Nos gusta agradecer a Anand Swaroop por proporcionar ratones Nrl-GFP, Jochen Haas por soporte técnico y Sindy Böhme y Emely Lessmann por la cría de animales.	
	Este trabajo fue apoyado por la Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG): FZT 111 - Center of Regenerative Therapies Dresden, el CRTD Seed Grant Program, el SFB 655 y el ProRetina e.V. fundación, el DIGS-BB Graduate Program Dresden, y la Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (SFRH/BD/60787/2009)

Declaración de uso ético y cuidado de los animales:
Todos los experimentos con animales se llevaron a cabo en estricta conformidad con las leyes de la Unión Europea y Alemania (Tierschutzgesetz) y se adhirieron a la Declaración arvo para el uso de animales en la investigación oftálmica y de la visión. Todos los experimentos con animales fueron aprobados por el comité de ética animal de la TU Dresden y la Landesdirektion Dresden (número de aprobación: 24D-9168.11-1/2008-33).
1. Antes de iniciar la disociación de celdas y la clasificación de celdas
<ol><li>Etiquete tres tubos de reacción de 15 ml con: Lavado (W), Fracción positiva (+) y Fracción negativa (-).</li>
</ol>2. Disociación de la retina
<ol><li>Decapitar los cachorros PN 4 usando una tijera.</li>
	<li>Enjuague la cabeza de las crías en breve en etanol al 70% seguido de lavado en PBS.</li>
	<li>Transfiera la cabeza a HBSS frío y enuclee el ojo (repita este paso para todas las cabezas). Para enuclear, abra los párpados y fije el ojo con fórceps curvos en la región del nervio óptico. A continuación, tire del ojo con cuidado fuera de la órbita.</li>
	<li>Después de enucleating todos los ojos, aislar la retina: introducir una tijera cerrada en el nervio óptico y abrir las cuchillas. Peal el RPE/chorid hacia fuera. Retire las lentes y los vasos sanguíneos con fórceps curvos.</li>
	<li>Transfiera las retinas aisladas a un tubo de reacción de 1,5 ml que contenga la solución de papaína (proporcionada por el kit de disociación de papaína).</li>
	<li>Incubar las retinas en la solución de papaína durante 30-60 min en un baño de agua o agitadora (400 rpm) a 37 °C.<ol>
<li>Mientras las retinas se incuban en la solución de papaína, pipetear 1 ml de solución ovomucoide a un tubo de reacción de 15 ml (etiqueta "1").</li>
			<li>Añadir 60 μl de DNasa I (10 mg/ml) + 60 μl de solución ovomucoide (proporcionada por el kit) + 520 μl de EBSS a un tubo de reacción de 15 ml (etiqueta "2").</li>
		</ol>
</li>
	<li>Después de la incubación de la papaína, transferir la solución de papaína que contiene las retinas parcialmente digeridas al tubo de reacción "2".</li>
	<li>Utilizando una pipeta pulida contra fuego, realizar la disociación mecánica (10x arriba y abajo).</li>
	<li>Pipetear la suspensión unicelular al tubo de reacción "1". Trate de generar 2 capas colocando suavemente la suspensión celular en la parte superior de la solución ovomucoide.</li>
	<li>Centrífuga durante 5 min a 300 x g (aproximadamente 1.300 rpm).</li>
	<li>Deseche el sobrenadante y resuspend las células en 500 μl de buffer MACS.</li>
</ol>3. Clasificación de celdas mediante clasificación de celdas asociadas magnéticas (MACS)
<ol><li>Añadir X μl de anticuerpo anti-CD73 de rata a los 500 μl para lograr una concentración final de 10 μg/ml.</li>
	<li>Incubar 5 min sobre hielo.</li>
	<li>Llene el tubo de reacción de 15 ml a 10 ml con tampón MACS y centrífugalo durante 5 min a una velocidad de 300 x g.</li>
	<li>Retire el sobrenadante.</li>
	<li>Resuspend el pellet en 480 μl macs buffer y añadir 120 μl de cabra anti-rata IgG microperlas.</li>
	<li>Incubar 15 min sobre hielo; no agitarlo, agitarlo ni mezclarlo.</li>
	<li>Llene el tubo de reacción de 15 ml a 5 ml con tampón MACS y centrífugalo durante 5 min a 300 x g.</li>
	<li>Como el tubo de reacción se centrifuga:<ol>
<li>Ajuste una columna LS en el soporte magnético.</li>
			<li>Coloque el filtro de preseparación encima de la columna LS.</li>
			<li>Hidrate el filtro de preseparación y la columna LS con tampón MACS de 3 ml y recoja el tampón MACS en el tubo de lavado (W).</li>
		</ol>
</li>
	<li>Retire el sobrenadante.</li>
	<li>Resuspend el pellet en 500 μl macs tampón.</li>
	<li>Cargue la suspensión de celda de 500 μl en el filtro, luego agregue un tampón MACS de 1 ml al filtro y recoja la fracción negativa en el tubo de reacción de fracción negativa (-).</li>
	<li>A continuación, agregue 3 x 3 ml de búfer MACS a la columna para lavar las celdas que no están unidas a la columna</li>
	<li>Una vez que estos 9 ml estén a través de la Columna LS, retire la columna del soporte magnético e instálela encima del tubo de reacción de fracción positiva (+).</li>
	<li>Cargue rápidamente 5 ml de búfer MACS en la columna LS y coloque el émbolo en la columna LS y presione hacia abajo hasta que todo el búfer esté a través de la columna.</li>
	<li>Centrifugar el tubo de reacción que contiene la fracción positiva durante 5 min a 300 x g.</li>
	<li>Retire el sobrenadante, resuspend en 500 μl de tampón MACS y manténgalo a 4 °C.</li>
	<li>Cuente la cantidad total de celdas que utilizan un dispositivo de recuento de celdas común.</li>
	<li>Preparar una suspensión celular a partir de la fracción clasificada positiva que contenga 2 x 105 células/μl en tampón MACS y conservarla a 4 °C</li>
</ol>4. Trasplante de células precursoras de fotorreceptores clasificadas por MAC en la retina del ratón
<ol><li>Asegúrese de tener todas las siguientes soluciones listas: 1 ml de PBS estéril o HBSS, 10 μl de DNAse I, 1-2 ml de H2O desionizado estéril, alícuotas de las fracciones de suspensión celular a 4 °C.</li>
	<li>Anestesiar el ratón adulto(es decir, 2-4 meses de edad) con una inyección intraperitoneal de clorhidrato de medetomidina (0,01 mg/10 g de peso corporal), ketamina (0,75 mg/10 g de peso corporal). Luego haga una inyección subcutánea de buprenorfina (0.05 mg/kg de peso corporal) para aliviar el dolor.</li>
	<li>Dilatar las pupilas con una gota de Phenylephrin 2.5%-Tropicamid 0.5%.</li>
	<li>Fije el ratón en el soporte de la cabeza del ratón y colótelo bajo microscopio estéreo.</li>
	<li>Aplique una gota de gel visídico para evitar el secado del ojo.</li>
	<li>Hacer un pequeño agujero en el borde entre esclerótica y córnea (respectivamente ora serrata)usando un estéril 30 G 1/2 en aguja.</li>
	<li>Corte un portaobjetos de cubierta común en piezas pequeñas (aproximadamente 5 mm x 5 mm) usando una pluma de diamante, coloque una de estas piezas en la parte superior de la córnea, permitiendo la visualización directa de la retina.</li>
	<li>Enjuague la jeringa de microlitro presterilizada varias veces con agua desionizada.</li>
	<li>Cargue la jeringa de microlitro con 1 μl de suspensión celular, dirija la aguja tangencialmente a través de la conjuntiva y la esclerótica y colóquela bajo control visual en la mitad nasal de la retina.</li>
	<li>Perforar suavemente un agujero en la retina hasta llegar al espacio subretinal, inyectar la suspensión celular en el espacio subretinal.</li>
	<li>Observe el desprendimiento bullar de retina, que debe ser uniforme, cubriendo aproximadamente 1/4 del espacio retiniano sin ningún sangrado.</li>
	<li>Retire la jeringa suavemente, el agujero de la retina se sella automáticamente.</li>
	<li>Enjuague la jeringa del microlitro varias veces con agua desionizada.</li>
	<li>Suelte el ratón del soporte de la cabeza.</li>
	<li>Despertar el ratón mediante la inyección de clorhidrato de atipamozol para la reversión del efecto de clorhidrato de medetomidina.</li>
	<li>Coloque el ratón para la hora de despertar en una cámara oscura cálida (aproximadamente 25 °C).</li>
	<li>Los próximos 2 días después del trasplante, la buprenorfina (0,05 mg/kg de peso corporal) debe administrarse mediante inyección subcutánea por la mañana y por la tarde para aliviar el dolor.</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Bartsch, U., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retinal+cells+integrate+into+the+outer+nuclear+layer+and+differentiate+into+mature+photoreceptors+after+subretinal+transplantation+into+adult+mice.">Retinal cells integrate into the outer nuclear layer and differentiate into mature photoreceptors after subretinal transplantation into adult mice.</a> Exp. Eye Res. 86, 691-700 (2008).</li><li>MacLaren, R. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retinal+repair+by+transplantation+of+photoreceptor+precursors.">Retinal repair by transplantation of photoreceptor precursors.</a> Nature. 444, 203-207 (2006).</li><li>Eberle, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Outer+segment+formation+of+transplanted+photoreceptor+precursor+cells.">Outer segment formation of transplanted photoreceptor precursor cells.</a> PLoS One. 7, (2012).</li><li>Lakowski, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cone+and+rod+photoreceptor+transplantation+in+models+of+the+childhood+retinopathy+Leber+congenital+amaurosis+using+flow-sorted+Crx-positive+donor+cells.">Cone and rod photoreceptor transplantation in models of the childhood retinopathy Leber congenital amaurosis using flow-sorted Crx-positive donor cells.</a> Hum. Mol. Genet. 19, 4545-4559 (2010).</li><li>Barber, A. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Repair+of+the+degenerate+retina+by+photoreceptor+transplantation.">Repair of the degenerate retina by photoreceptor transplantation.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 110, 354-359 (2013).</li><li>Pearson, R. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Restoration+of+vision+after+transplantation+of+photoreceptors.">Restoration of vision after transplantation of photoreceptors.</a> Nature. , (2012).</li><li>Singh, M. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reversal+of+end-stage+retinal+degeneration+and+restoration+of+visual+function+by+photoreceptor+transplantation.">Reversal of end-stage retinal degeneration and restoration of visual function by photoreceptor transplantation.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 110, (2013).</li><li>Eberle, D., Schubert, S., Postel, K., Corbeil, D., Ader, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Increased+integration+of+transplanted+CD73-positive+photoreceptor+precursors+into+adult+mouse+retina.">Increased integration of transplanted CD73-positive photoreceptor precursors into adult mouse retina.</a> Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 52, 6462-6471 (2011).</li><li>Koso, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CD73,+a+novel+cell+surface+antigen+that+characterizes+retinal+photoreceptor+precursor+cells.">CD73, a novel cell surface antigen that characterizes retinal photoreceptor precursor cells.</a> Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 50, 5411-5418 (2009).</li><li>Lakowski, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effective+transplantation+of+photoreceptor+precursor+cells+selected+via+cell+surface+antigen+expression.">Effective transplantation of photoreceptor precursor cells selected via cell surface antigen expression.</a> Stem Cells. 29, 1391-1404 (2011).</li><li>Akimoto, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Targeting+of+GFP+to+newborn+rods+by+Nrl+promoter+and+temporal+expression+profiling+of+flow-sorted+photoreceptors.">Targeting of GFP to newborn rods by Nrl promoter and temporal expression profiling of flow-sorted photoreceptors.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103, 3890-3895 (2006).</li><li>Eiraku, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Self-organizing+optic-cup+morphogenesis+in+three-dimensional+culture.">Self-organizing optic-cup morphogenesis in three-dimensional culture.</a> Nature. 472, 51-56 (2011).</li><li>Nakano, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Self-formation+of+optic+cups+and+storable+stratified+neural+retina+from+human+ESCs.">Self-formation of optic cups and storable stratified neural retina from human ESCs.</a> Cell Stem Cell. 10, 771-785 (2012).</li><li>Osakada, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Toward+the+generation+of+rod+and+cone+photoreceptors+from+mouse,+monkey+and+human+embryonic+stem+cells.">Toward the generation of rod and cone photoreceptors from mouse, monkey and human embryonic stem cells.</a> Nat. Biotechnol. 26, 215-224 (2008).</li><li>Lee, M. Y., Lufkin, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+the+&amp;#34;Three-step+MACS&amp;#34;:+a+novel+strategy+for+isolating+rare+cell+populations+in+the+absence+of+known+cell+surface+markers+from+complex+animal+tissue.">Development of the &amp;#34;Three-step MACS&amp;#34;: a novel strategy for isolating rare cell populations in the absence of known cell surface markers from complex animal tissue.</a> J. Biomol. Tech. 23, 69-77 (2012).</li></ol>

Los autores declaran que no hay intereses financieros contrapuestos.

El trasplante subretiniano de células precursoras de fotorreceptores representa una herramienta confiable para lograr la integración de estas células sensibles a la luz en las retinas del huésped en números significativos1,2. Esto podría permitir el establecimiento de una terapia celular para el tratamiento de enfermedades degenerativas de la retina en el futuro6. La población donante de células, actualmente aislada de las retinas PN 4, es una mezcla de diferentes tipos de células, de las que sólo las células...

La visión es uno de los principales sentidos de los seres humanos. El deterioro de este sentido y la ceguera son una de las principales razones de la discapacidad en los países industrializados. La causa predominante para la debilitación de la visión o la ceguera es la degeneración retiniana, caracterizada por la pérdida de la célula del fotorreceptor, pues puede ser observada en la degeneración macular, el pigmentosa de la retinitis, la distrofia de la cono-barra, y otras condiciones. Hasta la fecha, una terapia eficaz para restaurar la visión perdida no está disponible. En 2006 y 2008 dos laboratorios diferentes reportaron, independientes entre sí, un trasplante exitoso de células precursoras de fotorreceptores de varilla en retinas adultas de ratones de tipo salvaje1,2. Así, surge la posibilidad de trasplante de células precursoras de fotorreceptores también en una retina degenerada, para reemplazar los fotorreceptores degenerados y restaurar la visión. De hecho, se ha demostrado recientemente, que tales células precursoras de fotorreceptores trasplantados provocan criterios morfológicos de fotorreceptores maduros de tipo salvaje, como segmentos externos correctamente desarrollados3,terminales sinápticos en estrecha proximidad a las células bipolares endógenas y un cuerpo de células redondas situado en la capa nuclear externa2-4,así como la capacidad de integrarse funcionalmente en los circuitos neuronales del huésped5-7. Uno de los principios fundamentales de esta estrategia es el uso de retinas de ratones jóvenes postnatales de día 4 (PN 4, PN0 se define como día de nacimiento), lo que resulta en una mezcla de diferentes tipos de células para trasplante. En el fondo de una futura aplicación terapéutica, esta mezcla tiene que ser purificada para las células precursoras de fotorreceptores. CD73 se ha descrito como el primer marcador de superficie celular específico para fotorreceptores jóvenes en la retina8-10. Aquí, se demuestra un método de purificación de células precursoras de fotorreceptores basado en este marcador de superficie celular y con el uso de la técnica de clasificación de células asociadas magnéticamente (MACS). Macs podría tener ventajas en comparación con las técnicas de clasificación de células activadas por fluorescentes, debido a los tiempos de clasificación rápidos y el ajuste más fácil a las condiciones GMP. Podríamos demostrar un enriquecimiento del ~90% y un índice más alto de la integración del hasta 3 dobleces al trasplantar la población enriquecida al espacio subretinal en el salvaje-tipo adulto retinas. Así, el enriquecimiento macs-basado de la célula del precursor del fotorreceptor y el trasplante subretinal, son técnicas confiables y prometedoras para el desarrollo de una estrategia terapéutica regenerativa para el tratamiento de la degeneración retiniana.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="585">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:195px;">Papain Dissociation System</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Worthington&#160; Biochemical Corporation</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">LK003150</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">supplied DNase I is not used in the method</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:195px;">purified rat anti-mouse CD73, clone TY/23</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">BD Pharmingen</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">550738</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Stock concentration 0.5mg/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:195px;">Goat Anti-Rat IgG MicroBeads</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Miltenyi</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">130-048-501</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Total volume of 2ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:195px;">PBS</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">10010-015</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Used to count the total number of cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:195px;">DNase I</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">D5025-150KU</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:195px;">HBSS</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">14025050</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Used for dissociation of the retinas</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:195px;">Trypan blue</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">Fluka93595</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Used to count the total number of cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="100">
			<td height="100" style="height:100px;width:195px;">Vidisic</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Dr. Mann Pharma / Andreae-Noris Zahn AG</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">-</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:195px;">Domitor</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Pfizer</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">76579</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:195px;">Ketamin 10%</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Ratiopharm</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">7538843</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:195px;">Antisedan</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Pfizer</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">76590</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="81">
			<td height="81" style="height:81px;width:195px;">Phenylephrin 2.5%-Tropicamid 0.5%</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">University clinics Dresden pharmacy</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">-</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:195px;"></td>
			<td style="width:111px;"></td>
			<td style="width:103px;"></td>
			<td style="width:176px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:195px;">Name of Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:195px;">Pre-Separation Filters</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Miltenyi</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">130-041-407</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:195px;">LS Columns</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Miltenyi</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">130-042-401</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:195px;">MACS MultiStand</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Miltenyi</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">130-042-303</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:195px;">QuadroMACS Separator</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Miltenyi</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">130-090-976</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:195px;">fire polish glass pasteur pipette</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Brand</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">74777 20</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">The pipette&#8217;s tips need to be fire-polished and autoclaved.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:195px;">MACS 15ml tube rack</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Miltenyi</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">130-091-052</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:195px;">Cell count chamber</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Carl Roth</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">T728.1</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:195px;">Sterile 15ml tubes</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Greiner Bio-one</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">188271</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:195px;">Leica M651 MSD</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Leica</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">M651 MSD</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">can be used instead of Olympus SZX10</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:195px;">Olympus SZX10</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Olympus</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">SZX10</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">can be used instead of Leica M651 MSD</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:195px;">Olympus inverted stereo microscope CKX41</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Olympus</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">CKX41</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:195px;">Cell culture hood Thermo Scientific MSC-Advance</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Thermo scientific</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">51025411</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:195px;">1.5ml reaction tube</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Sarstedt</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">727706400</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:195px;">2ml reaction tube</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Sarstedt</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">72695</td>
			<td style="width:176px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:195px;">Eppendorf Centrifuge 5702</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">VWR (Eppendorf)</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">521-0733</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:195px;">Mouse head holder</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">myNeurolab</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">471030</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:195px;">BD Microlance 3 30G 1/2&#8221;</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">BD Pharmingen</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">304000</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:195px;">Hamilton microliter syringe 5&#181;l, 75RN</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Hamilton</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">065-7634-01</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">delivered without needles</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:195px;">Hamilton RN special needle GA34</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Hamilton</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">065-207434</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Blunt, 12mm length</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:195px;">Vannas-T&#252;bingen Spring Scissors - 5mm Blades Straight</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">15003-08</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:195px;">Dumont #7 Forceps - Titanium Biologie</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">11272-40</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:195px;">Diamond pen</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Tools-tech</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">-</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:195px;">15x15mm Cover slips</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Sparks</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">MIC3366</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">-</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

subretinal transplantation of macs purified photoreceptor precursor cells into the adult mouse retina

La deficiencia visual y la ceguera debidas a la pérdida de las células sensoras de luz de la retina, es decir, los fotorreceptores, representan la principal razón de discapacidad en los países industrializados. El reemplazo de fotorreceptores degenerados por el trasplante de la célula representa una opción posible del tratamiento en usos clínicos futuros. De hecho, los estudios preclínicos recientes demostraron que los fotorreceptores inmaduros, aislados de la retina neonatal del ratón en el día postnatal 4, tienen el potencial de integrarse en la retina adulta del ratón después del trasplante subretinal. Las células dispensadoras de aceite generaron una morfología madura del fotorreceptor incluyendo segmentos internos y externos, un cuerpo de la célula redonda situado en la capa nuclear externa, y terminales sinápticos en gran proximidad a las células bipolares endógenas. De hecho, informes recientes demostraron que los fotorreceptores donantes se integran funcionalmente en los circuitos neuronales de los ratones huésped. Para un uso clínico futuro de tal acercamiento del reemplazo de la célula, las suspensiones purificadas de las células de la opción tienen que ser generadas y ser colocadas en la posición correcta para la integración apropiada en el ojo. Para el enriquecimiento de los precursores de fotorreceptores, la clasificación debe basarse en antígenos específicos de la superficie celular para evitar la modificación genética de las células donantes. Aquí mostramos la clasificación de células asociadas magnéticas (MACS) - enriquecimiento de precursores de fotorreceptores de varilla trasplantables aislados de la retina neonatal de ratones reporteros específicos de fotorreceptores basados en el marcador de superficie celular CD73. La incubación con los anticuerpos anti-CD73 seguidos por los anticuerpos secundarios conjugados micro-grano permitió el enriquecimiento de los precursores del fotorreceptor de la barra por los MACS al aproximadamente 90%. En comparación con la citometría de flujo, macs tiene la ventaja de que puede ser más fácil de aplicar a los estándares GMP y que altas cantidades de células se pueden clasificar en períodos de tiempo relativamente cortos. La inyección de suspensiones de células enriquecidas en el espacio subretinal de ratones adultos de tipo salvaje resultó en una tasa de integración 3 veces mayor en comparación con las suspensiones celulares no clasificadas.

Con el fin de evaluar la capacidad de los fotorreceptores de varilla para integrarse en la retina del ratón, se utilizó una línea de reportero de ratón, en la que la GFP es impulsada por el promotor de la cremallera de leucina de la retina neural (Nrl, Nrl-GFP)11. Nrl es el marcador más temprano de fotorreceptores de varilla que comienza su expresión en E12.5 a lo largo de la edad adulta, lo que permite un etiquetado específico de las células fotorreceptoras de varilla donante.
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Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Subretinal Transplantation of MACS Purified Photoreceptor Precursor Cells into the Adult Mouse Retina at JoVE.com

Subretinal Transplantation of MACS Purified Photoreceptor Precursor Cells into the Adult Mouse Retina

El trasplante de la célula representa una estrategia para el tratamiento de la degeneración retiniana caracterizada por pérdida del fotorreceptor. Aquí describimos un método para el enriquecimiento de fotorreceptores trasplantables y su injerto subretinal en ratones adultos.

Trasplante Subretinal De Macs Purificado Fotorreceptores Precursores De Células En La Retina Del Ratón Adulto

Vision impairment and blindness due to the loss of the light-sensing cells of the retina, i.e. photoreceptors, represents the main reason for disability ...

subretinal-transplantation-macs-purified-photoreceptor-precursor

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

10.6K vistas.  Technische Universität Dresden. El trasplante de la célula representa una estrategia para el tratamiento de la degeneración retiniana caracterizada por pérdida del fotorreceptor. Aquí describimos un método para el enriquecimiento de fotorreceptores trasplantables y su injerto subretinal en ratones adultos.

Video: Subretinal Transplantation of MACS Purified Photoreceptor Precursor Cells into the Adult Mouse Retina

A Mouse Model of in Utero Transplantation

The transplantation of stem cells and viruses in utero has tremendous potential for treating congenital disorders in the human fetus. For example, in utero transplantation (IUT) of hematopoietic stem cells has been used to successfully treat patients with severe combined immunodeficiency.1,2 In several other conditions, however, IUT has been attempted without success.3 Given these mixed results, the availability of an efficient non-human model to study the biological sequelae of stem cell transplantation and gene therapy is critical to advance this field. We and others have used the mouse model of IUT to study factors affecting successful engraftment of in utero transplanted hematopoietic stem cells in both wild-type mice4-7 and those with genetic diseases.8,9 The fetal environment also offers considerable advantages for the success of in utero gene therapy. For example, the delivery of adenoviral10, adeno-associated viral10, retroviral11, and lentiviral vectors12,13 into the fetus has resulted in the transduction of multiple organs distant from the site of injection with long-term gene expression. in utero gene therapy may therefore be considered as a possible treatment strategy for single gene disorders such as muscular dystrophy or cystic fibrosis. Another potential advantage of IUT is the ability to induce immune tolerance to a specific antigen. As seen in mice with hemophilia, the introduction of Factor IX early in development results in tolerance to this protein.14 
In addition to its use in investigating potential human therapies, the mouse model of IUT can be a powerful tool to study basic questions in developmental and stem cell biology. For example, one can deliver various small molecules to induce or inhibit specific gene expression at defined gestational stages and manipulate developmental pathways. The impact of these alterations can be assessed at various timepoints after the initial transplantation. Furthermore, one can transplant pluripotent or lineage specific progenitor cells into the fetal environment to study stem cell differentiation in a non-irradiated and unperturbed host environment.
The mouse model of IUT has already provided numerous insights within the fields of immunology, and developmental and stem cell biology. In this video-based protocol, we describe a step-by-step approach to performing IUT in mouse fetuses and outline the critical steps and potential pitfalls of this technique.

A Mouse Model of in Utero Transplantation

The mouse model of in utero transplantation is a versatile tool that can be used to study the potential clinical applications of stem cell transplantation and gene therapy in the fetus. In this protocol, we present a general approach to performing this technique

Un modelo de ratón En el útero Trasplante

The transplantation of stem cells and viruses in utero has tremendous potential for treating congenital disorders in the human fetus.  For example, in ...

Investigación

Medicina

Subretinal Injection of Gene Therapy Vectors and Stem Cells in the Perinatal Mouse Eye

The loss of sight affects approximately 3.4 million people in the United States and is expected to increase in the upcoming years.1 Recently, gene therapy and stem cell transplantations have become key therapeutic tools for treating blindness resulting from retinal degenerative diseases. Several forms of autologous transplantation for age-related macular degeneration (AMD), such as iris pigment epithelial cell transplantation, have generated encouraging results, and human clinical trials have begun for other forms of gene and stem cell therapies.2 These include RPE65 gene replacement therapy in patients with Leber's congenital amaurosis and an RPE cell transplantation using human embryonic stem (ES) cells in Stargardt's disease.3-4 Now that there are gene therapy vectors and stem cells available for treating patients with retinal diseases, it is important to verify these potential therapies in animal models before applying them in human studies. The mouse has become an important scientific model for testing the therapeutic efficacy of gene therapy vectors and stem cell transplantation in the eye.5-8 In this video article, we present a technique to inject gene therapy vectors or stem cells into the subretinal space of the mouse eye while minimizing damage to the surrounding tissue.

This surgical technique illustrates the injection of gene therapy vectors and stem cells into the subretinal space of the mouse eye.

Inyección subretiniana de vectores de terapia génica y células madre en el ojo del ratón

The loss of sight affects approximately 3.4 million people in the United States and is expected to increase in the upcoming years.1 Recently, gene therapy ...

Retinal Detachment Model in Rodents by Subretinal Injection of Sodium Hyaluronate

Subretinal injection of sodium hyaluronate is a widely accepted method of inducing retinal detachment (RD). However, the height and duration of RD or the occurrence of subretinal hemorrhage can affect photoreceptor cell death in the detached retina. Hence, it is advantageous to create reproducible RDs without subretinal hemorrhage for evaluating photoreceptor cell death. We modified a previously reported method to create bullous and persistent RDs in a reproducible location with rare occurrence of subretinal hemorrhage. The critical step of this modified method is the creation of a self-sealing scleral incision, which can prevent leakage of sodium hyaluronate after injection into the subretinal space. To make the self-sealing scleral incision, a scleral tunnel is created, followed by scleral penetration into the choroid with a 30 G needle. Although choroidal hemorrhage may occur during this step, astriction with a surgical spear reduces the rate of choroidal hemorrhage. This method allows a more reproducible and reliable model of photoreceptor death in diseases that involve RD such as rhegmatogenous RD, retinopathy of prematurity, diabetic retinopathy, central serous chorioretinopathy, and age-related macular degeneration (AMD).

Creating experimental retinal detachments with a reproducible and sustained height of detachment, and without subretinal hemorrhage, is important for studying the pathophysiology of photoreceptor cell loss in retinal disease and evaluating potential therapeutic interventions. Here, we report such a method in detail.

Desprendimiento de Retina modelo en roedores por inyección subretiniana de Hialuronato de Sodio

Subretinal injection of sodium hyaluronate is a widely accepted method of inducing retinal detachment (RD). However, the height and duration of RD or the ...

Transplantation of Pulmonary Valve Using a Mouse Model of Heterotopic Heart Transplantation

Tissue engineered heart valves, especially decellularized valves, are starting to gain momentum in clinical use of reconstructive surgery with mixed results. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of the neotissue development, valve thickening, and stenosis development are not researched extensively. To answer the above questions, we developed a murine heterotopic heart valve transplantation model. A heart valve was harvested from a valve donor mouse and transplanted to a heart donor mouse. The heart with a new valve was transplanted heterotopically to a recipient mouse. The transplanted heart showed its own heartbeat, independent of the recipient&#8217;s heartbeat. The blood flow was quantified using a high frequency ultrasound system with a pulsed wave Doppler. The flow through the implanted pulmonary valve showed forward flow with minimal regurgitation and the peak flow was close to 100 mm/sec. This murine model of heart valve transplantation is highly versatile, so it can be modified and adapted to provide different hemodynamic environments and/or can be used with various transgenic mice to study neotissue development in a tissue engineered heart valve.

In order to understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying neotissue formation and stenosis development in tissue engineered heart valves, a murine model of heterotopic heart valve transplantation was developed. A pulmonary heart valve was transplanted to recipient using the heterotopic heart transplantation technique.

El trasplante de la válvula pulmonar Utilizando un modelo de ratón de heterotópico trasplante cardiaco

Tissue engineered heart valves, especially decellularized valves, are starting to gain momentum in clinical use of reconstructive surgery with mixed ...

Mouse Kidney Transplantation: Models of Allograft Rejection

Rejection of the transplanted kidney in humans is still a major cause of morbidity and mortality. The mouse model of renal transplantation closely replicates both the technical and pathological processes that occur in human renal transplantation. Although mouse models of allogeneic rejection in organs other than the kidney exist, and are more technically feasible, there is evidence that different organs elicit disparate rejection modes and dynamics, for instance the time course of rejection in cardiac and renal allograft differs significantly in certain strain combinations. This model is an attractive tool for many reasons despite its technical challenges. As inbred mouse strain haplotypes are well characterized it is possible to choose donor and recipient combinations to model acute allograft rejection by transplanting across MHC class I and II loci. Conversely by transplanting between strains with similar haplotypes a chronic process can be elicited were the allograft kidney develops interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy. We have modified the surgical technique to reduce operating time and improve ease of surgery, however a learning curve still needs to be overcome in order to faithfully replicate the model. This study will provide key points in the surgical procedure and aid the process of establishing this technique.

Here, we present a protocol to study the immunology of rejection. The surgical model presented reports a short operating time and a concise technique. Depending on the donor-recipient strain combination, the transplanted kidney may develop acute cellular rejection or chronic allograft damage, defined by interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy.

Ratón Trasplante de Riñón: Modelos de rechazo del aloinjerto

Rejection of the transplanted kidney in humans is still a major cause of morbidity and mortality. The mouse model of renal transplantation closely ...

Performing Subretinal Injections in Rodents to Deliver Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cells in Suspension

The conversion of light into electrical impulses occurs in the outer retina and is accomplished largely by rod and cone photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells. RPE provide critical support for photoreceptors and death or dysfunction of RPE cells is characteristic of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of permanent vision loss in people age 55 and older. While no cure for AMD has been identified, implantation of healthy RPE in diseased eyes may prove to be an effective treatment, and large numbers of RPE cells can be readily generated from pluripotent stem cells. Several interesting questions regarding the safety and efficacy of RPE cell delivery can still be examined in animal models, and well-accepted protocols used to inject RPE have been developed. The technique described here has been used by multiple groups in various studies and involves first creating a hole in the eye with a sharp needle. Then a syringe with a blunt needle loaded with cells is inserted through the hole and passed through the vitreous until it gently touches the RPE. Using this injection method, which is relatively simple and requires minimal equipment, we achieve consistent and efficient integration of stem cell-derived RPE cells in between the host RPE that prevents significant amount of photoreceptor degeneration in animal models. While not part of the actual protocol, we also describe how to determine the extent of the trauma induced by the injection, and how to verify that the cells were injected into the subretinal space using in vivo imaging modalities. Finally, the use of this protocol is not limited to RPE cells; it may be used to inject any compound or cell into the subretinal space.

Here we present a community accepted protocol in multimedia format for subretinally injecting a bolus of RPE cells in rats and mice. This approach can be used for determining rescue potentials, safety profiles, and survival capacities of grafted RPE cells upon implantation in animal models of retinal degeneration.

Realizar Subretinal Inyecciones en roedores administrar células de la retina epitelio pigmentario en Suspensión

The conversion of light into electrical impulses occurs in the outer retina and is accomplished largely by rod and cone photoreceptors and retinal pigment ...

Encapsulation Thermogenic Preadipocytes for Transplantation into Adipose Tissue Depots

Cell encapsulation was developed to entrap viable cells within semi-permeable membranes. The engrafted encapsulated cells can exchange low molecular weight metabolites in tissues of the treated host to achieve long-term survival. The semipermeable membrane allows engrafted encapsulated cells to avoid rejection by the immune system. The encapsulation procedure was designed to enable a controlled release of bioactive compounds, such as insulin, other hormones, and cytokines. Here we describe a method for encapsulation of catabolic cells, which consume lipids for heat production and energy dissipation (thermogenesis) in the intra-abdominal adipose tissue of obese mice. Encapsulation of thermogenic catabolic cells may be potentially applicable to the prevention and treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Another potential application of catabolic cells may include detoxification from alcohols or other toxic metabolites and environmental pollutants.

Here, we present a protocol for encapsulation of catabolic cells, which consume lipids for heat production in intra-abdominal adipose tissue and increase energy dissipation in obese mice.

La encapsulación termogénico preadipocitos para el trasplante en los depósitos de tejido adiposo

Cell encapsulation was developed to entrap viable cells within semi-permeable membranes. The engrafted encapsulated cells can exchange low molecular ...

Orthotopic Hind Limb Transplantation in the Mouse

In vivo animal model systems, and in particular mouse models, have evolved into powerful and versatile scientific tools indispensable to basic and translational research in the field of transplantation medicine. A vast array of reagents is available exclusively in this setting, including mono- and polyclonal antibodies for both diagnostic and interventional applications. In addition, a vast number of genotyped, inbred, transgenic, and knock out strains allow detailed investigation of the individual contributions of humoral and cellular components to the complex interplay of an immune response and make the mouse the gold standard for immunological research. 
Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) delineates a novel field of transplantation using allografts to replace "like with like" in patients suffering traumatic or congenital tissue loss. This surgical methodological protocol shows the use of a non-suture cuff technique for super-microvascular anastomosis in an orthotopic mouse hind limb transplantation model. The model specifically allows for comparison between established paradigms in solid organ transplantation with a novel form of transplants consisting of various different tissue components. Uniquely, this model allows for the transplantation of a viable vascularized bone marrow compartment and niche that have the potential to exert a beneficial effect on the balance of immune acceptance and rejection. This technique provides a tool to investigate alloantigen recognition and allograft rejection and acceptance, as well as enables the pursuit of functional nerve regeneration studies to further advance this novel field of transplantation.

This novel model for orthotopic hind limb transplantation in the mouse, applying a non-suture cuff technique for super-microvascular anastomosis, provides a powerful tool for in&#160;vivo mechanistic immunological research related to vascularized composite allotransplantation (VCA).

Ortotópico de la extremidad posterior de trasplante en el ratón

In vivo animal model systems, and in particular mouse models, have evolved into powerful and versatile scientific tools indispensable to basic and ...

A Step by Step Protocol for Subretinal Surgery in Rabbits

Age related macular degeneration (AMD), retinitis pigmentosa, and other RPE related diseases are the most common causes for irreversible loss of vision in adults in industrially developed countries. RPE transplantation appears to be a promising therapy, as it may replace dysfunctional RPE, restore its function, and thereby vision.
Here we describe a method for transplanting a cultured RPE monolayer on a scaffold into the subretinal space (SRS) of rabbits. After vitrectomy xenotransplants were delivered into the SRS using a custom made shooter consisting of a 20-gauge metallic nozzle with a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) coated plunger. The current technique evolved in over 150 rabbit surgeries over 6 years. Post-operative follow-up can be obtained using non-invasive and repetitive in vivo imaging such as spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) followed by perfusion-fixed histology.
The method has well-defined steps for easy learning and high success rate. Rabbits are considered a large eye animal model useful in preclinical studies for clinical translation. In this context rabbits are a cost-efficient and perhaps convenient alternative to other large eye animal models.

Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) replacement strategies and gene-based therapy are considered for several retinal degenerative conditions. For clinical translation, large eye animal models are required to study surgical techniques applicable in patients. Here we present a rabbit model for subretinal surgery geared towards RPE transplantation, which is versatile and cost-efficient.

Un Paso a Paso Protocolo para la cirugía subretiniana en conejos

Age related macular degeneration (AMD), retinitis pigmentosa, and other RPE related diseases are the most common causes for irreversible loss of vision in ...

Transplantation Into the Mouse Ovarian Fat Pad

Orthotopic transplantation assays in mice are invaluable for studies of cell regeneration and neoplastic transformation. Common approaches for orthotopic transplantation of ovarian surface and tubal epithelia include intraperitoneal and intrabursal administration of cells. The respective limitations of these methods include poorly defined location of injected cells and limited space volume. Furthermore, they are poorly suited for long-term structural preservation of transplanted organs. To address these challenges, we have developed an alternative approach, which is based on the introduction of cells and tissue fragments into the mouse fat pad. The mouse ovarian fat pad is located in the immediate vicinity of the ovary and uterine tube (aka oviduct, fallopian tube), and provides a familiar microenvironment for cells and tissues of these organs. In our approach fluorescence-labeled mouse and human cells, and fragments of the uterine tube are engrafted by using minimally traumatic dorsal incision surgery. Transplanted cells and their outgrowths are easily located in the ovarian fat pad for over 40 days. Long-term transplantation of the entire uterine tube allows correct preservation of all principle tissue components, and does not result in adverse side effects, such as fibrosis and inflammation. Our approach should be uniquely applicable for answering important biological questions such as differentiation, regenerative and neoplastic potential of specific cell populations. Furthermore, it should be suitable for studies of microenvironmental factors in normal development and cancer.

We describe an ovarian fad pad transplantation assay suitable for studies of normal and transformed epithelia of the female reproductive tract. The mouse fat pad allows transplantation of large tissue fragments, is easily accessible for surgery and imaging, and provides the most favorable native environment for tissues of M&#252;llerian origin.

Trasplante en la almohadilla del ratón de ovario grasa

Orthotopic transplantation assays in mice are invaluable for studies of cell regeneration and neoplastic transformation. Common approaches for orthotopic ...