Name: cultivation of caenorhabditis elegans in three dimensions in the laboratory
Uploaded: 2016-12-12T14:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 9 min 1 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Cultivation of Caenorhabditis elegans in Three Dimensions in the Laboratory at JoVE.com

Bu çalışma ile desteklenmiştir Yeni Araştırmacı Grant [2014R1A1A1005553] Liberal Kore Ulusal Araştırma Vakfı (UÇK) &#39;dan; ve Yonsei Üniversitesi Gelecek Lider Mücadelesi Grant [2015-22-0133] Liberal için

1. NGT-3D ve NGB-3D Çözümler hazırlayın <ol><li> Aşağıdaki steril çözeltiler hazırlayın: 0,1454 M NaCl çözeltisi 1 L&#39;lik, 1 M CaCl2, 1 M MgSO 4 ile 1 L 1 L lizojeni Broth (LB), KH 2, 1 M KPO 4 tampon (108.3 g, 1 L PO 4 ve K 2 35.6 g HPO 4 ve dolgu H2O 1 l). Bu çözümleri kullanarak NGM üretimi bir önceki protokolde 10 bulunabilir. </li><li> 121 ° C, 15 dk Otoklav çözümler. </li><li> Steril 5 mg / ml, kolesterol çözeltisi 50 ml hazırlayın. 50 ml&#39;lik konik bir tüp içinde, kolesterol 0.25 g ve% 99.99 50 ml etanol karışımı ve iyice karıştırın. Otoklavlamayın. 0.45 um&#39;lik bir şırınga filtresi ile 50 ml&#39;lik bir şırınga kullanarak, kolesterol solüsyonu sterilize edin. Bu aynı zamanda herhangi bir çözülmemiş kolesterolü ortadan kaldıracaktır. </li><li> 2&#39;-deoksi-5-f (FUDR) stokunun 150 mM 10 ml hazırlayın (İsteğe bağlı). 15 ml konik tüp içinde, 0,3693 g mixFudR ve damıtılmış su, 10 ml. İyi çalkala. </li></ol> 2. NGT-3D ve NGB-3D Bakteriler Kültür hazırlayın <ol><li> Bakteri 10 mi LB suyu inoküle. Besleme C. elegans için kullanılan standart bakteri E. coli OP50 olduğunu. </li><li> Kültür gece boyunca bir çalkalama inkübatöründe 37 ° C sıcaklıkta bakteriyel aşılama. </li><li> Seri seyreltme için hazırlık olarak, steril 15 ml konik tüp içine NaCl solüsyonu tümböleni 9 mi. Örneğin, 7 tüpler toplam içine kısım 9 mi OP50 soyu, E. coli 10 -7 seyreltme yapmak. </li><li> NaCl çözeltisi 9 ml steril yeni bir tüp içine steril 1000 ul pipet, pipet bakteri kültürü 1 ml ya da seyreltilmiş bakteri kültürü kullanılarak ve de 10 mi karışımı girdap. İstenilen bakteriyel seyreltme ulaşana kadar tekrarlayın. Not: İstenilen bakteriyel seyreltme Çeşidi ve durum bakterilerin yanı sıra tam deney koşullarına bağlıdır.Örneğin, bir 10 6 - 6.5 mi NGT-3D tüp başına 200 bakteri kolonilerinin - OP50 soyu, E. coli 10 -8 seyreltme 1 üretilmesi için yeterli idi. Solucanlar güvenilir geliştirilen ve kolonilerin sayısı 10 -6 dilusyondaki meydana geldiği, 60 üzerinde iken normalde yeniden - 10 -7. NGB-3D, 10 -8 bir seyreltme kullanın. </li></ol> 3. yapma NGT-3B ve NGB-3D (200 mi) <ol><li> bakteri kültürü hazırlandıktan sonra, 0.6 g NaCl, 1 g granüle agar ve 500 ml&#39;lik bir şişe içinde 0.5 g pepton karıştırın. şişeye, bir manyetik karıştırma çubuğu ile yerleştirin. </li><li> 195 ml damıtılmış su ekleyin ve alüminyum folyo ile balonun ağzını kapsamaktadır. </li><li> 15 dakika boyunca Otoklav 121 ° C. </li><li> bir heyecan plaka üzerine sıcak otoklava balon yerleştirin ve en az 2 saat süreyle orta hızda karıştırın. 40 ° C&#39;ye kadar balon soğutun. Bitmiş agar Clouding yol açabilir burada yüksek sıcaklıklarda devam eden olarak yeterince soğumasını emin olun.Bununla birlikte, daha düşük sıcaklıklar agar zamanından önce sertleşmesini neden olabilir. <ol><li> (İsteğe bağlı), soğutma sürecini hızlandırmak bir heyecan plaka üzerinde yerleştirmeden önce 40 ° C su banyosunda 15 dakika içinde balon yerleştirin. </li></ol></li><li> Agar ortamı sıcaklığı 40 ° C&#39;ye ulaştığında çözelti, karıştırılmaya devam ederken, 200 ul 1 M CaCl2, 5 mg / ml, kolesterol çözeltisi 200 ul, 200 ul 1 M MgSO 4 ve 5 ml 1 M KPO 4 tampon eklemek 1 mM CaCl2, 5 ug / ml kolesterol, 1 mM MgSO 4, 1 mM KPO 4 son konsantrasyonlara. <ol><li> NGT-3D ömrü deneyi için (İsteğe bağlı) 120 uM, 12 bir son konsantrasyona kadar, 150 mM FudR 80 ul ekle. </li></ol></li><li> doğrudan balona adım 2.4 bakteri kültürü seyreltilmiş 10 ml 6 ml ekleyin. <ol><li> , NGT-3D için (İsteğe bağlı) adım 3.6 önce agar medya 6 ml çıkarın ve ayrı sıcak tutmak. Bu ortam için kullanılacak bakterilerden arındırılmışÜst tabaka. </li></ol></li><li> Steril prosedürler kullanılarak, steril bir kültür odasına ortamı dağıtmak. Emin odasının kapağı sıkıca kapatır emin olun. <ol><li> (İsteğe bağlı), agar üst yüzeyinde şekillendirme bakteri kolonileri önlemek 3.7 tamamen sertleşir adımdan medyada önce üst aşama 3.6.1 bakteri serbest ağar medya bir katman yapmak için. Bu NGT-3D üstündeki bir bakteri serbest bölge oluşturur. </li><li> NGT-3D, bir bakteri ağar katman yapmak ve dikkatle ince bir bakteri yapmak için yarı sertleştirilmiş 3D medya üstünde bakteri özgür medya 200 ul dağıtmak için 8 ml şeffaf plastik test tüpleri içine 6,5 ml medya dökmek üstünde ücretsiz tabaka. </li><li> NGB-3D, 25 cm 2 şeffaf plastik hücre kültürü şişe içine medya 65 ml dökün. Bu miktar 25 cm 2 hücre kültürü şişe gövdesini doldurmalıdır. </li></ol></li><li> Bakteri kolonileri büyümesine imkan vermek üzere bir hafta süreyle dikey oda sıcaklığında odaları boşen az 1 mm çapında önemli bir boyuta. <ol><li> NGT-3D ömrü deneyi için (İsteğe bağlı), alüminyum folyo ile kapak odaları FUDR ışık bozulmasını önlemek için. </li></ol></li></ol> NGT-3D (Bağıl Brood Boyut Testi) üzerine Solucan Nüfus 4. Tedbir Spor <ol><li> almak ve bir bakteri ücretsiz NGM plaka transfer platin tel kullanarak bir L4 sahne solucanı almak. Solucan serbestçe bünyesine bağlı bakteri kaldırmak için bir kaç dakika dolaşmak için izin verin. </li><li> adımı 4.1 tekrarlayın ve solucan bakterilerden arınmış olduğundan emin olun. Genellikle, 4.1 iki tekrarlar yeterlidir. </li><li> Dikkatlice bir platin tel çekme ile 3D medya yüzeyine temiz solucan yerleştirin. Solucan sonunda 3D agar matrisi içine agar girmelidir. </li><li> Kapak gevşek bazı hava tüpüne almak için izin ancak agar medya kurumasını önleyen kapatın. </li><li> 20 ° C&#39;de 96 saat süreyle inkübe edilir. </li><li> 4 gün sonra, sıkıca kapaklarını kapatın ve koyun88 ° C su banyosu içine NGT-3D kültür odası agar eritmek için. Isı solucanlar öldürür ama vücutları sağlam kalır. Not: NGT-3D 8 ml tüpler kullanılarak, 20-30 dakika kuluçka genellikle yeterlidir. </li><li> Cam bir pipet kullanılarak, 9 cm plastik petri kabı üzerine erimiş ortamı aktarın. solucanlar genellikle onlara sopa gibi plastik pipetler, tavsiye edilmez. </li><li> Bir iletim stereo diseksiyon mikroskobu kullanılarak, L3, L4 solucanlar, ve yetişkin aşamaları sayısını. F1 ve F2 nesil burada karışabilir olarak, L2 sahne ve genç solucanlar saymayın. Böylece, bu testte göreceli kuluçka boyutu tahlil yerine toplam kuluçka büyüklüğü testtir. </li></ol> 5. Görüntü ve Kayıt Worm Davranışı NGB-3D <ol><li> platin tel kullanarak bir L4 sahne solucanı almak almak ve bir bakteri ücretsiz NGM plaka transfer ve serbest bir kaç dakika hareket sağlayan yüzeye yapışmış herhangi bakterileri yok. </li><li> Adımı yineleyin 5.1 wo emin olmak içinrm bakterilerden arınmış. </li><li> Dikkatlice bir platin tel çekme ile şişenin boyun yakın NGB-3D agar yüzeyinin merkezi üzerine temiz solucan yerleştirin. Solucan sonunda 3D agar matrisi içine agar girmelidir. </li><li> Agar medya kurumasını önlerken kapak gevşek, bazı hava tüpüne almak için izin kapatın. </li><li> Görüntü veya iletim stereo mikroskop altında solucan kaydedin. solucan 3D matris boyunca hareket ederken odağı ayarlayın. </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Klasik nematod büyüme ortamı plakaları kullanılarak C. elegans laboratuvar ekimi sağlamıştır C. elegans araştırma önemli keşiflerinden yüzlerce önemliydi. Burada, daha doğru kendi doğal üç boyutlu habitatları yansıtan bir ortamda C. elegans yetiştirmek için yeni yöntemler sunuyoruz. Diğer yöntemler 3D 13 C. elegans gözlemlemek için kullanılmışsa da, bu katı 3 boyutlu matris solucanlar ekimi sağlayan ilk protokoldür. Burada gösterilen iki y...

The study of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans in the laboratory has led to seminal discoveries in the field of biology over the last five decades1. C. elegans was the first multicellular organism to have its genome sequenced in 19982, and it has been invaluable in understanding the contributions of individual genes to the development, physiology, and behavior of a whole organism. Scientists now are looking to further understand how these genes may contribute to the survival and reproductive fitness of organisms in their natural environments, asking questions about ecology and evolution at the genetic level3-5. 
C. elegans once again can provide an excellent system to answer these questions. However, little is known about C. elegans biology in natural nematode habitats, and there are no current methods to simulate controlled natural conditions of C. elegans in the laboratory. In the lab, C. elegans is cultivated on the surface of agar plates seeded with E. coli bacteria6. In nature, however, C. elegans and related nematodes can be found sparsely inhabiting soils throughout the globe, but they are specifically found thriving in rotting fruits and vegetative matter7,8. These three-dimensional (3D) complex environments are quite different from the simple 2D environments to which worms are exposed to in the laboratory. 
To begin to answer questions about the biology of nematodes in a more natural 3D setting, we have designed a 3D habitat for laboratory cultivation of nematodes we called Nematode Growth Tube 3D or NGT-3D for short9. The goal was to design a 3D growth system that allows for comparable growth, development, and fertility to the standard 2D Nematode Growth Media (NGM) plates10. This system supports the growth of bacteria and nematodes over their entire life cycles in 3D, allows worms to move and behave freely in three dimensions, and is easy and inexpensive to manufacture and employ. 
In the current study, we provide a step-by-step method to manufacture NGT-3D and evaluate worm development and fertility. In addition to assessing worm fitness in 3D, we sought to image, video, and assess worm behavior and physiology in 3D cultivation. Thus, in addition to NGT-3D, we present here an alternate method called Nematode Growth Bottle 3D or NGB-3D, for the microscopic imaging of C. elegans during 3D cultivation. This will be especially important for the study of known behaviors identified in 2D, and the identification of novel behaviors unique to 3D cultivation.

<table><tbody><tr><td>LB broth, Miller (Luria-Bertani)</td><td>Difco</td><td>224620</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium chloride</td><td>DAEJUNG</td><td>7548-4400</td><td>58.44 MW</td></tr><tr><td>Agar, Granulated</td><td>Difco</td><td>214530</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Peptone</td><td>Bacto</td><td>211677</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Calcium chloride, dihydrate</td><td>Bio Basic</td><td>CD0050</td><td>2*H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O; 147.02 MW</td></tr><tr><td>Cholesterol</td><td>Bio Basic</td><td>CD0122</td><td>386.67 MW</td></tr><tr><td>Ethyl alcohol</td><td>B&amp;amp;J</td><td>RP090-1</td><td>99.99%; 46.07 MW</td></tr><tr><td>Magnesium sulfate, anhydrous</td><td>Bio Basic</td><td>MN1988</td><td>120.37 MW</td></tr><tr><td>Potassium phosphate, monobasic, anhydrous</td><td>Bio Basic</td><td>PB0445</td><td>136.09 MW</td></tr><tr><td>2&#039;-Deoxy-5-fluorouridine</td><td>Tokyo Chemical Industry</td><td>D2235</td><td>246.19 MW</td></tr><tr><td>Potassium phosphate, dibasic, anhydrous</td><td>Bio Basic</td><td>PB0447</td><td>174.18 MW</td></tr><tr><td>Multi-Purpose Test Tubes</td><td>Stockwell Scientific</td><td>ST.8570</td><td>8 ml</td></tr><tr><td>Test Tube Closures</td><td>Stockwell Scientific</td><td>ST.8575</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cell Culture Flask</td><td>SPL Lifescience</td><td>70125</td><td>25 cm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>Research Stereo Microscope</td><td>Nikon</td><td>SMZ18</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>High-Definition Color Camera Head</td><td>Nikon</td><td>DS-Fi2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PC-Based Control Unit</td><td>Nikon</td><td>DS-U3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NIS-Elements Basic Research, Microscope Imaging Software</td><td>Nikon</td><td>MQS32000</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

cultivation of caenorhabditis elegans in three dimensions in the laboratory

The use of genetic model organisms such as Caenorhabditis elegans has led to seminal discoveries in biology over the last five decades. Most of what we know about C. elegans is limited to laboratory cultivation of the nematodes that may not necessarily reflect the environments they normally inhabit in nature. Cultivation of C. elegans in a 3D habitat that is more similar to the 3D matrix that worms encounter in rotten fruits and vegetative compost in nature could reveal novel phenotypes and behaviors not observed in 2D. In addition, experiments in 3D can address how phenotypes we observe in 2D are relevant for the worm in nature. Here, a new method in which C. elegans grows and reproduces normally in three dimensions is presented. Cultivation of C. elegans in Nematode Growth Tube-3D (NGT-3D) can allow us to measure the reproductive fitness of C. elegans strains or different conditions in a 3D environment. We also present a novel method, termed Nematode Growth Bottle-3D (NGB-3D), to cultivate C. elegans in 3D for microscopic analysis. These methods allow scientists to study C. elegans biology in conditions that are more reflective of the environments they encounter in nature. These can help us to understand the overlying evolutionary relevance of the physiology and behavior of C. elegans we observe in the laboratory.

NGT-3D inşaat agar (Şekil 1A) boyunca aralıklı küçük bakteri kolonileri ile bir agar dolu test tüpünde sonuçlanan basit ve kolay bir protokoldür. Solucanlar serbestçe bakteri kolonileri bulma ve tüketen, ağar matriks boyunca taşıyabilirsiniz. C. elegans çoğaltmak ve NGT-3D normal büyüyebilir olmadığını teyit etmek, biz doğurganlık ve standart 2D NGM plakalar ile 3D larva gelişimi karşılaştırıldı. Göreceli yavru boyutu deneyde, y...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Cultivation of Caenorhabditis elegans in Three Dimensions in the Laboratory at JoVE.com

Cultivation of Caenorhabditis elegans in Three Dimensions in the Laboratory

Biz NGT-3D ve NGB-3D olarak adlandırılan 3D nematod yetiştirme sistemlerini inşa etmek basit bir yöntem mevcut. Bu standart 2D laboratuvar C. elegans kültür plakaları daha doğal Caenorhabditis elegans habitatlar daha benzer habitatlarda nematod fitness ve davranışları incelemek için kullanılabilir.

yetiştirme<em&gt; Caenorhabditis elegans</em&gt; Laboratuvarı Üç boyutlu

The use of genetic model organisms such as Caenorhabditis elegans has led to seminal discoveries in biology over the last five decades. Most of what we ...

cultivation-caenorhabditis-elegans-three-dimensions

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Cultivation of Caenorhabditis elegans in Three Dimensions in the Laboratory

17.8K Görüntüleme.  Yonsei University.  Biz NGT-3D ve NGB-3D olarak adlandırılan 3D nematod yetiştirme sistemlerini inşa etmek basit bir yöntem mevcut. Bu standart 2D laboratuvar C. elegans kültür plakaları daha doğal Caenorhabditis elegans habitatlar daha benzer habitatlarda nematod fitness ve davranışları incelemek için kullanılabilir. 

Video: Cultivation of Caenorhabditis elegans in Three Dimensions in the Laboratory

The Nematode Caenorhabditis Elegans - A Versatile In Vivo Model to Study Host-microbe Interactions

We demonstrate a method using Caenorhabditis elegans as a model host to study microbial interaction. Microbes are introduced via the diet making the intestine the primary location for disease. The nematode intestine structurally and functionally mimics mammalian intestines and is transparent making it amenable to microscopic study of colonization. Here we show that pathogens can cause disease and death. We are able to identify microbial mutants that show altered virulence. Its conserved innate response to biotic stresses makes C. elegans an excellent system to probe facets of host innate immune interactions. We show that hosts with mutations in the dual oxidase gene cannot produce reactive oxygen species and are unable to resist microbial insult. We further demonstrate the versatility of the presented survival assay by showing that it can be used to study the effects of inhibitors of microbial growth. This assay may also be used to discover fungal virulence factors as targets for the development of novel antifungal agents, as well as provide an opportunity to further uncover host-microbe interactions. The design of this assay lends itself well to high throughput whole-genome screens, while the ability to cryo-preserve worms for future use makes it a cost-effective and attractive whole animal model to study.

The Nematode Caenorhabditis Elegans - A Versatile In Vivo Model to Study Host-microbe Interactions

Here, we present the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans as a versatile host model to study microbial interaction.

Nematot Caenorhabditis Elegans - konak-mikrop etkileşimleri çalışmaya çok yönlü Vivo içinde manken

We demonstrate a method using Caenorhabditis elegans as a model host to study microbial interaction. Microbes are introduced via the diet making the ...

Genetik

Plate-based Large-scale Cultivation of Caenorhabditis elegans: Sample Preparation for the Study of Metabolic Alterations in Diabetes

Culturing Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) in a large-scale manner on agar plates can be time-consuming and difficult. This protocol describes a simple and inexpensive method to obtain a large number of animals for the isolation of proteins to proceed with a western blot, mass spectrometry, or further proteomics analyses. Furthermore, an increase of nematode numbers for immunostainings and the integration of multiple analyses under the same culturing conditions can easily be achieved. Additionally, a transfer between plates with different experimental conditions is facilitated. Common techniques in plate culture involve the transfer of a single C. elegans using a platinum wire and the transfer of populated agar chunks using a scalpel. However, with increasing nematode numbers, these techniques become overly time-consuming. This protocol describes the large-scale culture of C. elegans including numerous steps to minimize the impact of the sample preparation on the physiology of the worm. Fluid and shear stress can alter the lifespan of and metabolic processes in C. elegans, thus requiring a detailed description of the critical steps in order to retrieve reliable and reproducible results. C. elegans is a model organism, consisting of neuronal cells for up to one-third, but lacking blood vessels, thus providing the possibility to investigate solely neuronal alterations independent of vascular control. Recently, early neurodegeneration in diabetic retinopathy was found prior to vascular alterations. Thus, C. elegans is of special interest for studying general mechanisms of diabetic complications. For example, an increased formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) is observed, which are reproducibly found in C. elegans. Protocols to handle samples of adequate size for a broader spectrum of investigations are presented here, exemplified by the study of diabetes-induced biochemical alterations. In general, this protocol can be useful for studies requiring large C. elegans numbers and in which liquid culture is not suitable.

Plate-based Large-scale Cultivation of Caenorhabditis elegans: Sample Preparation for the Study of Metabolic Alterations in Diabetes

This protocol describes a method for the large-scale cultivation of Caenorhabditis elegans on solid media. As an alternative to liquid culture, this protocol allows obtaining parameters of different scales under plate-based cultivation. This increases the comparability of results by omitting the morphological and metabolic differences between liquid and solid media culture.

Large-scale tarımı plaka tabanlı Caenorhabditis elegans: diyabet metabolik değişiklikler çalışma için numune hazırlama

Culturing Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) in a large-scale manner on agar plates can be time-consuming and difficult. This protocol describes a simple ...

Biyokimya

4D Microscopy: Unraveling Caenorhabditis elegans Embryonic Development Using Nomarski Microscopy

4D microscopy is an invaluable tool for unraveling the embryonic developmental process in different animals. Over the last decades, Caenorhabditis elegans has emerged as one of the best models for studying development. From an optical point of view, its size and transparent body make this nematode an ideal specimen for DIC (Differential Interference Contrast or Nomarski) microscopy. This article illustrates a protocol for growing C. elegans nematodes, preparing and mounting their embryos, performing 4D microscopy and cell lineage tracing. The method is based on multifocal time-lapse records of Nomarski images and analysis with specific software. This technique reveals embryonic developmental dynamics at the cellular level. Any embryonic defect in mutants, such as problems in spindle orientation, cell migration, apoptosis or cell fate specification, can be efficiently detected and scored. Virtually every single cell of the embryo can be followed up to the moment the embryo begins to move. Tracing the complete cell lineage of a C. elegans embryo by 4D DIC microscopy is laborious, but the use of specific software greatly facilitates this task. In addition, this technique is easy to implement in the lab. 4D microscopy is a versatile tool and opens the possibility of performing an unparalleled analysis of embryonic development.

4D Microscopy: Unraveling Caenorhabditis elegans Embryonic Development Using Nomarski Microscopy

Here, we present a protocol for preparing and mounting Caenorhabditis elegans embryos, recording development under a 4D microscope and tracing cell lineage.

4D Mikroskopi: Nomarski Mikroskobu Kullanarak Caenorhabditis elegans Embriyonik Gelişiminin Çözülmesi

4D microscopy is an invaluable tool for unraveling the embryonic developmental process in different animals. Over the last decades, Caenorhabditis elegans ...

Gelişim Biyolojisi

Basic Caenorhabditis elegans Methods: Synchronization and Observation

Research into the molecular and developmental biology of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans was begun in the early seventies by Sydney Brenner and it has since been used extensively as a model organism 1. C. elegans possesses key attributes such as simplicity, transparency and short life cycle that have made it a suitable experimental system for fundamental biological studies for many years 2. Discoveries in this nematode have broad implications because many cellular and molecular processes that control animal development are evolutionary conserved 3.
C. elegans life cycle goes through an embryonic stage and four larval stages before animals reach adulthood. Development can take 2 to 4 days depending on the temperature. In each of the stages several characteristic traits can be observed. The knowledge of its complete cell lineage 4,5 together with the deep annotation of its genome turn this nematode into a great model in fields as diverse as the neurobiology 6, aging 7,8, stem cell biology 9 and germ line biology 10. 
An additional feature that makes C. elegans an attractive model to work with is the possibility of obtaining populations of worms synchronized at a specific stage through a relatively easy protocol. The ease of maintaining and propagating this nematode added to the possibility of synchronization provide a powerful tool to obtain large amounts of worms, which can be used for a wide variety of small or high-throughput experiments such as RNAi screens, microarrays, massive sequencing, immunoblot or in situ hybridization, among others. 
Because of its transparency, C. elegans structures can be distinguished under the microscope using Differential Interference Contrast microscopy, also known as Nomarski microscopy. The use of a fluorescent DNA binder, DAPI (4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole), for instance, can lead to the specific identification and localization of individual cells, as well as subcellular structures/defects associated to them.

Basic Caenorhabditis elegans Methods: Synchronization and Observation

The easiness of maintaining and propagating the nematode C. elegans make it a nice model organism to work with. The possibility of synchronizing worms allows the work with a significant amount of subjects at the same developmental stage, what facilitates the study of one particular process in many animals.

Temel<em&gt; Caenorhabditis elegans</em&gt; Yöntem: Senkronizasyon ve Gözlem

Research into the molecular and developmental biology of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans was begun in the early seventies by Sydney Brenner and it has ...

Biyoloji

A Simple Microfluidic Chip for Long-Term Growth and Imaging of Caenorhabditis elegans

Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) have proved to be a valuable model system for studying developmental and cell biological processes. Understanding these biological processes often requires long-term and repeated imaging of the same animal. Long recovery times associated with conventional immobilization methods done on agar pads have detrimental effects on animal health making it inappropriate to repeatedly image the same animal over long periods of time. This paper describes a microfluidic chip design, fabrication method, on-chip C. elegans culturing protocol, and three examples of long-term imaging to study developmental processes in individual animals. The chip, fabricated with polydimethylsiloxane and bonded on a cover glass, immobilizes animals on a glass substrate using an elastomeric membrane that is deflected using nitrogen gas. Complete immobilization of C. elegans enables robust time-lapse imaging of cellular and sub-cellular events in an anesthetic-free manner. A channel geometry with a large cross-section allows the animal to move freely within two partially sealed isolation membranes permitting growth in the channel with a continuous food supply. Using this simple chip, imaging of developmental phenomena such as neuronal process growth, vulval development, and dendritic arborization in the PVD sensory neurons, as the animal grows inside the channel, can be performed. The long-term growth and imaging chip operates with a single pressure line, no external valves, inexpensive fluidic consumables, and utilizes standard worm handling protocols that can easily be adapted by other laboratories using C. elegans.

A Simple Microfluidic Chip for Long-Term Growth and Imaging of Caenorhabditis elegans

The protocol describes a simple microfluidic chip design and microfabrication methodology used to grow C. elegans in presence of a continuous food supply for up to 36 h. The growth and imaging device also enables intermittent long-term high-resolution imaging of cellular and sub-cellular processes during development for several days.

Caenorhabditis elegans'ın Uzun Süreli Büyümesi ve Görüntülenmesi için Basit Bir Mikroakışkan Çip

Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) have proved to be a valuable model system for studying developmental and cell biological processes. Understanding ...

Biyomühendislik

A Method for Culturing Embryonic C. elegans Cells

C. elegans is a powerful model system, in which genetic and molecular techniques are easily applicable. Until recently though, techniques that require direct access to cells and isolation of specific cell types, could not be applied in C. elegans. This limitation was due to the fact that tissues are confined within a pressurized cuticle which is not easily digested by treatment with enzymes and/or detergents. Based on early pioneer work by Laird Bloom, Christensen and colleagues 1 developed a robust method for culturing C. elegans embryonic cells in large scale. Eggs are isolated from gravid adults by treatment with bleach/NaOH and subsequently treated with chitinase to remove the eggshells. Embryonic cells are then dissociated by manual pipetting and plated onto substrate-covered glass in serum-enriched media. Within 24 hr of isolation cells begin to differentiate by changing morphology and by expressing cell specific markers. C. elegans cells cultured using this method survive for up 2 weeks in vitro and have been used for electrophysiological, immunochemical, and imaging analyses as well as they have been sorted and used for microarray profiling.

A Method for Culturing Embryonic C. elegans Cells

We describe here a revised protocol for large-scale culture of embryonic C. elegans cells. Embryonic C. elegans cells cultured in vitro using this method, appear to differentiate and recapitulate the expression of genes in a cell specific manner. Techniques that require direct access to the cells or isolation of specific cell types from the other tissues can be applied on C. elegans cultured cells.

Kültürleme Embriyonik için bir yöntem<em&gt; C. elegans</em&gt; Hücreler

C. elegans is a powerful model system, in which genetic and molecular techniques are easily applicable. Until recently though, techniques that require ...

Culturing Caenorhabditis elegans in Axenic Liquid Media and Creation of Transgenic Worms by Microparticle Bombardment

In this protocol, we present the required materials, and the procedure for making modified&#160;C. elegans&#160;Habituation and Reproduction media (mCeHR). Additionally, the steps for exposing and acclimatizing C. elegans grown on E. coli to axenic liquid media are described. Finally, downstream experiments that utilize axenic C. elegans illustrate the benefits of this procedure. The ability to analyze and determine C. elegans&#160;nutrient requirement was illustrated by growing N2 wild type worms in axenic liquid media with varying heme concentrations. This procedure can be replicated with other nutrients to determine the optimal concentration for worm growth and development or, to determine the toxicological effects of drug treatments. The effects of varied heme concentrations on the growth of wild type worms were determined through qualitative microscopic observation and by quantitating the number of worms that grew in each heme concentration. In addition, the effect of varied nutrient concentrations can be assayed by utilizing worms that express fluorescent sensors that respond to changes in the nutrient of interest. Furthermore, a large number of worms were easily produced for the generation of transgenic C. elegans using microparticle bombardment.

Culturing Caenorhabditis elegans in Axenic Liquid Media and Creation of Transgenic Worms by Microparticle Bombardment

C. elegans is usually grown on solid agar plates or in liquid cultures seeded with E. coli. To prevent bacterial byproducts from confounding toxicological and nutritional studies, we utilized an axenic liquid medium, CeHR, to grow and synchronize a large number of worms for a range of downstream applications.

Kültürleme<em&gt; Caenorhabditis elegans</em &gt; Mikroparçacık bombardımanı ile aksenik Sıvı Medya ve Transgenik Worms Yaratılış

In this protocol, we present the required materials, and the procedure for making modified&#160;C. elegans&#160;Habituation and Reproduction media ...

Quantitative Approaches for Studying Cellular Structures and Organelle Morphology in Caenorhabditis elegans

Defining the cellular mechanisms underlying disease is essential for the development of novel therapeutics. A strategy frequently used to unravel these mechanisms is to introduce mutations in candidate genes and qualitatively describe changes in the morphology of tissues and cellular organelles. However, qualitative descriptions may not capture subtle phenotypic differences, might misrepresent phenotypic variations across individuals in a population, and are frequently assessed subjectively. Here, quantitative approaches are described to study the morphology of tissues and organelles in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans using laser scanning confocal microscopy combined with commercially available bio-image processing software. A quantitative analysis of phenotypes affecting synapse integrity (size and integrated fluorescence levels), muscle development (muscle cell size and myosin filament length), and mitochondrial morphology (circularity and size) was performed to understand the effects of genetic mutations on these cellular structures. These quantitative approaches are not limited to the applications described here, as they could readily be used to quantitatively assess the morphology of other tissues and organelles in the nematode, as well as in other model organisms.

Quantitative Approaches for Studying Cellular Structures and Organelle Morphology in Caenorhabditis elegans

This study outlines quantitative measurements of synaptic size and localization, muscle morphology, and mitochondrial shape in C. elegans using freely available image processing tools. This approach allows future studies in&#160;C. elegans&#160;to quantitatively compare the extent of tissue and organelle structural changes as a result of genetic mutations.

Caenorhabditis elegans hücresel yapıları ve organelle morfoloji eğitim için nicel yaklaşımlar

Defining the cellular mechanisms underlying disease is essential for the development of novel therapeutics. A strategy frequently used to unravel these ...

Long-Term Culture of Individual Caenorhabditis elegans on Solid Media for Longitudinal Fluorescence Monitoring and Aversive Interventions

Caenorhabditis elegans are widely used to study aging biology. The standard practice in C. elegans aging studies is to culture groups of worms on solid nematode growth media (NGM), allowing the efficient collection of population-level data for survival and other physiological phenotypes, and periodic sampling of subpopulations for fluorescent biomarker quantification. Limitations to this approach are the inability to (1) follow individual worms over time to develop age trajectories for phenotypes of interest and (2) monitor fluorescent biomarkers directly in the context of the culture environment. Alternative culture approaches use liquid culture or microfluidics to monitor individual animals over time, in some cases including fluorescence quantification, with the tradeoff that the culture environment is contextually distinct from solid NGM. The WorMotel is a previously described microfabricated multi-well device for culturing isolated worms on solid NGM. Each worm is maintained in a well containing solid NGM surrounded by a moat filled with copper sulfate, a contact repellent for C. elegans, allowing longitudinal monitoring of individual animals. We find copper sulfate insufficient to prevent worms from fleeing when subjected to aversive interventions common in aging research, including dietary restriction, pathogenic bacteria, and chemical agents that induce cellular stress. The multi-well devices are also molded from polydimethylsiloxane, which produces high background artifacts in fluorescence imaging. This protocol describes a new approach for culturing isolated roundworms on solid NGM using commercially available polystyrene microtrays, originally designed for human leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing, allowing the measurement of survival, physiological phenotypes, and fluorescence across the lifespan. A palmitic acid barrier prevents worms from fleeing, even in the presence of aversive conditions. Each plate can culture up to 96 animals and easily adapts to a variety of conditions, including dietary restriction, RNAi, and chemical additives, and is compatible with automated systems for collecting lifespan and activity data.

Long-Term Culture of Individual Caenorhabditis elegans on Solid Media for Longitudinal Fluorescence Monitoring and Aversive Interventions

Here, we present a protocol to culture isolated individual nematodes on solid media for lifelong physiological parameter tracking and fluorescence quantification. This culture system includes a palmitic acid barrier around single-worm wells to prevent animals from fleeing, allowing the use of aversive interventions, including pathogenic bacteria and chemical stressors.

Uzunlamasına floresan izleme ve aversif müdahaleler için katı ortam üzerinde bireysel caenorhabditis elegans'ın uzun süreli kültürü

Caenorhabditis elegans are widely used to study aging biology. The standard practice in C. elegans aging studies is to culture groups of worms on solid ...

Long-Term Culture and Monitoring of Isolated Caenorhabditis elegans on Solid Media in Multi-Well Devices

The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is among the most common model systems used in aging research owing to its simple and inexpensive culture techniques, rapid reproduction cycle (~3 days), short lifespan (~3 weeks), and numerous available tools for genetic manipulation and molecular analysis. The most common approach for conducting aging studies in C. elegans, including survival analysis, involves culturing populations of tens to hundreds of animals together on solid nematode growth media (NGM) in Petri plates. While this approach gathers data on a population of animals, most protocols do not track individual animals over time. Presented here is an optimized protocol for the long-term culturing of individual animals on microfabricated polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) devices called WorMotels. Each device allows up to 240 animals to be cultured in small wells containing NGM, with each well isolated by a copper sulfate-containing moat that prevents the animals from fleeing. Building on the original WorMotel description, this paper provides a detailed protocol for molding, preparing, and populating each device, with descriptions of common technical complications and advice for troubleshooting. Within this protocol are techniques for the consistent loading of small-volume NGM, the consistent drying of both the NGM and bacterial food, options for delivering pharmacological interventions, instructions for and practical limitations to reusing PDMS devices, and tips for minimizing desiccation, even in low-humidity environments. This technique allows the longitudinal monitoring of various physiological parameters, including stimulated activity, unstimulated activity, body size, movement geometry, healthspan, and survival, in an environment similar to the standard technique for group culture on solid media in Petri plates. This method is compatible with high-throughput data collection when used in conjunction with automated microscopy and analysis software. Finally, the limitations of this technique are discussed, as well as a comparison of this approach to a recently developed method that uses microtrays to culture isolated nematodes on solid media.

Long-Term Culture and Monitoring of Isolated Caenorhabditis elegans on Solid Media in Multi-Well Devices

Presented here is an optimized protocol for culturing isolated individual nematodes on solid media in microfabricated multi-well devices. This approach allows individual animals to be monitored throughout their lives for a variety of phenotypes related to aging and health, including activity, body size and shape, movement geometry, and survival.

Çok Kuyulu Cihazlarda Katı Ortamda İzole Caenorhabditis elegans'ın Uzun Süreli Kültürü ve İzlenmesi

The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is among the most common model systems used in aging research owing to its simple and inexpensive culture techniques, ...

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