Agradecemos al laboratorio de Moser en el Instituto Kavli centro de Neurociencia de sistemas y computación neuronal, Universidad Noruega de ciencia y tecnología, para la crónica neuronal grabación procedimientos en ratas. Este trabajo fue apoyado por subvenciones de NIH NS098146 R21 y humano frontera ciencia programa a largo plazo becas LT000211/2016-L a L. Lu.

<ol>
	<li>O'Keefe, J., Recce, M. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phase+relationship+between+hippocampal+place+units+and+the+EEG+theta+rhythm.">Phase relationship between hippocampal place units and the EEG theta rhythm.</a> Hippocampus. 3 (3), 317-330 (1993).</li><li>Wilson, M. A., McNaughton, B. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamics+of+the+hippocampal+ensemble+code+for+space.">Dynamics of the hippocampal ensemble code for space.</a> Science. 261 (5124), 1055-1058 (1993).</li><li>Gothard, K. M., Skaggs, W. E., Moore, K. M., McNaughton, B. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Binding+of+hippocampal+CA1+neural+activity+to+multiple+reference+frames+in+a+landmark-based+navigation+task.">Binding of hippocampal CA1 neural activity to multiple reference frames in a landmark-based navigation task.</a> J Neurosci. 16 (2), 823-835 (1996).</li><li>Gray, C. M., Maldonado, P. E., Wilson, M., McNaughton, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tetrodes+markedly+improve+the+reliability+and+yield+of+multiple+single-unit+isolation+from+multi-unit+recordings+in+cat+striate+cortex.">Tetrodes markedly improve the reliability and yield of multiple single-unit isolation from multi-unit recordings in cat striate cortex.</a> J Neurosci Methods. 63 (1-2), 43-54 (1995).</li><li>Buzsaki, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Large-scale+recording+of+neuronal+ensembles.">Large-scale recording of neuronal ensembles.</a> Nat Neurosci. 7 (5), 446-451 (2004).</li><li>Fyhn, M., Hafting, T., Witter, M. P., Moser, E. I., Moser, M. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Grid+cells+in+mice.">Grid cells in mice.</a> Hippocampus. 18 (12), 1230-1238 (2008).</li><li>Skaggs, W. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=EEG+sharp+waves+and+sparse+ensemble+unit+activity+in+the+macaque+hippocampus.">EEG sharp waves and sparse ensemble unit activity in the macaque hippocampus.</a> J Neurophysiol. 98 (2), 898-910 (2007).</li><li>Guo, P., Pollack, A. J., Varga, A. G., Martin, J. P., Ritzmann, R. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Extracellular+wire+tetrode+recording+in+brain+of+freely+walking+insects.">Extracellular wire tetrode recording in brain of freely walking insects.</a> J Vis Exp. (86), (2014).</li><li>Knierim, J. J., McNaughton, B. L., Poe, G. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three-dimensional+spatial+selectivity+of+hippocampal+neurons+during+space+flight.">Three-dimensional spatial selectivity of hippocampal neurons during space flight.</a> Nat Neurosci. 3 (3), 209-210 (2000).</li><li>Leutgeb, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Independent+codes+for+spatial+and+episodic+memory+in+hippocampal+neuronal+ensembles.">Independent codes for spatial and episodic memory in hippocampal neuronal ensembles.</a> Science. 309 (5734), 619-623 (2005).</li><li>Lansink, C. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+split+microdrive+for+simultaneous+multi-electrode+recordings+from+two+brain+areas+in+awake+small+animals.">A split microdrive for simultaneous multi-electrode recordings from two brain areas in awake small animals.</a> J Neurosci Methods. 162 (1-2), 129-138 (2007).</li><li>Kloosterman, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Micro-drive+array+for+chronic+in+vivo+recording:+drive+fabrication.">Micro-drive array for chronic in vivo recording: drive fabrication.</a> J Vis Exp. (26), (2009).</li><li>. Google Patents Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.google.com/patents/US5928143">https://www.google.com/patents/US5928143</a> (1999)</li><li>Redish, A. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Independence+of+firing+correlates+of+anatomically+proximate+hippocampal+pyramidal+cells.">Independence of firing correlates of anatomically proximate hippocampal pyramidal cells.</a> J Neurosci. 21 (5), RC134 (2001).</li><li>Schmitzer-Torbert, N., Redish, A. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuronal+activity+in+the+rodent+dorsal+striatum+in+sequential+navigation:+separation+of+spatial+and+reward+responses+on+the+multiple+T+task.">Neuronal activity in the rodent dorsal striatum in sequential navigation: separation of spatial and reward responses on the multiple T task.</a> J Neurophysiol. 91 (5), 2259-2272 (2004).</li><li>Nguyen, D. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Micro-drive+array+for+chronic+in+vivo+recording:+tetrode+assembly.">Micro-drive array for chronic in vivo recording: tetrode assembly.</a> J Vis Exp. (26), (2009).</li><li>Chang, E. H., Frattini, S. A., Robbiati, S., Huerta, P. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Construction+of+microdrive+arrays+for+chronic+neural+recordings+in+awake+behaving+mice.">Construction of microdrive arrays for chronic neural recordings in awake behaving mice.</a> J Vis Exp. (77), e50470 (2013).</li><li>Vandecasteele, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Large-scale+recording+of+neurons+by+movable+silicon+probes+in+behaving+rodents.">Large-scale recording of neurons by movable silicon probes in behaving rodents.</a> J Vis Exp. (61), e3568 (2012).</li><li>Siegle, J. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chronically+implanted+hyperdrive+for+cortical+recording+and+optogenetic+control+in+behaving+mice.">Chronically implanted hyperdrive for cortical recording and optogenetic control in behaving mice.</a> Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2011, 7529-7532 (2011).</li><li>Brunetti, P. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Design+and+fabrication+of+ultralight+weight,+adjustable+multi-electrode+probes+for+electrophysiological+recordings+in+mice.">Design and fabrication of ultralight weight, adjustable multi-electrode probes for electrophysiological recordings in mice.</a> J Vis Exp. (91), e51675 (2014).</li><li>. Google Patents Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.google.com/patents/US4575330">https://www.google.com/patents/US4575330</a> (1986)</li><li>Ludvig, N., Potter, P. E., Fox, S. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simultaneous+single-cell+recording+and+microdialysis+within+the+same+brain+site+in+freely+behaving+rats:+a+novel+neurobiological+method.">Simultaneous single-cell recording and microdialysis within the same brain site in freely behaving rats: a novel neurobiological method.</a> J Neurosci Methods. 55 (1), 31-40 (1994).</li></ol>

Los autores no tienen nada que revelar.

Aquí, describimos el proceso de construcción de un hiperimpulsor desarrollado recientemente conformado por dieciocho tetrodos independientemente móviles. La unidad puede ser construida de piezas asequibles compradas en muchas tiendas de hardware disponibles, combinados con componentes creados por stereolithographic impresión. El hiperimpulsor puede ser crónicamente implantado en el cráneo de una rata utilizando procedimientos quirúrgicos estándar y es capaz de grabar actividad neuronal extracelular mientras que e...

En el campo de la neurociencia de sistemas, los científicos estudian los correlatos neurales subyacentes a los procesos cognitivos como la navegación espacial, memoria y toma de decisiones. Para este tipo de estudios, es fundamental para monitorear la actividad de muchas neuronas individuales en comportamiento animal. En las últimas décadas, se hicieron dos importantes avances para satisfacer las necesidades experimentales de grabación extracelular neuronal en animales pequeños1,2,3. Primero fue el desarrollo de la tetrodo, un paquete de cuatro microhilos utilizada para registrar la actividad neuronal de neuronas simultáneamente1,2,4. Las amplitudes de señal diferencial de actividad a través de los cuatro canales de un tetrodo permite el aislamiento de la actividad de neuronas individuales de muchas células simultáneamente registrado5. Además, la naturaleza flexible de los microhilos permite una mayor estabilidad de la tetrodo minimizando el desplazamiento relativo entre el tetrodo y la población celular. Tetrodos ahora son ampliamente utilizados en lugar de un electrodo individual para muchos estudios del cerebro en varias especies, incluyendo roedores1,2,6, primates7y8de insectos. En segundo lugar el desarrollo de un hiperimpulsor llevaba tetrodos independientemente móviles múltiples, que permite el monitoreo simultáneo de la actividad neural de grandes poblaciones de neuronas de grabación de múltiples localizaciones3, 9,10,11,12.
La disponibilidad de un dispositivo de grabación multi-tetrodo fiable y asequible para los pequeños animales es limitada. El hiperimpulsor clásico, desarrollado inicialmente por Bruce McNaughton13, se ha utilizado con éxito para grabaciones neurales en comportarse libremente las ratas en muchos laboratorios en las últimos dos décadas9,10,14, 15. sin embargo, por razones técnicas, los componentes originales necesarios para construir la unidad de McNaughton ahora son muy difíciles de conseguir y no son compatibles con interfaces de adquisición de datos recientemente mejorada. El otro diseño bien aceptado de hiperimpulsor requiere los microdrives para individualmente handcrafted, que podría producir resultados inconsistentes y consumir mucho tiempo12. Para grabar la actividad de los nervios de varias regiones del cerebro en ratas comportarse, hemos desarrollado un nuevo hiperimpulsor stereolithographic tecnología. Intentamos satisfacer los siguientes requisitos: (1) el nuevo hiperimpulsor debe permitir desplazamiento preciso de tetrodos en el cerebro y proporcionar grabación estable de varias regiones de destino; (2) el hiperimpulsor nuevo debe ser compatible con el sistema quickclip magnético desarrollado recientemente para permitir la conexión fácil; y (3) el nuevo hiperimpulsor puede ser reproducido con exactitud con materiales fácilmente disponibles. Presentamos una técnica para construir el hiperimpulsor para imprimir 3D que contiene dieciocho tetrodos independientemente móviles, basados en el diseño de McNaughton. En el protocolo, se describen los detalles del proceso de fabricación del nuevo hiperimpulsor, que hemos utilizado con éxito para registros potenciales de acción de la solo-neurona y los potenciales de campo local de las cortezas entorrinal postrhinal y medial durante semanas en una libre rata de comportarse durante las tareas de forrajeo naturales.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Welding rod</td>
			<td>Blue Demon</td>
			<td>ER308L-035-01T</td>
			<td>Stainless steel, 0.035&#34; in diameter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Screw</td>
			<td>McMaster</td>
			<td>91771A060</td>
			<td>Stainless steel, flat head, 0-80&#160;thread,&#160;5/8&#34;&#160;in length</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Screw</td>
			<td>McMaster</td>
			<td>91772A051</td>
			<td>Stainless steel, pan head, 0-80&#160;thread,&#160;5/32&#34;&#160;in length</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Screw</td>
			<td>McMaster</td>
			<td>92196A056</td>
			<td>Stainless steel, socket head, 0-80&#160;thread,&#160;5/16&#34;&#160;in length</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Screw</td>
			<td>McMaster</td>
			<td>92196A055</td>
			<td>Stainless steel, socket head, 0-80&#160;thread,&#160;1/4&#34;&#160;in length</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Screw</td>
			<td>McMaster</td>
			<td>95868A131</td>
			<td>Nylon,&#160; socket head, 2-56&#160;thread,&#160;3/16&#34;&#160;in length, black</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Screw nut</td>
			<td>McMaster</td>
			<td>90730A001</td>
			<td>Stainless steel, narrow hex,&#160; 0-80&#160;thread</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Shoulder screw</td>
			<td>McMaster</td>
			<td>90298A213</td>
			<td>Stainless steel, 8-32 thread, 3/16&#34; in diameter, 1/4&#34; in length</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cup screw</td>
			<td>McMaster</td>
			<td>92313A105</td>
			<td>Stainless steel, 4-40 thread, 3/16&#34; in length</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thumb screw</td>
			<td>McMaster</td>
			<td>94323A592</td>
			<td>Nylon, 8-32&#160;thread,&#160;3/8&#34;&#160;in length, black</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnet</td>
			<td>Apex</td>
			<td>M3X1MMDI</td>
			<td>Neodymium, 3 mm X 1 mm disc</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Metal tubing</td>
			<td>Small Parts</td>
			<td>B00137QHNS</td>
			<td>Stainless steel, 23 gauge, 0.0253&#34; OD, 0.013&#34; ID, 0.006&#34; wall</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Metal tubing</td>
			<td>New England Small Tube</td>
			<td>Custom-made</td>
			<td>Stainless steel, 30 gauge, 0.012/0.0125&#34; OD, 0.007/0.008&#34; ID, full hard</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heat-shrink tubing</td>
			<td>McMaster</td>
			<td>7856K72</td>
			<td>0.09&#34; ID before shrinking, blue</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silicone tubing</td>
			<td>A-M Systems</td>
			<td>807300</td>
			<td>0.040&#34; ID, 0.085&#34; OD</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polyimide tubing</td>
			<td>A-M Systems</td>
			<td>823400</td>
			<td>0.0045&#34; ID, 0.0005&#34; wall</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ground wire</td>
			<td>A-M Systems</td>
			<td>791500</td>
			<td>0.005&#34; bare, 0.008&#34; coated, half hard</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tetrode wire</td>
			<td>California Fine Wire</td>
			<td>Custom-made</td>
			<td>0.0007&#34; in diameter, platinum-iridium (90%-10%), HML and VG coating</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EIB</td>
			<td>Neuralynx</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>EIB-72-QC-Large</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gold pins</td>
			<td>Neuralynx</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>large EIB pins</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tap</td>
			<td>Balax</td>
			<td>01302-000</td>
			<td>M1.2 thread size</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tap</td>
			<td>McMaster</td>
			<td>2522A811</td>
			<td>0-80 thread size, bottoming</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tap</td>
			<td>McMaster</td>
			<td>2522A771</td>
			<td>0-80 thread size, plug</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tap</td>
			<td>McMaster</td>
			<td>26955A94</td>
			<td>3/8&#34;-24&#160;thread size, bottoming</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tap</td>
			<td>McMaster</td>
			<td>2522A713</td>
			<td>2-56&#160;thread size</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tap</td>
			<td>McMaster</td>
			<td>2522A715</td>
			<td>4-40&#160;thread size</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tap</td>
			<td>McMaster</td>
			<td>2522A718</td>
			<td>8-32&#160;thread size</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Die</td>
			<td>McMaster</td>
			<td>2576A457</td>
			<td>3/8&#34;-24&#160;thread size, 1&#34; OD</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Drill bit</td>
			<td>McMaster</td>
			<td>30585A82</td>
			<td>Wire gauge&#160;65,&#160;0.035&#34; in diameter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Drill bit</td>
			<td>McMaster</td>
			<td>30585A83</td>
			<td>Wire gauge&#160;66,&#160;0.033&#34; in diameter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Drill bit</td>
			<td>McMaster</td>
			<td>30585A87</td>
			<td>Wire gauge&#160;70,&#160;0.028&#34; in diameter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Drill bit</td>
			<td>McMaster</td>
			<td>30585A88</td>
			<td>Wire gauge&#160;71,&#160;0.026&#34; in diameter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Drill bit</td>
			<td>McMaster</td>
			<td>30585A91</td>
			<td>Wire gauge&#160;73,&#160;0.024&#34; in diameter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Drill bit</td>
			<td>McMaster</td>
			<td>8870A23</td>
			<td>3/16&#34;&#160;in diameter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dremel disc</td>
			<td>Wagner</td>
			<td>31M</td>
			<td>Diamond coated, 22 mm in diameter, 0.17 mm in thickness</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Steel wire</td>
			<td>Precision Brand</td>
			<td>21212</td>
			<td>0.012&#34; in diameter, full hard</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Steel wire</td>
			<td>Precision Brand</td>
			<td>21007</td>
			<td>0.007&#34; in diameter, full hard</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Steel wire</td>
			<td>A-M Systems</td>
			<td>792700</td>
			<td>0.003&#34; in diameter, half hard</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Super glue</td>
			<td>Loctite</td>
			<td>LT-40640</td>
			<td># 406</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Super glue</td>
			<td>Loctite</td>
			<td>LT-41550</td>
			<td># 415</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dental acrylic powder&#160;</td>
			<td>Teets</td>
			<td>223-3773</td>
			<td>Coral</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dental acrylic liquid</td>
			<td>Teets</td>
			<td>223-4003</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

construction of an improved multi-tetrode hyperdrive for large-scale neural recording in behaving rats

Monitoreo de los patrones de actividad de una gran población de neuronas durante muchos días en animales despiertos es una técnica valiosa en el campo de la neurociencia de sistemas. Un componente clave de esta técnica consiste en la colocación precisa de múltiples electrodos en regiones cerebrales deseadas y el mantenimiento de su estabilidad. Aquí, describimos un protocolo para la construcción de un hiperimpulsor 3D imprimible, que incluye dieciocho tetrodos independientemente ajustables y está diseñado específicamente para en vivo grabación extracelular neuronal en comportarse libremente las ratas. Los tetrodos a los microdrives o pueden ser avanzados individualmente en varias regiones del cerebro a lo largo de la pista, o pueden utilizarse para colocar una matriz de electrodos en un área más pequeña. Los tetrodos múltiples permiten un examen simultáneo de action potentials de docenas de neuronas individuales, así como potenciales de campo local de las poblaciones de neuronas en el cerebro durante el comportamiento activo. Además, el diseño proporciona 3D más sencillo elaborar software que puede modificarse fácilmente para diferentes necesidades experimentales.

Utilizamos un hiperimpulsor recién construido para obtener resultados de los ensayos. La unidad fue equipada con tetrodos de ø 17 μm (0,0007"), alambre recubierto de poliamida Platino-Iridio (90% - 10%). Las puntas de los tetrodos fueron plateadas en la solución de negro de platino para reducir la impedancia del electrodo a entre 100 y 200 kΩ a 1 kHz. El hiperimpulsor fue implantado 4,6 mm a la izquierda de la línea media y 0,5 mm anterior al sino transversal sobre el cráneo de un ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Construction of an Improved Multi-Tetrode Hyperdrive for Large-Scale Neural Recording in Behaving Rats at JoVE.com

Construction of an Improved Multi-Tetrode Hyperdrive for Large-Scale Neural Recording in Behaving Rats

Presentamos la construcción de un hiperimpulsor 3D imprimibles con dieciocho tetrodos independientemente ajustables. El hiperimpulsor está diseñado para registrar la actividad cerebral en comportarse libremente las ratas durante un período de varias semanas.

Construcción de un hiperimpulsor mejorado del tetrodo múltiples de grabación Neural a gran escala en comportarse ratas

Monitoring the activity patterns of a large population of neurons over many days in awake animals is a valuable technique in the field of systems ...

construction-an-improved-multi-tetrode-hyperdrive-for-large-scale

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

11.2K vistas.  Baylor College of Medicine. Presentamos la construcción de un hiperimpulsor 3D imprimibles con dieciocho tetrodos independientemente ajustables. El hiperimpulsor está diseñado para registrar la actividad cerebral en comportarse libremente las ratas durante un período de varias semanas.

Video: Construction of an Improved Multi-Tetrode Hyperdrive for Large-Scale Neural Recording in Behaving Rats

Combining Behavioral Endocrinology and Experimental Economics: Testosterone and Social Decision Making

Behavioral endocrinological research in humans as well as in animals suggests that testosterone plays a key role in social interactions. Studies in rodents have shown a direct link between testosterone and aggressive behavior1 and folk wisdom adapts these findings to humans, suggesting that testosterone induces antisocial, egoistic or even aggressive behavior2. However, many researchers doubt a direct testosterone-aggression link in humans, arguing instead that testosterone is primarily involved in status-related behavior3,4. As a high status can also be achieved by aggressive and antisocial means it can be difficult to distinguish between anti-social and status seeking behavior.
We therefore set up an experimental environment, in which status can only be achieved by prosocial means. In a double-blind and placebo-controlled experiment, we administered a single sublingual dose of 0.5 mg of testosterone (with a hydroxypropyl-&beta;-cyclodextrin carrier) to 121 women and investigated their social interaction behavior in an economic bargaining paradigm. Real monetary incentives are at stake in this paradigm; every player A receives a certain amount of money and has to make an offer to another player B on how to share the money. If B accepts, she gets what was offered and player A keeps the rest. If B refuses the offer, nobody gets anything. A status seeking player A is expected to avoid being rejected by behaving in a prosocial way, i.e. by making higher offers.
The results show that if expectations about the hormone are controlled for, testosterone administration leads to a significant increase in fair bargaining offers compared to placebo. The role of expectations is reflected in the fact that subjects who report that they believe to have received testosterone make lower offers than those who say they believe that they were treated with a placebo. These findings suggest that the experimental economics approach is sensitive for detecting neurobiological effects as subtle as those achieved by administration of hormones. Moreover, the findings point towards the importance of both psychosocial as well as neuroendocrine factors in determining the influence of testosterone on human social behavior.

The procedure described in this protocol shows that testosterone administration and folk beliefs about testosterone may be associated with directly opposed social behaviors.

La combinación del comportamiento de Endocrinología Experimental y Economía: Decisión de la testosterona y sociales que

Behavioral endocrinological research in humans as well as in animals suggests that testosterone plays a key role in social interactions. Studies in ...

Investigación

Neurociencias

Design and Construction of a Cost Effective Headstage for Simultaneous Neural Stimulation and Recording in the Water Maze

Headstage preamplifiers and source followers are commonly used to study neural activity in behavioral neurophysiology experiments. Available commercial products are often expensive, not easily customized, and not submersible. Here we describe a method to design and build a customized, integrated circuit headstage for simultaneous 4-channel neural recording and 2-channel simulation in awake, behaving animals. The headstage is designed using a free, commercially available CAD-type design package, and can be modified easily to accommodate different scales (e.g. to add channels). A customized printed circuit board is built using surface mount resistors, capacitors and operational amplifiers to construct the unity gain source follower circuit. The headstage is made water-proof with a combination of epoxy, parafilm and a synthetic rubber putty. We have successfully used this device to record local field potentials and stimulate different brain regions simultaneously via independent channels in rats swimming in a water maze. The total cost is &lt; $30/unit and can be manufactured readily.

We present a low-cost method to design and construct a light headstage pre-amplifier system with simultaneous neural recording and stimulation capability. This device can be waterproofed for use in swimming animals.

Diseño y construcción de un cabezal rentable para la estimulación simultánea neural y de grabación en el laberinto de agua

Headstage preamplifiers and source followers are commonly used to study neural activity in behavioral neurophysiology experiments. Available commercial ...

Recording Large-scale Neuronal Ensembles with Silicon Probes in the Anesthetized Rat

Large scale electrophysiological recordings from neuronal ensembles offer the opportunity to investigate how the brain orchestrates the wide variety of behaviors from the spiking activity of its neurons. One of the most effective methods to monitor spiking activity from a large number of neurons in multiple local neuronal circuits simultaneously is by using silicon electrode arrays1-3.
Action potentials produce large transmembrane voltage changes in the vicinity of cell somata. These output signals can be measured by placing a conductor in close proximity of a neuron. If there are many active (spiking) neurons in the vicinity of the tip, the electrode records combined signal from all of them, where contribution of a single neuron is weighted by its 'electrical distance'. Silicon probes are ideal recording electrodes to monitor multiple neurons because of a large number of recording sites (+64) and a small volume. Furthermore, multiple sites can be arranged over a distance of millimeters, thus allowing for the simultaneous recordings of neuronal activity in the various cortical layers or in multiple cortical columns (Fig. 1). Importantly, the geometrically precise distribution of the recording sites also allows for the determination of the spatial relationship of the isolated single neurons4. Here, we describe an acute, large-scale neuronal recording from the left and right forelimb somatosensory cortex simultaneously in an anesthetized rat with silicon probes (Fig. 2).

Extracellular recordings of neuronal activity using silicon probes in the anesthetized rat will be described. This technique allows information to be obtained across multiple brain areas from more than 100 neurons simultaneously. It provides information with single cell resolution about neuronal ensembles dynamics in multiple local circuits.

Grabación a gran escala conjuntos neuronales con sondas de silicona en la rata anestesiada

Large scale electrophysiological recordings from neuronal ensembles offer the opportunity to investigate how the brain orchestrates the wide variety of ...

Large-scale Recording of Neurons by Movable Silicon Probes in Behaving Rodents

A major challenge in neuroscience is linking behavior to the collective activity of neural assemblies. Understanding of input-output relationships of neurons and circuits requires methods with the spatial selectivity and temporal resolution appropriate for mechanistic analysis of neural ensembles in the behaving animal, i.e. recording of representatively large samples of isolated single neurons. Ensemble monitoring of neuronal activity has progressed remarkably in the past decade in both small and large-brained animals, including human subjects1-11. Multiple-site recording with silicon-based devices are particularly effective because of their scalability, small volume and geometric design.
Here, we describe methods for recording multiple single neurons and local field potential in behaving rodents, using commercially available micro-machined silicon probes with custom-made accessory components. There are two basic options for interfacing silicon probes to preamplifiers: printed circuit boards and flexible cables. Probe supplying companies (<a href="http://www.neuronexustech.com/" >http://www.neuronexustech.com/</a>; <a href="http://www.sbmicrosystems.com/">http://www.sbmicrosystems.com/</a>; <a href="http://www.acreo.se/">http://www.acreo.se/</a>) usually provide the bonding service and deliver probes bonded to printed circuit boards or flexible cables. Here, we describe the implantation of a 4-shank, 32-site probe attached to flexible polyimide cable, and mounted on a movable microdrive. Each step of the probe preparation, microdrive construction and surgery is illustrated so that the end user can easily replicate the process.

We describe methods for large-scale recording of multiple single units and local field potential in behaving rodents with silicon probes. Drive fabrication, probe attachment to the drive and probe implantation processes are illustrated in sufficient details for easy replication.

A gran escala de grabación de las neuronas por medio de sondas de silicio móviles en comportarse roedores

A major challenge in neuroscience is linking behavior to the collective activity of neural assemblies. Understanding of input-output relationships of ...

Preparation of an Awake Mouse for Recording Neural Responses and Injecting Tracers

It is well known that anesthesia alters neural response properties in various regions of the brain.13. In the auditory system, fundamental response properties of brainstem neurons including threshold, frequency specificity, and inhibitory sidebands are altered in significant ways under anesthesia1-2. These observations prompted physiologists to seek ways to record from single neurons without the contaminating effects of anesthesia. One result was a decerebrate preparation, where the brainstem was completely transected at the level of the midbrain4. The drawbacks of this preparation are a formidable surgery, the elimination of descending projections from the forebrain, and an inability to use sensory stimulation to examine structures above the midbrain. A different strategy has been to implant electrode arrays chronically to record from single neurons and multiunit clusters while the animal is awake and/or behaving5,6. These techniques however are not compatible with injecting tracer dyes after first electrophysiologically characterizing a brain structure. To avoid altering neural response properties with anesthetics while recording electrophysiological response properties from single neurons, we have adapted a head restraint technique long used in bats7-9 to mouse10-12. Using this method, we are able to conduct electrophysiological recordings over several days in the unanesthetized mouse. At the end of the recording sessions, we can then inject a dye to reconstruct electrode positions and recording sites or inject a tracer so that pathways to and from the recording loci can be determined. This method allows for well isolated single neuron recordings over multiple days without the use anesthetics.

Electrophysiological characterization of neuronal responses is important for understanding brain function and for guiding the placement of dyes for pathway tracing. However, many studies are performed in anesthetized animals. To understand brain function without anesthetics, we developed a method to record neuronal response properties and inject dyes in awake mouse.

Preparación de un ratón para la grabación de Despierta respuestas neuronales y de inyección de trazadores

It is well known that anesthesia alters neural response properties in various regions of the brain.13.  In the auditory system, fundamental response ...

Multi-unit Recording Methods to Characterize Neural Activity in the Locust (Schistocerca Americana) Olfactory Circuits

Detection and interpretation of olfactory cues are critical for the survival of many organisms. Remarkably, species across phyla have strikingly similar olfactory systems suggesting that the biological approach to chemical sensing has been optimized over evolutionary time1. In the insect olfactory system, odorants are transduced by olfactory receptor neurons (ORN) in the antenna, which convert chemical stimuli into trains of action potentials. Sensory input from the ORNs is then relayed to the antennal lobe (AL; a structure analogous to the vertebrate olfactory bulb). In the AL, neural representations for odors take the form of spatiotemporal firing patterns distributed across ensembles of principal neurons (PNs; also referred to as projection neurons)2,3. The AL output is subsequently processed by Kenyon cells (KCs) in the downstream mushroom body (MB), a structure associated with olfactory memory and learning4,5. Here, we present electrophysiological recording techniques to monitor odor-evoked neural responses in these olfactory circuits.
First, we present a single sensillum recording method to study odor-evoked responses at the level of populations of ORNs6,7. We discuss the use of saline filled sharpened glass pipettes as electrodes to extracellularly monitor ORN responses. Next, we present a method to extracellularly monitor PN responses using a commercial 16-channel electrode3. A similar approach using a custom-made 8-channel twisted wire tetrode is demonstrated for Kenyon cell recordings8. We provide details of our experimental setup and present representative recording traces for each of these techniques.

Multi-unit Recording Methods to Characterize Neural Activity in the Locust Schistocerca Americana Olfactory Circuits

We demonstrate variations of the extracellular multi-unit recording technique to characterize odor-evoked responses in the first three stages of the invertebrate olfactory pathway. These techniques can easily be adapted to examine ensemble activity in other neural systems as well.

Varias unidades Métodos de grabación para caracterizar la actividad neuronal en el Locust (<em&gt; Schistocerca americana</em&gt;) Circuitos olfativas

Detection and interpretation of olfactory cues are critical for the survival  of many organisms. Remarkably, species across phyla have strikingly similar ...

Neural Circuit Recording from an Intact Cockroach Nervous System

The cockroach ventral nerve cord preparation is a tractable system for neuroethology experiments, neural network modeling, and testing the physiological effects of insecticides. This article describes the scope of cockroach sensory modalities that can be used to assay how an insect nervous system responds to environmental perturbations. Emphasis here is on the escape behavior mediated by cerci to giant fiber transmission in Periplaneta americana. This in situ preparation requires only moderate dissecting skill and electrophysiological expertise to generate reproducible recordings of neuronal activity. Peptides or other chemical reagents can then be applied directly to the nervous system in solution with the physiological saline. Insecticides could also be administered prior to dissection and the escape circuit can serve as a proxy for the excitable state of the central nervous system. In this context the assays described herein would also be useful to researchers interested in limb regeneration and the evolution of nervous system development for which P. americana is an established model organism.

This article describes the cockroach ventral nerve cord dissection and extracellular recordings from the cercal nerve and connectives. Evoked responses are generated by electrical stimulation of the cercal nerve or direct mechanical stimulation of the cerci.

Neural Circuito de grabación de una cucaracha sistema nervioso intacto

The cockroach ventral nerve cord preparation is a tractable system for neuroethology experiments, neural network modeling, and testing the physiological ...

Electrophysiological Method for Recording Intracellular Voltage Responses of Drosophila Photoreceptors and Interneurons to Light Stimuli In Vivo

Voltage responses of insect photoreceptors and visual interneurons can be accurately recorded with conventional sharp microelectrodes. The method described here enables the investigator to measure long-lasting (from minutes to hours) high-quality intracellular responses from single Drosophila R1-R6 photoreceptors and Large Monopolar Cells (LMCs) to light stimuli. Because the recording system has low noise, it can be used to study variability among individual cells in the fly eye, and how their outputs reflect the physical properties of the visual environment. We outline all key steps in performing this technique. The basic steps in constructing an appropriate electrophysiology set-up for recording, such as design and selection of the experimental equipment are described. We also explain how to prepare for recording by making appropriate (sharp) recording and (blunt) reference electrodes. Details are given on how to fix an intact fly in a bespoke fly-holder, prepare a small window in its eye and insert a recording electrode through this hole with minimal damage. We explain how to localize the center of a cell's receptive field, dark- or light-adapt the studied cell, and to record its voltage responses to dynamic light stimuli. Finally, we describe the criteria for stable normal recordings, show characteristic high-quality voltage responses of individual cells to different light stimuli, and briefly define how to quantify their signaling performance. Many aspects of the method are technically challenging and require practice and patience to master. But once learned and optimized for the investigator's experimental objectives, it grants outstanding in vivo neurophysiological data.

Electrophysiological Method for Recording Intracellular Voltage Responses of Drosophila Photoreceptors and Interneurons to Light Stimuli In Vivo

Sharp microelectrodes enable accurate electrophysiological characterization of photoreceptor and visual interneuron output in living Drosophila. Here we show how to use this method to record high-quality voltage responses of individual cells to controlled light stimulation. This method is ideal for studying neural information processing in insect compound eyes.

Método electrofisiológico para registrar las respuestas de voltaje intracelular<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Los fotorreceptores y interneuronas a la luz Estímulos<em&gt; En Vivo</em

Voltage responses of insect photoreceptors and visual interneurons can be accurately recorded with conventional sharp microelectrodes. The method ...

Recording Spatially Restricted Oscillations in the Hippocampus of Behaving Mice

The local field potential (LFP) emerges from ion movements across neural membranes. Since the voltage recorded by LFP electrodes reflects the summed electrical field of a large volume of brain tissue, extracting information about local activity is challenging. Studying neuronal microcircuits, however, requires a reliable distinction between truly local events and volume-conducted signals originating in distant brain areas. Current source density (CSD) analysis offers a solution for this problem by providing information about current sinks and sources in the vicinity of the electrodes. In brain areas with laminar cytoarchitecture such as the hippocampus, one-dimensional CSD can be obtained by estimating the second spatial derivative of the LFP. Here, we describe a method to record multilaminar LFPs using linear silicon probes implanted into the dorsal hippocampus. CSD traces are computed along individual shanks of the probe. This protocol thus describes a procedure to resolve spatially restricted neuronal network oscillations in the hippocampus of freely moving mice.

This protocol describes the recording of local field potentials with multi-shank linear silicon probes. Conversion of the signals using current source density analysis allows the reconstruction of local electrical activity in the mouse hippocampus. With this technique, spatially restricted brain oscillations can be studied in freely moving mice.

Grabación espacial restringido a oscilaciones en el hipocampo de ratones de comportarse

The local field potential (LFP) emerges from ion movements across neural membranes. Since the voltage recorded by LFP electrodes reflects the summed ...

Large-scale Three-dimensional Imaging of Cellular Organization in the Mouse Neocortex

The mammalian neocortex is composed of many types of excitatory and inhibitory neurons, each with specific electrophysiological and biochemical properties, synaptic connections, and in vivo functions, but their basic functional and anatomical organization from cellular to network scale is poorly understood. Here we describe a method for the three-dimensional imaging of fluorescently-labeled neurons across large areas of the brain for the investigation of the cortical cellular organization. Specific types of neurons are labeled by the injection of fluorescent retrograde neuronal tracers or expression of fluorescent proteins in transgenic mice. Block brain samples, e.g., a hemisphere, are prepared after fixation, made transparent with tissue clearing methods, and subjected to fluorescent immunolabeling of the specific cell types. Large areas are scanned using confocal or two-photon microscopes equipped with large working distance objectives and motorized stages. This method can resolve the periodic organization of the cell type-specific microcolumn functional modules in the mouse neocortex. The procedure can be useful for the study of three-dimensional cellular architecture in the diverse brain areas and other complex tissues.

Here we describe a procedure for tissue clearing, fluorescent labeling, and large-scale imaging of mouse brain tissue which, thereby, enables visualization of the three-dimensional organization of cell types in the neocortex.