Este estudio fue apoyado por el Instituto Nacional del Corazón, los Pulmones y la Sangre de subvención HL-103542, y el premio Trailblazer Distinguido de la Fundación de Investigación de la Anestesia BCH a CAP.

Preparación <ol><li> Preparar 1 M K-HEPES Stock Solution (ajustar el pH a 7,2 con KOH). </li><li> Preparar 0,5 M K-EGTA Stock Solution (ajustar el pH a 8,0 con KOH). </li><li> Preparar 1 M KH 2 PO 4 Stock Solution. </li><li> Preparar 1 M de MgCl2 Stock Solution. </li><li> Preparar tampón de homogeneización (pH 7,2) de sacarosa 300 mM, 10 mM K-HEPES, y 1 mM de K-EGTA. Almacenar a 4 ° C. </li><li> Preparar sacarosa 250 mM Respiración Buffer, 2 mM KH 2 PO 4, 10 mM MgCl2, 20 mM K-HEPES buffer (pH 7.2) y 0,5 mM K-EGTA (pH 8,0). Almacenar a 4 ° C. </li><li> Preparar 10x PBS Solución Stock disolviendo 80 g de NaCl, 2 g de KCl, 14,4 g de Na 2 HPO 4, y 2,4 g de KH 2 PO 4 en 1 L de doble H 2 O destilada (pH 7,4). </li><li> Preparar PBS 1x pipeteando 100 ml 10x PBS en 1 l doble H2O destilada </li><li> Preparar Subtilisina A Stock pesando 4 mg de Subtilisina A ena un tubo de microcentrífuga de 1,5 ml. Almacenar a -20 ° C hasta su uso. </li><li> Preparar BSA Stock pesando 20 mg de BSA en un tubo de microcentrífuga de 1,5 ml. Almacenar a -20 ° C hasta su uso. </li></ol> Aislamiento mitocondrial (Figura 1) <ol><li> Inmediatamente antes del aislamiento, disolver Subtilisina A en 1 ml de tampón de homogeneización. </li><li> Inmediatamente antes del aislamiento, BSA disolver en 1 ml de tampón de homogeneización. </li><li> Recoger dos muestras de tejido fresco usando un punzón 6 mm muestra de biopsia y almacenar en 1x PBS en un tubo de centrífuga cónico de 50 ml en hielo. </li><li> La transferencia de los dos punzones 6 mm de tejido a un tubo de disociación C que contiene 5 ml de tampón de homogeneización enfriado con hielo. </li><li> Homogeneizar el tejido mediante el ajuste del tubo de disociación C en el disociador de tejido y seleccionar el ciclo de aislamiento mitocondrial pre-establecido (60 seg homogeneización). </li><li> Retire el tubo de disociación C a un cubo de hielo. </li><li> Añadir 250 l de Subtilisin una solución madre a lahomogeneizado, se mezcla por inversión y se incuba el homogeneizado en hielo durante 10 min. </li><li> Coloque un filtro de malla de 40 micras en un tubo de centrífuga de 50 ml cónico en hielo y pre-mojado el filtro con tampón de homogeneización y filtrado del homogeneizado en el tubo de centrífuga de 50 ml cónico en el hielo. </li><li> Añadir 250 l de solución de BSA Stock recién preparada al filtrado y mezclar por inversión. Nota: Omita este paso si se requiere la determinación de proteínas mitocondriales. </li><li> Coloque un filtro de 40 micras en un tubo de centrífuga de 50 ml cónico en hielo y pre-mojado el filtro con tampón de homogeneización y filtrado del homogeneizado en el tubo de centrífuga de 50 ml cónico en el hielo. </li><li> Coloque un filtro de 10 micras en un tubo de centrífuga de 50 ml cónico en hielo y pre-mojado el filtro con tampón de homogeneización y filtrado del homogeneizado en el tubo de centrífuga de 50 ml cónico en el hielo. </li><li> Transferir el filtrado a dos tubos de microcentrífuga de 1,5 ml pre-refrigerados y centrifugar a 9000 xg durante 10 min a4 º C. </li><li> Aspirar el sobrenadante y volver a suspender y combinar pastillas en 1 ml de hielo frío Respiración Buffer. </li></ol> Ensayo de ATP Nota: Para determinar la actividad metabólica de las mitocondrias aisladas de un ensayo de luminiscencia de ATP se puede realizar usando un kit de ensayo de ATP. El protocolo, reactivos y patrones se suministra en el kit de ensayo. Un resumen del procedimiento se describe a continuación. <ol><li> Equilibrar reactivos del kit a temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Preparar mM ATP Stock Solución 10 disolviendo pellet ATP liofilizada en 1.170 l de agua doblemente destilada. Guarde ATP estándar de solución y las muestras mitocondriales preparados en hielo. </li><li> Añadir 5 ml de solución tampón de sustrato a un vial de solución de sustrato liofilizado. Mezclar suavemente y colocar en la oscuridad. </li><li> Añadir 100 l de Buffer respiración a todos los pocillos de un fondo opaco negro, placa de 96 pocillos. </li><li> Añadir 10 l de las mitocondrias de las muestras preparadas a cada pocillo ofa color negro, fondo opaco, placa de 96 pocillos. Nota: Las muestras se sembraron por triplicado. Incluya una fila para las normas y tres pozos para el control negativo (Respiración Buffer). </li><li> Añadir 50 l de solución de lisis de células de mamífero a todos los pocillos, incluyendo los estándares y controles. </li><li> Incubar la placa a 37 º C durante 5 min en un agitador orbital a 125 rpm. </li><li> Durante la incubación preparar las normas de ATP en concentraciones de 0,1 mM, 0,05 mM, 0,01 mM, 0,005 mM, 0,001 mM y 0,0001 mM ATP a partir de la mM ATP Solución Stock 10. Normas Tienda en el hielo. </li><li> Después de la incubación, añadir 10 l de las normas de la ATP a los pozos correspondientes como se indica en el mapa de placas. Nota: Las normas se realizaron por duplicado. </li><li> Añadir 50 l de la solución de sustrato reconstituido a cada pocillo. </li><li> Incubar la placa a 37 º C en el agitador orbital durante 5 min a 125 rpm. </li><li> Software Gen5 1.11 Abrir en una computadora conectada con el espectrofotómetro. </li><li> Bajo &quot;Crear un nuevo elemento &quot;, haga clic en&quot; Experimento &quot;. </li><li> Haga clic en &quot;protocolo predeterminado&quot;. Haga clic en &quot;Ok&quot;. </li><li> En la columna de la izquierda, seleccione &quot;Protocolo&quot;, luego &quot;Procedimiento&quot;. </li><li> Seleccione &quot;Delay&quot;. Se establece en 00:10:00. Haga clic en &quot;Ok&quot;. </li><li> Seleccione &quot;Leer&quot;. Seleccione &quot;luminiscencia&quot; de menú desplegable. Ajuste otros ajustes para las siguientes: Lea tipo de punto final, Integración Tiempo 0: 01.00 MM: ss.ss, Filter Sets 1, Emisión Hole, Óptica Posición Top, Sensibilidad 100, Top Sonda Vertical Offset 1,00 mm. </li><li> Cuando el plato está listo para ser analizado, haga clic en el icono de &quot;Leer Plate&quot; en la fila superior. Haga clic en &quot;Leer&quot;. Cuando se abra el espectrofotómetro, colocar la placa en la bandeja con el pocillo A1 en la esquina superior izquierda. Una caja con la temperatura se abrirá. Haga clic en &quot;Leer&quot;. Nota: Los valores más altos se correlacionan con un aumento de los niveles de ATP y una mayor actividad metabólica. </li></ol>

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Todos los animales fueron tratados de acuerdo con las directrices institucionales actuales. No tenemos intereses financieros en competencia a revelar.

Para aislar con éxito las mitocondrias utilizando este protocolo es esencial para mantener todas las soluciones y las muestras de tejido en hielo para preservar la viabilidad mitocondrial. Incluso cuando se mantiene en hielo, mitocondrias aisladas exhibirán una disminución en la actividad funcional en el tiempo 19. Recomendamos que todas las soluciones y adiciones serán pre-preparados. Nos pre-pesar y almacenar Subtilisina A en 4 mg alícuotas de 1,5 ml tubos de microcentrífuga y almacenar a -20 ° C. De...

A correction was made to: <a href="http://www.jove.com/video/51682">Rapid Isolation And Purification Of Mitochondria For Transplantation By Tissue Dissociation And Differential Filtration.</a> An optional step was added to step 7 of the &#39;Mitochondrial Isolation&#39; section of the protocol. The step is:
1. Optional in the case that the tissue is fibrous: Centrifuge the solution at 750 x g for 4 min.

A correction was made to: Rapid Isolation And Purification Of Mitochondria For Transplantation By Tissue Dissociation And Differential Filtration.

Erratum: Rapid Isolation And Purification Of Mitochondria For Transplantation By Tissue Dissociation And Differential Filtration

Las mitocondrias existen en todas las células del cuerpo excepto las células rojas de la sangre y están involucrados en un gran número de importantes procesos celulares y metabólicos 1-4. Debido a estas muchas funciones, el daño mitocondrial puede tener efectos perjudiciales 3. Con el fin de investigar la función mitocondrial y la disfunción mitocondrial varios métodos de aislamiento se han descrito. Las cuentas publicadas tempranas de fecha aislamiento mitocondrial a la década de 1940 5-8. El primer intento documentado demostró aislamiento mitocondrial moliendo el tejido hepático en un mortero, seguido de centrifugación en una solución salina a baja velocidad 5,8. Más tarde, otros grupos expandido en el procedimiento original y demostraron fraccionamiento tejido basado en centrifugación diferencial 6-8. Estos primeros métodos fueron la base de las técnicas actuales que a menudo incorporan homogeneización y / o centrifugación diferencial 9-15. El número de homogenizatien pasos de centrifugación y varía entre los protocolos. Estos pasos repetitivos aumentan el tiempo para el aislamiento mitocondrial y en última instancia reducen la viabilidad. Además, la homogeneización manual puede causar daños e inconsistentes resultados mitocondriales si no están adecuadamente controlados 10,16. Recientemente, hemos utilizado la homogeneización y centrifugación diferencial para aislar las mitocondrias para el trasplante en el tejido miocárdico 17,18. Este largo procedimiento de aislamiento requiere aproximadamente 90 min y la aplicabilidad clínica de este método era, por tanto, limitada. Para permitir el uso terapéutico aguda en el tratamiento clínico y quirúrgico se ha desarrollado un procedimiento de aislamiento mitocondrial rápida que se puede realizar en menos de 30 min. Las principales ventajas de este protocolo son que la disociación del tejido normalizada permite uniforme y coherente homogeneización de tejido que no se logra fácilmente con homogeneización manual. En addition, el uso de filtración diferencial en lugar de la centrifugación diferencial elimina mucho tiempo y etapas de centrifugación repetitivos lo que permite más rápido aislamiento de las mitocondrias competentes altamente purificadas, viables y respiración. La capacidad de aislar las mitocondrias competentes viables y respiración en menos de 30 min permite la aplicabilidad clínica. Este protocolo de aislamiento tiene potencial para su uso en la cirugía de revascularización coronaria (CABG) y otros procedimientos terapéuticos.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="933">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:377px;">Sucrose</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">84100</td>
			<td style="width:229px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">HEPES</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>H4034</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">EGTA</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>E4378</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Substilsin A</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>P5380</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">BSA</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>A7906</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">KH2PO4</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>P5379</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">MgCl2</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>M8266</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">NaCl</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>S6191</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">KCl</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>P2173</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Na2HPO4</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>S374</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:377px;">ATPlite Luminescence Assay System, 
			1000 Assay Kit</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer</td>
			<td>6016941</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Equipment</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">50 mL Conical Tubes</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>352098</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">40 &#956;m Nylon Filters</td>
			<td>BD&#160;</td>
			<td>352340</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">GentleMACS C tube</td>
			<td>Miltenyl Biotech</td>
			<td>120-005-331</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">1.5 mL Eppendorf tube</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>05-408-129</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">6 mm biopsy punch</td>
			<td>Miltex</td>
			<td>33-36</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">10 &#956;m Pluristrainer</td>
			<td>Pluriselect</td>
			<td>43-500-10-03</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Eppendorf Centrifuge 5415C</td>
			<td>Marshall Scientific</td>
			<td>EP-5415C&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">GentleMACS Dissociator&#160;</td>
			<td>Miltenyl Biotech</td>
			<td>130-093-235</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">96-well plates, tissue culture treated</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>82050-732</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Rotomax 120 orbital shaker</td>
			<td>Heidolph</td>
			<td>544-41200-00</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;">Synergy H4 Hybrid Multi-Mode 
			&#160;Microplate Reader</td>
			<td>BioTek</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Multisizer 4 Coulter Counter</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>A63076</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Oxytherm System</td>
			<td>Hansatech Instruments</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Hemacytometer</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>267110</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

rapid isolation and purification of mitochondria for transplantation by tissue dissociation and differential filtration

Métodos de aislamiento mitocondriales descritos previamente utilizando centrifugación diferencial y / o centrifugación en gradiente de Ficoll requieren de 60 a 100 minutos para completar. Se describe un método para el rápido aislamiento de las mitocondrias a partir de biopsias de mamíferos usando un disociador tejido comercial y filtración diferencial. En este protocolo, homogeneización manual se reemplaza con ciclo de homogeneización estandarizada del disociador tejido. Esto permite uniforme y homogeneización coherente de tejido que no se logra fácilmente con homogeneización manual. Después de la disociación del tejido, el homogeneizado se filtró a través de filtros de malla de nylon, que eliminan etapas de centrifugación repetitivas. Como resultado, el aislamiento mitocondrial se puede realizar en menos de 30 min. Este protocolo de aislamiento rinde aproximadamente 2 x 10 10 mitocondrias competentes viables y respiración de 0,18 ± 0,04 g (peso húmedo) muestra de tejido.

Una figura que describe los pasos de procedimiento en el aislamiento de las mitocondrias utilizando la disociación de tejido y filtración diferencial se muestra en la Figura 1. Duración total del procedimiento es de menos de 30 min. Las muestras de tejido se obtuvieron usando un punzón de biopsia de 6 mm. Peso del tejido fue de 0,18 ± 0,04 g (peso húmedo). El número de mitocondrias aisladas como se determina por recuento de tamaño de partícula fue de 2,4 x 10 x <sup...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Rapid Isolation And Purification Of Mitochondria For Transplantation By Tissue Dissociation And Differential Filtration at JoVE.com

Rapid Isolation And Purification Of Mitochondria For Transplantation By Tissue Dissociation And Differential Filtration

Un método para el rápido aislamiento de las mitocondrias a partir de biopsias de tejido de mamíferos se describe. Preparaciones de hígado de rata o de músculo esquelético se homogeneizaron con un disociador tejido comercial y mitocondrias se aislaron por filtración a través de filtros diferencial de malla de nylon. Tiempo de aislamiento mitocondrial es &lt;30 min frente a 60 - 100 min utilizando métodos alternativos.

Aislamiento rápido y purificación de mitocondrias para el trasplante por disociación de tejidos y filtración diferencial

Previously described mitochondrial isolation methods using differential centrifugation and/or Ficoll gradient centrifugation require 60 to 100 min to ...

rapid-isolation-purification-mitochondria-for-transplantation-tissue

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

37.7K vistas.  Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School.  Un método para el rápido aislamiento de las mitocondrias a partir de biopsias de tejido de mamíferos se describe. Preparaciones de hígado de rata o de músculo esquelético se homogeneizaron con un disociador tejido comercial y mitocondrias se aislaron por filtración a través de filtros diferencial de malla de nylon. Tiempo de aislamiento mitocondrial es 

Video: Rapid Isolation And Purification Of Mitochondria For Transplantation By Tissue Dissociation And Differential Filtration

Isolation and Transplantation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSCs)

Isolation and Transplantation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells HSCs

Aislamiento y trasplante de células madre hematopoyéticas (HSC)

Investigación

Biología

Staining of Proteins in Gels with Coomassie G-250 without Organic Solvent and Acetic Acid

In classical protein staining protocols using Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB), solutions with high contents of toxic and flammable organic solvents (Methanol, Ethanol or 2-Propanol) and acetic acid are used for fixation, staining and destaining of proteins in a gel after SDS-PAGE. To speed up the procedure, heating the staining solution in the microwave oven for a short time is frequently used. This usually results in evaporation of toxic or hazardous Methanol, Ethanol or 2-Propanol and a strong smell of acetic acid in the lab which should be avoided due to safety considerations. In a protocol originally published in two patent applications by E.M. Wondrak (US2001046709 (A1), US6319720 (B1)), an alternative composition of the staining solution is described in which no organic solvent or acid is used. The CBB is dissolved in bidistilled water (60-80mg of CBB G-250 per liter) and 35 mM HCl is added as the only other compound in the staining solution. The CBB staning of the gel is done after SDS-PAGE and thorough washing of the gel in bidistilled water. By heating the gel during the washing and staining steps, the process can be finished faster and no toxic or hazardous compunds are evaporating. The staining of proteins occurs already within 1 minute after heating the gel in staining solution and is fully developed after 15-30 min with a slightly blue background that is destained completely by prolonged washing of the stained gel in bidistilled water, without affecting the stained protein bands.

A short protocol for protein staining with Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB) G-250 in polyacrylamide gels is described without using organic solvents or acetic acid as in the classical staining procedures with CBB.

Tinción de las proteínas en geles con Coomassie G-250, sin ácido disolvente orgánico y el acético

In classical protein staining protocols using Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB), solutions with high contents of toxic and flammable organic solvents ...

Purification of Mitochondria from Yeast Cells

Mitochondria are the main site of ATP production during aerobic metabolism in eukaryotic non-photosynthetic cells1. These complex organelles also play essential roles in apoptotic cell death2, cell survival3, mammalian development4, neuronal development and function4, intracellular signalling5, and longevity regulation6. Our understanding of these complex biological processes controlled by mitochondria relies on robust methods for assessing their morphology, their protein and lipid composition, the integrity of their DNA, and their numerous vital functions. The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a genetically and biochemically manipulable unicellular eukaryote with annotated genome and well-defined proteome, is a valuable model for studying the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying essential biological functions of mitochondria. For these types of studies, it is crucial to have highly pure mitochondria. Here we present a detailed description of a rapid and effective method for purification of yeast mitochondria. This method enables the isolation of highly pure mitochondria that are essentially free of contamination by other organelles and retain their structural and functional integrity after their purification. Mitochondria purified by this method are suitable for cell-free reconstitution of essential mitochondrial processes and can be used for the analysis of mitochondrial structure and functions, mitochondrial proteome and lipidome, and mitochondrial DNA.

We describe a rapid and effective method for purification of mitochondria from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This method enables the high-yield isolation of pure mitochondria that are essentially free of contamination by other organelles and retain their structural and functional integrity after their purification.

Purificación de las mitocondrias de las células de levadura

Mitochondria are the main site of ATP production during aerobic metabolism in eukaryotic non-photosynthetic cells1. These complex organelles also play ...

Isolation and Purification of Drosophila Peripheral Neurons by Magnetic Bead Sorting

The Drosophila peripheral nervous system (PNS) is a powerful model for investigating the complex processes of neuronal development and dendrite morphogenesis at the functional and molecular levels. To aid in these analyses, we have developed a strategy for the isolation of a subclass of PNS neurons called dendritic arborization (da) neurons that have been widely used for studying dendrite morphogenesis1,2. These neurons are very difficult to isolate as a pure population, due in part to their extremely low occurrence and their difficult-to-reach location below the tough chitinous larval cuticle. Our newly developed method overcomes these challenges, and is based on a fast and specific cell enrichment using antibody-coated magnetic beads. For our magnetic bead sorting studies, we have used age-matched third instar larvae expressing a mouse CD8 tagged GFP fusion protein (UAS-mCD8-GFP)3 under the control of either the class IV dendritic arborization (da) neuron-specific pickpocket (ppk)-GAL4 driver4 or the control of the pan-da neuron-specific GAL421-7 driver5. Although this protocol has been optimized for isolating PNS cells which are attached to the inner wall of the larval cuticle, by varying a few parameters, the same protocol could be used to isolate many different cell types attached to the cuticle at larval or pupal stages of development (e.g. epithelia, muscle, oenocytes etc.), or other cell types from larval organs depending upon the GAL4-specific driver expression pattern. The RNA isolated by this method is of high quality and can be readily used for downstream genomic analyses such as microarray gene expression profiling studies. This approach offers a powerful new tool to perform studies on isolated Drosophila dendritic arborization (da) neurons thereby providing novel insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying dendrite morphogenesis.

Isolation and Purification of Drosophila Peripheral Neurons by Magnetic Bead Sorting

In this video-article we present a method for the isolation and purification of Drosophila peripheral neurons using a fast magnetic bead assisted cell sorting strategy. RNA obtained from the isolated cells can be readily used for downstream applications including microarray analyses.

Aislamiento y purificación de Drosophila Clasificación de las neuronas periféricas por bolas magnéticas

The Drosophila peripheral nervous system (PNS) is a powerful model for investigating the complex processes of neuronal development and dendrite ...

Chromatin Isolation by RNA Purification (ChIRP)

Long noncoding RNAs are key regulators of chromatin states for important biological processes such as dosage compensation, imprinting, and developmental gene expression 1,2,3,4,5,6,7. The recent discovery of thousands of lncRNAs in association with specific chromatin modification complexes, such as Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) that mediates histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3), suggests broad roles for numerous lncRNAs in managing chromatin states in a gene-specific fashion 8,9. While some lncRNAs are thought to work in cis on neighboring genes, other lncRNAs work in trans to regulate distantly located genes. For instance, Drosophila lncRNAs roX1 and roX2 bind numerous regions on the X chromosome of male cells, and are critical for dosage compensation 10,11. However, the exact locations of their binding sites are not known at high resolution. Similarly, human lncRNA HOTAIR can affect PRC2 occupancy on hundreds of genes genome-wide 3,12,13, but how specificity is achieved is unclear. LncRNAs can also serve as modular scaffolds to recruit the assembly of multiple protein complexes. The classic trans-acting RNA scaffold is the TERC RNA that serves as the template and scaffold for the telomerase complex 14; HOTAIR can also serve as a scaffold for PRC2 and a H3K4 demethylase complex 13.
Prior studies mapping RNA occupancy at chromatin have revealed substantial insights 15,16, but only at a single gene locus at a time. The occupancy sites of most lncRNAs are not known, and the roles of lncRNAs in chromatin regulation have been mostly inferred from the indirect effects of lncRNA perturbation. Just as chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by microarray or deep sequencing (ChIP-chip or ChIP-seq, respectively) has greatly improved our understanding of protein-DNA interactions on a genomic scale, here we illustrate a recently published strategy to map long RNA occupancy genome-wide at high resolution 17. This method, Chromatin Isolation by RNA Purification (ChIRP) (Figure 1), is based on affinity capture of target lncRNA:chromatin complex by tiling antisense-oligos, which then generates a map of genomic binding sites at a resolution of several hundred bases with high sensitivity and low background. ChIRP is applicable to many lncRNAs because the design of affinity-probes is straightforward given the RNA sequence and requires no knowledge of the RNA's structure or functional domains.

Chromatin Isolation by RNA Purification ChIRP

ChIRP is a novel and rapid technique to map genomic binding sites of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). The method takes advantage of the specificity of anti-sense tiling oligonucleotides to allow the enumeration of lncRNA-bound genomic sites.

Aislamiento de la cromatina mediante la purificación de ARN (chirp)

Long noncoding RNAs are key regulators of chromatin states for important biological processes such as dosage compensation, imprinting, and developmental ...

Planarian Immobilization, Partial Irradiation, and Tissue Transplantation

The planarian, a freshwater flatworm, has proven to be a powerful system for dissecting metazoan regeneration and stem cell biology1,2. Planarian regeneration of any missing or damaged tissues is made possible by adult stem cells termed neoblasts3. Although these stem cells have been definitively shown to be pluripotent and singularly capable of reconstituting an entire animal4, the heterogeneity within the stem cell population and the dynamics of their cellular behaviors remain largely unresolved. Due to the large number and wide distribution of stem cells throughout the planarian body plan, advanced methods for manipulating subpopulations of stem cells for molecular and functional study in vivo are needed.
Tissue transplantation and partial irradiation are two methods by which a subpopulation of planarian stem cells can be isolated for further study. Each technique has distinct advantages. Tissue transplantation allows for the introduction of stem cells, into a na&iuml;ve host, that are either inherently genetically distinct or have been previously treated pharmacologically. Alternatively, partial irradiation allows for the isolation of stem cells within a host, juxtaposed to tissue devoid of stem cells, without the introduction of a wound or any breech in tissue integrity. Using these two methods, one can investigate the cell autonomous and non-autonomous factors that control stem cell functions, such as proliferation, differentiation, and migration.
Both tissue transplantation5,6 and partial irradiation7 have been used historically in defining many of the questions about planarian regeneration that remain under study today. However, these techniques have remained underused due to the laborious and inconsistent nature of previous methods. The protocols presented here represent a large step forward in decreasing the time and effort necessary to reproducibly generate large numbers of grafted or partially irradiated animals with efficacies approaching 100 percent. We cover the culture of large animals, immobilization, preparation for partial irradiation, tissue transplantation, and the optimization of animal recovery. Furthermore, the work described here demonstrates the first application of the partial irradiation method for use with the most widely studied planarian, Schmidtea mediterranea. Additionally, efficient tissue grafting in planaria opens the door for the functional testing of subpopulations of na&iuml;ve or treated stem cells in repopulation assays, which has long been the gold-standard method of assaying adult stem cell potential in mammals8. Broad adoption of these techniques will no doubt lead to a better understanding of the cellular behaviors of adult stem cells during tissue homeostasis and regeneration.

An effective method for grafting tissue of defined and consistent size between planaria is described. Also included is a description of how the immobilization technique used for transplantation can be adapted, in conjunction with lead shields, for the partial irradiation of live animals.

La inmovilización de las planarias, irradiación parcial, y el trasplante de tejido

The planarian, a freshwater flatworm, has proven to be a powerful system for dissecting metazoan regeneration and stem cell biology1,2. Planarian ...

Isolation, Culture, and Transplantation of Muscle Satellite Cells

Muscle satellite cells are a stem cell population required for postnatal skeletal muscle development and regeneration, accounting for 2-5% of sublaminal nuclei in muscle fibers. In adult muscle, satellite cells are normally mitotically quiescent. Following injury, however, satellite cells initiate cellular proliferation to produce myoblasts, their progenies, to mediate the regeneration of muscle. Transplantation of satellite cell-derived myoblasts has been widely studied as a possible therapy for several regenerative diseases including muscular dystrophy, heart failure, and urological dysfunction. Myoblast transplantation into dystrophic skeletal muscle, infarcted heart, and dysfunctioning urinary ducts has shown that engrafted myoblasts can differentiate into muscle fibers in the host tissues and display partial functional improvement in these diseases. Therefore, the development of efficient purification methods of quiescent satellite cells from skeletal muscle, as well as the establishment of satellite cell-derived myoblast cultures and transplantation methods for myoblasts, are essential for understanding the molecular mechanisms behind satellite cell self-renewal, activation, and differentiation. Additionally, the development of cell-based therapies for muscular dystrophy and other regenerative diseases are also dependent upon these factors.

However, current prospective purification methods of quiescent satellite cells require the use of expensive fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) machines. Here, we present a new method for the rapid, economical, and reliable purification of quiescent satellite cells from adult mouse skeletal muscle by enzymatic dissociation followed by magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS). Following isolation of pure quiescent satellite cells, these cells can be cultured to obtain large numbers of myoblasts after several passages. These freshly isolated quiescent satellite cells or ex vivo expanded myoblasts can be transplanted into cardiotoxin (CTX)-induced regenerating mouse skeletal muscle to examine the contribution of donor-derived cells to regenerating muscle fibers, as well as to satellite cell compartments for the examination of self-renewal activities.

The isolation and culture of a pure population of quiescent satellite cells, a muscle stem cell population, is essential to the understanding of muscle stem cell biology and regeneration, as well as stem cell transplantation for therapies in muscular dystrophy and other degenerative diseases.&#160;

Aislamiento, cultivo y trasplante de células musculares satélite

Muscle satellite cells are a stem cell population required for postnatal skeletal muscle development and regeneration, accounting for 2-5% of sublaminal ...

Isolation and Functional Analysis of Mitochondria from Cultured Cells and Mouse Tissue

Comparison between two or more distinct groups, such as healthy vs. disease, is necessary to determine cellular status. Mitochondria are at the nexus of cell heath due to their role in both cell metabolism and energy production as well as control of apoptosis. Therefore, direct evaluation of isolated mitochondria and mitochondrial perturbation offers the ability to determine if organelle-specific (dys)function is occurring. The methods described in this protocol include isolation of intact, functional mitochondria from HEK cultured cells and mouse liver and spinal cord, but can be easily adapted for use with other cultured cells or animal tissues. Mitochondrial function assessed by TMRE and the use of common mitochondrial uncouplers and inhibitors in conjunction with a fluorescent plate reader allow this protocol not only to be versatile and accessible to most research laboratories, but also offers high throughput.

Comparison of mitochondrial membrane potential between samples yields valuable information about cellular status. Detailed steps for isolating mitochondria and assessing response to inhibitors and uncouplers using fluorescence are described. The method and utility of this protocol are illustrated by use of a cell culture and animal model of cellular stress.

Aislamiento y análisis funcional de las mitocondrias de las células cultivadas y ratón de Tejidos

Comparison between two or more distinct groups, such as healthy vs. disease, is necessary to determine cellular status. Mitochondria are at the nexus of ...

Filtration Isolation of Nucleic Acids:  A Simple and Rapid DNA Extraction Method

FINA, filtration isolation of nucleic acids, is a novel extraction method which utilizes vertical filtration via a separation membrane and absorbent pad to extract cellular DNA from whole blood in less than 2 min. The blood specimen is treated with detergent, mixed briefly and applied by pipet to the separation membrane. The lysate wicks into the blotting pad due to capillary action, capturing the genomic DNA on the surface of the separation membrane. The extracted DNA is retained on the membrane during a simple wash step wherein PCR inhibitors are wicked into the absorbent blotting pad. The membrane containing the entrapped DNA is then added to the PCR reaction without further purification. This simple method does not require laboratory equipment and can be easily implemented with inexpensive laboratory supplies. Here we describe a protocol for highly sensitive detection and quantitation of HIV-1 proviral DNA from 100 &#181;l whole blood as a model for early infant diagnosis of HIV that could readily be adapted to other genetic targets.

We describe here a simple and rapid paper-based DNA extraction method of HIV proviral DNA from whole blood detected by quantitative PCR. This protocol can be extended for use in detecting other genetic markers or using alternative amplification methods.

El aislamiento de filtración de ácidos nucleicos: A Extracción de ADN método sencillo y rápido

FINA, filtration isolation of nucleic acids, is a novel extraction method which utilizes vertical filtration via a separation membrane and absorbent pad ...

Isolation of Intact Mitochondria from Skeletal Muscle by Differential Centrifugation for High-resolution Respirometry Measurements

Mitochondria are involved in cellular energy metabolism and use oxygen to produce energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Differential centrifugation at low- and high-speed is commonly used to isolate mitochondria from tissues and cultured cells. Crude mitochondrial fractions obtained by differential centrifugation are used for respirometry measurements. The differential centrifugation technique is based on the separation of organelles according to their size and sedimentation velocity. The isolation of mitochondria is performed immediately after tissue harvesting. The tissue is immersed in an ice-cold homogenization medium, minced using scissors and homogenized in a glass homogenizer with a loose-fitting pestle. The differential centrifugation technique is efficient, fast and inexpensive and the mitochondria obtained by differential centrifugation are pure enough for respirometry assays. Some of the limitations and disadvantages of isolated mitochondria, based on differential centrifugation, are that the mitochondria can be damaged during the homogenization and isolation procedure and that large amounts of the tissue biopsy or cultured cells are required for the mitochondrial isolation.

Here, a quadriceps muscle specimen is taken from an anaesthetized pig and mitochondria are isolated by differential centrifugation. Then, the respiratory rates of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes I, II and IV are determined using high-resolution respirometry.