Este trabajo fue apoyado por un investigador de Nueva Concesión [2014R1A1A1005553] de la Fundación Nacional de Investigación de Corea (NRF) para JIL; y la Universidad de Yonsei líder futuro desafío de Grant [2015-22-0133] para JIL

1. Preparar soluciones para NGT-3D y 3D-NGB <ol><li> Preparar las siguientes soluciones estériles: 1 L de solución 0,1454 M de NaCl, 1 L de 1 M CaCl 2, 1 L de 1 M MgSO 4, Lisogenia Broth (LB), 1 L de 1 M KPO 4 tampón (108,3 g de KH 2 PO 4 y 35,6 g de K 2 HPO 4, y llenar H2O hasta 1 l). La producción de NGM el uso de estas soluciones se pueden encontrar en un protocolo anterior 10. </li><li> soluciones autoclave a 121 ° C, 15 min. </li><li> Preparar 50 ml de una solución estéril 5 mg / ml de colesterol. En un tubo cónico de 50 ml, mezclar 0,25 g de colesterol y 50 ml de 99,99% de etanol y se mezcla bien. No esterilizar en autoclave. Esterilizar la solución colesterol usando una jeringa de 50 ml con un filtro de jeringa de 0,45 micras. También se eliminará cualquier colesterol no disuelto. </li><li> (Opcional) Preparar 10 ml de una 150 mM de 2&#39;-desoxi-5-fluorouridina (FUdR) stock. En un tubo cónico de 15 ml, mezclar 0,3693 gde FUdR y 10 ml de agua destilada. Agitar bien. </li></ol> 2. Preparar Cultura de las bacterias para NGT-3D y 3D-NGB <ol><li> Inocular 10 ml de caldo LB con bacterias. Las bacterias habituales utilizados para la alimentación de C. elegans es E. coli cepa OP50. </li><li> Cultura de la inoculación de bacterias a 37 ° C en una incubadora con agitación durante la noche. </li><li> En la preparación para una dilución en serie, alícuotas 9 ml de la solución de NaCl en 15 ml tubos cónicos estériles. Por ejemplo, parte alícuota de 9 ml en un total de 7 tubos para hacer una dilución 10 -7 de la cepa OP50 E. coli. </li><li> Usando una pipeta estéril 1,000 l, pipetear 1 ml de cultivo bacteriano o un cultivo bacteriano diluido en el nuevo tubo estéril con 9 ml de solución de NaCl y agitar bien la mezcla de 10 ml. Repita hasta que se alcanza la dilución bacteriana deseada. NOTA: La dilución bacteriana deseada depende del tipo y condición de bacterias, así como las condiciones experimentales exactas.Por ejemplo, un 10 -6 - dilución de la cepa de E. coli OP50 10 -8 era suficiente para producir a partir de 1 - 200 colonias por 6,5 ml tubo NGT-3D. Worms fiable desarrollan y se reproducen normalmente cuando el número de colonias era más de 60, que se produjo a una dilución de 10 -6-10 -7. Para NGB-3D, utilizar una dilución de 10 -8. </li></ol> 3. Hacer NGT-3D y 3D-NGB (200 ml) <ol><li> Después de la preparación del cultivo bacteriano, la mezcla 0,6 g de NaCl, 1 g de agar granulado, y 0,5 g de peptona en un matraz de 500 ml. Insertar una barra de agitación magnética en el matraz. </li><li> Añadir 195 ml de agua destilada y cubrir la boca del matraz con papel de aluminio. </li><li> Autoclave 121 ° C durante 15 min. </li><li> Colocar el matraz en autoclave caliente sobre una placa de agitación, y se agita a una velocidad moderada durante al menos 2 horas. Se enfría el matraz a 40 ° C. Asegúrese de que se enfríe lo suficiente como para continuar de aquí a altas temperaturas puede dar lugar a pérdida de transparencia del agar acabado.Sin embargo, temperaturas más bajas pueden resultar en el endurecimiento prematuro de la agar. <ol><li> (Opcional) Para acelerar el proceso de enfriamiento, colocar el matraz en un baño de agua a 40 ° C 15 min antes de colocar sobre una placa de agitación. </li></ol></li><li> Cuando la temperatura de los medios de agar alcanza 40 ° C, añadir 200 l 1 M CaCl 2, 200 l de solución de colesterol 5 mg / ml, 200 l 1 M MgSO 4 y 5 ml 1 M KPO 4 tampón como la solución sigue agitar a concentraciones finales de 1 mM CaCl colesterol 2, 5 mg / ml, 1 mM MgSO 4, 1 mM KPO 4. <ol><li> (Opcional) Para el ensayo de vida útil NGT-3D añaden 80 l de FUdR 150 mM a una concentración final de 120 mM 12. </li></ol></li><li> Añadir 6 ml de los 10 ml de cultivo bacteriano diluido a partir del paso 2.4 en el matraz directamente. <ol><li> (Opcional) Para NGT-3D, retire 6 ml de medio de agar antes del paso 3.6 y mantenerlo caliente por separado. Este medio se utiliza para los libre de bacteriascapa superior. </li></ol></li><li> El uso de procedimientos estériles, prescindir de los medios de comunicación en una cámara de cultivo estéril. Asegúrese de que la cubierta de la cámara se cierra herméticamente. <ol><li> (Opcional) Para prevenir la formación de colonias de bacterias de la superficie superior de la agar, hacer una capa de libre de bacterias medios de agar de la etapa 3.6.1 en la parte superior antes de los medios de comunicación desde el paso 3.7 se endurece por completo. Esto creará una zona libre de bacterias en la parte superior de la NGT-3D. </li><li> Para NGT-3D, verter 6,5 ml de medio a los 8 ml tubos de ensayo de plástico transparente para hacer una capa de agar bacterias, y dispensar cuidadosamente 200 l de los medios de comunicación libre de bacterias en la parte superior de los medios de comunicación semi-endurecido 3D para hacer una fina bacterias- capa libre en la parte superior. </li><li> Para NGB-3D, verter 65 ml de medio a los 25 cm de botella de cultivo de células de plástico transparente 2. Esta cantidad debe llenar el cuerpo de la 25 cm botella de cultivo 2 celular. </li></ol></li><li> Deja cámaras verticalmente a temperatura ambiente durante una semana para permitir que las colonias bacterianas que crecena un tamaño considerable de al menos 1 mm de diámetro. <ol><li> (Opcional) Para el ensayo de vida útil en NGT-3D, cámaras de cubierta con papel de aluminio para evitar la degradación de la luz de FUdR. </li></ol></li></ol> 4. Medir la aptitud de la población de gusanos en NGT-3D (Cría relativa Ensayo de tamaño) <ol><li> Escoja un gusano de L4 etapa usando un alambre de platino recogida y traslado en una placa de NGM sin bacterias. Permitir que el gusano se mueva libremente alrededor de unos pocos minutos para eliminar bacterias adheridas a su cuerpo. </li><li> Repita el paso 4.1 y asegúrese de que el gusano está libre de bacterias. En general, dos repeticiones de 4.1 son suficientes. </li><li> Con cuidado, coloque el gusano limpia en la superficie de los medios de comunicación en 3D con un pico alambre de platino. El gusano, finalmente, debe entrar en el agar agar en la matriz 3D. </li><li> Cierre la tapa sin apretar que permite un poco de aire para entrar en el tubo, pero evitando el secado de los medios de agar. </li><li> Incubar durante 96 horas a 20 ° C. </li><li> Después de 4 días, cerrar las tapas firmemente y coloque lacámara de cultivo NGT-3D en un baño de agua a 88 ° para fundir el agar. El calor mata los gusanos pero sus cuerpos permanecen intactos. NOTA: El uso de tubos de 8 ml de NGT-3D, 20 - 30 min de incubación suele ser suficiente. </li><li> Usando una pipeta de vidrio, transferir los medios fundidos en un 9 cm placa petri de plástico. No se recomiendan pipetas de plástico, como los gusanos pueden a menudo se adhieren a ellos. </li><li> El uso de un microscopio de disección estéreo de transmisión, contar el número de gusanos en la L3, L4 y etapas adultas. No contar los gusanos que son L2 escenario y más joven, ya que las generaciones F1 y F2 se pueden confundir aquí. Por lo tanto, este ensayo es un ensayo de tamaño de la camada relativa en lugar de un total de ensayo tamaño de la camada. </li></ol> 5. Imagen y comportamiento de estos animales en el Registro NGB-3D <ol><li> Escoja un gusano de L4 etapa usando un alambre de platino recoger y eliminar las bacterias adheridas a la superficie mediante la transferencia a una placa de NGM sin bacterias y permitiendo que se mueva libremente durante unos minutos. </li><li> Repita el paso 5.1 para asegurarse de que el worm está libre de bacterias. </li><li> Colocar con cuidado el gusano limpio en el centro de la superficie de agar de la NGB-3D cerca del cuello de la botella con un pico alambre de platino. El gusano, finalmente, debe entrar en el agar agar en la matriz 3D. </li><li> Cierre la tapa sin apretar que permite un poco de aire para entrar en el tubo, al tiempo que evita el secado de los medios de agar. </li><li> Imagen o grabar el gusano bajo un microscopio de disección estéreo de transmisión. Ajuste el enfoque como el gusano se mueve a través de la matriz 3D. </li></ol>

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	<li>Corsi, A. K., Wightman, B., Chalfie, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Transparent+Window+into+Biology:+A+Primer+on+Caenorhabditis+elegans.">A Transparent Window into Biology: A Primer on Caenorhabditis elegans.</a> Genetics. 200 (2), 387-407 (2015).</li><li>Consortium, C. E. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genome+sequence+of+the+nematode+C.+elegans:+a+platform+for+investigating+biology.">Genome sequence of the nematode C. elegans: a platform for investigating biology.</a> Science. 282 (5396), 2012-2018 (1998).</li><li>Choi, J. I., Yoon, K. H., Kalichamy, S. S., Yoon, S. S., Lee, J. 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A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High+local+genetic+diversity+and+low+outcrossing+rate+in+Caenorhabditis+elegans+natural+populations.">High local genetic diversity and low outcrossing rate in Caenorhabditis elegans natural populations.</a> Curr Biol. 15 (13), 1176-1184 (2005).</li><li>Lee, T. Y., Yoon, K. H., Lee, J. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=NGT-3D:+a+simple+nematode+cultivation+system+to+study+Caenorhabditis+elegans+biology+in+3D.">NGT-3D: a simple nematode cultivation system to study Caenorhabditis elegans biology in 3D.</a> Biol Open. 5 (4), 529-534 (2016).</li><li>Lewis, J. A., Flemming, J. T., Epstein, H. F., Shakes, D. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Basic+Culture+Methods.">Basic Culture Methods.</a> Caenorhabditis elegans.: Modern Biological Analysis of an Organism. 48, 4-27 (1995).</li><li>Choi, S. Y., Yoon, K. H., Lee, J. I., Mitchell, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Violacein:+Properties+and+Production+of+a+Versatile+Bacterial+Pigment.">Violacein: Properties and Production of a Versatile Bacterial Pigment.</a> Biomed Res Int. , 465056 (2015).</li><li>Solis, G. M., Petrascheck, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measuring+Caenorhabditis+elegans+life+span+in+96+well+microtiter+plates.">Measuring Caenorhabditis elegans life span in 96 well microtiter plates.</a> J Vis Exp. 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The authors have nothing to disclose.

El cultivo de laboratorio de C. elegans usando las placas de medio de crecimiento de nematodos clásicos fue crucial para los cientos de descubrimientos importantes que la investigación en C. elegans ha proporcionado. A continuación, presentamos nuevos métodos para cultivar C. elegans en un entorno que refleja con mayor precisión sus hábitats naturales tridimensionales. Aunque otros métodos se han utilizado para observar C. elegans en 3D 13, este es el primer protocol...

The study of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans in the laboratory has led to seminal discoveries in the field of biology over the last five decades1. C. elegans was the first multicellular organism to have its genome sequenced in 19982, and it has been invaluable in understanding the contributions of individual genes to the development, physiology, and behavior of a whole organism. Scientists now are looking to further understand how these genes may contribute to the survival and reproductive fitness of organisms in their natural environments, asking questions about ecology and evolution at the genetic level3-5. 
C. elegans once again can provide an excellent system to answer these questions. However, little is known about C. elegans biology in natural nematode habitats, and there are no current methods to simulate controlled natural conditions of C. elegans in the laboratory. In the lab, C. elegans is cultivated on the surface of agar plates seeded with E. coli bacteria6. In nature, however, C. elegans and related nematodes can be found sparsely inhabiting soils throughout the globe, but they are specifically found thriving in rotting fruits and vegetative matter7,8. These three-dimensional (3D) complex environments are quite different from the simple 2D environments to which worms are exposed to in the laboratory. 
To begin to answer questions about the biology of nematodes in a more natural 3D setting, we have designed a 3D habitat for laboratory cultivation of nematodes we called Nematode Growth Tube 3D or NGT-3D for short9. The goal was to design a 3D growth system that allows for comparable growth, development, and fertility to the standard 2D Nematode Growth Media (NGM) plates10. This system supports the growth of bacteria and nematodes over their entire life cycles in 3D, allows worms to move and behave freely in three dimensions, and is easy and inexpensive to manufacture and employ. 
In the current study, we provide a step-by-step method to manufacture NGT-3D and evaluate worm development and fertility. In addition to assessing worm fitness in 3D, we sought to image, video, and assess worm behavior and physiology in 3D cultivation. Thus, in addition to NGT-3D, we present here an alternate method called Nematode Growth Bottle 3D or NGB-3D, for the microscopic imaging of C. elegans during 3D cultivation. This will be especially important for the study of known behaviors identified in 2D, and the identification of novel behaviors unique to 3D cultivation.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>LB broth, Miller (Luria-Bertani)</td>
			<td>Difco</td>
			<td>224620</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium chloride</td>
			<td>DAEJUNG</td>
			<td>7548-4400</td>
			<td>58.44 MW</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agar, Granulated</td>
			<td>Difco</td>
			<td>214530</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Peptone</td>
			<td>Bacto</td>
			<td>211677</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Calcium chloride, dihydrate</td>
			<td>Bio Basic</td>
			<td>CD0050</td>
			<td>2*H2O; 147.02 MW</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cholesterol</td>
			<td>Bio Basic</td>
			<td>CD0122</td>
			<td>386.67 MW</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethyl alcohol</td>
			<td>B&#38;J</td>
			<td>RP090-1</td>
			<td>99.99%; 46.07 MW</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnesium sulfate, anhydrous</td>
			<td>Bio Basic</td>
			<td>MN1988</td>
			<td>120.37 MW</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium phosphate, monobasic, anhydrous</td>
			<td>Bio Basic</td>
			<td>PB0445</td>
			<td>136.09 MW</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2&#39;-Deoxy-5-fluorouridine</td>
			<td>Tokyo Chemical Industry</td>
			<td>D2235</td>
			<td>246.19 MW</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium phosphate, dibasic, anhydrous</td>
			<td>Bio Basic</td>
			<td>PB0447</td>
			<td>174.18 MW</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Multi-Purpose Test Tubes</td>
			<td>Stockwell Scientific</td>
			<td>ST.8570</td>
			<td>8 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Test Tube Closures</td>
			<td>Stockwell Scientific</td>
			<td>ST.8575</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell Culture Flask</td>
			<td>SPL Lifescience</td>
			<td>70125</td>
			<td>25 cm^2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Research Stereo Microscope</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>SMZ18</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>High-Definition Color Camera Head</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>DS-Fi2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PC-Based Control Unit</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>DS-U3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NIS-Elements Basic Research, Microscope Imaging Software</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>MQS32000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

cultivation of caenorhabditis elegans in three dimensions in the laboratory

The use of genetic model organisms such as Caenorhabditis elegans has led to seminal discoveries in biology over the last five decades. Most of what we know about C. elegans is limited to laboratory cultivation of the nematodes that may not necessarily reflect the environments they normally inhabit in nature. Cultivation of C. elegans in a 3D habitat that is more similar to the 3D matrix that worms encounter in rotten fruits and vegetative compost in nature could reveal novel phenotypes and behaviors not observed in 2D. In addition, experiments in 3D can address how phenotypes we observe in 2D are relevant for the worm in nature. Here, a new method in which C. elegans grows and reproduces normally in three dimensions is presented. Cultivation of C. elegans in Nematode Growth Tube-3D (NGT-3D) can allow us to measure the reproductive fitness of C. elegans strains or different conditions in a 3D environment. We also present a novel method, termed Nematode Growth Bottle-3D (NGB-3D), to cultivate C. elegans in 3D for microscopic analysis. These methods allow scientists to study C. elegans biology in conditions that are more reflective of the environments they encounter in nature. These can help us to understand the overlying evolutionary relevance of the physiology and behavior of C. elegans we observe in the laboratory.

La construcción de NGT-3D es un protocolo simple y directo que resulta en un tubo de ensayo de agar-llena de pequeñas colonias bacterianas espaciados en todo el agar (Figura 1A). Los gusanos pueden moverse libremente a través de la matriz de agar, la búsqueda y el consumo de las colonias bacterianas. Para confirmar si C. elegans pueden reproducirse y crecer normalmente en NGT-3D, se comparó la fertilidad y el desarrollo de las larvas en 3D con placas están...

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Cultivation of Caenorhabditis elegans in Three Dimensions in the Laboratory

Se presenta un método sencillo de construir sistemas de cultivo de nematodos 3D llamados NGT-3D y NGB-3D. Éstos se pueden utilizar para estudiar la aptitud de los nematodos y los comportamientos en los hábitats que son más similares a los naturales Caenorhabditis elegans hábitats que las placas de cultivo estándar en 2D elegans C. laboratorio.

El cultivo de<em&gt; Caenorhabditis elegans</em&gt; En tres dimensiones en el Laboratorio

The use of genetic model organisms such as Caenorhabditis elegans has led to seminal discoveries in biology over the last five decades. Most of what we ...

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Cultivation of Caenorhabditis elegans in Three Dimensions in the Laboratory

17.7K vistas.  Yonsei University.  Se presenta un método sencillo de construir sistemas de cultivo de nematodos 3D llamados NGT-3D y NGB-3D. Éstos se pueden utilizar para estudiar la aptitud de los nematodos y los comportamientos en los hábitats que son más similares a los naturales Caenorhabditis elegans hábitats que las placas de cultivo estándar en 2D elegans C. laboratorio. 

Video: Cultivation of Caenorhabditis elegans in Three Dimensions in the Laboratory

Isolation and In vitro Activation of Caenorhabditis elegans Sperm

Males and hermaphrodites are the two naturally found sexual forms in the nematode C. elegans. The amoeboid sperm are produced by both males and hermaphrodites. In the earlier phase of gametogenesis, the germ cells of hermaphrodites differentiate into limited number of sperm - around 300 - and are stored in a small 'bag' called the spermatheca. Later on, hermaphrodites continually produce oocytes1. In contrast, males produce exclusively sperm throughout their adulthood. The males produce so much sperm that it accounts for &gt;50% of the total cells in a typical adult worm2. Therefore, isolating sperm from males is easier than from that of hermaphrodites.
Only a small proportion of males are naturally generated due to spontaneous non-disjunction of X chromosome3. Crossing hermaphrodites with males or more conveniently, the introduction of mutations to give rise to Him (High Incidence of Males) phenotype are some of strategies through which one can enrich the male population3.
Males can be easily distinguished from hermaphrodites by observing the tail morphology4. Hermaphrodite's tail is pointed, whereas male tail is rounded with mating structures.
Cutting the tail releases vast number of spermatids stored inside the male reproductive tract. Dissection is performed under a stereo microscope using 27 gauge needles. Since spermatids are not physically connected with any other cells, hydraulic pressure expels internal contents of male body, including spermatids2.
Males are directly dissected on a small drop of 'Sperm Medium'. Spermatids are sensitive to alteration in the pH. Hence, HEPES, a compound with good buffering capacity is used in sperm media. Glucose and other salts present in sperm media help maintain osmotic pressure to maintain the integrity of sperm.
Post-meiotic differentiation of spermatids into spermatozoa is termed spermiogenesis or sperm activation. Shakes5, and Nelson6 previously showed that round spermatids can be induced to differentiate into spermatozoa by adding various activating compounds including Pronase E. Here we demonstrate in vitro spermiogenesis of C. elegans spermatids using Pronase E.
Successful spermiogenesis is pre-requisite for fertility and hence the mutants defective in spermiogenesis are sterile. Hitherto several mutants have been shown to be defective specifically in spermiogenesis process7. Abnormality found during in vitro activation of novel Spe (Spermatogenesis defective) mutants would help us discover additional players participating in this event.

Isolation and In vitro Activation of Caenorhabditis elegans Sperm

A protocol for isolating and activating spermatids from male C. elegans is described here. Cutting the posterior end of male releases spermatids. The spermatids can be activated by addition of protease.

El aislamiento y la In vitro La activación de Caenorhabditis elegans El esperma

Males and hermaphrodites are the two naturally found sexual forms in the nematode C. elegans. The amoeboid sperm are produced by both males and ...

Investigación

Biología

Measuring Caenorhabditis elegans Life Span in 96 Well Microtiter Plates

Lifespan is a biological process regulated by several genetic pathways. One strategy to investigate the biology of aging is to study animals that harbor mutations in components of age-regulatory pathways. If these mutations perturb the function of the age-regulatory pathway and therefore alter the lifespan of the entire organism, they provide important mechanistic insights1-3.
Another strategy to investigate the regulation of lifespan is to use small molecules to perturb age-regulatory pathways. To date, a number of molecules are known to extend lifespan in various model organisms and are used as tools to study the biology of aging4-16. The number of molecules identified thus far is small compared to the genetic "toolset" that is available to study the biology of aging.
Caenorhabditis elegans is one of the principle models used to study aging because of its excellent genetics and short lifespan of three weeks. More recently, C.elegans has emerged as a model organism for phenotype based drug screens5,7,16-20 because of its small size and its ability to grow in microtiter plates.
Here we present an assay to measure C.elegans lifespan in 96 well microtiter plates. The assay was developed and successfully used to screen large libraries for molecules that extend C.elegans lifespan7. The reliability of the assay was evaluated in multiple tests: first, by measuring the lifespan of wild type animals grown at different temperatures; second, by measuring the lifespan of mutants with altered lifespans; third, by measuring changes in lifespan in response to different concentrations of the antidepressant Mirtazepine. Mirtazepine has previously been shown to extend lifespan in C.elegans7. The results of these tests show that the assay is able to replicate previous findings from other assays and is quantitative. The microtiter format also makes this lifespan assay compatible with automated liquid handling systems and allows integration into automated platforms.

Measuring Caenorhabditis elegans Life Span in 96 Well Microtiter Plates

In this protocol we present a method to measure Caenorhabditis elegans lifespan in 96 well microtiter plates.

Medición Caenorhabditis elegans Duración de la vida en 96 placas de microtitulación Bueno

Lifespan is a biological process regulated by several genetic pathways. One strategy to investigate the biology of aging is to study animals that harbor ...

Time-lapse Microscopy of Early Embryogenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans

Caenorhabditis elegans has often been used as a model system in studies of early developmental processes. The transparency of the 
embryos, the genetic resources, and the relative ease of transformation are qualities that make C. elegans an excellent model for early embryogenesis. Laser-based 
confocal microscopy and fluorescently labeled tags allow researchers to follow specific cellular structures and proteins in the developing embryo. For example, 
one can follow specific organelles, such as lysosomes or mitochondria, using fluorescently labeled dyes. These dyes can be delivered to the early embryo by means 
of microinjection into the adult gonad. Also, the localization of specific proteins can be followed using fluorescent protein tags. Examples are presented here 
demonstrating the use of a fluorescent lysosomal dye as well as fluorescently tagged histone and ubiquitin proteins. The labeled histone is used to visualize 
the DNA and thus identify the stage of the cell cycle. GFP-tagged ubiquitin reveals the dynamics of ubiquitinated vesicles in the early embryo. Observations 
of labeled lysosomes and GFP:: ubiquitin can be used to determine if there is colocalization between ubiquitinated vesicles and lysosomes. A technique for 
the microinjection of the lysosomal dye is presented. Techniques for generating transgenenic strains are presented elsewhere (1, 2). For imaging, embryos 
are cut out of adult hermaphrodite nematodes and mounted onto 2% agarose pads followed by time-lapse microscopy on a standard laser scanning confocal 
microscope or a spinning disk confocal microscope. This methodology provides for the high resolution visualization of early embryogenesis.

Time-lapse Microscopy of Early Embryogenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans

This article describes a technique for the visualization of the early events of embryogenesis in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.

Time-lapse microscopía de embriogénesis temprana en Caenorhabditis elegans

Caenorhabditis elegans has often been used as a model system in studies of early developmental processes.  The transparency of the 
embryos, the genetic ...

Basic Caenorhabditis elegans Methods: Synchronization and Observation

Research into the molecular and developmental biology of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans was begun in the early seventies by Sydney Brenner and it has since been used extensively as a model organism 1. C. elegans possesses key attributes such as simplicity, transparency and short life cycle that have made it a suitable experimental system for fundamental biological studies for many years 2. Discoveries in this nematode have broad implications because many cellular and molecular processes that control animal development are evolutionary conserved 3.
C. elegans life cycle goes through an embryonic stage and four larval stages before animals reach adulthood. Development can take 2 to 4 days depending on the temperature. In each of the stages several characteristic traits can be observed. The knowledge of its complete cell lineage 4,5 together with the deep annotation of its genome turn this nematode into a great model in fields as diverse as the neurobiology 6, aging 7,8, stem cell biology 9 and germ line biology 10. 
An additional feature that makes C. elegans an attractive model to work with is the possibility of obtaining populations of worms synchronized at a specific stage through a relatively easy protocol. The ease of maintaining and propagating this nematode added to the possibility of synchronization provide a powerful tool to obtain large amounts of worms, which can be used for a wide variety of small or high-throughput experiments such as RNAi screens, microarrays, massive sequencing, immunoblot or in situ hybridization, among others. 
Because of its transparency, C. elegans structures can be distinguished under the microscope using Differential Interference Contrast microscopy, also known as Nomarski microscopy. The use of a fluorescent DNA binder, DAPI (4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole), for instance, can lead to the specific identification and localization of individual cells, as well as subcellular structures/defects associated to them.

Basic Caenorhabditis elegans Methods: Synchronization and Observation

The easiness of maintaining and propagating the nematode C. elegans make it a nice model organism to work with. The possibility of synchronizing worms allows the work with a significant amount of subjects at the same developmental stage, what facilitates the study of one particular process in many animals.

Básico<em&gt; Caenorhabditis elegans</em&gt; Métodos de sincronización y de observación

Research into the molecular and developmental biology of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans was begun in the early seventies by Sydney Brenner and it has ...

Prostaglandin Extraction and Analysis in Caenorhabditis elegans

Caenorhabditis elegans is emerging as a powerful animal model to study the biology of lipids1-9. Prostaglandins are an important class of eicosanoids, which are lipid signals derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs)10-14. These signalling molecules are difficult to study because of their low abundance and reactive nature. The characteristic feature of prostaglandins is a cyclopentane ring structure located within the fatty acid backbone. In mammals, prostaglandins can be formed through cyclooxygenase enzyme-dependent and -independent pathways10,15. C. elegans synthesizes a wide array of prostaglandins independent of cyclooxygenases6,16,17. A large class of F-series prostaglandins has been identified, but the study of eicosanoids is at an early stage with ample room for new discoveries. Here we describe a procedure for extracting and analyzing prostaglandins and other eicosanoids. Charged lipids are extracted from mass worm cultures using a liquid-liquid extraction technique and analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). The inclusion of deuterated analogs of prostaglandins, such as PGF2 &alpha;-d4 as an internal standard is recommended for quantitative analysis. Multiple reaction monitoring or MRM can be used to quantify and compare specific prostaglandin types between wild-type and mutant animals. Collision-induced decomposition or MS/MS can be used to obtain information on important structural features. Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) survey scans of a selected mass range, such as m/z 315-360 can be used to evaluate global changes in prostaglandin levels. We provide examples of all three analyses. These methods will provide researchers with a toolset for discovering novel eicosanoids and delineating their metabolic pathways.

Prostaglandin Extraction and Analysis in Caenorhabditis elegans

In this paper, we describe an optimized procedure for extracting and analyzing prostaglandins and other eicosanoids from C. elegans using LC-MS/MS.

Extracción y análisis de prostaglandina en<em&gt; Caenorhabditis elegans</em

Caenorhabditis elegans is emerging as a powerful animal model to study the biology of lipids1-9. Prostaglandins are an important class of eicosanoids, ...

Using Caenorhabditis elegans as a Model System to Study Protein Homeostasis in a Multicellular Organism

The folding and assembly of proteins is essential for protein function, the long-term health of the cell, and longevity of the organism. Historically, the function and regulation of protein folding was studied in vitro, in isolated tissue culture cells and in unicellular organisms. Recent studies have uncovered links between protein homeostasis (proteostasis), metabolism, development, aging, and temperature-sensing. These findings have led to the development of new tools for monitoring protein folding in the model metazoan organism Caenorhabditis elegans. In our laboratory, we combine behavioral assays, imaging and biochemical approaches using temperature-sensitive or naturally occurring metastable proteins as sensors of the folding environment to monitor protein misfolding. Behavioral assays that are associated with the misfolding of a specific protein provide a simple and powerful readout for protein folding, allowing for the fast screening of genes and conditions that modulate folding. Likewise, such misfolding can be associated with protein mislocalization in the cell. Monitoring protein localization can, therefore, highlight changes in cellular folding capacity occurring in different tissues, at various stages of development and in the face of changing conditions. Finally, using biochemical tools ex vivo, we can directly monitor protein stability and conformation. Thus, by combining behavioral assays, imaging and biochemical techniques, we are able to monitor protein misfolding at the resolution of the organism, the cell, and the protein, respectively.

Using Caenorhabditis elegans as a Model System to Study Protein Homeostasis in a Multicellular Organism

To study the relationship between protein homeostasis, stress and aging, we monitored changes in protein folding by following protein dysfunction, protein localization in the cell and protein stability at the organismal, cellular and protein levels, using the genetically tractable metazoan Caenorhabditis elegans as a model system.

The folding and assembly of proteins is essential for protein function, the long-term health of the cell, and longevity of the organism. Historically, the ...

Hemi-laryngeal Setup for Studying Vocal Fold Vibration in Three Dimensions

The voice of humans and most non-human mammals is generated in the larynx through self-sustaining oscillation of the vocal folds. Direct visual documentation of vocal fold vibration is challenging, particularly in non-human mammals. As an alternative, excised larynx experiments provide the opportunity to investigate vocal fold vibration under controlled physiological and physical conditions. However, the use of a full larynx merely provides a top view of the vocal folds, excluding crucial portions of the oscillating structures from observation during their interaction with aerodynamic forces. This limitation can be overcome by utilizing a hemi-larynx setup where one half of the larynx is mid-sagittally removed, providing both a superior and a lateral view of the remaining vocal fold during self-sustained oscillation.
Here, a step-by-step guide for the anatomical preparation of hemi-laryngeal structures and their mounting on the laboratory bench is given. Exemplary phonation of the hemi-larynx preparation is documented with high-speed video data captured by two synchronized cameras (superior and lateral views), showing three-dimensional vocal fold motion and corresponding time-varying contact area. The documentation of the hemi-larynx setup in this publication will facilitate application and reliable repeatability in experimental research, providing voice scientists with the potential to better understand the biomechanics of voice production.

This paper introduces a protocol for the preparation of hemi-larynx specimens facilitating a multi-dimensional view of vocal fold vibration, in order to investigate various biophysical aspects of voice production in humans and non-human mammals.

Configuración de Hemi-laríngea para el estudio de vibración de la cuerda vocal en tres dimensiones

The voice of humans and most non-human mammals is generated in the larynx through self-sustaining oscillation of the vocal folds. Direct visual ...

A Protocol for Laboratory Housing of Turquoise Killifish (Nothobranchius furzeri)

The development of husbandry practices in non-model laboratory fish used for experimental purposes has greatly benefited from the establishment of reference fish model systems, such as zebrafish and medaka. In recent years, an emerging fish &#8211; the turquoise killifish (Nothobranchius furzeri) &#8211; has been adopted by a growing number of research groups in the fields of biology of aging and ecology. With a captive life span of 4 - 8 months, this species is the shortest-lived vertebrate raised in captivity and allows the scientific community to test &#8211; in a short time &#8211; experimental interventions that can lead to alterations of the aging rate and life expectancy. Given the unique biology of this species, characterized by embryonic diapause, explosive sexual maturation, marked morphological and behavioral sexual dimorphism - and their relatively short adult life span -&#160;ad hoc husbandry practices are in urgent demand. This protocol reports a set of key husbandry measures that allow optimal turquoise killifish laboratory care, enabling the scientific community to adopt this species as a powerful laboratory animal model.

A Protocol for Laboratory Housing of Turquoise Killifish Nothobranchius furzeri

Laboratory housing of turquoise killifish can be scaled up&#160;to house and efficiently raise thousands of individual fish in a centralized water filtration system, employing the same infrastructure used for standard zebrafish facilities. Here we detail a list of standardized procedures that allow efficient killifish maintenance.

Un protocolo de laboratorio vivienda de turquesa killis (Nothobranchius furzeri)

The development of husbandry practices in non-model laboratory fish used for experimental purposes has greatly benefited from the establishment of ...

Measurement of Oxygen Consumption Rates in Intact Caenorhabditis elegans

Optimal mitochondrial function is critical for healthy cellular activity, particularly in cells that have high energy demands like those in the nervous system and muscle. Consistent with this, mitochondrial dysfunction has been associated with a myriad of neurodegenerative diseases and aging in general. Caenorhabditis elegans have been a powerful model system for elucidating the many intricacies of mitochondrial function. Mitochondrial respiration is a strong indicator of mitochondrial function and recently developed respirometers offer a state-of-the-art platform to measure respiration in cells. In this protocol, we provide a technique to analyze live, intact C. elegans. This protocol spans a period of ~7 days and includes steps for (1) growing and synchronization of C. elegans, (2) preparation&#160;of compounds to be injected and hydration of probes, (3) drug loading and cartridge equilibration, (4) preparation of worm assay plate and assay run, and (5) post-experiment data analysis.

Measurement of Oxygen Consumption Rates in Intact Caenorhabditis elegans

Mitochondrial respiration is critical for organismal survival; therefore, oxygen consumption rate is an excellent indicator of mitochondrial health. In this protocol, we describe the use of a commercially available respirometer to measure basal and maximal oxygen consumption rates in live, intact, and freely-motile Caenorhabditis elegans.

Medición de las tasas de consumo de oxígeno en intacto Caenorhabditis elegans

Optimal mitochondrial function is critical for healthy cellular activity, particularly in cells that have high energy demands like those in the nervous ...

Modeling Age-Associated Neurodegenerative Diseases in Caenorhabditis elegans

Battling human neurodegenerative pathologies and managing their pervasive socioeconomic impact is becoming a global priority. Notwithstanding their detrimental effects on the human life quality and the healthcare system, the majority of human neurodegenerative disorders still remain incurable and non-preventable. Therefore, the development of novel therapeutic interventions against such maladies is becoming a pressing urgency. Age-associated deterioration of neuronal circuits and function is evolutionarily conserved in organisms as diverse as the lowly worm Caenorhabditis elegans and humans, signifying similarities in the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms. C. elegans is a highly malleable genetic model, which offers a well-characterized nervous system, body transparency and a diverse repertoire of genetic and imaging techniques to assess neuronal activity and quality control during ageing. Here, we introduce and describe methodologies utilizing some versatile nematode models, including hyperactivated ion channel-induced necrosis (e.g., deg-3(d) and mec-4(d)) and protein aggregate (e.g., &#945;-syunclein and poly-glutamate)-induced neurotoxicity, to monitor and dissect the cellular and molecular underpinnings of age-related neuronal breakdown. A combination of these animal neurodegeneration models, together with genetic and pharmacological screens for cell death modulators will lead to an unprecedented understanding of age-related breakdown of neuronal function and will provide critical insights with broad relevance to human health and quality of life.

Modeling Age-Associated Neurodegenerative Diseases in Caenorhabditis elegans

Here, we introduce and describe widely accessible methodologies utilizing some versatile nematode models, including hyperactivated ion channel-induced necrosis and protein aggregate-induced neurotoxicity, to monitor and dissect the cellular and molecular underpinnings of age-associated neurodegenerative diseases.

Modelar enfermedades neurodegenerativas asociadas a la edad en Caenorhabditis elegans

Battling human neurodegenerative pathologies and managing their pervasive socioeconomic impact is becoming a global priority. Notwithstanding their ...

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El aislamiento y la In vitro La activación de Caenorhabditis elegans El esperma

Medición Caenorhabditis elegans Duración de la vida en 96 placas de microtitulación Bueno

Time-lapse microscopía de embriogénesis temprana en Caenorhabditis elegans

Básico

Extracción y análisis de prostaglandina en

Using Caenorhabditis elegans as a Model System to Study Protein Homeostasis in a Multicellular Organism

Configuración de Hemi-laríngea para el estudio de vibración de la cuerda vocal en tres dimensiones

Un protocolo de laboratorio vivienda de turquesa killis (Nothobranchius furzeri)

Medición de las tasas de consumo de oxígeno en intacto Caenorhabditis elegans

Modelar enfermedades neurodegenerativas asociadas a la edad en Caenorhabditis elegans