Name: a whole mount in situ hybridization method for the gastropod mollusc lymnaea stagnalis
Uploaded: 2016-03-15T15:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 7 min 33 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Whole Mount In Situ Hybridization Method for the Gastropod Mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis at JoVE.com

Este trabajo fue apoyado por fondos a través de DJJ proyecto DFG # JA2108 / 2-1.

NOTA: Los siguientes pasos se describe nuestro método para llevar a cabo un experimento in situ en las fases embrionarias y las larvas de L. stagnalis. Cuando un paso implica el uso de un producto químico peligroso esto se indica mediante la palabra &quot;PRECAUCIÓN&quot; y todos los procedimientos de seguridad adecuados debe ser adoptada. Los enlaces a las hojas MSDS representativos de los productos químicos peligrosos están dentro de Archivo 1. Recetas para todos los reactivos están dentro del archivo complementaria 2. 1. Montaje de Decapsulation Aparato <ol><li> Para ello, conectar una jeringa desechable ml 20 a un tubo de silicio (con un diámetro interior de 1 mm y un diámetro exterior de 3 mm) utilizando un corte de punta P1,000 a una longitud adecuada como se muestra en la Figura 2A. </li><li> Cinta de un portaobjetos de microscopio estándar a una placa de Petri grande invertida. Tape el tubo de silicona inmediatamente adyacente al portaobjetos de microscopio como se muestra en la figura60; 2C y 2D. </li><li> Descansar un aguja de vidrio tirado en el portaobjetos de un microscopio y suavemente insertarlo en el tubo de silicona hasta que la punta de la aguja sobresale aproximadamente el 20% del camino a través del diámetro interior del tubo (véase la Figura 2C y 2D). Una vez que la aguja está en posición de la cinta hacia abajo a la placa de Petri. </li><li> Deje que el extremo libre del tubo de silicona para descansar en otra placa de Petri que recogerá el material decapsulado. </li></ol> 2. Recolección de muestras, fijación y Decapsulation NOTA: Todos los pasos se llevan a cabo a temperatura ambiente a menos que se indique lo contrario. <ol><li> Recoger con cuidado cadenas de huevo de las paredes de un acuario. Para ello, utilice una pieza plana de plástico flexible, como una espátula para raspar la cadena de huevo del sustrato, y el uso de un colador de té de plástico para pescar la cadena de huevo flotando fuera del agua. Escenario y clasificar el material bajo un microscopio utilizando la guía proporcionada en la figura1. </li><li> Coloque la cadena de huevo sobre una toalla de papel y hacer una incisión longitudinal a lo largo de la masa de huevos usando las pinzas de peso pluma. Rollo de las cápsulas de huevos fuera de la cadena de huevo y eliminar la mayor cantidad del material gelatinoso como sea posible de cada cápsula empujándolos alrededor de la toalla de papel utilizando las pinzas de peso pluma. </li><li> El uso de las pinzas de peso pluma, transferir las cápsulas de huevos en una placa de Petri que contiene 5 ml de agua del grifo. Continuar para recoger cápsulas de huevos de-gelatina de las etapas de desarrollo deseados en este plato. Recoger suficientes cápsulas de todas las etapas de desarrollo para el experimento WMISH previsto a continuación, proceder al siguiente paso. </li><li> Cuando se trabaja con larvas más desarrolladas (5 días después de la primera división (CPFD) y mayores) anestesiar a ellos antes de la fijación. NOTA: Esto evitará que los músculos se contraigan lo que hace que la interpretación de los patrones de tinción in situ en muy difíciles. <ol><li> Relax larvas (mientras que todavía están en su capsules) en una solución de 2% w / v de MgCl 2 • 6H 2 O durante 30 min antes de la fijación. </li><li> Evaluar el grado de relajación después de 30 minutos, sumergiendo varios mientras que las larvas todavía en sus cápsulas de huevos en la solución de fijación y el seguimiento de su respuesta bajo un microscopio. Incompletamente larvas relajado se retraerá en sus conchas, mientras que las larvas totalmente relajado no responderá. Una vez que estas larvas se han relajado proceder al siguiente paso. </li></ol></li><li> Transferir las cápsulas de huevos usando una amplia pipeta de plástico orificio en un tubo sellable que proporciona 10 veces el volumen de cápsulas de huevos (por ejemplo., 1 ml de cápsulas asentado requeriría un tubo 10+ ml). </li><li> Aspirar tanto líquido como sea posible desde el tubo y reemplazarlo con un volumen de solución de fijación que es 10 veces el volumen de las cápsulas de huevos asentadas. Gire suavemente las cápsulas de huevos en fijador a temperatura ambiente durante el tiempo apropiado para cada etapa de desarrollo (ver Figura 1). </li><li> Discontinue la rotación y permitir que las cápsulas se hunden y aspirar la solución de fijación en un recipiente apropiado para desechos. </li><li> Se lavan las cápsulas de huevos mediante la sustitución de la solución de fijación con salina tamponada con fosfato con 0,1% Tween-20 (PBTw) y girando a TA durante 5 min. Aspirar el PBTw y repetir dos veces. </li><li> Eliminar embriones y larvas de sus cápsulas utilizando el aparato (véase la sección 1 para más detalles) se muestra en la Figura 2. Dibuje las cápsulas en la jeringa de 20 ml, conectar el tubo y luego disipar las cápsulas a través de la tubería y más allá de la aguja de vidrio hacia el plato de recogida. NOTA: Normalmente, la mayoría (&gt; 90%) de todas las cápsulas debe necesitar solamente un paso a través del dispositivo. En muchos casos, la membrana de la cápsula está dañado pero embriones y larvas permanecen dentro de la cápsula rota. Reprocesar este material simplemente su elaboración en la jeringa y disipar nuevo. </li><li> Recoger los embriones y larvas decapsulados en un tubo de 1,5 ml usando un micrófonoropipette (a P20 para el 0 - larvas de 3 días, y P200 para las larvas mayores con el extremo de la punta cortados). NOTA: Una pausa (hasta varios meses) en el protocolo se pueden hacer en esta etapa. Si esto es necesario, el material decapsuled se debe recoger en un tubo de 1.5 ml para el almacenamiento (continuar con el paso siguiente). De lo contrario seguirá inmediatamente al Protocolo 3. </li><li> Permitir que los embriones y larvas se hundan a la parte inferior del tubo y aspirar el sobrenadante. Reemplazar con 33% de etanol (EtOH) en PBTw y dejar reposar durante 5 - 10 minutos a. Repetir con 66% de EtOH en PBTw y EtOH al 100%. Lavar las larvas de dos veces en 100% de EtOH a TA. Almacenar el material a -20 ° C en EtOH al 100%. </li><li> Cuando esté listo para continuar, re-hidratar las muestras mediante la eliminación del 100% de EtOH y reemplazar con un 66% de EtOH en PBTw, deje reposar durante 5 - 10 minutos a. Repetir con 33% de EtOH en PBTw, deje reposar durante 5 - 10 minutos a. Finalmente se lava con 3 x 5 min lavados de PBTw para asegurar que todos EtOH se retira. </li></ol> 3. proteinasa-K, TEA y Post-fijación NOTA: nos encontramos realizando los pasos siguientes en pequeñas cestas con un suelo de malla, el método más eficiente y suave para intercambiar rápidamente soluciones de tiempo crítico. Mientras que éstos se pueden hacer en casa, utilizamos cestas (tamaño mediano) que son compatibles con la manipulación de líquidos robot Intavis InSituPro -Vsi (www.intavis.de/products/automated-ish-and-ihc). Tales cestas pueden ser rápida y fácilmente movidos entre los pocillos de una placa de cultivo tisular bien 12 (TCD) con el fin de soluciones de intercambio, o la solución pueden ser aspiradas desde el pozo utilizando una pipeta. Alternativamente, todos los intercambios de solución se pueden realizar sin estas cestas simplemente aspirar el sobrenadante de las larvas. En este caso un movimiento de remolino suave se concentrará todos los embriones y larvas al centro del plato permite que el sobrenadante a ser retirado del borde del pozo. Lo siguiente asume que el usuario está empleando cestas para el intercambio de soluciones. <ol><li> Usando una pipeta, Embriones y larvas de transferencia en una cesta que se sienta en un TCD 12 bien con 2 ml de PBTw. NOTA:. El número de embriones y / o larvas que se pueden añadir depende de la etapa de desarrollo siendo investigado, sin embargo, una regla general es la de mantener al menos el 25% de la superficie de suelo libre de embriones / larvas (es decir, no hacer saturar la canasta). </li><li> Preparar una adyacente bien con 2 ml de la solución de proteinasa-K apropiado (véase la Figura 1), y otro 2 pocillos con 2 ml de 0,2% de glicina cada uno. Mover cada cesta dentro del pozo que contiene la concentración apropiada de la proteinasa-K e iniciar inmediatamente la sincronización. </li><li> Después de 10 min mover cada cesta en un pozo que contiene 0,2% de glicina y se incuba durante 5 min. A continuación, pasar cada cesta en el segundo bien con 0,2% de glicina y se incuba durante 5 min. Lavar la glicina con 3 x 5 min intercambios de 3 ml PBTw. </li><li> Eliminar la solución de PBTw y tratar las muestras una vez con sol recién preparada trietanolamina (TEA)lución durante 5 min PRECAUCIÓN: No agite. Reemplazar con 3 ml de solución de TEA recién preparado durante 5 min. No agite. Aspirar la mayoría de la solución de TEA de las muestras. Añadir la trietanolamina recién preparada con una solución de anhídrido acético (TEAAA) e incubar durante 5 min. PRECAUCIÓN! No agite. </li><li> OPCIONAL - Si bien el paso anterior está incubando, preparar otro lote de solución TEAAA y repita el paso anterior. NOTA: Este segundo tratamiento con TEAAA es opcional, pero puede ayudar a eliminar por completo todos los antecedentes con sondas con tendencia a la generación de fondo. </li><li> Eliminar la solución de TEAAA mediante la aspiración del pozo, y reemplazar con 3 ml de PBTw. No agite. Retire el PBTw y aplicar 3 ml de formaldehído al 3,7% en PBTw. Hacer girar suavemente de vez en cuando durante una incubación de 30 min. </li><li> Retire el fijador mediante la aspiración del pozo, y reemplazar con 3 ml de PBTw. Transferir el material en un tubo de 1,5 ml. REColoque la PBTw con tampón de hibridación y se incuba durante 5 minutos a temperatura ambiente - PRECAUCIÓN. </li><li> Colocar los tubos en un bloque caliente a temperatura ambiente, y ajustar la temperatura a la temperatura de hibridación deseada. NOTA: La temperatura de hibridación es la sonda específica y tendrá que ser optimizado empíricamente, sin embargo, nos encontramos con 55 ° C a ser una buena temperatura al principio de prueba. Deje que el bloque para llegar a la temperatura de hibridación, y permitir que las muestras de pre-hibridan durante aproximadamente 15 minutos (es decir, el tiempo que se necesita para preparar las ribosondas, ya no es necesario). Preparar volúmenes adecuados (normalmente 100 mu l) de las ribosondas diluidas. Nos típicamente concentraciones de sonda de prueba de 100 y 500 ng / ml como un rango inicial. Preparamos ribosondas de acuerdo con la 12. </li><li> Retire el tampón de hibridación de las muestras y añadir la sonda en tampón de hibridación a las muestras. Overlay con 100 l (o un volumen adecuado para formar una fase por encima de la buffe hibridaciónr) de aceite mineral. NOTA: El aceite mineral impide extensa condensación que se forma durante la larga etapa de hibridación. Amplia condensación alterará significativamente tanto la química de la solución de hibridación y la concentración de la sonda. </li><li> Desnaturalizar la sonda y el ARN diana mediante el calentamiento de las muestras a 75 ° C durante 10 min, a continuación, reducir el calor a la temperatura de hibridación deseada. Permitir la hibridación de proceder durante un mínimo de 12 horas (O / N) o más largo (24 a 48 h). </li><li> Durante la hibridación eliminar un solo tubo del bloque de calor, girar rápidamente entre el pulgar y el dedo índice de suspender las larvas sin molestar a la fase de aceite, y reemplazarlo en el bloque de calor. Repita esto una vez cada 6 - 12 horas más o menos. </li></ol> 4. Se lava y calientes inmunodetección NOTA: Mientras se utiliza un robot de manejo de líquidos para los pasos siguientes, éstas también pueden ser fácilmente realizan manualmente. En este caso, los embriones y larvas shoULD se mantendrá en los tubos de 1,5 ml que se hibridan en. Todos los intercambios de soluciones posteriores se aspiran y se añadió con una pipeta P1,000. Cuando se realiza manualmente cada uno de los siguientes pasos se deben emplear 1 ml de cada solución. <ol><li> volúmenes adecuados de calor (3 ml cada una para cada muestra) de la 4x, 2x y 1x soluciones de lavado a la temperatura de hibridación. </li><li> Lavar todas las muestras tres veces en tampón de lavado 4x para 15 min cada uno a la temperatura de hibridación. Lavar todas las muestras tres veces en tampón de lavado 2x durante 15 min cada uno a la temperatura de hibridación. Lavar todas las muestras tres veces en tampón de lavado 1x durante 15 minutos cada uno a la temperatura de hibridación. </li><li> Lavar todas las muestras una vez con tampón 1x de cloruro de sodio Citrato de sodio + 0,1% Tween (SSC + 0,1% de Tween) a la temperatura de hibridación. Dejar que las muestras se enfríen a temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Lave todas las muestras dos veces en 1x SSC + 0,1% Tween durante 15 min Reemplazar esta solución SSC 1x con el tampón de ácido maleico (MAB) y dejar reposar durante 10 minutos Repetir el MAB wceniza. Reemplazar el MAB con solución de bloqueo y se incuba durante 1,5 horas. </li><li> Intercambiar la solución de bloques para la solución de anticuerpo (1: 10.000 dilución de anticuerpo en solución de bloqueo) y se incuba durante 12 hr (O / N) a TA con agitación suave. </li></ol> 5. El desarrollo del color y de montaje <ol><li> Aspirar la solución de anticuerpo y lavar 15 veces con PBTw de 10 min cada uno. Reemplazar PBTw con 1x tampón de fosfatasa alcalina (AP) y se incuba durante 10 min. </li><li> Mientras que la etapa de incubación superiores a los ingresos, preparar la solución de tinción de AP (ver archivo complementaria 2) - PRECAUCIÓN. Transferir el material en un TCD bien y reemplazar la solución de AP 1x con solución de tinción AP. Tenga en cuenta el tiempo para que la longitud de tiempo que la reacción de color se lleva a cabo para se pueden grabar. Supervisar el desarrollo de el patrón de tinción hasta que la relación de señal a fondo es óptima. </li><li> Para detener el desarrollo del color, eliminar la solución de tinción 1x AP (disponer en el que eras apropiadae contenedor), y aplicar 2 ml de PBTw y tenga en cuenta la hora actual. Enjuague dos veces más con PBTw de 5 min cada uno. Utilice uno de estos enjuagues para transferir el material en un tubo de 1,5 ml. </li><li> Eliminar la PBTw y aplicar 1 ml de 3,7% de formaldehído en PBTw y agitar o girar para menos 30 minutos a temperatura ambiente (esto también se puede hacer O / N). </li><li> Lavar el fijador con 3 lavados de PBT (deseche el fijador de residuos en un recipiente apropiado para desechos). Se lavan las muestras 3 veces a 50 ° C en agua desionizada. NOTA: Estos lavados eliminan la precipitación de sales que pueden ser visibles durante la limpieza y los pasos de visualización. </li><li> Decidir si las muestras se deben montar en benzoato de bencilo: Alcohol bencílico (BB: BA, también conocido como clara de Murray) o glicerol. NOTA: Preferimos el más poderoso agente de eliminación BB: BA como L. embriones stagnalis son algo opaca. Las muestras que se montan en BB: BA primero tendrá que estar deshidratado a través de una serie de etanol. Las muestras para ser montado en el 60%glicerol se puede montar inmediatamente. </li><li> La transferencia de las muestras en la solución de montaje (BB: BA o glicerol al 60%) con una pipeta. NOTA: Si se monta el BB: BA esto debe hacerse en un vaso bien (BB: BA va a derretir el plástico de policarbonato). </li><li> Dejar que las muestras para despejar el 5 - 10 minutos, y luego montarlos en un portaobjetos utilizando un número apropiado de cubreobjetos apilados como espaciadores (1 cubreobjetos para muestras &lt;1, 2 CPFD cubreobjetos para muestras&gt; 1 CPFD). NOTA: su conjunto se monta ahora se pueden obtener imágenes con un microscopio compuesto con DIC óptica. </li></ol>

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L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Formation+and+Detection+of+Rna-Dna+Hybrid+Molecules+in+Cytological+Preparations.">Formation and Detection of Rna-Dna Hybrid Molecules in Cytological Preparations.</a> Proceedings Of The National Academy Of Sciences Of The United States Of America. 63 (2), 378-383 (1969).</li><li>Iijima, M., Takeuchi, T., Sarashina, I., Endo, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Expression+patterns+of+engrailed+and+dpp+in+the+gastropod+Lymnaea+stagnalis.">Expression patterns of engrailed and dpp in the gastropod Lymnaea stagnalis.</a> Dev Genes Evol. 218 (5), 237-251 (2008).</li><li>Shimizu, K., Sarashina, I., Kagi, H., Endo, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Possible+functions+of+Dpp+in+gastropod+shell+formation+and+shell+coiling.">Possible functions of Dpp in gastropod shell formation and shell coiling.</a> Dev Genes Evol. 221 (2), 59-68 (2011).</li><li>Koop, D., Richards, G. S., Wanninger, A., Gunter, H. M., Degnan, B. M. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+MAPK+signaling+in+patterning+and+establishing+axial+symmetry+in+the+gastropod+Haliotis+asinina.">The role of MAPK signaling in patterning and establishing axial symmetry in the gastropod Haliotis asinina.</a> Dev. Biol. 311 (1), 200-212 (2007).</li><li>Lartillot, N., Lespinet, O., Vervoort, M., Adoutte, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Expression+pattern+of+Brachyury+in+the+mollusc+Patella+vulgata+suggests+a+conserved+role+in+the+establishment+of+the+AP+axis+in+Bilateria.">Expression pattern of Brachyury in the mollusc Patella vulgata suggests a conserved role in the establishment of the AP axis in Bilateria.</a> Development. 129 (6), 1411-1421 (2002).</li><li>Jackson, D. J., W&#246;rheide, G., Degnan, B. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamic+expression+of+ancient+and+novel+molluscan+shell+genes+during+ecological+transitions.">Dynamic expression of ancient and novel molluscan shell genes during ecological transitions.</a> BMC Evol. Biol. 7 (1), 160 (2007).</li><li>Jackson, D. J., Meyer, N. P., Seaver, E., Pang, K., McDougall, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Developmental+expression+of+COE.+across+the+Metazoa+supports+a+conserved+role+in+neuronal+cell-type+specification+and+mesodermal+development.">Developmental expression of COE. across the Metazoa supports a conserved role in neuronal cell-type specification and mesodermal development.</a> Dev Genes Evol. 220, 221-234 (2010).</li><li>Perry, K. J., Lyons, D. C., Truchado-Garcia, M., Fischer, A. H. L., Helfrich, L. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deployment+of+regulatory+genes+during+gastrulation+and+germ+layer+specification+in+a+model+spiralian+mollusc.">Deployment of regulatory genes during gastrulation and germ layer specification in a model spiralian mollusc.</a> Dev. Dyn. , (2015).</li><li>Iijima, M., Takeuchi, T., Sarashina, I., Endo, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Expression+patterns+of+engrailed+and+dpp+in+the+gastropod+Lymnaea+stagnalis.">Expression patterns of engrailed and dpp in the gastropod Lymnaea stagnalis.</a> Dev Genes Evol. 218 (5), 237-251 (2008).</li><li>Shimizu, K., Iijima, M., Setiamarga, D. H. E., Sarashina, I., Kudoh, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Left-right+asymmetric+expression+of+dpp+in+the+mantle+of+gastropods+correlates+with+asymmetric+shell+coiling.">Left-right asymmetric expression of dpp in the mantle of gastropods correlates with asymmetric shell coiling.</a> EvoDevo. 4 (1), 15 (2013).</li><li>Christodoulou, F., Raible, F., Tomer, R., Simakov, O., Trachana, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ancient+animal+microRNAs+and+the+evolution+of+tissue+identity.">Ancient animal microRNAs and the evolution of tissue identity.</a> Nature. 463, (2010).</li><li>Koga, M., Kudoh, T., Hamada, Y., Watanabe, M., Kageura, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+triple+staining+method+for+double+in+situ+hybridization+in+combination+with+cell+lineage+tracing+in+whole-mount+Xenopus+embryos.">A new triple staining method for double in situ hybridization in combination with cell lineage tracing in whole-mount Xenopus embryos.</a> Dev Growth Differ. 49 (8), 635-645 (2007).</li><li>Lauter, G., S&#246;ll, I., Hauptmann, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Two-color+fluorescent+in+situ+hybridization+in+the+embryonic+zebrafish+brain+using+differential+detection+systems.">Two-color fluorescent in situ hybridization in the embryonic zebrafish brain using differential detection systems.</a> BMC Dev. Biol. 11 (1), 43 (2011).</li><li>Davison, A., Frend, H. T., Moray, C., Wheatley, H., Searle, L. J., Eichhorn, M. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mating+behaviour+in+Lymnaea+stagnalis.+pond+snails+is+a+maternally+inherited,+lateralized+trait.">Mating behaviour in Lymnaea stagnalis. pond snails is a maternally inherited, lateralized trait.</a> Biol. 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P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+sodium+leak+current+regulates+pacemaker+activity+of+adult+central+pattern+generator+neurons+in+Lymnaea+stagnalis.">A sodium leak current regulates pacemaker activity of adult central pattern generator neurons in Lymnaea stagnalis.</a> PLoS One. 6 (4), e18745 (2011).</li><li>Dawson, T. F., Boone, A. N., Senatore, A., Piticaru, J., Thiyagalingam, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gene+Splicing+of+an+Invertebrate+Beta+Subunit+(LCav-beta)+in+the+N-Terminal+and+HOOK+Domains+and+Its+Regulation+of+LCav1+and+LCav2+Calcium+Channels.">Gene Splicing of an Invertebrate Beta Subunit (LCav-beta) in the N-Terminal and HOOK Domains and Its Regulation of LCav1 and LCav2 Calcium Channels.</a> PLoS ONE. 9 (4), e92941 (2014).</li><li>Smith, S. A., Wilson, N. G., Goetz, F. E., Feehery, C., Andrade, S. C. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Resolving+the+evolutionary+relationships+of+molluscs+with+phylogenomic+tools.">Resolving the evolutionary relationships of molluscs with phylogenomic tools.</a> Nature. 480 (7377), 364-367 (2011).</li><li>Gregory, T. R., Nicol, J. A., Tamm, H., Kullman, B., Kullman, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Eukaryotic+genome+size+databases.">Eukaryotic genome size databases.</a> Nuc. Acids. Res. 35 (Database issue), D332-D338 (2007).</li></ol>

Los autores no tienen nada que revelar.

El método aquí descrito permite la visualización eficaz de transcritos de ARN con presumiblemente diferentes niveles de expresión dentro de todas las etapas de desarrollo de Lymnaea stagnalis. Para eliminar los embriones y larvas de sus cápsulas que probó una variedad de productos químicos, choque osmótico y tratamientos físicos reportados para otro encapsulated- el desarrollo de organismos modelo. Sin embargo, en nuestras manos el método que describimos aquí es la única técnica de alto rendimiento...

Los moluscos son un grupo de animales que mantienen el interés de una amplia diversidad de disciplinas científicas. A pesar de su diversidad morfológica 1, la riqueza de especies (en segundo lugar solamente a los artrópodos en términos de número de especies 2) y relevancia para una amplia gama de comerciales 3, 4 médicos y científicos cuestiones 5-8, hay relativamente pocas especies de moluscos que puede presumir de ser ambos modelos científicos bien equipados y fácil de mantener en un entorno de laboratorio. Uno de moluscos que se utiliza mucho por disciplinas como la neurobiología 9, 10 ecotoxicología y más recientemente la biología evolutiva 11,12, es Lymnaea stagnalis, sobre todo debido a su amplia distribución y la extrema facilidad de mantenimiento. A pesar de su popularidad como un organismo &quot;modelo&quot; y su larga historia de uso por los biólogos del desarrollo 13-19, el alcance y la potencia de las herramientas moleculares disponibles para el L. StAGNalis comunidad científica se encuentra muy por detrás de la de los modelos más tradicionales de origen animal (Drosophila, el ratón, el erizo de mar, nematodos). Nuestro deseo de desarrollar Lymnaea como un modelo molecular se debe a un interés en los mecanismos moleculares que guían la formación de la cáscara. Esto nos ha motivado para filtrar un conjunto de técnicas que permitan la visualización eficiente, consistente y sensible de la expresión génica durante el desarrollo de Lymnaea &#39;s. Todo el montaje hibridación in situ (WMISH) se emplea extensamente para una variedad de organismos modelo y ha estado en uso durante más de 40 años 20. En sus diferentes aspectos, ISH puede emplearse para localizar espacialmente loci específicos en los cromosomas, rRNA, mRNA y micro-ARN. Uno de los retos que se necesita para responder antes de perfeccionar un método para L. WMISH stagnalis fue el tema de la extracción con suavidad y eficacia embriones y larvas para distintas etapas de tél cápsulas de huevos en los que se depositan. Esta extracción, o &#39;decapsulación&#39;, que se debe lograr de manera eficiente con el fin de recoger el material adecuado para un determinado experimento in situ, mientras que al mismo tiempo mantener la integridad morfológica y celular. Mientras que otros organismos modelo también se someten a desarrollo encapsulado, en nuestras manos ninguno de los métodos informados para aquellas especies podría emplear con éxito en L. stagnalis. Los objetivos generales de este método son, por lo tanto: para extraer L. stagnalis embriones y larvas de sus cápsulas en una forma de alto rendimiento, que se aplican tratamientos de pre-hibridación que optimizan la señal WMISH, para preparar embriones y larvas con WMISHsignals satisfactorios para la formación de imágenes.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Featherweight forceps</td><td>Ehlert &amp;amp; Partner</td><td>#4181119</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Silicon tubing</td><td>Glasger&amp;auml;tebau OCHS GmbH</td><td>760070</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glass capillaries</td><td>Hilgenberg</td><td>1403547</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>12 well tissue culture dishes</td><td>Carl Roth</td><td>CE55.1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>37% Formaldehyde</td><td>Carl Roth</td><td>P733.1</td><td>CAUTION - May cause cancer. Toxic by inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed. Toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects through inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed.</td></tr><tr><td>Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid</td><td>Carl Roth</td><td>CN06.3</td><td>CAUTION - CAUSES EYE IRRITATION. MAY CAUSE RESPIRATORY TRACT AND SKIN IRRITATION. Avoid breathing dust. Avoid contact with eyes, skin and clothing. Use only with adequate ventilation</td></tr><tr><td>Magnesium Chloride</td><td>Carl Roth</td><td>2189.1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tween-20</td><td>Carl Roth</td><td>9127.1</td><td>CAUTION - May be harmful if inhaled. May cause respiratory tract irritation. May be harmful if absorbed through skin. May cause skin irritation. May cause eye irritation. May be harmful if swallowed.</td></tr><tr><td>Sodium Chloride</td><td>Carl Roth</td><td>3957.1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ficoll type 400</td><td>Carl Roth</td><td>CN90.1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>polyvinylpyrrolidone K30 (MW 40)</td><td>Carl Roth</td><td>4607.1</td><td>CAUTION - May be harmful if inhaled. May cause respiratory tract irritation. May be harmful if absorbed through skin. May cause skin irritation. May cause eye irritation. May be harmful if swallowed.</td></tr><tr><td>Nuclease freeBovine Serum Albumin</td><td>Carl Roth</td><td>8895.1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Salmon sperm</td><td>Carl Roth</td><td>5434.2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Heparin</td><td>Carl Roth</td><td>7692.1</td><td>CAUTION - ADVERSE EFFECTS INCLUDE HEMORRHAGE, LOCAL IRRITATION. POSSIBLE ALLERGIC REACTION IF INHALED, INGESTED/CONTACTED. EYES/SKIN/RESPIRATORY TRACT IRRITANT. POSSIBLE HYPERSENSITIZATION. DURING PREGNANCY HAS BEEN REPORTED TO INCREASE RISK OF STILLBIRTH</td></tr><tr><td>Proteinase-K</td><td>Carl Roth</td><td>7528.1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glycine</td><td>Carl Roth</td><td>3790.2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Deionised formamide</td><td>Carl Roth</td><td>P040.1</td><td>CAUTION - Irritating to eyes and skin. May be harmful by inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed. May cause harm to the unborn child. Hygroscopic.</td></tr><tr><td>Standard formamide</td><td>Carl Roth</td><td>6749.3</td><td>CAUTION - Irritating to eyes and skin. May be harmful by inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed. May cause harm to the unborn child. Hygroscopic.</td></tr><tr><td>Triethanolamine</td><td>Carl Roth</td><td>6300.1</td><td>CAUTION - Avoid breathing vapor or mist. Avoid contact with eyes. Avoid prolonged or repeated contact with skin. Wash thoroughly after handling.</td></tr><tr><td>Acetic anhydride</td><td>Carl Roth</td><td>4483.1</td><td>CAUTION - CAUSES SEVERE SKIN AND EYE BURNS. REACTS VIOLENTLY WITH WATER. HARMFUL IF SWALLOWED. VAPOR IRRITATING TO THE EYES AND RESPIRATORY TRACT</td></tr><tr><td>Maleic acid</td><td>Carl Roth</td><td>K304.2</td><td>CAUTION - Very hazardous in case of eye contact (irritant), of ingestion, . Hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant), of inhalation (lung irritant). Slightly hazardous in case of skin contact (permeator). Corrosive to eyes and skin.</td></tr><tr><td>Benzyl benzoate</td><td>Sigma</td><td>B6630-250ML</td><td>CAUTION - May be harmful if inhaled. May cause respiratory tract irritation. May be harmful if absorbed through skin. May cause skin irritation. May cause eye irritation. Harmful if swallowed.</td></tr><tr><td>Benzyl alcohol</td><td>Sigma</td><td>10,800-6</td><td>CAUTION - Harmful if swallowed. Harmful if inhaled. Causes serious eye irritation.</td></tr><tr><td>Glycerol</td><td>Carl Roth</td><td>3783.1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Blocking powder</td><td>Roche</td><td>11096176001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Anti DIG Fab fragments AP conjugated</td><td>Roche</td><td>11093274910</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tris-HCl</td><td>Carl Roth</td><td>9090.3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>4-Nitro blue tetrazolium chloride in dimethylformamide&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Carl Roth</td><td>4421.3</td><td>CAUTION - May cause harm to the unborn child. Harmful by inhalation and in contact with skin. Irritating to eyes.</td></tr><tr><td>5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-phosphate</td><td>Carl Roth</td><td>A155.3</td><td>CAUTION - Potentially harmful if ingested. Do not get on skin, in eyes, or on clothing. Potential skin and eye irritant.&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>N-acetyl cysteine</td><td>Carl Roth</td><td>4126.1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dithiothreitol</td><td>Carl Roth</td><td>6908.1</td><td>CAUTION - May cause eye and skin irritation. May cause respiratory and digestive tract irritation. The toxicological properties of this material have not been fully investigated.</td></tr><tr><td>Tergitol</td><td>Sigma</td><td>NP40S</td><td>CAUTION - May be harmful if inhaled. May cause respiratory tract irritation. May be harmful if absorbed through skin. May cause skin irritation. May cause eye irritation. May be harmful if swallowed.</td></tr><tr><td>Sodium dodecyl sulphate</td><td>Carl Roth</td><td>CN30.3</td><td>CAUTION - Harmful if swallowed. Toxic in contact with skin. Causes skin irritation. Causes serious eye damage. May cause respiratory irritation.</td></tr><tr><td>Potassium Chloride</td><td>Carl Roth</td><td>6781.1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>di-Sodium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate (Na&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;HPO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&amp;#8226;2H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O)</td><td>Carl Roth</td><td>4984.1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;PO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;)</td><td>Carl Roth</td><td>3904.1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tri sodium citrate dihydrate (C&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;Na&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;7&lt;/sub&gt;&amp;#8226;2H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O)</td><td>Carl Roth</td><td>3580.1</td><td>CAUTION - May cause eye, skin, and respiratory tract irritation. The toxicological properties of this material have not been fully investigated.</td></tr><tr><td>Mineral oil&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Carl Roth</td><td>HP50.2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>InSituPro-Vsi&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Intavis</td><td></td><td>www.intavis.de/products/automated-ish-and-ihc</td></tr></tbody></table>

a whole mount in situ hybridization method for the gastropod mollusc lymnaea stagnalis

Todo el montaje hibridación in situ (WMISH) es una técnica que permite la resolución espacial de las moléculas de ácido nucleico (a menudo ARNm) dentro de una preparación de tejido &quot;todo monte &#39;, o etapa de desarrollo (tal como un embrión o larva) de interés. WMISH es extremadamente potente, ya que puede contribuir de manera significativa a la caracterización funcional de los metazoos genomas complejos, un reto que se está convirtiendo en un cuello de botella con el diluvio de datos de secuencias de próxima generación. A pesar de la simplicidad conceptual de la técnica mucho tiempo es a menudo necesaria para optimizar los distintos parámetros inherentes a los experimentos WMISH para nuevos sistemas de modelo; diferencias sutiles en las propiedades celulares y bioquímicas entre tipos de tejidos y etapas del desarrollo significa que un único método WMISH puede no ser apropiada para todas las situaciones. Hemos desarrollado una serie de métodos para WMISH las reemergentes modelo gasterópodo Lymnaea stagnalis que generan consistente yseñales WMISH claras para una gama de genes, y en todas las etapas de desarrollo. Estos métodos incluyen la asignación de las larvas de la edad cronológica desconocido a una ventana ontogénica, la eliminación eficiente de los embriones y larvas de sus cápsulas de huevos, la aplicación de un tratamiento de proteinasa-K apropiado para cada ventana ontogénica, y la hibridación, después de la hibridación y la inmunodetección pasos. Estos métodos proporcionan un fundamento a partir del cual la señal resultante de una transcripción de ARN dada puede ser refinado con ajustes específicos de la sonda (sonda principalmente la concentración y la temperatura de hibridación).

Los patrones de tinción WMISH representativo mostrado en la Figura 3 se generaron utilizando la técnica descrita anteriormente, y reflejan una variedad de patrones de expresión espacial de genes implicados en una serie de procesos moleculares que varían de formación de la cáscara (gen Novel 1, 2, 3 y 4), a la señalización célula-célula (Dpp) para regulación de la transcripción (Brachyury) a través de una gama de etapas de ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Whole Mount In Situ Hybridization Method for the Gastropod Mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis at JoVE.com

A Whole Mount In Situ Hybridization Method for the Gastropod Mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis

A todo el montaje<em&gt; In Situ</em&gt; Método de hibridación para el molusco gasterópodo<em&gt; Lymnaea stagnalis</em

The goal of this protocol is to provide users with a set of methods for the high-throughput decapsulation of Lymnaea stagnalis embryos and larvae in preparation for whole mount in situ hybridization, and for subsequent pre- and post-hybridization treatments.

Whole mount in situ hybridization (WMISH) is a technique that allows for the spatial resolution of nucleic acid molecules (often mRNAs) within a ...

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A Whole Mount In Situ Hybridization Method for the Gastropod Mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis

8.8K vistas.  Georg-August University of Göttingen. The goal of this protocol is to provide users with a set of methods for the high-throughput decapsulation of Lymnaea stagnalis embryos and larvae in preparation for whole mount in situ hybridization, and for subsequent pre- and post-hybridization treatments.

Video: A Whole Mount In Situ Hybridization Method for the Gastropod Mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis

A Noninvasive Method For In situ Determination of Mating Success in Female American Lobsters (Homarus americanus)

Despite being one of the most productive fisheries in the Northwest Atlantic, much remains unknown about the natural reproductive dynamics of American lobsters. Recent work in exploited crustacean populations (crabs and lobsters) suggests that there are circumstances where mature females are unable to achieve their full reproductive potential due to sperm limitation. To examine this possibility in different regions of the American lobster fishery, a reliable and noninvasive method was developed for sampling large numbers of female lobsters at sea. This method involves inserting a blunt-tipped needle into the female&#39;s seminal receptacle to determine the presence or absence of a sperm plug and to withdraw a sample that can be examined for the presence of sperm. A series of control studies were conducted at the dock and in the laboratory to test the reliability of this technique. These efforts entailed sampling 294 female lobsters to confirm that the presence of a sperm plug was a reliable indicator of sperm within the receptacle and thus, mating. This paper details the methodology and the results obtained from a subset of the total females sampled. Of the 230 female lobsters sampled from George&#39;s Bank and Cape Ann, MA (size range = 71-145 mm in carapace length), 90.3% were positive for sperm. Potential explanations for the absence of sperm in some females include: immaturity (lack of physiological maturity), breakdown of the sperm plug after being used to fertilize a clutch of eggs, and lack of mating activity. The surveys indicate that this technique for examining the mating success of female lobsters is a reliable proxy that can be used in the field to document reproductive activity in natural populations.

A Noninvasive Method For In situ Determination of Mating Success in Female American Lobsters Homarus americanus

Fishery-induced changes to exploited crustacean fisheries, such as the American lobster fishery, could potentially influence their reproductive dynamics, leading to a reduction in mating success. This study&#39;s goal was to develop a noninvasive method for ascertaining the mating success of female lobsters that may be physiologically or functionally mature.

Un método no invasivo para<em&gt; In situ</em&gt; Determinación de Éxito de apareamiento en americano femenino Langostas (<em&gt; Homarus americanus</em&gt;)

Despite being one of the most productive fisheries in the Northwest Atlantic, much remains unknown about the natural reproductive dynamics of American ...

Investigación

Medio ambiente

Visualization of Microbiota in Tick Guts by Whole-mount In Situ Hybridization

Infectious diseases transmitted by arthropod vectors continue to pose a significant threat to human health worldwide. The pathogens causing these diseases, do not exist in isolation when they colonize the vector; rather, they likely engage in interactions with resident microorganisms in the gut lumen. The vector microbiota has been demonstrated to play an important role in pathogen transmission for several vector-borne diseases. Whether resident bacteria in the gut of the Ixodes scapularis tick, the vector of several human pathogens including Borrelia burgdorferi, influence tick transmission of pathogens is not determined. We require methods for characterizing the composition of the bacteria associated with the tick gut to facilitate a better understanding of potential interspecies interactions in the tick gut. Using whole-mount in situ hybridization to visualize RNA transcripts associated with particular bacterial species allows for the collection of qualitative data regarding the abundance and distribution of the microbiota in intact tissue. This technique can be used to examine changes in the gut microbiota milieu over the course of tick feeding and can also be applied to analyze expression of tick genes. Staining of whole tick guts yield information about the gross spatial distribution of target RNA in the tissue without the need for three-dimensional reconstruction and is less affected by environmental contamination, which often confounds the sequencing-based methods frequently used to study complex microbial communities. Overall, this technique is a valuable tool that can be used to better understand vector-pathogen-microbiota interactions and their role in disease transmission.

Visualization of Microbiota in Tick Guts by Whole-mount In Situ Hybridization

Here, we present a protocol to spatially and temporally assess the presence of viable microbiota in tick guts using a modified whole-mount in situ hybridization approach.

Visualización de la Microbiota en agallas de garrapata por Whole-mount In Situ hibridación

Infectious diseases transmitted by arthropod vectors continue to pose a significant threat to human health worldwide. The pathogens causing these ...

Genética

Locked Nucleic Acid Flow Cytometry-fluorescence in situ Hybridization (LNA flow-FISH): a Method for Bacterial Small RNA Detection

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is a powerful technique that is used to detect and localize specific nucleic acid sequences in the cellular environment. In order to increase throughput, FISH can be combined with flow cytometry (flow-FISH) to enable the detection of targeted nucleic acid sequences in thousands of individual cells. As a result, flow-FISH offers a distinct advantage over lysate/ensemble-based nucleic acid detection methods because each cell is treated as an independent observation, thereby permitting stronger statistical and variance analyses. These attributes have prompted the use of FISH and flow-FISH methods in a number of different applications and the utility of these methods has been successfully demonstrated in telomere length determination1,2, cellular identification and gene expression3,4, monitoring viral multiplication in infected cells5, and bacterial community analysis and enumeration6.
Traditionally, the specificity of FISH and flow-FISH methods has been imparted by DNA oligonucleotide probes. Recently however, the replacement of DNA oligonucleotide probes with nucleic acid analogs as FISH and flow-FISH probes has increased both the sensitivity and specificity of each technique due to the higher melting temperatures (Tm) of these analogs for natural nucleic acids7,8. Locked nucleic acid (LNA) probes are a type of nucleic acid analog that contain LNA nucleotides spiked throughout a DNA or RNA sequence9,10. When coupled with flow-FISH, LNA probes have previously been shown to outperform conventional DNA probes7,11 and have been successfully used to detect eukaryotic mRNA12 and viral RNA in mammalian cells5.
Here we expand this capability and describe a LNA flow-FISH method which permits the specific detection of RNA in bacterial cells (Figure 1). Specifically, we are interested in the detection of small non-coding regulatory RNA (sRNA) which have garnered considerable interest in the past few years as they have been found to serve as key regulatory elements in many critical cellular processes13. However, there are limited tools to study sRNAs and the challenges of detecting sRNA in bacterial cells is due in part to the relatively small size (typically 50-300 nucleotides in length) and low abundance of sRNA molecules as well as the general difficulty in working with smaller biological cells with varying cellular membranes. In this method, we describe fixation and permeabilzation conditions that preserve the structure of bacterial cells and permit the penetration of LNA probes as well as signal amplification steps which enable the specific detection of low abundance sRNA (Figure 2).

Locked Nucleic Acid Flow Cytometry-fluorescence in situ Hybridization LNA flow-FISH: a Method for Bacterial Small RNA Detection

A novel high-throughput method is described that enables the detection and relative quantitation of small RNA and mRNA expression from single bacterial cells using locked nucleic acid probes and flow cytometry-fluorescence in situ hybridization.

Flujo de ácido nucleico cerrado Citometría de fluorescencia In situ</emHibridación> (LNA flujo-FISH): un método para la detección de bacterias pequeñas de ARN

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is a powerful technique that is used to detect and localize specific nucleic acid sequences in the cellular ...

Inmunología e Infección

Wholemount In Situ Hybridization for Astyanax Embryos

In recent years, a draft genome for the blind Mexican cavefish (Astyanax mexicanus) has been released, revealing the sequence identities for thousands of genes. Prior research into this emerging model system capitalized on comprehensive genome-wide investigations that have identified numerous quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with various cave-associated phenotypes. However, the ability to connect genes of interest to the heritable basis for phenotypic change remains a significant challenge. One technique that can facilitate deeper understanding of the role of development in troglomorphic evolution is whole-mount in situ hybridization. This technique can be implemented to directly compare gene expression between cave- and surface-dwelling forms, nominate candidate genes underlying established QTL, identify genes of interest from next-generation sequencing studies, or develop other discovery-based approaches. In this report, we present a simple protocol, supported by a flexible checklist, that can be widely adapted for use well beyond the presented study system. It is hoped that this protocol can serve as a broad resource for the Astyanax community and beyond.

Wholemount In Situ Hybridization for Astyanax Embryos

This protocol enables visualization of gene expression in embryonic Astyanax cavefish. This approach has been developed with the goal of maximizing gene expression signal, while minimizing non-specific background staining.

Wholemount hibridación In Situ de embriones de Astyanax

In recent years, a draft genome for the blind Mexican cavefish (Astyanax mexicanus) has been released, revealing the sequence identities for thousands of ...

Biología del Desarrollo

Whole Mount in Situ Hybridization of E8.5 to E11.5 Mouse Embryos

Whole mount in situ hybridization is a very informative approach for defining gene expression patterns in embryos. The in situ hybridization procedures are lengthy and technically demanding with multiple important steps that collectively contribute to the quality of the final result. This protocol describes in detail several key quality control steps for optimizing probe labeling and performance. Overall, our protocol provides a detailed description of the critical steps necessary to reproducibly obtain high quality results. First, we describe the generation of digoxygenin (DIG) labeled RNA probes via in vitro transcription of DNA templates generated by PCR. We describe three critical quality control assays to determine the amount, integrity and specific activity of the DIG-labeled probes. These steps are important for generating a probe of sufficient sensitivity to detect endogenous mRNAs in a whole mouse embryo. In addition, we describe methods for the fixation and storage of E8.5-E11.5 day old mouse embryos for in situ hybridization. Then, we describe detailed methods for limited proteinase K digestion of the rehydrated embryos followed by the details of the hybridization conditions, post-hybridization washes and RNase treatment to remove non-specific probe hybridization. An AP-conjugated antibody is used to visualize the labeled probe and reveal the expression pattern of the endogenous transcript. Representative results are shown from successful experiments and typical suboptimal experiments.

Whole Mount in Situ Hybridization of E8.5 to E11.5 Mouse Embryos

This whole mount in situ hybridization protocol discusses critical steps that ensure reproducible high quality results for gene expression studies in E8.5-E11.5 day old mouse embryos.

Todo el monte In Situ La hibridación de E8.5 a E11.5 embriones de ratón

Whole mount in situ hybridization is a very informative approach for defining gene expression patterns in embryos. The in situ hybridization procedures ...

Biología

A High Throughput in situ Hybridization Method to Characterize mRNA Expression Patterns in the Fetal Mouse Lower Urogenital Tract

Development of the lower urogenital tract (LUT) is an intricate process. This complexity is evidenced during formation of the prostate from the fetal male urethra, which relies on androgenic signals and epithelial-mesenchymal interactions1,2. Understanding the molecular mechanisms responsible for prostate development may reveal growth mechanisms that are inappropriately reawakened later in life to give rise to prostate diseases such as benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer.
The developing LUT is anatomically complex. By the time prostatic budding begins on 16.5 days post conception (dpc), numerous cell types are present. Vasculature, nerves and smooth muscle reside within the mesenchymal stroma3. This stroma surrounds a multilayered epithelium and gives rise to the fetal prostate through androgen receptor-dependent paracrine signals4. The identity of the stromal androgen receptor-responsive genes required for prostate development and the mechanism by which prostate ductal epithelium forms in response to these genes is not fully understood. The ability to precisely identify cell types and localize expression of specific factors within them is imperative to further understand prostate development. In situ hybridization (ISH) allows for localization of mRNAs within a tissue. Thus, this method can be used to identify pattern and timing of expression of signaling molecules and their receptors, thereby elucidating potential prostate developmental regulators.
Here, we describe a high throughput ISH technique to identify mRNA expression patterns in the fetal mouse LUT using vibrating microtome-cut sections. This method offers several advantages over other ISH protocols. Performing ISH on thin sections adhered to a slide is technically difficult; cryosections frequently have poor structural quality while both cryosections and paraffin sections often result in weak signal resolution. Performing ISH on whole mount tissues can result in probe trapping. In contrast, our high throughput technique utilizes thick-cut sections that reveal detailed tissue architecture. Modified microfuge tubes allow easy handling of sections during the ISH procedure. A maximum of 4 mRNA transcripts can be screened from a single 17.5dpc LUT with up to 24 mRNA transcripts detected in a single run, thereby reducing cost and maximizing efficiency. This method allows multiple treatment groups to be processed identically and as a single unit, thereby removing any bias for interpreting data. Most pertinently for prostate researchers, this method provides a spatial and temporal location of low and high abundance mRNA transcripts in the fetal mouse urethra that gives rise to the prostate ductal network.

A High Throughput in situ Hybridization Method to Characterize mRNA Expression Patterns in the Fetal Mouse Lower Urogenital Tract

Here, we describe an efficient high throughput in situ hybridization (ISH) method for visualizing patterns of mRNA expression in developing fetal mouse prostate tissue sections. The method can be easily adapted to visualize mRNA expression patterns in other mouse tissues or in tissues from other species.

Un alto rendimiento In situ Método de hibridación para caracterizar los patrones de expresión de ARNm en el ratón Fetal del tracto urogenital inferior

Development of the lower urogenital tract (LUT) is an intricate process. This complexity is evidenced during formation of the prostate from the fetal male ...

RNA In situ Hybridization in Whole Mount Embryos and Cell Histology Adapted for Marine Elasmobranchs

Marine elasmobranchs are valued animal models for biomedical and genomic studies as they are the most primitive vertebrates to have adaptive immunity and have unique mechanisms for osmoregulation 1-3. As the most primitive living jawed-vertebrates with paired appendages, elasmobranchs are an evolutionarily important model, especially for studies in evolution and development. Marine elasmobranchs have also been used to study aquatic toxicology and stress physiology in relationship to climate change 4. Thus, development and adaptation of methodologies is needed to facilitate and expand the use of these primitive vertebrates to multiple biological disciplines. Here I present the successful adaptation of RNA whole mount in situ hybridization and histological techniques to study gene expression and cell histology in elasmobranchs.
Monitoring gene expression is a hallmark tool of developmental biologists, and is widely used to investigate developmental processes 5. RNA whole mount in situ hybridization allows for the visualization and localization of specific gene transcripts in tissues of the developing embryo. The expression pattern of a gene's message can provide insight into what developmental processes and cell fate decisions a gene may control. By comparing the expression pattern of a gene at different developmental stages, insight can be gained into how the role of a gene changes during development.
While whole mount in situ's provides a means to localize gene expression to tissue, histological techniques allow for the identification of differentiated cell types and tissues. Histological stains have varied functions. General stains are used to highlight cell morphology, for example hematoxylin and eosin for general staining of nuclei and cytoplasm, respectively. Other stains can highlight specific cell types. For example, the alcian blue stain reported in this paper is a widely used cationic stain to identify mucosaccharides. Staining of the digestive tract with alcian blue can identify the distribution of goblet cells that produce mucosaccharides. Variations in mucosaccharide constituents on short peptides distinguish goblet cells by function within the digestive tract 6. By using RNA whole mount in situ's and histochemical methods concurrently, cell fate decisions can be linked to gene-specific expression.
Although RNA in situ's and histochemistry are widely used by researchers, their adaptation and use in marine elasmobranchs have met limited and varied success. Here I present protocols developed for elasmobranchs and used on a regular basis in my laboratory. Although further modification of the RNA in situ's hybridization method may be needed to adapt to different species, the protocols described here provide a strong starting point for researchers wanting to adapt the use of marine elasmobranchs to their scientific inquiries.

RNA In situ Hybridization in Whole Mount Embryos and Cell Histology Adapted for Marine Elasmobranchs

By combining methods for RNA whole mount in situ hybridization and histology, gene expression can be linked with cell fate decisions in the developing embryo. These methods have been adapted to marine elasmobranchs and facilitate the use of these animals as model organisms for biomedical, toxicology and comparative studies.

ARN<em&gt; In situ</emHibridación&gt; Los embriones en todo el montaje y la histología de células Adaptado para elasmobranquios marinos

Marine  elasmobranchs are valued animal models for biomedical and genomic studies as  they are the most primitive vertebrates to have adaptive immunity ...

Effect of Male Accessory Gland Products on Egg Laying in Gastropod Molluscs

In internally fertilizing animals, seminal fluid is usually added to the spermatozoa, together forming the semen or ejaculate. Besides nourishing and activating sperm, the components in the seminal fluid can also influence female physiology to augment fertilization success of the sperm donor. While many studies have reported such effects in species with separate sexes, few studies have addressed this in simultaneously hermaphroditic animals. This video protocol presents a method to study effects of seminal fluid in gastropods, using a simultaneously hermaphroditic freshwater snail, the great pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis, as model organism. While the procedure is shown using complete prostate gland extracts, individual components (i.e., proteins, peptides, and other compounds) of the seminal fluid can be tested in the same way. Effects of the receipt of ejaculate components on egg laying can be quantified in terms of frequency of egg laying and more subtle estimates of female reproductive performance such as egg numbers within each egg masses. Results show that seminal fluid proteins affect female reproductive output in this simultaneous hermaphrodite, highlighting their importance for sexual selection.

This video protocol demonstrates a method to study effects of seminal fluid in gastropods, using the hermaphroditic freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis.

Efecto de la Mujer Accesorios Glándula productos en la puesta de huevos en gasterópodos

In internally fertilizing animals, seminal fluid is usually added to the spermatozoa, together forming the semen or ejaculate. Besides nourishing and ...

In situ Hybridization for Sipunculus nudus Coelomic Fluid

In situ hybridization (ISH) is a very informative technique to present cellular distribution patterns of specific genes (e.g., mRNA and ncRNA) in tissues. The sipunculid worm Sipunculus nudus is a crucial fishery resource as it has high nutritional and medicinal values. Currently, the research on the molecular biology of Sipunculus nudus is still in its infancy. The purpose of this article is to develop a sensitive method for localizing specific mRNA in Sipunculus nudus coelomic fluid. The protocol includes detailed steps of ISH, including digoxigenin-labeled antisense and sense riboprobe preparation, coelomic fluid collection and section preparation, specific riboprobe hybridization, antibody incubation, coloration and post-coloration treatments. The representative results obtained from a successful experiment using this method are demonstrated. The protocol should be applicable to other Sipuncula species as well.

In situ Hybridization for Sipunculus nudus Coelomic Fluid

This protocol describes an effective in situ hybridization approach to detect the mRNA expression levels and spatial patterns of target genes in Sipunculus nudus coelomic fluid.

Hibridación in situ para Sipunculus nudus Coelomic Fluid

In situ hybridization (ISH) is a very informative technique to present cellular distribution patterns of specific genes (e.g., mRNA and ncRNA) in tissues. ...

Two-layered Membrane Sandwich Method for Laodelphax striatellus Saliva Collection

Rice stripe virus (RSV), which causes significant economic loss of agriculture in East Asia, entirely depends on insect vectors for its effective transmission among host rice. Laodelphax striatellus (small brown planthopper, SBPH) is the primary insect vector that horizontally transmits RSV while sucking sap from the phloem. Saliva plays a significant role in insects' feeding behavior. A convenient method that will be useful for research on insects' saliva with piercing-sucking feeding behavior is described here. In this method, insects were allowed to feed on an artificial diet sandwiched between two stretched paraffin film layers. The diet containing the saliva was collected each day, filtered, and concentrated for further analysis. Finally, the quality of collected saliva was examined by protein staining and immunoblotting. This method was exemplified by detecting the presence of RSV and a mucin-like protein in the saliva of SBPH. These artificial feeding and saliva collection method will lay a foundation for further research on factors in insect saliva related to feeding behavior and virus transmission.

Two-layered Membrane Sandwich Method for Laodelphax striatellus Saliva Collection

The present protocol describes a method to collect sufficient saliva from piercing-sucking insects using an artificial medium. This is a convenient method for collecting insect saliva and studying salivary function on insect feeding behavior and vector-borne virus transmission.

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