a study to focus on one or the other. However, when studies are interested in both mRNA and ncRNA expression, many times they use separate samples to examine either coding or non-coding RNAs due to the difference in library preparations. This can lead to the need for more samples which can increase time, consumables, and animal stress. Additionally, it may cause researchers to decide to prepare samples for only one analysis, usually the mRNA, limiting the number of biological questions that can be investigated. However, ncRNAs span multiple classes with regulatory roles that effect mRNA expression. Because ncRNA are important to fundamental biologic processes and disorder of these processes in during infection, they may, therefore, make attractive targets for therapeutics. This manuscript demonstrates a modified protocol for the generation mRNA and non-coding RNA expression libraries, including viral RNA, from a single sample of whole blood. Optimization of this protocol, improved RNA purity, increased ligation for recovery of methylated RNAs, and omitted&#160;size selection, to allow capture of more RNA species.

Here, we present a protocol optimized for the processing of coding (mRNA) and non-coding&#160;(ncRNA) globin reduced RNA-seq libraries from a single whole blood sample.

Identificación de la codificación y las clases de ARN no codificante expresado en cerdos sangre entera

The advent of innovative and increasingly powerful next generation sequencing techniques has opened new avenues into the ability to examine the underlying ...

Confocal Imaging of Double-Stranded RNA and Pattern Recognition Receptors in Negative-Sense RNA Virus Infection

Double-stranded (ds) RNA is produced as a replicative intermediate during RNA virus infection. Recognition of dsRNA by host pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) such as the retinoic acid (RIG-I) like receptors (RLRs) RIG-I and melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA-5) leads to the induction of the innate immune response. The formation and intracellular distribution of dsRNA in positive-sense RNA virus infection has been well characterized by microscopy. Many negative-sense RNA viruses, including some arenaviruses, trigger the innate immune response during infection. However, negative-sense RNA viruses were thought to produce low levels of dsRNA, which hinders the imaging study of PRR recognition of viral dsRNA. Additionally, infection experiments with highly pathogenic arenaviruses must be performed in high containment biosafety level facilities (BSL-4). The interaction between viral RNA and PRRs for highly pathogenic RNA virus is largely unknown due to the additional technical challenges that researchers need to face in the BSL-4 facilities. Recently, a monoclonal antibody (Mab) (clone 9D5) originally used for pan-enterovirus detection has been found to specifically detect dsRNA with a higher sensitivity than the traditional J2 or K1 anti-dsRNA antibodies. Herein, by utilizing the 9D5 antibody, we describe a confocal microscopy protocol that has been used successfully to visualize dsRNA, viral protein and PRR simultaneously in individual cells infected by arenavirus. The protocol is also suitable for imaging studies of dsRNA and PRR distribution in pathogenic arenavirus infected cells in BSL4 facilities.

Double-stranded RNA produced during RNA virus replication can be recognized by pattern recognition receptors to induce an innate immune response. For negative-sense RNA viruses, the interaction between the low-level dsRNA and PRRs remains unclear. We have developed a confocal microscopy method to visualize arenavirus dsRNA and PRR in individual cells.

Proyección de imagen confocal de ARN bicatenario y receptores de reconocimiento de patrón en la infección por Virus de ARN de sentido negativo

Double-stranded (ds) RNA is produced as a replicative intermediate during RNA virus infection. Recognition of dsRNA by host pattern recognition receptors ...