Este trabajo fue apoyado por la Fundación Alemana para la Investigación y el ERC (AN377 / 3-2 y 309528 CHROMDECON a WA) y un doctorado Comunidad del Boehringer Ingelheim Fonds de AKS Figura 1 y 2 están reimpresos de Developmental Cell 31 (3), Magalska et al., función ATPasas RuvB-como en descondensación de la cromatina en el final de la mitosis, 305-318, 2014, con el permiso de Elsevier.

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J., Heald, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Methods+for+studying+spindle+assembly+and+chromosome+condensation+in+Xenopus+egg+extracts.">Methods for studying spindle assembly and chromosome condensation in Xenopus egg extracts.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 322, 459-474 (2006).</li><li>Galy, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+role+for+gp210+in+mitotic+nuclear-envelope+breakdown.">A role for gp210 in mitotic nuclear-envelope breakdown.</a> J Cell Sci. 121, 317-328 (2008).</li><li>Chan, R. C., Forbes, D. 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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Xenopus laevis extractos de huevo son una herramienta muy útil para reproducir fielmente los procesos celulares in vitro, y este sistema fue utilizado con éxito en la caracterización de ciclo celular y la división celular eventos 2, 3,5,6,17. Debido a las grandes tiendas de componentes nucleares secuestradas en el huevo durante la ovogénesis, extractos de huevo son una excelente fuente de los componentes celulares. En comparación con otros enfoques como RNAi en líneas celul...

Extracto de huevo Xenopus laevis es una herramienta poderosa y ampliamente aplicada para estudiar eventos celulares complicados en la simplicidad de un ensayo libre de células. Desde su primera descripción por Lohka y Masui 1 se han utilizado ampliamente para estudiar procesos mitóticos tales como la condensación de la cromatina 2, conjunto de husillo 3, la envoltura nuclear desglose 4, sino también el transporte nucleocytoplasmic 5 o 6 replicación del ADN. Los eventos que tienen lugar al final de la mitosis, necesarios para la reforma del núcleo interfásico tales como reforma envoltura nuclear y de poro nuclear reensamblaje complejo son mucho menos comprendido en comparación con los primeros eventos mitóticas, pero pueden ser estudiadas de manera similar utilizando extracto de huevo de Xenopus 7. Hemos establecido recientemente un ensayo basado en extracto de huevo de Xenopus para estudiar descondensación de la cromatina en el final de la mitosis 8, un proceso de bajo-investigado que i esperats caracterización detallada. En metazoos, la cromatina se condensa altamente en la entrada mitótica el fin de realizar fielmente la segregación del material genético. Para asegurar que la cromatina es accesible para la expresión génica y la replicación del ADN durante la interfase, necesita ser compactado DE AT el final de la mitosis. En los vertebrados, la cromatina es hasta cincuenta veces más compactado durante la mitosis en comparación con la interfase 9, en contraste con las levaduras, donde la compactación mitótico es generalmente mucho más baja, por ejemplo, sólo dos veces en S. cerevisiae 10. Descondensación de la cromatina vertebrado se ha estudiado principalmente en el contexto de la reorganización de ADN de esperma después de la fertilización del huevo. Un mecanismo molecular, en el que nucleoplasmin, una proteína abundante ovocito, intercambia protaminas-esperma específica a las histonas H2A y H2B almacenados en el huevo. Este proceso también fue dilucidada mediante Xenopus extracto de huevo 11, 12. Sin embargo, la expresiónde nucleoplasmin se limita a los oocitos 13 y la cromatina mitótica no contiene estos protaminas-esperma específico. Por lo tanto la cromatina descondensación al final de la mitosis es independiente nucleoplasmin 8. Para la reacción descondensación in vitro empleamos extracto generado a partir activados huevos X. laevis y clusters cromatina aislados de células HeLa sincronizados. El tratamiento de los huevos con un ionóforo de calcio imita la liberación de calcio en el ovocito generada por la entrada de espermatozoides durante la fertilización. La ola de calcio desencadena el reinicio del ciclo celular y el huevo, detenido en la segunda metafase de la meiosis, avanza a la primera interfase 14. Por lo tanto, los extractos de huevos preparados de forma activa los huevos representan el estado de salida / interfase mitótica y son competentes para inducir eventos específicos para la salida de mitosis como descondensación cromatina, envoltura nuclear y poros reforma compleja. Para el aislamiento de ch mitóticoromatin grupos se utilizó una versión ligeramente modificada del protocolo publicado por Gasser y Laemmli 15, donde grupos de cromosomas son liberadas por la lisis de las células HeLa sincronizados en la mitosis y aislados en poliaminas que contiene tampones por centrifugaciones gradiente.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>spermine tetrahydrochloride</td>
			<td>Fluka analytical</td>
			<td>85610-25G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>spermidine trihydrochloride</td>
			<td>Sigma&#160;</td>
			<td>S2501-5G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>high-purity digitonin</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>300410-1GM</td>
			<td>toxic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PMSF</td>
			<td>Applichem</td>
			<td>A0999,0100</td>
			<td>toxic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>thymidine</td>
			<td>Calbiochem</td>
			<td>6060</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>nocodazole</td>
			<td>Calbiochem</td>
			<td>487928</td>
			<td>toxic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>37 % formaldehyde solution</td>
			<td>Roth</td>
			<td>7398-1</td>
			<td>toxic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>trypan blue solution (0.4%)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>T8154</td>
			<td>toxic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1,4-dithiothreitol (DTT)</td>
			<td>Roth</td>
			<td>6908.2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AEBSF hydrochloride</td>
			<td>Applichem</td>
			<td>A1421,0001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pepstatin</td>
			<td>Roth</td>
			<td>2936.1/2/3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>leupeptin</td>
			<td>Roth</td>
			<td>CN334</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>aprotinin</td>
			<td>Roth</td>
			<td>A162.3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Percoll (colloidal silica particles solution)</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>17-0891-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>glutamine</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>25030-024</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin-Streptomycin</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15140-122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>75 cm&#178; tissue culture flasks</td>
			<td>Greiner Bio-one</td>
			<td>658175</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>10500-064</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Homogenizer (40 mL tissue grinder)</td>
			<td>Wheaton</td>
			<td>357546</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Neubauer chamber</td>
			<td>Assistent</td>
			<td>441/1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#160;Oak Ridge Centrifuge Tubes, polycarbonate (50 ml)</td>
			<td>Nalgene</td>
			<td>3118-0050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100 &#181;m cell strainer, nylon</td>
			<td>BD Falcon</td>
			<td>352360</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>cytochalasin B</td>
			<td>Applichem</td>
			<td>A7657,0010</td>
			<td>toxic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>cycloheximide</td>
			<td>Roth</td>
			<td>8682.3</td>
			<td>toxic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-cystein</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>1,028,381,000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>hCG available as Ovogest</td>
			<td>MSD</td>
			<td>1431593</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PMSG available as Intergonan</td>
			<td>MSD</td>
			<td>1431015</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>A23187 (mixed calcium-magnesium-salt)</td>
			<td>Enzo</td>
			<td>ALX-450-002-M010</td>
			<td>toxic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>syringe needles (1.20 x 40 mm, 18 G x 1 1/2&#34;)</td>
			<td>Braun</td>
			<td>4665120</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ATP</td>
			<td>Serva</td>
			<td>10920.03</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GTP, 2 Na x 3 H20</td>
			<td>Roth</td>
			<td>K056.1/2/3/4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>creatine phosphat disodium salt</td>
			<td>Calbiochem</td>
			<td>2380</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>creatine phosphokinase</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>C3755-35KU</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMAP</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>D2629-1G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DAPI&#160;</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>10236276001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PFA</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P-6148</td>
			<td>toxic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>centrifugation tubes for TLA 100 (7 x 10 mm, 5/16 x 13/16 in.)</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>343775</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#34;Cell-Saver&#34; (tips with wide opening, 1000 &#181;L)</td>
			<td>Biozym</td>
			<td>729065</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50 % glutaraldehyde solution, grade I</td>
			<td>Sigma alderich</td>
			<td>G7651-10 mL</td>
			<td>toxic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.1 % (w/v) poly-L-lysine solution</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P8920-100 mL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>flat-bottom tubes (6 mL, 16.0/55 mm)</td>
			<td>Greiner Bio-one</td>
			<td>145211</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vectashield mounting medium</td>
			<td>Vector laboratories</td>
			<td>H1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>tubes for TLA120 (11 x 34 mm, 7/16 x 1 3/8 in.)</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>343778</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#34;Cell-Saver&#34; (tips with wide opening, 200 &#181;L)</td>
			<td>Biozym</td>
			<td>729055</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>12 mm coverslips</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>0784 #1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a cell free assay to study chromatin decondensation at the end of mitosis

During the vertebrate cell cycle chromatin undergoes extensive structural and functional changes. Upon mitotic entry, it massively condenses into rod shaped chromosomes which are moved individually by the mitotic spindle apparatus. Mitotic chromatin condensation yields chromosomes compacted fifty-fold denser as in interphase. During exit from mitosis, chromosomes have to re-establish their functional interphase state, which is enclosed by a nuclear envelope and is competent for replication and transcription. The decondensation process is morphologically well described, but in molecular terms poorly understood: We lack knowledge about the underlying molecular events and to a large extent the factors involved as well as their regulation. We describe here a cell-free system that faithfully recapitulates chromatin decondensation in vitro, based on mitotic chromatin clusters purified from synchronized HeLa cells and X. laevis egg extract. Our cell-free system provides an important tool for further molecular characterization of chromatin decondensation and its co-ordination with processes simultaneously occurring during mitotic exit such as nuclear envelope and pore complex re-assembly.

Dependencia del tiempo de la reacción descondensación La figura 1 muestra un curso de tiempo típico de ensayo de la descondensación. El grupo de cromosomas visibles al comienzo de la reacción decondenses y se funde en una sola, redondo y el núcleo suave. Cuando el extracto de huevo se sustituye por sacarosa amortiguar el clúster cromosoma sigue siendo condensada, lo que sugiere que la actividad descondensación está presente en el extracto de huevo. <p class="jov...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Cell Free Assay to Study Chromatin Decondensation at the End of Mitosis at JoVE.com

A Cell Free Assay to Study Chromatin Decondensation at the End of Mitosis

The molecular mechanisms of the decondensation of highly compacted mitotic chromatin are ill-defined. We present a cell-free assay based on mitotic chromatin clusters isolated from HeLa cells and Xenopus laevis egg extract that faithfully reconstitutes the decondensation process in vitro.

Una célula de ensayo libre para el Estudio de la cromatina descondensación en la final de la mitosis

During the vertebrate cell cycle chromatin undergoes extensive structural and functional changes. Upon mitotic entry, it massively condenses into rod ...

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JoVE Journal

Biology

10.2K vistas.  Max Planck Society. The molecular mechanisms of the decondensation of highly compacted mitotic chromatin are ill-defined. We present a cell-free assay based on mitotic chromatin clusters isolated from HeLa cells and Xenopus laevis egg extract that faithfully reconstitutes the decondensation process in vitro.