Los autores agradecen a Brian Johnson, de la Histología y Imaging Core de la Universidad de Washington en busca de ayuda con la tinción de tricrómico y análisis. Este trabajo fue apoyado por el NIH subvenciones y HL098067 HL089455.

Los Comités Institucionales Cuidado y Uso de Animales (IACUC) de la Universidad de Washington y el Cedars-Sinai Medical Center han aprobado el trabajo con animales necesarios para estos estudios. 1. Preparación <ol><li> Esterilizar tanto las pinzas de extremos romos y el depresor través de autoclave. </li><li> El uso de una cabina de seguridad biológica, preparar una solución de trabajo de la BLM en PBS a partir del polvo liofilizado. Sonicar la solución durante 10 min a 35 Khz para asegurar una mezcla uniforme. Nota: Se recomienda un volumen total de entre 30 y 45 l para evitar la variación de pipeteado en el extremo inferior, y la asfixia con volúmenes más grandes. </li><li> Prepare un área de trabajo limpia que incluye aproximadamente 1 m 2 para el procedimiento en sí, así como los lugares designados para jaulas, tanto antes como después del procedimiento. </li><li> Fijar la base de la junta procedimiento para el banco inmediatamente delante del investigador poniendo 2 o 3 tiras de cinta de laboratorio a través de la base y SUBCARying banco. Ver Figura 1 para más especificaciones sobre la creación de una tabla. </li><li> Ate una sola longitud de tamaño de 4.0 hilo de sutura entre los dos tornillos de posicionamiento de la junta procedimiento. </li><li> Generar un espirómetro improvisada eliminando y desechando el émbolo de tres jeringas de 1 ml, y el depósito de 60 l de PBS en la parte superior de cada barril para formar un sello hermético. Asegurar el centro del catéter vagamente a una de las jeringas y colocarlo a un lado de la junta. </li><li> Aspirado de 300 l de aire en una jeringa de 1 ml y colocarlo a un lado de la junta. </li><li> Cortar una pieza adicional de cinta de aproximadamente 6 pulgadas de largo y el lugar de uno de los lados. Esto se utiliza para asegurar el animal a la junta en el paso 2.4. </li><li> Configurar una cámara de isoflurano. Adjuntar O2, isoflurano, y el vacío a los puertos apropiados tanto en la cámara de exposición y el vacío despacho. Alternativamente, administrar anestésico en un isoflurano-compatible biológicacabina de seguridad. </li></ol> 2. La intubación <ol><li> Anestesiar al ratón con isoflurano en la cámara hasta que se pierde la conciencia y la respiración se desacelera a un ritmo adecuado. Una exposición típica incluye 4% de isoflurano y 2% O 2 durante 3 a 4 minutos, y el resultado ideal es de 2 a 2,5 min de sedación. Esto corresponde a una tasa de respiración de 1 respiración cada 2 seg. </li><li> A la espera de la sedación a instaurarse, aspirado de entre 30 y 45 l de BLM en una pipeta y el lugar de uno de los lados. </li><li> Cuando esté listo, suspender el ratón sedado por sus incisivos superiores desde el hilo unido a los tornillos de posicionamiento de la plataforma procedimiento. Asegúrese de que el dorso del animal quede plana contra la superficie de la plataforma. </li><li> Teniendo cuidado de no restringir la ventilación, coloque un trozo de cinta sin apretar a través de la parte inferior (caudal) de la cavidad torácica, justo por encima del diafragma. La colocación debe ser lo suficientemente apretado para mantener la alineación adecuada durante el procedure, pero no tan apretado que restringe la respiración. </li><li> Encender el iluminador a entre 80% y 100% de intensidad y orientar el cuello de cisne de modo que es de 1 a 2 cm de la superficie de la piel, cerca del plexo solar. revisar periódicamente la punta del cuello de cisne para el calor para asegurarse de que no perjudique el ratón. </li><li> De pie detrás de la plataforma, utilizar las pinzas de punta roma, estériles para localizar la lengua. Teniendo cuidado de evitar los incisivos inferiores, suavemente agarre y sacar la lengua fuera de la cavidad oral. </li><li> Usando la mano restante, inserte el depresor y utilizarlo para aplanar la lengua contra el suelo de la cavidad oral. Liberar la pinza, pero deje el depresor en el lugar durante los siguientes dos pasos. </li><li> Oriente la luz para que la tráquea es visible al guiar el cuello de cisne proximalmente desde el nivel del plexo solar hasta que alcanza el nivel de la bronquios principales. Nota: La tráquea se puede distinguir fácilmente por la acción de la respiración, WHIch hace que la luz emitida a fluctuar en intensidad. Cuando está colocado correctamente, esta estructura será discernible en el plano axial como un pasador situado en el centro de la luz con la luz ambiental mínimo en la propia cavidad oral. </li><li> Ángulo de la jeringa para que siga el camino natural de la tráquea, y bajar la punta del catéter 22-G, con la jeringa unida que contiene la gota, directamente en el lumen. La burbuja PBS comenzará a subir y bajar con cada respiración sobre la colocacion exitosa. Nota: Esta acción se puede retrasar por varios segundos, como resultado de la sedación profunda. </li><li> Alimentar el catéter en un 5 mm adicionales. Retire el depresor de lengua. </li><li> Cambiar la jeringa con la mano opuesta, y agarrando el cubo, retire suavemente la jeringa. </li><li> Fuerte entre 30 y 45 l de BLM en el centro del interior del cubo del catéter, coloque la segunda jeringa y dispensar 300 l de aire en el cubo. </li><li> Vuelva a colocar la segundajeringa con la primera que contiene la burbuja de PBS. La burbuja seguirá subiendo y bajando si el procedimiento se ha realizado con éxito. </li></ol> 3. Cuidado post-procedimental <ol><li> Retirar el catéter y cinta, y colocar al animal en un lugar cálido y seco hasta que se recupere la conciencia - por lo general dentro de un par de minutos. </li></ol>

<ol>
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The authors have nothing to disclose.

En los casos en que la aerosolización es poco práctico debido a la limitada disponibilidad de reactivos, la seguridad, o el coste, la administración directa de la tráquea es un método superior para la administración de agentes exógenos en los pulmones 16 transtraqueal instilación ha sido ampliamente utilizado para lograr esto.; Sin embargo, como con cualquier intervención quirúrgica, sino que también lleva consigo la posibilidad de complicaciones causadas por el procedimiento en sí, y no necesaria...

A pesar de algunas diferencias anatómicas y fisiológicas, 1 modelos murinos continúan siendo de gran valor para el modelado de la biología humana y la patogénesis de la enfermedad. 2 Desde un punto de vista de la cría, los ratones son fáciles de manejar, tienen un tiempo de reproducción de baja, una esperanza de vida acelerada, y son relativamente baratos a casa. Con el desarrollo de diversas cepas genéticas y estrategias (por ejemplo., Knock-out condicionales, ratones reportero, enfoques de linaje de trazado, etc.), así como la amplia gama de reactivos disponibles (por ejemplo., Anticuerpos, proteínas recombinantes, inhibidores, etc.), los ratones se han convertido en un organismo modelo de vertebrados esencial para descubrir los procesos de homeostasis y enfermedades humanas. 3 Los ratones han sido especialmente valiosa para el estudio de enfermedades pulmonares, incluyendo lesión pulmonar aguda (ALI) y fibrosis pulmonar. 4 ALI en los seres humanos puede ser causado por trauma, lesión o sepsis y se caracteriza por epitelial yfuga endotelial (es decir., edema), la inflamación y la fibrosis incipiente. En muchos pacientes, ALI progresa a su forma severa, síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda (SDRA), que a menudo resulta en la fibrosis y la muerte por insuficiencia respiratoria. 5,6 La fibrosis pulmonar es una patología progresiva y fatal que se caracteriza por el exceso de deposición de la matriz extracelular , especialmente colágeno de tipo I, que lleva a la función pulmonar. 7,8 administración de bleomicina (BLM) es el modelo más ampliamente utilizado y mejor caracterizado para inducir ALI y fibrosis en animales de experimentación. 9 Aunque BLM inducida por la fibrosis pulmonar en roedores hace no recapitular completamente los fenotipos fibróticos humanos, 10 estudios con ratones con este modelo han llevado al descubrimiento de muchos factores importantes que influyen en la aparición y progresión de la enfermedad. 11 Aunque el mecanismo exacto (s) detrás de la fibrogénesis BLM inducida son desconocidos, la lesión iniciarse cree que surgen de la ruptura de cadenas de ADN dependientes del contacto en las células epiteliales que recubren las vías aéreas y los alvéolos, y, en particular, tipo 1 neumocitos. 12 La necesidad de un contacto directo entre la BLM y el epitelio pulmonar pone de relieve la importancia de una vía de administración robusta , y estas preocupaciones también son pertinentes para una amplia gama de tratamientos dirigidos a las vías respiratorias distales, incluyendo las proteínas recombinantes, anticuerpos, siRNA, virus, bacterias, partículas, y más. Aspiración orofaríngea (OPA) ha sido ampliamente utilizado para este fin 13, pero un importante una deficiencia de OPA es que alguna porción del agente suministrado puede ser tragado en el tracto gastrointestinal, lo que conduce a la imprecisión en la dosis administrada. Otro método ampliamente utilizado es la instilación transtraqueal, que implica la traqueostomía con anestesia fuerte como para exponer la tráquea y la instilación de un agente directamente en el tracto respiratorio. 14 Sin embargo, no sólo puede talesun procedimiento sea indeseable debido a su invasividad, pero también es mucho tiempo, requiere un poco de entrenamiento, y causa una lesión potente para el tracto respiratorio. 15,16 Varios protocolos se han desarrollado que implican la administración directa de los agentes en el tráquea sin la necesidad de intervención quirúrgica, 16,17,18,19,20 tiempos de recuperación pero estos métodos implican extendían causada por anestésicos potentes, el uso de equipo costoso (es decir., otoscopio / laringoscopio, tableros de procedimientos disponibles en el mercado, de fibra óptica cables, etc.), un exceso de manipulación en la cavidad oral, y la incertidumbre con respecto a la dosis. Este documento describe un método relativamente fácil de administración a través de intubación que permite al investigador rápida, económica y fiable a infundir un reactivo en el pulmón murino con riesgo limitado de daño residual a los tejidos circundantes.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1528">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:481px;">Bleomycin For Injection, 30 units/vial</td>
			<td style="width:304px;">APP Pharmaceuticals, LLC</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">103720</td>
			<td style="width:604px;">For best results, BLM should be suspended in PBS, aliquoted, and stored as single use lyophilzed aliquots</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Blunt End Forceps</td>
			<td style="width:304px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Tongue Depressor (i.e. bent Valleylab Blade Electrode, 2.4&#34;)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:304px;">Covidien</td>
			<td>E1551G</td>
			<td>Before use, create a 45 degree bend 1.5 cm&#160; from the blade tip. A suitable depressor can also be created from any metal implement of similar dimensions.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Exel Safelet Catheter 22G X 1&#34;</td>
			<td style="width:304px;">Exel International</td>
			<td>26746</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">1 mL Slip-tip Disposable Tuberculin Syringe (200/sp, 1600/ca)</td>
			<td style="width:304px;">BD</td>
			<td>309659</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">0.2ml Pipettor and Filter Tips</td>
			<td style="width:304px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:481px;">Fiber-Lite Illuminator. Model 181-1: Model 180 mated with Standard Dual Gooseneck illuminator</td>
			<td style="width:304px;">Dolan Jenner Industries, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">181-1</td>
			<td>Lower output LED illuminators are not recommended as they fail to suficiently illuminate the trachea.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Intubation Board</td>
			<td style="width:304px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">N/A</td>
			<td>See Diagram 1.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Colored Label Tape: 0.5&#160;in. Wide</td>
			<td style="width:304px;">Fisherbrand</td>
			<td>15-901-15A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Oxygen&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:304px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Phosphate-Buffered Saline, 1X</td>
			<td style="width:304px;">Corning</td>
			<td>21-040-CV</td>
			<td>Product should be sterile</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Non-Sterile Silk Black Braided Suture Spool, 91.4 m, Size 4-0</td>
			<td style="width:304px;">Harvard Apparatus</td>
			<td>517698</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Table Top Anesthesia Machine Isoflurane</td>
			<td style="width:304px;">Highland Medical Equipment</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>http://www.highlandmedical.net/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Slide Top Induction Mouse Isoflurane Chamber</td>
			<td>MIP / Anesthesia Technologies</td>
			<td>AS-01-0530-SM</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">FORANE (isoflurane, USP) Liquid For Inhalation 100 mL&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:304px;">Baxter</td>
			<td>1001936040</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">&#160;Nanozoomer Digital Pathology system</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">IgM ELISA Quantification Kit&#160;</td>
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an improved method for rapid intubation of the trachea in mice

Despite some anatomical and physiological differences, mouse models continue to be an essential tool for studying human lung disease. Bleomycin toxicity is a commonly used model to study both acute lung injury and fibrosis, and multiple methods have been developed for administering bleomycin (and other toxic agents) into the lungs. However, many of these approaches, such as transtracheal instillation, have inherent drawbacks, including the need for strong anesthetics and survival surgery. This paper reports a quick, reproducible method of intratracheal intubation that involves mild inhaled anesthesia, visualization of the trachea, and the use of a surrogate spirometer to confirm exposure. As a proof of concept, 8-12 week old C57BL/6 mice were administered either 2.0 U/kg of bleomycin or an equivalent volume of PBS, and both damage and fibrotic endpoints were measured post-exposure. This procedure allows researchers to treat a large cohort of mice in a relatively short period with little expense and minimal post-procedure care.

Ratones intubados se controlaron diariamente para la pérdida de peso y la angustia, y se sacrificaron 4, 10 o 17 días más tarde a través de inyección intraperitoneal de 2,5% 2,2,2 tribromoetanol. Se recogió el lavado broncoalveolar (BAL) en tres lavados de PBS como se describe en otra parte 21 y el pulmón derecho se fijó en formalina al 10%, embebidos en parafina, y se tiñeron con tricrómico de Masson por la Universidad de Washington Histología y I...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Improved Method for Rapid Intubation of the Trachea in Mice at JoVE.com

An Improved Method for Rapid Intubation of the Trachea in Mice

Un método mejorado para la rápida intubación de la tráquea en ratones

En este artículo se presenta un método rápido y sencillo para la administración de bleomicina directamente en la tráquea ratón a través de la intubación. Las principales ventajas de este método son que es altamente reproducible, fácil de dominar, y no requiere equipo especializado ni largos tiempos de recuperación.

Despite some anatomical and physiological differences, mouse models continue to be an essential tool for studying human lung disease. Bleomycin toxicity ...

an-improved-method-for-rapid-intubation-of-the-trachea-in-mice

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

25.0K vistas.  University of Washington.  En este artículo se presenta un método rápido y sencillo para la administración de bleomicina directamente en la tráquea ratón a través de la intubación. Las principales ventajas de este método son que es altamente reproducible, fácil de dominar, y no requiere equipo especializado ni largos tiempos de recuperación. 

Video: An Improved Method for Rapid Intubation of the Trachea in Mice

Guidelines for Elective Pediatric Fiberoptic Intubation

Fiberoptic intubation in pediatric patients is often required especially in difficult airways of syndromic patients i.e. Pierre Robin Syndrome. Small babies will desaturate very quickly if ventilation is interrupted mainly to high metabolic rate. We describe guidelines to perform a safe fiberoptic intubation while maintaining spontaneous breathing throughout the procedure. Steps requiring the use of propofol pump, fentanyl, glycopyrrolate, red rubber catheter, metal insuflation hook, afrin, lubricant and lidocaine spray are shown.

We describe guidelines to perform a safe and efficient elective fiberoptic intubation in pediatric patients while maintaining spontaneous ventilation.

Directrices para la intubación electiva de fibra óptica Pediátrica

Fiberoptic intubation in pediatric patients is often required especially in difficult airways of syndromic patients i.e. Pierre Robin Syndrome. Small ...

Investigación

Medicina

Orthotopic Aortic Transplantation in Mice for the Study of Vascular Disease

Vascular procedures involving anastomoses in the mouse are generally thought to be difficult and highly dependent on the skill of the individual surgeon. This is largely true, but there are a number of important principles that can reduce the difficulty of these procedures and enhance reproducibility. Orthotopic aortic transplantation is an excellent procedure in which to learn these principles because it involves only two end-to-end anastomoses, but requires good suturing technique and handling of the vessels for consistent success. This procedure begins with the procurement of a length of abdominal aorta from a donor animal, followed by division of the native aorta in the recipient. The procured aorta is then placed between the divided ends of the recipient aorta and sutured into place using end-to-end anastomoses. To accomplish this objective successfully requires a high degree of concentration, good tools, a steady hand, and an appreciation of how easily the vasculature of a mouse can be damaged, resulting in thrombosis. Learning these important principles is what occupies most of the beginner's time when learning microsurgery in small rodents. Throughout this protocol, we refer to these important points. This model can be used to study vascular disease in a variety of different experimental systems1-8. In the context shown here, it is most often used for the study of post-transplant vascular disease, a common long-term complication of solid organ transplantation in which intimal hyperplasia occurs within the allograft. The primary advantage of the model is that it facilitates quantitative morphometric analyses and the transplanted vessel lies contiguous to the endogenous vessel, which can serve as an additional control9. The technique shown here is most often used for mice weighing 18-25 grams. We have accumulated most of our experience using the C57BL/6J, BALB/cJ, and C3H/HeJ strains.

We describe a technique in which a section of the abdominal aorta from a mouse is transplanted orthotopically to just below the renal arteries in an allogeneic or syngeneic recipient. This technique can be useful in studies in which transplantation of large arteries of uniform size is deemed advantageous.

El trasplante ortotópico aórtica en los ratones para el Estudio de la Enfermedad Vascular

Vascular procedures involving anastomoses in the mouse are generally thought to be difficult and highly dependent on the skill of the individual surgeon. ...

Endotracheal Intubation in Mice via Direct Laryngoscopy Using an Otoscope

Mice, both wildtype and transgenic, are the principal mammalian model in biomedical research currently. Intubation and mechanical ventilation are necessary for whole animal experiments that require surgery under deep anesthesia or measurements of lung function. Tracheostomy has been the standard for intubating the airway in these mice to allow mechanical ventilation. Orotracheal intubation has been reported but has not been successfully used in many studies because of the substantial technical difficulty or a requirement for highly specialized and expensive equipment. Here we report a technique of direct laryngoscopy using an otoscope fitted with a 2.0 mm speculum and using a 20 G&#160;intravenous catheter as an endotracheal tube. We have used this technique extensively and reliably to intubate and conduct accurate assessments of lung function in mice. This technique has proven safe, with essentially no animal loss in experienced hands. Moreover, this technique can be used for repeated studies of mice in chronic models.

Endotracheal Intubation in Mice via Direct Laryngoscopy Using an Otoscope

We have developed a simple, reliable, and relatively inexpensive method for endotracheal intubation in mice via direct laryngoscopy using an otoscope with a 2.0 mm speculum. This technique is atraumatic and can be used for repeated measurements in chronic experiments. We find it superior to tracheostomy or previously reported nonsurgical techniques.

Intubación endotraqueal en ratones<em&gt; Vía</em&gt; La laringoscopia directa utilizando un otoscopio

Mice, both wildtype and transgenic, are the principal mammalian model in biomedical research currently. Intubation and mechanical ventilation are ...

A Simple Method of Mouse Lung Intubation

A simple procedure to intubate mice for pulmonary function measurements would have several advantages in longitudinal studies with limited numbers or expensive animal. One of the reasons that this is not done more routinely is that it is relatively difficult, despite there being several published studies that describe ways to achieve it. In this paper we demonstrate a procedure that eliminates one of the major hurdles associated with this intubation, that of visualizing the trachea during the entire time of intubation. The approach uses a 0.5 mm fiberoptic light source that serves as an introducer to direct the intubation cannula into the mouse trachea. We show that it is possible to use this procedure to measure lung mechanics in individual mice over a time course of at least several weeks. The technique can be set up with relatively little expense and expertise, and it can be routinely accomplished with relatively little training. This should make it possible for any laboratory to routinely carry out this intubation, thereby allowing longitudinal studies in individual mice, thereby minimizing the number of mice needed and increasing the statistical power by using each mouse as its own control.

This paper describes a striaghforward and efficient method of intubating mice for pulmonary function measurements or pulmonary instillation, that allows the mice to recover and be studied at later times. The procedure involves an inexpensive fiberoptic light source that directly illuminates the trachea.

Un sencillo método de intubación ratón de pulmón

A  simple procedure to intubate mice for pulmonary function measurements would  have several advantages in longitudinal studies with limited numbers or  ...

Improved Method for the Establishment of an In Vitro Blood-Brain Barrier Model Based on Porcine Brain Endothelial Cells

The aim of this protocol presents an optimized procedure for the purification and cultivation of pBECs and to establish in vitro blood-brain barrier (BBB) models based on pBECs in mono-culture (MC), MC with astrocyte-conditioned medium (ACM), and non-contact co-culture (NCC) with astrocytes of porcine or rat origin. pBECs were isolated and cultured from fragments of capillaries from the brain cortices of domestic pigs 5-6 months old. These fragments were purified by careful removal of meninges, isolation and homogenization of grey matter, filtration, enzymatic digestion, and centrifugation. To further eliminate contaminating cells, the capillary fragments were cultured with puromycin-containing medium. When 60-95% confluent, pBECs growing from the capillary fragments were passaged to permeable membrane filter inserts and established in the models. To increase barrier tightness and BBB characteristic phenotype of pBECs, the cells were treated with the following differentiation factors: membrane permeant 8-CPT-cAMP (here abbreviated cAMP), hydrocortisone, and a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, RO-20-1724 (RO). The procedure was carried out over a period of 9-11 days, and when establishing the NCC model, the astrocytes were cultured 2-8 weeks in advance. Adherence to the described procedures in the protocol has allowed the establishment of endothelial layers with highly restricted paracellular permeability, with the NCC model showing an average transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) of 1249 &#177; 80 &#937; cm2, and paracellular permeability (Papp) for Lucifer Yellow of 0.90 10-6 &#177; 0.13 10-6 cm sec-1 (mean &#177; SEM, n=55). Further evaluation of this pBEC phenotype showed good expression of the tight junctional proteins claudin 5, ZO-1, occludin and adherens junction protein p120 catenin. The model presented can be used for a range of studies of the BBB in health and disease and, with the highly restrictive paracellular permeability, this model is suitable for studies of transport and intracellular trafficking.

Improved Method for the Establishment of an In Vitro Blood-Brain Barrier Model Based on Porcine Brain Endothelial Cells

The aim of the protocol is to present an optimized procedure for the establishment of an in vitro blood-brain barrier (BBB) model based on primary porcine brain endothelial cells (pBECs). The model shows high reproducibility, high tightness, and is suitable for studies of transport and intracellular trafficking in drug discovery.

Mejor método para el establecimiento de un In Vitro Barrera Blood - Brain modelo basado en las células endoteliales de cerebro porcino

The aim of this protocol presents an optimized procedure for the purification and cultivation of pBECs and to establish in vitro blood-brain barrier (BBB) ...

Assessment and Characterization of Hyaloid Vessels in Mice

In the eye, the embryonic hyaloid vessels nourish the developing lens and retina and regress when the retinal vessels develop. Persistent or failed regression of hyaloid vessels can be seen in diseases such as persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous (PHPV), leading to an obstructed light path and impaired visual function. Understanding the mechanisms underlying the hyaloid vessel regression may lead to new molecular insights into the vascular regression process and potential new ways to manage diseases with persistent hyaloid vessels. Here we describe the procedures for imaging hyaloid in live mice with optical coherence tomography (OCT) and fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) and a detailed technical protocol of isolating and flat-mounting hyaloid ex vivo for quantitative analysis. Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 (LRP5) knockout mice were used as an experimental model of persistent hyaloid vessels, to illustrate the techniques. Together, these techniques may facilitate a thorough assessment of hyaloid vessels as an experimental model of vascular regression and studies on the mechanism of persistent hyaloid vessels.

This protocol describes both in vivo and ex vivo methods to fully visualize and characterize hyaloid vessels, a model of vascular regression in mouse eyes, using optical coherence tomography and fundus fluorescein angiography for the live imaging and ex vivo isolation and subsequent flat mount of hyaloid for quantitative analysis.

Evaluación y caracterización de recipientes hialoides en ratones

In the eye, the embryonic hyaloid vessels nourish the developing lens and retina and regress when the retinal vessels develop. Persistent or failed ...

A Revised Method for Inducing Secondary Lymphedema in the Hindlimb of Mice

Animal models are of paramount importance in the research of lymphedema in order to understand the pathophysiology of the disease but also to explore potential treatment options. This mouse model allows researchers to induce significant lymphedema lasting at least 8 weeks. Lymphedema is induced using a combination of fractioned radiotherapy and surgical ablation of lymphatics. This model requires that the mice get a dose of 10 Gray (Gy) radiation before and after surgery. The surgical part of the model involves ligation of three lymph vessels and extraction of two lymph nodes from the mouse hindlimb. Having access to microsurgical tools and a microscope is essential, due to the small anatomical structures of mice. The advantage of this model is that it results in statistically significant lymphedema, which provides a good basis for evaluating different treatment options. It is also a great and easily available option for microsurgical training. The limitation of this model is that the procedure can be time consuming, especially if not practiced in advance. The model results in objectively quantifiable lymphedema in mice, without causing severe morbidity and has been tested in three separate projects.

This animal model enables researchers to induce statistically significant secondary lymphedema in the hindlimb of mice, lasting at least 8 weeks. The model can be used to study the pathophysiology of lymphedema and to investigate novel treatment options.

Un método revisado para inducir el linfedema secundario en la extremidad posterior de los ratones

Animal models are of paramount importance in the research of lymphedema in order to understand the pathophysiology of the disease but also to explore ...

Repeated Orotracheal Intubation in Mice

The literature describes several methods for mouse intubation that either require visualization of the glottis through the oral cavity or incision in the ventral neck for direct confirmation of cannula placement in the trachea. The relative difficulty or the tissue trauma induced to the subject by such procedures can be an impediment to an investigator&#8217;s ability to perform longitudinal studies. This article illustrates a technique in which physical manipulation of the mouse following the use of a depilatory to remove hair from the ventral neck permits transcutaneous visualization of the trachea for orotracheal intubation regardless of degree of skin pigmentation. This method is innocuous to the subject and easily achieved with a limited understanding of murine anatomy. This refined approach facilitates repeated intubation, which may be necessary for monitoring progression of disease or instillation of treatments. Using this method may result in a reduction of the number of animals and technical skill required to measure lung function in mouse models of respiratory disease.

The goal of this article is to describe a refined method of intubation of the laboratory mouse. The method is noninvasive and, therefore, ideal for studies that require serial monitoring of respiratory function and/or instillation of treatments into the lung.

Intubación orotraqueal repetida en ratones

The literature describes several methods for mouse intubation that either require visualization of the glottis through the oral cavity or incision in the ...

Semi-Minimal Invasive Method to Induce Myocardial Infarction in Rats and the Assessment of Cardiac Function by an Isolated Working Heart System

Myocardial infarction (MI) remains the main contributor to morbidity and mortality worldwide. Therefore, research on this topic is mandatory. An easily and highly reproducible MI induction procedure is required to obtain further insight and better understanding of the underlying pathological changes. This procedure can also be used to evaluate the effects or potency of new and promising treatments (as drugs or interventions) in acute MI, subsequent remodeling and heart failure (HF). After intubation and pre-operative preparation of the animal, an anesthetic protocol with isoflurane was performed, and the surgical procedure was conducted&#160;quickly. Using a minimally invasive approach, the left anterior descending artery (LAD) was located and occluded by a ligature. The occlusion can be performed acutely for subsequent reperfusion (ischemia/reperfusion injury). Alternatively, the vessel can be ligated permanently to investigate the development of chronic MI, remodeling or HF. Despite common pitfalls, the drop-out rates are minimal. Various treatments such as remote ischemic conditioning can be examined for their cardioprotective potential pre-, peri- and post-operatively. The post-operative recovery was quick as the anesthesia was precisely controlled and the duration of the operation was short. Post-operative analgesia was administered for three days. The minimally invasive procedure reduces the risk of infection and inflammation. Furthermore, it facilitates rapid recovery. The &#8220;working heart&#8221; measurements were performed ex vivo and enabled precise control of preload, afterload and flow. This procedure requires specific equipment and training for adequate performance. This manuscript provides a detailed step-by-step introduction for conducting these measurements.

This article presents an efficient method to perform myocardial ischemia and subsequent chronic reperfusion in rats using a minimally invasive approach. In addition, left ventricular hemodynamic function of rats is assessed by echocardiography and isolated working heart methods.&#160;

Método invasivo semiseminal para inducir el infarto de miocardio en ratas y la evaluación de la función cardíaca mediante un sistema cardíaco de trabajo aislado

Myocardial infarction (MI) remains the main contributor to morbidity and mortality worldwide. Therefore, research on this topic is mandatory. An easily ...

A Modified Simple Method for Induction of Myocardial Infarction in Mice

Myocardial infarction (MI) represents one of the leading causes of death. MI models are widely used for investigating the pathomechanisms of post-MI remodeling and evaluation of novel therapeutics. Different methods (e.g., isoproterenol treatment, cryoinjury, coronary artery ligation, etc.) have been used to induce MI. Compared with isoproterenol treatment and cryoinjury, coronary artery ligation may better reflect the ischemic response and chronic remodeling after MI. However, traditional methods for coronary ligation in mice are technically challenging. The current study describes a simple and efficient process for induction of MI in mice with readily available materials. The mouse chest skin was cut open under stable anesthesia. The heart was immediately externalized through the intercostal space after blunt separation of the pectoralis major and pectoralis minor. The left anterior descending branch (LAD) was ligated with a 6-0 suture 3 mm from its origin. Following LAD ligation, staining with 2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) indicated successful induction of MI and temporal changes of post-MI scar size. Meanwhile, survival analysis results showed overt mortality within 7 days after MI, mainly due to cardiac rupture. Moreover, post-MI echocardiographic assessment demonstrated successful induction of contractile dysfunction and ventricular remodeling. Once mastered, an MI model can be established in mice within 2-3 min with readily available materials.

Under adequate anesthesia, the mouse heart was externalized through the intercostal space, and myocardial infarction was successfully induced by ligating the left anterior descending artery (LAD) using materials readily available in most laboratories.

Un método simple modificado para la inducción de infarto de miocardio en ratones

Myocardial infarction (MI) represents one of the leading causes of death. MI models are widely used for investigating the pathomechanisms of post-MI ...