We thank Miltenyi Biotec, Germany for providing reagents and CliniMACS Prodigy equipment for evaluation studies. We thank George T. McNamara (Pediatric department, MD Anderson Cancer Center) for proof reading the manuscript. Grant support: Cancer Center Core Grant (CA16672); RO1 (CA124782, CA120956, CA141303; CA141303); R33 (CA116127); P01 (CA148600); Burroughs Wellcome Fund; Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas; CLL Global Research Foundation; Estate of Noelan L. Bibler; Gillson Longenbaugh Foundation; Harry T. Mangurian, Jr., Fund for Leukemia Immunotherapy; Institute of Personalized Cancer Therapy; Leukemia and Lymphoma Society; Lymphoma Research Foundation; MDACC&#8217;s Sister Institution Network Fund; Miller Foundation; Mr. Herb Simons; Mr. and Mrs. Joe H. Scales; Mr. Thomas Scott; National Foundation for Cancer Research; Pediatric Cancer Research Foundation; William Lawrence and Blanche Hughes Children's Foundation.

1. Preparación de los materiales bajo condiciones estériles (ver Materiales y Equipos Tabla) <ol><li> Preparar 3 L de tampón de PBS / EDTA suplementado con albúmina de suero humano (HSA) a una concentración final de 0,5% (w / v). </li><li> Preparar 1 L bolsa de solución de cloruro sódico de grado clínico 0,9% (NaCl) y 2 L de medio de cultivo celular GMP grado. </li><li> Preparar 60 nmol de CMV específica cóctel de antígeno peptídico mediante la reconstitución de un vial de CMV pp65 con 8 ml de agua estéril. </li><li> Traslado pp65 de CMV cóctel de péptidos en una bolsa de congelación volumen de 50 ml usando un / a Spike interconector Luer y sujetar con pinzas de bloqueo para evitar la posterior distribución de cóctel en el conjunto de tubos. Célula abierta conjunto de tubos de enriquecimiento (TS 500) en condiciones estériles. </li><li> El uso de soldador tubo estéril, conecte bolsa de congelación cóctel péptido en la conexión del tubo de la válvula 2 de conjunto de tubos TS 500. No abra la pinza bolsa de cóctel de péptidos en este momento. </li><li> Eliminar 1 x 10 9 TNC del producto de partida celular y suspender en tampón PBS / EDTA que contiene 2,5% de HSA a un volumen total de 50 ml. Inyectar el producto celular en una bolsa de transferencia de 150 ml. </li></ol> 2. Preparación y Uso de Automated Cell Sistema de Enriquecimiento (Ver Materiales y Equipos Tabla) <ol><li> Encienda el sistema de enriquecimiento de células (Figura 1B) y seleccione el programa &quot;CCS_IFN-γ enriquecimiento&quot;. Observar una interfaz de usuario que muestra pantallas con instrucciones y las imágenes que guían al operador a través del procedimiento. </li><li> Introduzca el parámetro &quot;Operador&quot; y &quot;Tubing Set P / N No&quot;. A continuación, instale el dispositivo Tubing Set 500 con el enriquecimiento de células automatizado según las instrucciones que aparecen en la pantalla del monitor interactivo. </li><li> Siga las instrucciones paso a paso que aparecen en la pantalla para conectar el medio y tampones en el dispositivo. Número de catálogo de registros y número de lote de los reactivos antes connecting al instrumento. </li><li> Después de la revisión final del conjunto de tubos, abra la abrazadera de la bolsa de cóctel de péptidos. Abra la bolsa de medio e iniciar el cebado automático del conjunto de tubos. </li><li> Después de que se complete la etapa de imprimación, complementar HSA (2,5%) en tampón de NaCl en la bolsa de depósito (200 ml) con la ayuda de la soldadora tubo estéril. Transferir el producto celular de partida en la &quot;bolsa de Aplicación&quot; usando el soldador tubo estéril. </li><li> Conecte CCS (IFN) los reactivos en un tubo respectivo a través de adaptadores. Introduzca el tiempo preferido para recoger una fracción de material celular antes del proceso de enriquecimiento. Revisar y verificar la veracidad de todos los datos / parámetros introducidos. Iniciar el proceso. </li><li> Antes del inicio del proceso de enriquecimiento de células automatizado, quite el control de calidad Bolsa (QCB, fracción original (ori) contiene aproximadamente 1,3 ml de cada 100 ml de contenido cámara diluida con tampón / EDTA PBS). Sellar el Banco Central de Qatar, pesar, y se almacena a 4 ° C. </li><li> Inicie el enrichmeproceso nt. Al final del proceso, las células diana se eluyeron con un volumen aproximado de tampón de elución de la bolsa de depósito. </li><li> Selle la no Target Cell Bolsa (NTCB, fracción negativa = neg) y Bolsa de la célula diana (TCB, positivo fracción = pos) y pesar cada bolsa. Los pesos serán utilizados más tarde para el cálculo de los números de células. </li><li> Inmediatamente después del procedimiento de enriquecimiento de recoger dos alícuotas por fracción para citometría de flujo análisis, y almacenar el resto de las muestras a 4 ° C. Utilice una alícuota de la muestra para la determinación del recuento de células y la otra alícuota de la muestra para el análisis de rendimiento de enriquecimiento (Tabla 1). </li><li> Retire el tubo del equipo del instrumento de enriquecimiento celular. Transferir el archivo de registro en una unidad USB para su uso futuro. NOTA: Todos los reactivos deben ser preparadas en condiciones estériles. Es muy recomendable el uso de una campana de bioseguridad de tipo II. Utilice producto celular aféresis de estado estacionario (no movilizaron) aislado a partir de una sanaCMV-seropositivos donantes para enriquecer las células T específicas de antígeno CMV. Sólo FDA licencia HSA se debe utilizar. El tampón para la preparación de células debe mantenerse a 19 ° C a 25 ° C como temperaturas ambiente bajas o más altas darán como resultado la pureza reducida y un rendimiento reducido de las células diana. </li></ol> 3. Cell Count Determinación <ol><li> Tome las alícuotas de QCB, NTCB y TCB para los recuentos de células como se muestra en la Tabla 1. Añadir CD45-VoBlue a cada alícuota (título 1:11) y se incuba en la oscuridad durante 10 min a 4 ° C. </li><li> Añadir 1,5 ml de solución de lisis de glóbulos rojos recién preparado (1x) a la fracción original y la fracción negativa, 450 l recién preparada sangre roja solución de lisis de células a la fracción positiva, e incubar todas las fracciones durante 15 min a RT. </li><li> Justo antes del análisis, añadir yoduro de propidio a una concentración final de 1 mg / ml (1: 100 dilución de 100 g / ml). Utilice contador celular automático para determinar el recuento de células y vihabilidad. Utilice dispositivo contador de células software recomendado para citometría de flujo análisis. Determinar los recuentos absolutos de leucocitos para las fracciones originales, negativos y positivos. NOTA: El recuento de células de leucocitos viables por ml de las muestras tomadas para el análisis de recuento de células se determina utilizando el software recomendado analizador de células. </li><li> Establecer la región como se muestra en la figura 2 (región 5, los leucocitos viables). Utilice la siguiente estrategia de compuerta para determinar el recuento de células. A leucocitos viable en la fracción original se muestra en la Figura 2. </li><li> Las regiones indicadas (Figura 2, 1-6) son jerárquicamente como sigue: 1: Tiempo de puerta → 2: las células individuales → 3: CD45 + células → 4: leucocitos (residuos no incluidos) → 5: leucocitos viables → 6: linfocitos viables </li><li> Repita los mismos pasos para determinar el recuento de células de fracciones positivas y negativas. Calcular el recuento de células de toda la fracciónteniendo en cuenta el factor de diluyente de la muestra y el volumen total de la fracción (Tabla 2). </li></ol> 4. Examen del Rendimiento Separación <ol><li> Lávese las alícuotas de QCB, NTCB y las células de la fracción TCB con pre-enfriado tampón PBS / EDTA / 0,5% de suero AB. Centrifugar las células a 300 xg durante 5 min a 4 ° C y aspirar el sobrenadante. </li><li> Resuspender las células en 100 l mezcla de tinción de anticuerpos fluorocromo que contiene: CD3-FITC, CD4-APC, CD8-APC-Vio770, CD14-PerCP, CD20-PerCP, CD45-VioBlue y anti-IFN-PE (título 1:11) y incubar en la oscuridad durante 10 min a 4 ° C. </li><li> Añadir 1 ml de solución de lisis de glóbulos rojos recién preparado (1x) y se incuba durante 15 min a TA. Centrifugar a 300 xg durante 5 min a 4 ° C y aspirar el sobrenadante. Resuspender las células en un volumen adecuado de PBS / EDTA Buffer / 0,5% de suero AB. </li><li> Añadir yoduro de propidio a una concentración final de 1 mg / ml Apenas antes del análisis (1: 100 dilutien de 100 g / ml). Realizar análisis de citometría de flujo para evaluar la pureza de la muestra. </li><li> Utilice la siguiente estrategia gating para calcular las células T CD3 + en la estrategia de apertura de puerta de leucocitos viable para la determinación de las células T CD3 + se muestra en la fracción positiva después de proceso de enriquecimiento CCS. Las regiones indicadas (Figura 3A y 3B, 1-6) están vinculados jerárquicamente de la siguiente manera: 1: Tiempo de compuerta → 2: las células individuales → 3: CD45 + células → 4: Células (residuos no incluidos) → 5: leucocitos viables → 6: Las células viables CD3 + población </li><li> Determinar las frecuencias de CD4 +, CD8 +, CD4 + células T después de proceso de enriquecimiento CCS (Tabla 2) IFN-γ + y CD8 + IFN-γ +. </li><li> Utilizar la estrategia gating para determinar las frecuencias de CD4 +, CD8 +, CD4 + IFN-γ + y CD8 + células T IFN-γ + f se muestran a continuacióno un (capturado) fracción positiva original y enriquecido después del proceso de CCS. Las regiones indicadas son jerárquicamente vinculados y nombrados de la siguiente manera: 1: Tiempo de compuerta → 2: las células individuales → 3: CD45 + células → 4: Células (residuos no incluidos) → 5: Los leucocitos viables → 6: Las células viables CD3 + → 7: CD4 + células → 7a: CD4 + IFN-γ + células (caja) → 8: CD8 + células → 8a: células CD8 + IFN-gamma + (caja) </li></ol> NOTA: Los primeros 6 regiones indicadas de los enlaces de jerarquía son los mismos que en la Figura 3, (1-6) y el último 2 regiones se muestran en la Figura 4 (6-8a).

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	<li>Syed, B. A., Evans, J. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=From+the+Analyst's+Couch+Stem+Cell+Therapy+Market.">From the Analyst's Couch Stem Cell Therapy Market.</a> Nat Rev Drug Discov. 12 (3), 185-186 (2013).</li><li>Maus, M. V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adoptive+Immunotherapy+for+Cancer+or+Viruses.">Adoptive Immunotherapy for Cancer or Viruses.</a> Annu Rev Immunol. 32, 189-225 (2014).</li><li>Kumaresan, P. 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Tanto MD Anderson Cancer Center y el Dr. Cooper tienen un interés financiero en ZIOPHARM Oncología, Inc., y Intrexon Corporation. El 7 de mayo de 2015, el Dr. Cooper fue nombrado Consejero Delegado en ZIOPHARM Oncología. Dr. Cooper es ahora un científico visitante en el MD Anderson. Dr. Cooper fundó y es propietaria InCellerate, Inc. tiene patentes con Sangamo BioSciences con nucleasas artificiales. Él consulta con Targazyme, Inc. (células madre antes americanas, Inc.), GE Healthcare, Ferring Pharmaceuticals, Fate Therapeutics, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, y Bristol-Myers Squibb. Él está en el Consejo Científico Asesor de Cellectis. Él recibe honorarios de Miltenyi Biotec.

Terapia adoptiva de células T ha surgido como una opción viable para el tratamiento de neoplasias malignas de células B 4. Su potencial terapéutico depende de la infusión el número deseado de células T específicas de antígeno diana que carecen de la senescencia replicativa 2. Esto se puede lograr mediante la clasificación de una población pura de células T específicas de antígeno de las células T expandidas de acuerdo con buenas prácticas de fabricación actuales. Dos procedimientos...

Trasplante de células madre hematopoyéticas (HSCT) 1 se puede combinar con la terapia adoptiva de células T para mejorar el efecto injerto contra tumor y para proporcionar inmunidad frente a infecciones oportunistas 2. Generación de células T derivadas del donante de antígenos específicos para perfusión ha requerido históricamente personal calificado y uso de instalaciones especializadas que son GMP. La entrega de tales células T ha dado como resultado en la resolución de infecciones oportunistas 3, así como el tratamiento de la neoplasia maligna subyacente 4. Recientemente, los investigadores han demostrado que la transferencia adoptiva de tan sólo unos pocos miles de células T específicas del virus (~ 1 x 10 4 a 2,5 x 10 5 células / kg destinatario de peso corporal) puede tratar con éxito las infecciones por CMV oportunistas después de TCMH alogénico 5-9. Un número limitado de instalaciones GMP con los requisitos de fabricación expertos asociados y el alto costo asociado con la producción de células tiene, sin embargo, restracceso de los pacientes igido de terapias prometedoras de células T 10. Un enfoque para el aislamiento de células T específicas de antígeno se basa en los CCS utilizando un reactivo bi-específico para reconocer CD45 y IFN-γ. Como se muestra, esta metodología se puede utilizar para generar células T específicos de CMV clínico grado que emplean un dispositivo de CCS enriquecimiento de células automatizado (Figura 1B). Las células T-CMV específicos se generan mediante la incubación de péptidos solapantes de antígeno pp65 de CMV con células leukapheresis totales nucleares (CNC) de donantes CMV-seropositivos. Estos péptidos, que se muestran en el contexto de antígeno leucocitario humano (HLA), activan las células T-pp65 de CMV específica dentro de la TNC para secretar IFN-γ. Estas células T pueden ser &quot;capturados&quot; y magnéticamente separados. El funcionamiento del dispositivo de enriquecimiento de células de primera generación (Figura 1A) requiere personal especializado en el cultivo de células bajo condiciones GMP, y la coordinación de personal para llevar a cabo las múltiples sPTE necesarias para generar un producto &quot;capturado&quot;. El procedimiento normalmente requiere de 10 a 12 horas de funcionamiento continuo, y por lo tanto el personal probablemente necesitan trabajar más de dos turnos en las instalaciones de GMP. Estas limitaciones están ahora obvian por la aplicación de un dispositivo de segunda generación (mostrado en la Figura 1B). Este dispositivo se compromete enriquecimiento magnética, similar al dispositivo de primera generación, pero automatiza otros aspectos de la CCS en un enfoque unbreached. Esto reduce significativamente la carga sobre el equipo de GMP ya que la mayoría de los pasos se puede lograr sin supervisión por parte del personal. Además, puesto que el dispositivo funciona como un sistema cerrado, las células T específicas de antígeno pueden ser capturadas y procesadas en la mesa de trabajo, excepto las etapas implicadas en el aislamiento leucoféresis y preparación de materiales antes de iniciar el instrumento. Los detalles de la instrumentación completa y la funcionalidad de este dispositivo de enriquecimiento celular de segunda generación han sido pubcido 11. A continuación, describimos los pasos para enriquecer las células T-pp65 de CMV específica de un producto de aféresis en estado estacionario utilizando el sistema CCS enriquecimiento de células automatizado. Una vez aislado, estas células T específicos de CMV se pueden infundir inmediatamente en un paciente.

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		<tr>
			<td>CliniMACS PBS/EDTA Buffer 3 L bag</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec GmbH</td>
			<td>700-29</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr>
			<td>CliniMACS Prodigy Tubing Set TS 500</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec GmbH</td>
			<td>130-097-182</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>5 L waste bag</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec GmbH</td>
			<td>110-004-067</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr>
			<td>CliniMACS Cytokine Capture System (IFN-gamma)</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec GmbH</td>
			<td>279-01</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Albumin (Human) 25%&#160;</td>
			<td>Grifols</td>
			<td>58516-5216-2</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Luer/Spike Interconnector</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec GmbH</td>
			<td>130-018-701</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>0.9 % NaCl Solution (1 L)</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec GmbH</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr>
			<td>MACS GMP PepTivator HCMV pp65</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec GmbH</td>
			<td>170-076-109</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Water for injections</td>
			<td>Hospira, inc, Lake Forest, IL</td>
			<td>NDC-0409-4887-10</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>MILLEX GV Filter Unit 0.22 &#956;m&#160;</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>SLGV033RB</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>TexMACS GMP Medium 2 L bag</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec GmbH</td>
			<td>170-076-306</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Transfer Bag, 150 mL (for cellular starting material)</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec GmbH</td>
			<td>130-018-301</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CryoMACS Freezing Bag 50</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec GmbH</td>
			<td>200-074-400</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>60 mL Syringes, sterile</td>
			<td>BD, Laagstraat, Temse, Belgium</td>
			<td>309653</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CMV sero positive apheresis product</td>
			<td>Key Biologics, LLC, Memphis</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Flow Cytometry Materials</td>
			<td>Manufacturer</td>
			<td>Catalog number</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AB Serum, GemCell</td>
			<td>Gemini Bio-Products, West Sacramento, USA</td>
			<td>100-512</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD3-FITC</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec GmbH</td>
			<td>130-080-401</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD4-APC</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec GmbH</td>
			<td>130-098-033</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD8-APC-Vio770</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec GmbH</td>
			<td>130-098-065</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD14-PerCP</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec GmbH</td>
			<td>130-098-072</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD20-PerCP</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec GmbH</td>
			<td>130-098-077</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD45-VioBlue</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec GmbH</td>
			<td>130-098-136</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>aIFN-&#947;-PE, human</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec GmbH</td>
			<td>130-097-940</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD3-PE</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec GmbH</td>
			<td>130-091-374</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Propidium Iodide Solution (100 &#181;g/mL)</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec GmbH</td>
			<td>130-093-233</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Equipment</td>
			<td>Manufacturer</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CliniMACS Prodigy Device&#160;</td>
			<td rowspan="2">Miltenyi Biotec GmbH</td>
			<td rowspan="2">200-075-301</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Software V1.0.0.RC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MACSQuant Analyzer 10</td>
			<td rowspan="2">Miltenyi Biotec GmbH</td>
			<td rowspan="2">130-096-343</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Software 2.4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge 5415R&#160;</td>
			<td>Eppendorf AG</td>
			<td>22331</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cellometer K2</td>
			<td>Nexelom Bioscience, Lawrence, MA</td>
			<td>LB-001-0016</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile tubing welder SCDIIB</td>
			<td>Terumo Medical Corp., Elkton, MA</td>
			<td>7811</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

automated cell enrichment of cytomegalovirus-specific t cells for clinical applications using the cytokine-capture system

La transferencia adoptiva de células T de patógenos específicos se puede utilizar para prevenir y tratar las infecciones oportunistas como citomegalovirus (CMV), la infección se producen después de un trasplante hematopoyético alogénico de células madre. Las células T-virales específicos de donantes alogénicos, incluidos los donantes de terceros, se pueden propagar ex vivo en el cumplimiento de las buenas prácticas de fabricación actuales (cGMP), que emplean a rondas repetidas de estimulación antígeno impulsado para propagar selectivamente las células T deseados. La identificación y aislamiento de células T específicas de antígeno también pueden llevarse a cabo basándose en el sistema de captura de citoquinas de las células T que han sido activadas para secretar interferón gamma (IFN-γ). Sin embargo, la aplicación humano generalizado del sistema de captura de citoquinas (CCS) para ayudar a restaurar la inmunidad ha sido limitado como el proceso de producción es mucho tiempo y requiere un operador experto. El desarrollo de un dispositivo de enriquecimiento celular de segunda generación, como CliniMACs Prodigy ahorapermite a los investigadores a generar células T-virales específicos utilizando un sistema automatizado menos, mano de obra intensiva. Este dispositivo separa magnéticamente etiquetados células a partir de células no marcadas que utilizan la tecnología de células activadas por la clasificación magnética para generar productos clínica de grado, se ha diseñado como un sistema cerrado y se puede acceder y operar en la mesa de trabajo. Se demuestra el funcionamiento de este nuevo dispositivo de enriquecimiento de células automatizado para la fabricación de células T-pp65 de CMV específica obtenidas a partir de un producto de aféresis de estado estacionario obtenida de un donante seropositivo CMV. Estas células T aisladas pueden ser infundidas directamente en un paciente bajo supervisión reglamentaria institucional y federal. Todos los pasos de procesamiento de bio incluyendo la eliminación de las células rojas de la sangre, la estimulación de las células T, la separación de las células T específicas de antígeno, purificación y lavado están completamente automatizados. Los dispositivos tales como esta plantean la posibilidad de que las células T para aplicación humana pueden ser fabricados fuera de las buenas prácticas de fabricación dedicada (GMP) Las instalaciones y en su lugar se produzcan en instalaciones bancarias de sangre donde el personal puede supervisar protocolos automatizados para producir varios productos.

En este estudio, se utilizó una célula automatizado enriquecimiento Sistema CCS para la producción automatizada de las células T-pp65 de CMV específica. Las células T-CMV específicos fueron enriquecidos a partir de tres productos de células de aféresis. El producto de aféresis en estado estacionario se cosechó más de 2 horas de un donante CMV-seropositivos y generó 10 10 células nucleares totales (CNC). 10 9 TNC se activa entonces con péptidos derivados de pp65 de CMV (60 nmol) duran...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Automated Cell Enrichment of Cytomegalovirus-specific T cells for Clinical Applications using the Cytokine-capture System at JoVE.com

Automated Cell Enrichment of Cytomegalovirus-specific T cells for Clinical Applications using the Cytokine-capture System

The goal of this protocol is to manufacture pathogen-specific clinical-grade T cells using a bench-top, automated, second generation cell enrichment device that incorporates a closed cytokine capture system and does not require dedicated staff or use of a GMP facility. The cytomegalovirus pp65-specific-T cells generated can be directly administered to patients.

Enriquecimiento de la célula automatizada de citomegalovirus células T específicas para aplicaciones clínicas utilizando el Sistema de citoquinas de captura

The adoptive transfer of pathogen-specific T cells can be used to prevent and treat opportunistic infections such as cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection ...

automated-cell-enrichment-cytomegalovirus-specific-t-cells-for

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

12.3K vistas.  U.T. MD Anderson Cancer Center. The goal of this protocol is to manufacture pathogen-specific clinical-grade T cells using a bench-top, automated, second generation cell enrichment device that incorporates a closed cytokine capture system and does not require dedicated staff or use of a GMP facility. The cytomegalovirus pp65-specific-T cells generated can be directly administered to patients.

Video: Automated Cell Enrichment of Cytomegalovirus-specific T cells for Clinical Applications using the Cytokine-capture System

Retroviral Transduction of T-cell Receptors in Mouse T-cells

T-cell receptors (TCRs) play a central role in the immune system. TCRs on T-cell surfaces can specifically recognize peptide antigens presented by antigen presenting cells (APCs)1. This recognition leads to the activation of T-cells and a series of functional outcomes (e.g. cytokine production, killing of the target cells). Understanding the functional role of TCRs is critical to harness the power of the immune system to treat a variety of immunology related diseases (e.g. cancer or autoimmunity).
It is convenient to study TCRs in mouse models, which can be accomplished in several ways. Making TCR transgenic mouse models is costly and time-consuming and currently there are only a limited number of them available2-4. Alternatively, mice with antigen-specific T-cells can be generated by bone marrow chimera. This method also takes several weeks and requires expertise5. Retroviral transduction of TCRs into in vitro activated mouse T-cells is a quick and relatively easy method to obtain T-cells of desired peptide-MHC specificity. Antigen-specific T-cells can be generated in one week and used in any downstream applications. Studying transduced T-cells also has direct application to human immunotherapy, as adoptive transfer of human T-cells transduced with antigen-specific TCRs is an emerging strategy for cancer treatment6.
Here we present a protocol to retrovirally transduce TCRs into in vitro activated mouse T-cells. Both human and mouse TCR genes can be used. Retroviruses carrying specific TCR genes are generated and used to infect mouse T-cells activated with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 antibodies. After in vitro expansion, transduced T-cells are analyzed by flow cytometry.

We present a protocol to produce antigen-specific mouse T-cells using retroviral transduction

Transducción retroviral de receptores de células T en ratones las células T

T-cell receptors (TCRs) play a central role in the immune system. TCRs on T-cell surfaces can specifically recognize peptide antigens presented by antigen ...

Investigación

Inmunología e Infección

Following Cell-fate in E. coli After Infection by Phage Lambda

The system comprising bacteriophage (phage) lambda and the bacterium E. coli has long served as a paradigm for cell-fate determination1,2. Following the simultaneous infection of the cell by a number of phages, one of two pathways is chosen: lytic (virulent) or lysogenic (dormant)3,4. We recently developed a method for fluorescently labeling individual phages, and were able to examine the post-infection decision in real-time under the microscope, at the level of individual phages and cells5. Here, we describe the full procedure for performing the infection experiments described in our earlier work5. This includes the creation of fluorescent phages, infection of the cells, imaging under the microscope and data analysis. The fluorescent phage is a "hybrid", co-expressing wild- type and YFP-fusion versions of the capsid gpD protein. A crude phage lysate is first obtained by inducing a lysogen of the gpD-EYFP (Enhanced Yellow Fluorescent Protein) phage, harboring a plasmid expressing wild type gpD. A series of purification steps are then performed, followed by DAPI-labeling and imaging under the microscope. This is done in order to verify the uniformity, DNA packaging efficiency, fluorescence signal and structural stability of the phage stock. The initial adsorption of phages to bacteria is performed on ice, then followed by a short incubation at 35&deg;C to trigger viral DNA injection6. The phage/bacteria mixture is then moved to the surface of a thin nutrient agar slab, covered with a coverslip and imaged under an epifluorescence microscope. The post-infection process is followed for 4 hr, at 10 min interval. Multiple stage positions are tracked such that ~100 cell infections can be traced in a single experiment. At each position and time point, images are acquired in the phase-contrast and red and green fluorescent channels. The phase-contrast image is used later for automated cell recognition while the fluorescent channels are used to characterize the infection outcome: production of new fluorescent phages (green) followed by cell lysis, or expression of lysogeny factors (red) followed by resumed cell growth and division. The acquired time-lapse movies are processed using a combination of manual and automated methods. Data analysis results in the identification of infection parameters for each infection event (e.g. number and positions of infecting phages) as well as infection outcome (lysis/lysogeny). Additional parameters can be extracted if desired.

Following Cell-fate in E. coli After Infection by Phage Lambda

This article describes the procedure for preparing a fluorescently-labeled version of bacteriophage lambda, infection of E. coli bacteria, following the infection outcome under the microscope, and analysis of infection results.

A raíz de la celda de destino en<em&gt; E. coli</em&gt; Después de la infección por fagos Lambda

The system comprising bacteriophage (phage) lambda and the bacterium E. coli has long served as a paradigm for cell-fate determination1,2. Following the ...

piggyBac Transposon System Modification of Primary Human T Cells

The piggyBac transposon system is naturally active, originally derived from the cabbage looper moth1,2. This non-viral system is plasmid based, most commonly utilizing two plasmids with one expressing the piggyBac transposase enzyme and a transposon plasmid harboring the gene(s) of interest between inverted repeat elements which are required for gene transfer activity. PiggyBac mediates gene transfer through a "cut and paste" mechanism whereby the transposase integrates the transposon segment into the genome of the target cell(s) of interest. PiggyBac has demonstrated efficient gene delivery activity in a wide variety of insect1,2, mammalian3-5, and human cells6 including primary human T cells7,8. Recently, a hyperactive piggyBac transposase was generated improving gene transfer efficiency9,10.
Human T lymphocytes are of clinical interest for adoptive immunotherapy of cancer11. Of note, the first clinical trial involving transposon modification of human T cells using the Sleeping beauty transposon system has been approved12. We have previously evaluated the utility of piggyBac as a non-viral methodology for genetic modification of human T cells. We found piggyBac to be efficient in genetic modification of human T cells with a reporter gene and a non-immunogenic inducible suicide gene7. Analysis of genomic integration sites revealed a lack of preference for integration into or near known proto-oncogenes13. We used piggyBac to gene-modify cytotoxic T lymphocytes to carry a chimeric antigen receptor directed against the tumor antigen HER2, and found that gene-modified T cells mediated targeted killing of HER2-positive tumor cells in vitro and in vivo in an orthotopic mouse model14. We have also used piggyBac to generate human T cells resistant to rapamycin, which should be useful in cancer therapies where rapamycin is utilized15.
Herein, we describe a method for using piggyBac to genetically modify primary human T cells. This includes isolation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from human blood followed by culture, gene modification, and activation of T cells. For the purpose of this report, T cells were modified with a reporter gene (eGFP) for analysis and quantification of gene expression by flow cytometry.
PiggyBac can be used to modify human T cells with a variety of genes of interest. Although we have used piggyBac to direct T cells to tumor antigens14, we have also used piggyBac to add an inducible safety switch in order to eliminate gene modified cells if needed7. The large cargo capacity of piggyBac has also enabled gene transfer of a large rapamycin resistant mTOR molecule (15 kb)15. Therefore, we present a non-viral methodology for stable gene-modification of primary human T cells for a wide variety of purposes.

piggyBac Transposon System Modification of Primary Human T Cells

We describe a method to genetically modify primary human T cells with a transgene using the non-viral piggyBac transposon system. T cells modified to using the piggyBac transposon system exhibit stable transgene expression.

piggyBac Transposón modificación del sistema de células T humanas primarias

The piggyBac transposon system is naturally active, originally derived from the cabbage looper moth1,2. This non-viral system is plasmid based, most ...

Peptide:MHC Tetramer-based Enrichment of Epitope-specific T cells

A basic necessity for researchers studying adaptive immunity with in vivo experimental models is an ability to identify T cells based on their T cell antigen receptor (TCR) specificity. Many indirect methods are available in which a bulk population of T cells is stimulated in vitro with a specific antigen and epitope-specific T cells are identified through the measurement of a functional response such as proliferation, cytokine production, or expression of activation markers1. However, these methods only identify epitope-specific T cells exhibiting one of many possible functions, and they are not sensitive enough to detect epitope-specific T cells at naive precursor frequencies. A popular alternative is the TCR transgenic adoptive transfer model, in which monoclonal T cells from a TCR transgenic mouse are seeded into histocompatible hosts to create a large precursor population of epitope-specific T cells that can be easily tracked with the use of a congenic marker antibody2,3. While powerful, this method suffers from experimental artifacts associated with the unphysiological frequency of T cells with specificity for a single epitope4,5. Moreover, this system cannot be used to investigate the functional heterogeneity of epitope-specific T cell clones within a polyclonal population.
	The ideal way to study adaptive immunity should involve the direct detection of epitope-specific T cells from the endogenous T cell repertoire using a method that distinguishes TCR specificity solely by its binding to cognate peptide:MHC (pMHC) complexes. The use of pMHC tetramers and flow cytometry accomplishes this6, but is limited to the detection of high frequency populations of epitope-specific T cells only found following antigen-induced clonal expansion. In this protocol, we describe a method that coordinates the use of pMHC tetramers and magnetic cell enrichment technology to enable detection of extremely low frequency epitope-specific T cells from mouse lymphoid tissues3,7. With this technique, one can comprehensively track entire epitope-specific populations of endogenous T cells in mice at all stages of the immune response.

This protocol describes the use of peptide:MHC tetramers and magnetic microbeads to isolate low frequency populations of epitope-specific T cells and analyze them by flow cytometry. This method enables the direct study of endogenous T cell populations of interest from in vivo experimental systems.

Péptido: MHC tetrámero basado en el enriquecimiento de células T específicos para el epítopo

A  basic necessity for researchers studying adaptive immunity with in vivo experimental models is an  ability to identify T cells based on their T cell ...

Quantitative High-throughput Single-cell Cytotoxicity Assay For T Cells

Cancer immunotherapy can harness the specificity of immune response to target and eliminate tumors. Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) based on the adoptive transfer of T cells genetically modified to express a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) has shown considerable promise in clinical trials1-4. There are several advantages to using CAR+ T cells for the treatment of cancers including the ability to target non-MHC restricted antigens and to functionalize the T cells for optimal survival, homing and persistence within the host; and finally to induce apoptosis of CAR+ T cells in the event of host toxicity5.
Delineating the optimal functions of CAR+ T cells associated with clinical benefit is essential for designing the next generation of clinical trials. Recent advances in live animal imaging like multiphoton microscopy have revolutionized the study of immune cell function in vivo6,7. While these studies have advanced our understanding of T-cell functions in vivo, T-cell based ACT in clinical trials requires the need to link molecular and functional features of T-cell preparations pre-infusion with clinical efficacy post-infusion, by utilizing in vitro assays monitoring T-cell functions like, cytotoxicity and cytokine secretion. Standard flow-cytometry based assays have been developed that determine the overall functioning of populations of T cells at the single-cell level but these are not suitable for monitoring conjugate formation and lifetimes or the ability of the same cell to kill multiple targets8.
Microfabricated arrays designed in biocompatible polymers like polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) are a particularly attractive method to spatially confine effectors and targets in small volumes9. In combination with automated time-lapse fluorescence microscopy, thousands of effector-target interactions can be monitored simultaneously by imaging individual wells of a nanowell array. We present here a high-throughput methodology for monitoring T-cell mediated cytotoxicity at the single-cell level that can be broadly applied to studying the cytolytic functionality of T cells.

We describe a single-cell high-throughput assay to measure cytotoxicity of T cells when incubated with tumor target cells. This method employs a dense, elastomeric array of sub-nanoliter wells (~100,000 wells/array) to spatially confine the T cells and target cells at defined ratios and is coupled to fluorescence microscopy to monitor effector-target conjugation and subsequent apoptosis.

Cuantitativo de alto rendimiento de una sola célula de ensayo de citotoxicidad de las células T

Cancer immunotherapy can harness the specificity of  immune response to target and eliminate tumors. Adoptive cell therapy (ACT)  based on the adoptive ...

Clinical Application of Sleeping Beauty and Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells to Genetically Modify T Cells from Peripheral and Umbilical Cord Blood

The potency of clinical-grade T cells can be improved by combining gene therapy with immunotherapy to engineer a biologic product with the potential for superior (i) recognition of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), (ii) persistence after infusion, (iii) potential for migration to tumor sites, and (iv) ability to recycle effector functions within the tumor microenvironment. Most approaches to genetic manipulation of T cells engineered for human application have used retrovirus and lentivirus for the stable expression of CAR1-3. This approach, although compliant with current good manufacturing practice (GMP), can be expensive as it relies on the manufacture and release of clinical-grade recombinant virus from a limited number of production facilities. The electro-transfer of nonviral plasmids is an appealing alternative to transduction since DNA species can be produced to clinical grade at approximately 1/10th the cost of recombinant GMP-grade virus. To improve the efficiency of integration we adapted Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposon and transposase for human application4-8. Our SB system uses two DNA plasmids that consist of a transposon coding for a gene of interest (e.g. 2nd generation CD19-specific CAR transgene, designated CD19RCD28) and a transposase (e.g. SB11) which inserts the transgene into TA dinucleotide repeats9-11. To generate clinically-sufficient numbers of genetically modified T cells we use K562-derived artificial antigen presenting cells (aAPC) (clone #4) modified to express a TAA (e.g. CD19) as well as the T cell costimulatory molecules CD86, CD137L, a membrane-bound version of interleukin (IL)-15 (peptide fused to modified IgG4 Fc region) and CD64 (Fc-&gamma; receptor 1) for the loading of monoclonal antibodies (mAb)12. In this report, we demonstrate the procedures that can be undertaken in compliance with cGMP to generate CD19-specific CAR+ T cells suitable for human application. This was achieved by the synchronous electro-transfer of two DNA plasmids, a SB transposon (CD19RCD28) and a SB transposase (SB11) followed by retrieval of stable integrants by the every-7-day additions (stimulation cycle) of &gamma;-irradiated aAPC (clone #4) in the presence of soluble recombinant human IL-2 and IL-2113. Typically 4 cycles (28 days of continuous culture) are undertaken to generate clinically-appealing numbers of T cells that stably express the CAR. This methodology to manufacturing clinical-grade CD19-specific T cells can be applied to T cells derived from peripheral blood (PB) or umbilical cord blood (UCB). Furthermore, this approach can be harnessed to generate T cells to diverse tumor types by pairing the specificity of the introduced CAR with expression of the TAA, recognized by the CAR, on the aAPC.

Clinical Application of Sleeping Beauty and Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells to Genetically Modify T Cells from Peripheral and Umbilical Cord Blood

T cells expressing a CD19-specific chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) are infused as investigational treatment of B-cell malignancies in our first-in-human gene therapy trials. We describe genetic modification of T cells using the Sleeping Beauty (SB) system to introduce CD19-specific CAR and selective propagation on designer CD19+ artificial antigen presenting cells.

Aplicación clínica de<em&gt; La Bella Durmiente</em&gt; Artificial y células presentadoras de antígenos para modificar genéticamente las células T de la sangre del cordón umbilical y periférica

The potency of clinical-grade T cells can be improved by combining gene therapy with immunotherapy to engineer  a biologic product with the potential for ...

Monitoring Dendritic Cell Migration using 19F / 1H Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Continuous advancements in noninvasive imaging modalities such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have greatly improved our ability to study physiological or pathological processes in living organisms. MRI is also proving to be a valuable tool for capturing transplanted cells in vivo. Initial cell labeling strategies for MRI made use of contrast agents that influence the MR relaxation times (T1, T2, T2*) and lead to an enhancement (T1) or depletion (T2*) of signal where labeled cells are present. T2* enhancement agents such as ultrasmall iron oxide agents (USPIO) have been employed to study cell migration and some have also been approved by the FDA for clinical application. A drawback of T2* agents is the difficulty to distinguish the signal extinction created by the labeled cells from other artifacts such as blood clots, micro bleeds or air bubbles. In this article, we describe an emerging technique for tracking cells in vivo that is based on labeling the cells with fluorine (19F)-rich particles. These particles are prepared by emulsifying perfluorocarbon (PFC) compounds and then used to label cells, which subsequently can be imaged by 19F MRI. Important advantages of PFCs for cell tracking in vivo include (i) the absence of carbon-bound 19F in vivo, which then yields background-free images and complete cell selectivityand(ii) the possibility to quantify the cell signal by 19F MR spectroscopy.

Monitoring Dendritic Cell Migration using 19F / 1H Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Tracking of cells using MRI has gained remarkable attention in the past years. This protocol describes the labeling of dendritic cells with fluorine (19F)-rich particles, the in vivo application of these cells, and monitoring the extent of their migration to the draining lymph node with 19F/1H MRI and 19F MRS.

De las Migraciones células dendríticas mediante resonancia 19F / 1H Magnetic

Continuous  advancements in noninvasive imaging modalities such as magnetic resonance  imaging (MRI) have greatly improved our ability to study ...

Assessing the Innate Sensing of HIV-1 Infected CD4+ T Cells by Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Using an Ex vivo Co-culture System.

HIV-1 innate sensing requires direct contact of infected CD4+ T cells with plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). In order to study this process, the protocols described here use freshly isolated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) or plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) to sense infections in either T cell line (MT4) or heterologous primary CD4+ T cells. In order to ensure proper sensing, it is essential that PBMC are isolated immediately after blood collection and that optimal percentage of infected T cells are used. Furthermore, multi-parametric flow cytometric staining can be used to confirm that PBMC samples contain the different cell lineages at physiological ratios. A number of controls can also be included to evaluate viability and functionality of pDCs. These include, the presence of specific surface markers, assessing cellular responses to known agonist of Toll-Like Receptors (TLR) pathways, and confirming a lack of spontaneous type-I interferon (IFN) production. In this system, freshly isolated PBMCs or pDCs are co-cultured with HIV-1 infected cells in 96 well plates for 18-22 hr. Supernatants from these co-cultures are then used to determine the levels of bioactive type-I IFNs by monitoring the activation of the ISGF3 pathway in HEK-Blue IFN-&#945;/&#946; cells. Prior and during co-culture conditions, target cells can be subjected to flow cytometric analysis to determine a number of parameters, including the percentage of infected cells, levels of specific surface markers, and differential killing of infected cells. Although, these protocols were initially developed to follow type-I IFN production, they could potentially be used to study other imuno-modulatory molecules released from pDCs and to gain further insight into the molecular mechanisms governing HIV-1 innate sensing.

Assessing the Innate Sensing of HIV-1 Infected CD4+ T Cells by Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Using an Ex vivo Co-culture System.

Unlike cell-free HIV-1 particles, infected CD4+ T cells are effectively sensed by plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). This manuscript describes a method where peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) or isolated pDCs are co-cultured with HIV-1 infected T cells to evaluate innate sensing by pDCs as assessed by release of type-I IFN.

La evaluación de la innata de detección de VIH-1 CD4 infectados<sup&gt; +</sup&gt; Células T por las células dendríticas plasmocitoides Usando un<em&gt; Ex vivo</em&gt; Co-cultura del sistema.

HIV-1 innate sensing requires direct contact of infected CD4+ T cells with plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). In order to study this process, the ...

Mouse Na&#239;ve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets

Antigen inexperienced (na&#239;ve) CD4+ T cells undergo expansion and differentiation to effector subsets at the time of T cell receptor (TCR) recognition of cognate antigen presented on MHC class II. The cytokine signals present in the environment at the time of TCR activation are a major factor in determining the effector fate of a na&#239;ve CD4+ T cell. Although the cytokine environment during na&#239;ve T cell activation may be complex and involve both redundant and opposing signals in vivo, the addition of various cytokine combinations during naive CD4+ T cell activation in vitro can readily promote the establishment of effector T helper lineages with hallmark cytokine and transcription factor expression. Such differentiation experiments are commonly used as a first step for the evaluation of targets believed to promote or inhibit the development of certain CD4+ T helper subsets. The addition of mediators, such as signaling agonists, antagonists, or other cytokines, during the differentiation process can also be used to study the influence of a particular target on T cell differentiation. Here, we describe a basic protocol for the isolation of na&#239;ve T cells from mouse and the subsequent steps necessary for polarizing na&#239;ve cells to various T helper effector lineages in vitro.

Mouse Na&amp;#239;ve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets

Na&#239;ve CD4+ T cells polarize to various subsets depending on the environment at the time of activation. The differentiation of na&#239;ve CD4+ T cells to various effector subsets can be achieved in vitro through the addition of T cell receptor stimuli and specific cytokine signals.

Ratón Naïve CD4<sup&gt; +</sup&gt; Aislamiento de células T y<em&gt; In vitro</em&gt; Diferenciación en subconjuntos de células T

Antigen inexperienced (na&#239;ve) CD4+ T cells undergo expansion and differentiation to effector subsets at the time of T cell receptor (TCR) recognition ...

Development of Stem Cell-derived Antigen-specific Regulatory T Cells Against Autoimmunity

Autoimmune diseases arise due to the loss of immunological self-tolerance. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are important mediators of immunologic self-tolerance. Tregs represent about 5 - 10% of the mature CD4+ T cell subpopulation in mice and humans, with about 1 - 2% of those Tregs circulating in the peripheral blood. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can be differentiated into functional Tregs, which have a potential to be used for cell-based therapies of autoimmune diseases. Here, we present a method to develop antigen (Ag)-specific Tregs from iPSCs (i.e., iPSC-Tregs). The method is based on incorporating the transcription factor FoxP3 and an Ag-specific T cell receptor (TCR) into iPSCs and then differentiating on OP9 stromal cells expressing Notch ligands delta-like (DL) 1 and DL4. Following in vitro differentiation, the iPSC-Tregs express CD4, CD8, CD3, CD25, FoxP3, and Ag-specific TCR and are able to respond to Ag stimulation. This method has been successfully applied to cell-based therapy of autoimmune arthritis in a murine model. Adoptive transfer of these Ag-specific iPSC-Tregs into Ag-induced arthritis (AIA)-bearing mice has the ability to reduce joint inflammation and swelling and to prevent bone loss.

We present here a method to develop functional antigen (Ag)-specific regulatory T cells (Tregs) from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) for immunotherapy of autoimmune arthritis in a murine model.