Nos gustaría dar las gracias a Kerstin Thim (AstraZeneca, Lund, Suecia), Benita Dahlberg y el Dr. Anders Eklund (Instituto Karolinska, Estocolmo, Suecia), así como el Dr. Martin Stampfli (Universidad McMaster, Hamilton, ON, Canadá) para la asistencia hábil y el asesoramiento de expertos.

Los estudios con animales fueron aprobados por el comité de ética de bienestar animal Estocolmo norte. Los procedimientos experimentales se realizaron en cumplimiento de la legislación sueca. 1. Generación de un Aerosol LPS <ol><li> Disolver 0,5 g purificado P. aeruginosa LPS en 50 ml de solución salina estéril con agitación suave y verificar la disolución. Diluir 1 ml disueltos LPS en 9 ml de solución salina estéril, a una concentración final de 1 mg / ml. Proteger de la luz con papel de aluminio y se almacena a -20 ° C. </li><li> Descongelar LPS solubilizados en la oscuridad a temperatura ambiente y mezclar bien inmediatamente antes del uso. </li><li> En un nivel II campana de bioseguridad ventilado, insertar una entrada de rojo en un nebulizador, y conectar el nebulizador al aire ambiente presurizado a través de la tubería proporcionada por el (esquema de revisión la presentación de los dispositivos experimentales en la Figura 1) fabricante. PRECAUCIÓN: el equipo de protección personal adecuado, incluyendo una media pieza facial respirat reutilizableo con filtros de partículas, gafas, guantes y ropa de protección debe utilizarse durante el transcurso de la exposición. </li></ol><img alt="Figura 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/51470/51470fig1highres.jpg" /> Figura 1:. Presentación esquemática de los dispositivos experimentales utilizados para la generación de un aerosol La entrada del nebulizador está conectado a un suministro de aire. La salida del nebulizador se conecta primero a un medidor de flujo a través de un tubo de 15,9 mm y un filtro de aire, y el suministro de aire se ajusta a 5,0 L / m en 2 kbar de presión. La salida está al lado conectado a una caja de plexiglás equipado con tapas removibles y 5 agujeros mm para evitar la acumulación de presión. <ol start="4"><li> Conectar la salida del nebulizador para un medidor de flujo de masa a través de un filtro de aire. Conectar el medidor de flujo de masa a un suministro eléctrico. </li><li> Ajuste el suministro de aire a 5 L / min, con una presión restante en 1,0-2,0 bar. </li><li> Retire el medidor de flujo de masa ydesconecte el suministro de aire. </li><li> Conectar la salida del nebulizador a un tubo de 15,9 mm, que se bifurca y se conecta a dos cajas de plexiglás con las dimensiones: 150 x 163 x 205 mm, equipados con tapas removibles. Cada caja debe tener un agujero de 5 mm en el lado opuesto a la entrada, para evitar la acumulación de presión. </li><li> Coloque un máximo de 5 ratones en cada caja de plexiglás y cerrar los párpados. </li><li> Abra el nebulizador y llenar el inserto con al menos 4 ml de LPS disuelto en solución salina o vehículo estéril solo (solución salina estéril; el volumen no debe superar los 8 ml). Vuelva a conectar la entrada de suministro de aire. </li><li> Permitir que el aerosol fluya hacia las cajas de plexiglás cerrados durante 10 min. Supervise a los animales de forma continua. Asegúrese de que el suministro de aire se mantiene firmemente asegurada a la entrada del nebulizador. </li><li> Desconecte el suministro de aire. Con los párpados cerrados, dejar que los animales permanecen en las cajas de plexiglás durante 2 min. </li><li> Abra las tapas y permitir el aerosol para dispersar, y devolver los animales a tél jaulas. Si los animales aparecen en húmedo, coloque las jaulas en una almohadilla térmica a baja temperatura, para evitar la hipotermia. </li><li> Supervise a los animales de forma continua durante los primeros 30 minutos, y posteriormente cada 2 h durante las primeras 6 horas. Los animales deben exhibir patrón respiratorio normal y la actividad durante y después del procedimiento de nebulización. </li></ol> 2. lavado broncoalveolar (BAL) <ol><li> En el punto final experimental, profundamente anestesiar a los animales con isoflurano a efecto según lo recomendado por el personal veterinario de la institución. Apriete la pata posterior para verificar el reflejo de retirada para garantizar la suficiente profundidad de la anestesia para llevar a cabo una cirugía mayor. Pulverizar abajo de la piel de los animales con etanol al 70%. </li><li> Abra el abdomen con unas tijeras, y apartarán de la aorta para Exsanguinate animal. Coloque un pedazo de tejido sobre el abdomen para absorber la sangre. </li><li> Follwing eutanasia, utilice un solo corte anterior-posterior de las tijeras paraexponer el tórax. Levante la caja torácica por el extremo anterior del esternón y usar las tijeras para perforar el diafragma en el punto ventral más, sin cortar en cualquier lóbulo pulmonar. Abra la caja torácica haciendo dos cortes en la dirección antero-posterior (reuniones por debajo de la mandíbula). </li><li> Tire suavemente aparte de las costillas con unas pinzas, y cortar la tráquea por debajo de la laringe. </li><li> Levantar la tráquea con las pinzas y quitar los pulmones mediante la reducción de los ligamentos que conectan los lóbulos a la cavidad torácica, y tirando suavemente por el tejido adiposo y cardíaco. </li><li> Insertar un tubo de polietileno (diámetro interno: 0,58 mm; diámetro exterior: 0.965 mm) en la tráquea y asegurar el tubo con una cadena de hilo de seda. </li><li> Ate la multilobular (los cuatro lóbulos del pulmón derecho) con hilo de seda. </li><li> Inserte una aguja de calibre 23 en el tubo de polietileno e inyectar lentamente 250 l de PBS estéril fría en el lóbulo individual con una jeringa de 1 ml. </li><li> Golpee suavemente los pulmones30 veces y recoger el líquido a través de la jeringa. Repetir el procedimiento con 200 l de PBS (aproximadamente 300 l de PBS debería ser recuperado de la solo lóbulo del volumen total inyectado de 450 l). </li><li> Mantenga el líquido de lavado broncoalveolar (BALF) en hielo, o enumerar las células BAL inmediatamente. Contar las células con un heamocytometer, utilizando la solución de Turk para teñir las células 11. Calcular el número total de células multiplicando el número de células con el factor de dilución de la solución de tinción y el volumen dentro del campo de contado de la heamocytometer. </li><li> Preparar los recuentos de células diferenciales a partir de células citocentrifugadas como se describe en otra parte 11. </li></ol> 3. La formalina Fijación de tejido pulmonar para la evaluación histológica <ol><li> Retire la multilobular y complemento de congelación en hielo seco. Almacenar a -80 ° C. </li><li> Montar una jeringa de 60 ml con el émbolo retirado en un soporte de apoyo de metal. Llene la jeringa con formol al 10% parala altura de 20 cm por encima de la mesa de laboratorio, que representan a 20 cm de presión constante. </li><li> Conectar la aguja de calibre 23 fijada a la tráquea a la jeringa 60 ml a través de un tubo de plástico con una válvula para controlar el flujo de formalina. </li><li> Insuflar el lóbulo pulmonar con formalina durante 5 min. Desconectar y retirar la aguja junto con el tubo de polietileno de la tráquea mientras tira del hilo de seda para cerrar la tráquea y retener la presión en el pulmón. </li><li> Sumerja el lóbulo pulmonar en formalina y fijar durante 24 horas a 4 ° C. </li><li> Lavar el tejido fijado tres veces durante al menos 20 min con etanol al 70%, y deshidratar a xileno a través de la siguiente régimen (1 hr cada uno): <ul><li> 3x 70% de etanol </li><li> 3x 95% de etanol </li><li> 3x 100% de etanol </li><li> 3x xileno </li><li> 1x (líquido) de parafina </li></ul></li><li> Incrustar el tejido se deshidrataron en parafina, se cortaron en secciones de 4-5 micras, y mancha con hematoxilina y eosina para permitir la evaluación histológica.</li>
</ol>

<ol>
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S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Review:+Lipopolysaccharide+biosynthesis+in+Pseudomonas+aeruginosa.">Review: Lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.</a> Innate Immun. 15, 261-312 (2009).</li><li>Grommes, J., Soehnlein, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Contribution+of+neutrophils+to+acute+lung+injury.">Contribution of neutrophils to acute lung injury.</a> Mol Med. 17, 293-307 (2011).</li><li>Pesci, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inflammatory+cells+and+mediators+in+bronchial+lavage+of+patients+with+chronic+obstructive+pulmonary+disease.">Inflammatory cells and mediators in bronchial lavage of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.</a> Eur Respir J. 12, 380-386 (1998).</li><li>Hoogerwerf, J. 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L., Zarkower, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparative+humoral+responses+to+Escherichia+coli+and+sheep+red+blood+cell+antigens+introduced+via+the+respiratory+tract.">Comparative humoral responses to Escherichia coli and sheep red blood cell antigens introduced via the respiratory tract.</a> Exp Lung Res. 13, 97-112 (1987).</li><li>Asti, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lipopolysaccharide-induced+lung+injury+in+mice.+I.+Concomitant+evaluation+of+inflammatory+cells+and+haemorrhagic+lung+damage.">Lipopolysaccharide-induced lung injury in mice. I. Concomitant evaluation of inflammatory cells and haemorrhagic lung damage.</a> Pulm Pharmacol Ther. 13, 61-69 (2000).</li><li>Brand, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Total+deposition+of+therapeutic+particles+during+spontaneous+and+controlled+inhalations.">Total deposition of therapeutic particles during spontaneous and controlled inhalations.</a> Journal of pharmaceutical sciences. 89, 724-731 (2000).</li><li>Liu, F., Li, W., Pauluhn, J., Trubel, H., Wang, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lipopolysaccharide-induced+acute+lung+injury+in+rats:+comparative+assessment+of+intratracheal+instillation+and+aerosol+inhalation.">Lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in rats: comparative assessment of intratracheal instillation and aerosol inhalation.</a> Toxicology. 304, 158-166 (2013).</li><li>Skerrett, S. 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Abraham Roos ha recibido una cuota profesor de Boehringer Ingelheim, becas de viaje de AstraZeneca I + D y una beca de investigación de AstraZeneca I + D. Magnus Nord es un empleado a tiempo completo de AstraZeneca I + D y ha recibido becas de investigación de AstraZeneca I + D. Johan Grunewald y Tove Berg son co-investigadores en un proyecto de investigación relacionado financiado por AstraZeneca I + D.

Aerosol LPS genera una respuesta inflamatoria en las vías respiratorias, que se caracteriza por los neutrófilos en la submucosa epitelial, espacios que rodean las vías respiratorias conductoras, así como los espacios alveolares. Esto es, junto con el aumento del contenido de proteína total en BALF, indicativo de pérdida de plasma, representante de la patología de la lesión pulmonar aguda. Como LPS induce una inflamación estéril, la reacción es independiente de la respuesta inmune adaptativa, y hay limitacione...

El lipopolisacárido (LPS) es un componente de la pared celular de las bacterias gram negativas 1. Desafío a LPS es un modelo bien documentado de la lesión pulmonar aguda, un síndrome caracterizado por la inflamación neutrofílica aguda y edema 2. Además, neutrofilia pulmonar es también una característica de la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC) 3, y el desafío LPS en los seres humanos se ha utilizado para modelar las exacerbaciones de EPOC 4. Así, los modelos experimentales de la exposición LPS son clínicamente relevantes y herramientas valiosas para entender la patología humana. El objetivo de la administración pulmonar de aerosol LPS descritas aquí es generar una respuesta inflamatoria neutrofílica en la realización y vías respiratorias, sin afectación sistémica. Varias técnicas de exposición a LPS se han descrito anteriormente. Inyección intra-venosa de LPS es la ruta más común de administración. Aunque esta técnica es fácilmente accesible, tél daño primario es al endotelio, con la destrucción secundaria del epitelio pulmonar después de la migración de neutrófilos al pulmón. Administración intra-venosa también induce la inflamación sistémica 2, lo que puede complicar el cuadro clínico en modelos animales. La inflamación sistémica está en contraste no observado con la administración intra-traqueal. Esta técnica, sin embargo, es una labor intensiva y requiere anestésicos así como una considerable formación 5, 6. Además, la deposición pulmonar por esta vía de administración depende de la respiración 7. Por lo tanto, la deposición pulmonar se ve afectada por la profundidad de la anestesia necesaria para se pueden observar la administración traqueal intra y deposición variable en las vías respiratorias. En contraste, la administración pulmonar con LPS en aerosol requiere una formación mínima, y se puede lograr fácilmente en un gran número de animales con poca o ninguna variación entre individuos 5, 8.Un estudio reciente confirma que la administración en aerosol es superior a la ruta intra-traqueal con respecto a la deposición, y que las dosis más relevantes de LPS induce la inflamación neutrofílica con este modelo 8. Estudios anteriores han demostrado que desafío para aerosol Pseudomonas aeruginosa LPS genera una respuesta inflamatoria marcada en el lumen de la vía aérea y parénquima pulmonar, incluyendo los espacios alveolares 9, 10. La inflamación se caracteriza por el predominio de neutrófilos y la presencia de edema pulmonar, y por lo tanto se puede utilizar para hacer frente a la patogénesis de la lesión pulmonar aguda y adquirir un mayor conocimiento de los mecanismos que contribuyen a la patología de la enfermedad.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:931px;" width="929">
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	<tbody>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:307px;">Name of the material/equipment&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:244px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Catalog number</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:307px;">Purified Pseudomonas aeruginosa LPS&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:244px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:145px;"></td>
			<td style="width:235px;">Harmful. Recomended purification. LPS purified from other bactria may be used.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:307px;">Pari LC sprint star nebulizer</td>
			<td style="width:244px;">PARI Respiratory Equipment Inc.&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">023G1250</td>
			<td style="width:235px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:307px;">TSI mass flowmeter 4040</td>
			<td style="width:244px;">TSI</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">4040</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">Alternative product from supplier may be used.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:307px;">Saint-Gobain 15.9 mm Tygon tube</td>
			<td style="width:244px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Z685704</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">Recomended brand.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:307px;">Plexiglas boxes with removable lids</td>
			<td style="width:244px;">Custom built</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">150 x 163 x 205 mm (a 2 mm hole on the side).&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:307px;">3M Half Facepiece Reusable Respirator</td>
			<td style="width:244px;">3M</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">7503</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">Recomended brand.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:307px;">3M Advanced Particulate Filters (P100)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:244px;">3M</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">2291</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">Recomended brand.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:307px;">Sissors</td>
			<td style="width:244px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">233-1104</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">Preferred scissors may be used.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:307px;">Forceps&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:244px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">232-1313</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">Preferred forceps may be used.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:307px;">Intramedic PE50 polyethylene tube</td>
			<td style="width:244px;">BD</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">427411</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">Recomended brand.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:307px;">Ethicon 2-0 Perma-hand silk tread&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:244px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">95056-992</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">Recomended brand.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:307px;">26 &#189;&#160; gage needle&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:244px;"></td>
			<td style="width:145px;"></td>
			<td style="width:235px;">Alternative suppliers exist.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:307px;">1 mL BD slip-tip syringe, non-sterile</td>
			<td style="width:244px;">BD</td>
			<td style="width:145px;"><a href="http://catalog.bd.com/bdCat/viewProduct.doCustomer?productNumber=301025">301025</a></td>
			<td style="width:235px;">Alternative suppliers exist.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:307px;">60 mL BD Luer-Lok syringe, non-sterile, polypropolene&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:244px;">BD</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">301035</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">Alternative suppliers exist.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:307px;">Fluka Hematoxylin-Eosin</td>
			<td style="width:244px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">3972</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">Alternative suppliers exist.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:307px;">T&#252;rk&#39;s solution</td>
			<td style="width:244px;">Merck Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">109277</td>
			<td style="width:235px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:307px;">Table top centrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:244px;"></td>
			<td style="width:145px;"></td>
			<td style="width:235px;">Alternative manufacturers exist.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:307px;">Cytospin 4 cytocentrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:244px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">A78300003</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">Alternative centrifuge can be used.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:307px;">HEMA-3 stat pack</td>
			<td style="width:244px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">23-123-869</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">Alternative staining kits exists.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:307px;">Formalin solution, neutral buffered, 10%</td>
			<td style="width:244px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">HT501128&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">Alternative suppliers exist.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a method for generating pulmonary neutrophilia using aerosolized lipopolysaccharide

La lesión pulmonar aguda (ALI) es una enfermedad grave caracterizada por neutrofilia alveolar, con opciones de tratamiento limitadas y una elevada mortalidad. Los modelos experimentales de ALI son clave para mejorar nuestra comprensión de la patogénesis de la enfermedad. El lipopolisacárido (LPS) derivadas de bacterias gram positivas induce la inflamación neutrofílica en las vías respiratorias y parénquima pulmonar de los ratones. La administración pulmonar eficiente de compuestos tales como LPS es, sin embargo, difícil de lograr. En el método descrito aquí, la administración pulmonar en ratones se logra mediante desafío para aerosol Pseudomonas aeruginosa LPS. Disuelto LPS fue aerosol mediante un nebulizador conectado a aire comprimido. Los ratones fueron expuestos a un flujo continuo de LPS aerosol en una caja de plexiglás durante 10 min, seguido de 2 min acondicionado después se suspendió el aerosol. La intubación traqueal y posterior lavado broncoalveolar, seguido de una perfusión de formalina se realizaron siguiente, que permite la caracterización de la p estérilinflamación ulmonary. Aerosol LPS genera una inflamación pulmonar que se caracteriza por neutrofilia alveolar, detectado en el lavado broncoalveolar y por evaluación histológica. Esta técnica se puede configurar en un pequeño coste con unos aparatos, y requiere una formación mínima y experiencia. El sistema de exposición de este modo se puede realizar de forma rutinaria en un laboratorio, con el potencial de mejorar nuestra comprensión de la patología pulmonar.

Desafío a aerosol P. aeruginosa LPS por lo general produce una marcada respuesta inflamatoria en el lumen de las vías respiratorias y el espacio alveolar, que se caracteriza por el predominio de neutrófilos en ambos puntos temporales tempranos y tardíos. Aerosol LPS induce neutrofilia pulmonar Ratones C57BL / 6BY y BALB / c fueron expuestas a aerosol P. aeruginosa LPS o vehículo solo y neutrófilos se enumeran en BALF. El número total de cél...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Method for Generating Pulmonary Neutrophilia Using Aerosolized Lipopolysaccharide at JoVE.com

A Method for Generating Pulmonary Neutrophilia Using Aerosolized Lipopolysaccharide

Se describe un método para inducir la inflamación pulmonar neutrofílica por desafío para el lipopolisacárido de aerosol por nebulización, para modelar la lesión pulmonar aguda. Además, también se describen técnicas quirúrgicas básicas para la separación de pulmón, la intubación traqueal y lavado broncoalveolar.

Un método para generar pulmonar Neutrofilia Usando aerosol lipopolisacárido

Acute lung injury (ALI) is a severe disease characterized by alveolar neutrophilia, with limited treatment options and high mortality. Experimental models ...

a-method-for-generating-pulmonary-neutrophilia-using-aerosolized

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

11.6K vistas.  Karolinska Institutet.  Se describe un método para inducir la inflamación pulmonar neutrofílica por desafío para el lipopolisacárido de aerosol por nebulización, para modelar la lesión pulmonar aguda. Además, también se describen técnicas quirúrgicas básicas para la separación de pulmón, la intubación traqueal y lavado broncoalveolar. 

Video: A Method for Generating Pulmonary Neutrophilia Using Aerosolized Lipopolysaccharide

A Method for Labeling Vasculature in Embryonic Mice

The establishment of a functional blood vessel network is an essential part of organogenesis, and is required for optimal organ function. For example, in the thymus proper vasculature formation and patterning is essential for thymocyte entry into the organ and mature T-cell exit to the periphery. The spatial arrangement of blood vessels in the thymus is dependent upon signals from the local microenvironment, namely thymic epithelial cells (TEC). Several recent reports suggest that disruption of these signals results in thymus blood vessel defects 1,2. Previous studies have described techniques used to label the neonatal and adult thymus vasculature 1,2. We demonstrate here a technique for labeling blood vessels in the embryonic thymus. This method combines the use of FITC-dextran or Griffonia (Bandeiraea) Simplicifolia Lectin I (GSL 1 - isolectin B4) facial vein injections and CD31 antibody staining to identify thymus vascular structures and PDGFR-&beta; to label thymic perivascular mesenchyme 3-5. The option of using cryosections or vibratome sections is also provided. This protocol can be used to identify thymus vascular defects, which is critical for defining the roles of TEC-derived molecules in thymus blood vessel formation. As the method labels the entire vasculature, it can also be used to analyze the vascular networks in multiple organs and tissues throughout the embryo including skin and heart 6-10.

This article describes a method for labeling embryonic skin and thymus blood vessels.

Un método para etiquetar los Vasos sanguíneos en embriones de ratones

The establishment of a functional blood vessel network is an essential part of organogenesis, and is required for optimal organ function. For example, in ...

Investigación

Inmunología e Infección

Diagnosing Pulmonary Tuberculosis with the Xpert MTB/RIF Test

Tuberculosis (TB) due to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) remains a major public health issue: the infection affects up to one third of the world population1, and almost two million people are killed by TB each year.2 Universal access to high-quality, patient-centered treatment for all TB patients is emphasized by WHO's Stop TB Strategy.3 The rapid detection of MTB in respiratory specimens and drug therapy based on reliable drug resistance testing results are a prerequisite for the successful implementation of this strategy. However, in many areas of the world, TB diagnosis still relies on insensitive, poorly standardized sputum microscopy methods. Ineffective TB detection and the emergence and transmission of drug-resistant MTB strains increasingly jeopardize global TB control activities.2
Effective diagnosis of pulmonary TB requires the availability - on a global scale - of standardized, easy-to-use, and robust diagnostic tools that would allow the direct detection of both the MTB complex and resistance to key antibiotics, such as rifampicin (RIF). The latter result can serve as marker for multidrug-resistant MTB (MDR TB) and has been reported in &gt; 95% of the MDR-TB isolates.4, 5 The rapid availability of reliable test results is likely to directly translate into sound patient management decisions that, ultimately, will cure the individual patient and break the chain of TB transmission in the community.2
Cepheid's (Sunnyvale, CA, U.S.A.) Xpert MTB/RIF assay6, 7 meets the demands outlined above in a remarkable manner. It is a nucleic-acids amplification test for 1) the detection of MTB complex DNA in sputum or concentrated sputum sediments; and 2) the detection of RIF resistance-associated mutations of the rpoB gene.8 It is designed for use with Cepheid's GeneXpert Dx System that integrates and automates sample processing, nucleic acid amplification, and detection of the target sequences using real-time PCR and reverse transcriptase PCR. The system consists of an instrument, personal computer, barcode scanner, and preloaded software for running tests and viewing the results.9 It employs single-use disposable Xpert MTB/RIF cartridges that hold PCR reagents and host the PCR process. Because the cartridges are self-contained, cross-contamination between samples is eliminated.6 Current nucleic acid amplification methods used to detect MTB are complex, labor-intensive, and technically demanding. The Xpert MTB/RIF assay has the potential to bring standardized, sensitive and very specific diagnostic testing for both TB and drug resistance to universal-access point-of-care settings3, provided that they will be able to afford it. In order to facilitate access, the Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND) has negotiated significant price reductions. Current FIND-negotiated prices, along with the list of countries eligible for the discounts, are available on the web.10

The Xpert MTB/RIF test integrates sample decontamination, hands-free operation, on-board sample processing, and ultra-sensitive hemi-nested PCR for the simultaneous detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance, either in expectorated sputum or concentrated sputum sediments, in approximately two hours. Testing is standardized and requires only moderate laboratory infrastructure and training.

El diagnóstico de tuberculosis pulmonar con el Xpert MTB / RIF prueba

Tuberculosis (TB) due to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) remains a major public health issue: the infection affects up to one third of the world ...

Two-photon Intravital Imaging of Leukocytes During the Immune Response in Lipopolysaccharide-treated Mouse Liver

Sepsis is a type of severe infection that can cause organ failure and tissue damage. Although the mortality and morbidity rates associated with sepsis are extremely high, no direct treatment or organ-related mechanism has been examined in detail in real time. The liver is the key organ that manages toxins and infections in the human body. Herein, we aimed to perform intravital imaging of mouse liver after induction of endotoxemia in order to track the motility of immune cells, such as neutrophils and liver capsular macrophages (LCMs). Accordingly, we designed a novel surgical method for exposure of the liver with minimally invasive surgery. Mice were intraperitoneally injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a common endotoxin. Using our novel surgical approach for exposure and intravital imaging of the mouse liver, we found that neutrophil recruitment in LPS-treated LysM-green fluorescent protein (GFP) mouse liver was increased compared with that in phosphate-buffered saline-treated liver. After LPS treatment, the number of neutrophils increased significantly with time. Additionally, using CX3Cr1-GFP mice, we successfully visualized liver resident macrophages called LCMs. Therefore, to investigate the efficacy of new reagents to control immune mobility in vivo, determining the motility and morphology of neutrophils and LCMs in the liver may allow us to identify therapeutic effect in organ failure and tissue damage caused by leukocytes activation in sepsis.

We established a novel surgical protocol for two-photon imaging of live mice liver with minimal invasion. With this technique, we identified the detailed structure of the liver during lipopolysaccharide-induced endotoxemia. We anticipate that this method may be utilized to determine the effectiveness of various reagents treatment to hepatic leukocyte migration.

Dos fotones Intravital proyección de imagen de leucocitos durante la respuesta inmunitaria en hígado de ratón tratados con lipopolisacárido

Sepsis is a type of severe infection that can cause organ failure and tissue damage. Although the mortality and morbidity rates associated with sepsis are ...

Generating Recombinant Avian Herpesvirus Vectors with CRISPR/Cas9 Gene Editing

Herpesvirus of turkeys (HVT) is an ideal viral vector for the generation of recombinant vaccines against a number of avian diseases, such as avian influenza (AI), Newcastle disease (ND), and infectious bursal disease (IBD), using bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) mutagenesis or conventional recombination methods. The clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 system has been successfully used in many settings for gene editing, including the manipulation of several large DNA virus genomes. We have developed a rapid and efficient CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing pipeline to generate recombinant HVT. To maximize the potential use of this method, we present here detailed information about the methodology of generating recombinant HVT expressing the VP2 protein of IBDV. The VP2 expression cassette is inserted into the HVT genome via an NHEJ (nonhomologous end-joining)-dependent repair pathway. A green fluorescence protein (GFP) expression cassette is first attached to the insert for easy visualization and then removed via the Cre-LoxP system. This approach offers an efficient way to introduce other viral antigens into the HVT genome for the rapid development of recombinant vaccines.

Herpesvirus of turkeys (HVT) is widely used as a vector platform for the generation of recombinant vaccines against a number of avian diseases. This article describes a simple and rapid approach for the generation of recombinant HVT-vectored vaccines using an integrated NHEJ-CRISPR/Cas9 and Cre-Lox system.

Generación de vectores recombinantes Herpesvirus aviar con CRISPR/Cas9 Gene edición

Herpesvirus of turkeys (HVT) is an ideal viral vector for the generation of recombinant vaccines against a number of avian diseases, such as avian ...

Co-immunoprecipitation Assay for Studying Functional Interactions Between Receptors and Enzymes

Receptor-associated enzymes are the major mediators of cellular activation. These enzymes are regulated, at least in part, by physical interactions with cytoplasmic tails of the receptors. The interactions often occur through specific protein domains and result in activation of the enzymes. There are several methods to study interactions between proteins. While co-immunoprecipitation is commonly used to study domains that are required for protein-protein interactions, there are no assays that document the contribution of specific domains to activity of the recruited enzymes at the same time. Accordingly, the method described here combines co-immunoprecipitation and an on-bead enzymatic activity assay for simultaneous evaluation of interactions between proteins and associated enzymatic activation. The goal of this protocol is to identify the domains that are critical for physical interactions between a protein and enzyme and the domains that are obligatory for complete activation of the enzyme. The importance of this assay is demonstrated, as certain receptor protein domains contribute to the binding of the enzyme to the cytoplasmic tail of the receptor, while other domains are necessary to regulate the function of the same enzyme.

Here, we present a protocol for co-immunoprecipitation and an on-bead enzymatic activity assay to simultaneously study the contribution of specific protein domains of plasma membrane receptors to both enzyme recruitment and enzyme activity.

Ensayo de co-inmunoprecipitación para el estudio de las interacciones funcionales entre los receptores y enzimas

Receptor-associated enzymes are the major mediators of cellular activation. These enzymes are regulated, at least in part, by physical interactions with ...

Novel Protocol for Generating Physiologic Immunogenic Dendritic Cells

Extracorporeal photochemotherapy (ECP) is a widely used cancer immunotherapy for cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL), operative in over 350 university centers worldwide. While ECP&#8217;s clinical efficacy and exemplary safety profile have driven its widespread use, elucidation of the underlying mechanisms has remained a challenge, partly owing to lack of a laboratory ECP model. To overcome this obstacle and create a simple, user-friendly platform for ECP research, we developed a scaled-down version of the clinical ECP leukocyte-processing device, suitable for work with both mouse models, and small human blood samples. This device is termed the Transimmunization (TI) chamber, or plate. In a series of landmark experiments, the miniaturized device was used to produce a cellular vaccine that regularly initiated therapeutic anti-cancer immunity in several syngeneic mouse tumor models. By removing individual factors from the experimental system and ascertaining their contribution to the in vivo anti-tumor response, we then elucidated key mechanistic drivers of ECP immunizing potential. Collectively, our results revealed that anti-tumor effects of ECP are initiated by dendritic cells (DC), physiologically generated through blood monocyte interaction with platelets in the TI plate, and loaded with antigens from tumor cells whose apoptotic cell death is finely titrated by exposure to the photoactivatable DNA cross-linking agent 8-methoxypsoralen and UVA light (8-MOPA). When returned to the mouse, this cellular vaccine leads to specific and transferable anti-tumor T cell immunity. We verified that the TI chamber is also suitable for human blood processing, producing human DCs fully comparable in activation state and profile to those derived from the clinical ECP chamber. The protocols presented here are intended for ECP studies in mouse and man, controlled generation of apoptotic tumor cells with 8-MOPA, and rapid production of physiologic human and mouse monocyte-derived DCs for a variety of applications.

The transimmunization (TI) device or plate and related protocols have been developed to replicate the key features of extracorporeal photochemotherapy (ECP), in an experimental setting, allowing for production of physiologically activated, tunable dendritic cells (DCs) for cancer immunotherapy.

Nuevo protocolo para la generación de células dendríticas inmunogénicas fisiológicas

Extracorporeal photochemotherapy (ECP) is a widely used cancer immunotherapy for cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL), operative in over 350 university ...

Visualization of Bacterial Resistance using Fluorescent Antibiotic Probes

Fluorescent antibiotics are multipurpose research tools that are readily used for the study of antimicrobial resistance, due to their significant advantage over other methods. To prepare these probes, azide derivatives of antibiotics are synthesized, then coupled with alkyne-fluorophores using azide-alkyne dipolar cycloaddition by click chemistry. Following purification, the antibiotic activity of the fluorescent antibiotic is tested by minimum inhibitory concentration assessment. In order to study bacterial accumulation, either spectrophotometry or flow cytometry may be used, allowing for much simpler analysis than methods relying on radioactive antibiotic derivatives. Furthermore, confocal microscopy can be used to examine localization within the bacteria, affording valuable information about mode of action and changes that occur in resistant species. The use of fluorescent antibiotic probes in the study of antimicrobial resistance is a powerful method with much potential for future expansion.

Fluorescently tagged antibiotics are powerful tools that can be used to study multiple aspects of antimicrobial resistance. This article describes the preparation of fluorescently tagged antibiotics and their application to studying antibiotic resistance in bacteria. Probes can be used to study mechanisms of bacterial resistance (e.g., efflux) by spectrophotometry, flow cytometry, and microscopy.

Visualización de la resistencia bacteriana mediante sondas fluorescentes antibióticas

Fluorescent antibiotics are multipurpose research tools that are readily used for the study of antimicrobial resistance, due to their significant ...

Cigarette Smoke Exposure in Mice using a Whole-Body Inhalation System

Close to 14% of adults in the United States were reported to smoke cigarettes in 2018. The effects of cigarette smoke (CS) on lungs and cardiovascular diseases have been widely studied, however, the impact of CS in other tissues and organs such as blood and bone marrow remain incompletely defined. Finding the appropriate system to study the effects of CS in rodents can be prohibitively expensive and require the purchase of commercially available systems. Thus, we set out to build an affordable, reliable, and versatile system to study the pathologic effects of CS in mice. This whole-body inhalation exposure system (WBIS) set-up mimics the breathing and puffing of cigarettes by alternating exposure to CS and clean air. Here we show that this do-it-yourself (DIY) system induces airway inflammation and lung emphysema in mice after 4-months of cigarette smoke exposure. The effects of whole-body inhalation (WBI) of CS on hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) in the bone marrow using this apparatus are also shown.

This protocol demonstrates the study of the pathophysiologic effects of cigarette smoke (CS) with a whole-body inhalation (WBI) exposure system (WBIS) built in-house. This system can expose animals to CS under controlled repeatable conditions for research of CS-mediated effects on lung emphysema and hematopoiesis.

Exposición al humo del cigarrillo en ratones usando un sistema de inhalación de todo el cuerpo

Close to 14% of adults in the United States were reported to smoke cigarettes in 2018. The effects of cigarette smoke (CS) on lungs and cardiovascular ...

Generating Transgenics and Knockouts in Strongyloides Species by Microinjection

The genus Strongyloides consists of multiple species of skin-penetrating nematodes with different host ranges, including Strongyloides stercoralis and Strongyloides ratti. S.&#160;stercoralis is a human-parasitic, skin-penetrating nematode that infects approximately 610 million people, while the rat parasite S.&#160;ratti is closely related to S.&#160;stercoralis and is often used as a laboratory model for S.&#160;stercoralis. Both S.&#160;stercoralis and S.&#160;ratti are easily amenable to the generation of transgenics and knockouts through the exogenous nucleic acid delivery technique of intragonadal microinjection, and as such, have emerged as model systems for other parasitic helminths that are not yet amenable to this technique.
Parasitic Strongyloides adults inhabit the small intestine of their host and release progeny into the environment via the feces. Once in the environment, the larvae develop into free-living adults, which live in feces and produce progeny that must find and invade a new host. This environmental generation is unique to the Strongyloides species and similar enough in morphology to the model free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans that techniques developed for C. elegans can be adapted for use with these parasitic nematodes, including intragonadal microinjection. Using intragonadal microinjection, a wide variety of transgenes can be introduced into Strongyloides. CRISPR/Cas9 components can also be microinjected to create mutant Strongyloides larvae. Here, the technique of intragonadal microinjection into Strongyloides, including the preparation of free-living adults, the injection procedure, and the selection of transgenic progeny, is described. Images of transgenic Strongyloides larvae created using CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis are included. The aim of this paper is to enable other researchers to use microinjection to create transgenic and mutant Strongyloides.

Generating Transgenics and Knockouts in Strongyloides Species by Microinjection

The functional genomic toolkit for the parasitic nematodes Strongyloides stercoralis and Strongyloides ratti includes transgenesis, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated mutagenesis, and RNAi. This protocol will demonstrate how to use intragonadal microinjection to introduce transgenes and CRISPR components into S.&#160;stercoralis and S.&#160;ratti.

Generación de transgénicos y knockouts en especies de Strongyloides por microinyección

The genus Strongyloides consists of multiple species of skin-penetrating nematodes with different host ranges, including Strongyloides stercoralis and ...

Intravital Widefield Fluorescence Microscopy of Pulmonary Microcirculation in Experimental Acute Lung Injury Using a Vacuum-Stabilized Imaging System

Intravital imaging of leukocyte-endothelial interactions offers valuable insights into immune-mediated disease in live animals. The study of acute lung injury (ALI)/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and other respiratory pathologies in vivo is difficult due to the limited accessibility and inherent motion artifacts of the lungs. Nonetheless, various approaches have been developed to overcome these challenges. This protocol describes a method for intravital fluorescence microscopy to study real-time leukocyte-endothelial interactions in the pulmonary microcirculation in an experimental model of ALI. An in vivo lung imaging system and 3-D printed intravital microscopy platform are used to secure the anesthetized mouse and stabilize the lung while minimizing confounding lung injury. Following preparation, widefield fluorescence microscopy is used to study leukocyte adhesion, leukocyte rolling, and capillary function. While the protocol presented here focuses on imaging in an acute model of inflammatory lung disease, it may also be adapted to study other pathological and physiological processes in the lung.

Intravital fluorescence microscopy can be utilized to study leukocyte-endothelial interactions and capillary perfusion in real-time. This protocol describes methods to image and quantify these parameters in the pulmonary microcirculation using a vacuum-stabilized lung imaging system.

Microscopía intravital de fluorescencia de campo ancho de la microcirculación pulmonar en la lesión pulmonar aguda experimental utilizando un sistema de imágenes estabilizado por vacío

Intravital imaging of leukocyte-endothelial interactions offers valuable insights into immune-mediated disease in live animals. The study of acute lung ...