Name: a novel surgical technique as a foundation for in vivo partial liver engineering in rat
Uploaded: 2018-10-06T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Novel Surgical Technique As a Foundation for In Vivo Partial Liver Engineering in Rat at JoVE.com

The authors would like to thank Jens Geiling from the Institute of Anatomy I, Jena University Hospital, for producing the schematic drawings of rat liver anatomy.

The housing and all procedures carried out were in accordance with German animal welfare legislation. All gauze, covering clothes, and surgical instruments are autoclaved and prepared before the operation. All procedures are carried out under sterile conditions.
1. Preparation of the Rat for the Surgical Procedure
<ol>
	<li>Place the rat in an induction chamber and anesthetize the rat with 4% vaporized isoflurane and 100% oxygen at 0.5 L/min for about 3 min, until the rat is completely anest...

<ol>
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(92), e51955 (2014).</li><li>Zhou, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Decellularization+and+Recellularization+of+Rat+Livers+With+Hepatocytes+and+Endothelial+Progenitor+Cells.">Decellularization and Recellularization of Rat Livers With Hepatocytes and Endothelial Progenitor Cells.</a> Artificial Organs. 40, E25-E38 (2016).</li><li>Yagi, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human-scale+whole-organ+bioengineering+for+liver+transplantation:+a+regenerative+medicine+approach.">Human-scale whole-organ bioengineering for liver transplantation: a regenerative medicine approach.</a> Cell Transplantation. 22, 231-242 (2013).</li><li>Otsuka, H., Sasaki, K., Okimura, S., Nagamura, M., Nakasone, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Micropatterned+co-culture+of+hepatocyte+spheroids+layered+on+non-parenchymal+cells+to+understand+heterotypic+cellular+interactions.">Micropatterned co-culture of hepatocyte spheroids layered on non-parenchymal cells to understand heterotypic cellular interactions.</a> Science and Technology of Advanced Materials. 14, 065003 (2013).</li><li>Bale, S. 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By blocking and cannulating the left portal vein with a catheter as a fluid inlet and the left lateral hepatic vein with another catheter as a fluid outlet, we successfully generated an in vivo fluid bypass within the left lateral lobe, indicating that although the technique is highly challenging due to the small size of the vessels for cannulation and a high risk of causing bleeding, it is feasible. Even the rats undergoing a long perfusion period of 4 hours survived at least 1 week, showing that the rats could...

The indications for organ transplantation are constantly expanding. In contrast, organ donation rates and overall quality of organs are declining, leading to an increasing demand for grafts. The number of candidates added to the liver transplant waiting list continued to increase (e.g., in the United States, 11,340 patients were added in 2016, compared with 10,636 in 2015)1. Despite substantial efforts, the number of available organs does not meet clinical needs. Due to the increased incidence of liver disease, many patients with end-stage liver diseases die on the transplant waiting list before a donor organ becomes available. To meet the huge demand for donor liver grafts, alternative approaches using liver tissue engineering principles are being actively pursued2. Nowadays, a newly developed biological technique of liver engineering could potentially overcome this shortage.
Liver engineering consists of two steps: the generation of an acellular scaffold, followed by a repopulation of the scaffold. To obtain a biological acellular liver scaffold, the explanted liver is perfused via the vascular system with ionic or nonionic detergents, which can remove the cellular material from the liver. In most previous studies, a biological acellular liver scaffold was achieved by perfusion of the liver with a combination of sodium dodecyl sulfate and TritonX100. As a result, all cells were removed, whereas the structure of the extracellular matrix was maintained. The organ scaffolds were reseeded with mature cells, hepatocellular, as well as endothelial cell lines, and primary hepatocytes with or without the simultaneous application of endothelial cells or mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). Most researchers focus on ex vivo liver engineering3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14. However, in most previous studies, only small pieces of repopulated scaffold cubes were transplanted into different heterotopic implantation sites. In a few studies, partial repopulated scaffolds were transplanted as an auxiliary graft. However, the maximal reported survival time was only 72 h8,14. As far as we know, orthotopic transplantation of a repopulated full liver graft has not yet been performed or published about. The long-term function and transplantation of engineered organs are still in their infancy. Therefore, an alternative approach to ex vivo liver engineering is needed.
In vivo liver engineering may represent an alternative to study hepatic repopulation under physiological conditions. The advantages of in vivo liver engineering compared to ex vivo liver engineering are manifold. The in vivo repopulated partial liver scaffold is subjected to physiological blood perfusion with proper temperature, sufficient oxygen, nutrients, and growth factors in contrast to ex vivo perfusion with artificial culture medium. Furthermore, the remaining partial normal liver maintains the hepatic function, principally allowing long-term survival. Since an implanted ex vivo engineered liver graft is still incapable of sustaining the long-term survival of experimental animals by its liver function8,&#160;we envision that in vivo partial liver engineeringwould ultimately become a promising model to further study the evolution of engineered livers with longer survival observations than ex vivo.
Recently, one research group (Pan and colleagues) presented, for the first time, a technique of in vivo liver engineering15. They achieved the isolated perfusion of the right inferior liver lobe in living rats despite anatomic and technical challenges. They reported the first intraoperative results of in vivo repopulation using a rat primary hepatocyte cell line. However, the in vivo surgical perfusion model of Pan et al. has disadvantages. They achieved single liver lobe perfusion in rats at the expense of completely blocking the portal vein and inferior vena cava, which may cause severe harm to the animal. The experimental rats were sacrificed after only 6 hours of intraoperative observation time. Therefore, the in vivo liver lobe perfusion technique needs further improvement to achieve postoperative survival.
We developed a novel survival model for in vivo liver lobe perfusion, based on previous studies of the hepatic anatomy of rat16, the portal vein cannulation technique for hemodynamic monitoring in mice17, and liver bioengineering18,19. The key steps for the procedure are illustrated in Figure&#160;1A - 1E.
This technique is suitable for those who want to use this experimental in vivo perfusion model for basic research on partial organ treatment by infusion with drugs, in vivo decellularization as a chemical resection for organ diseases (e.g., liver cancer), in vivo cell culture in a decellularized matrix comparing ex vivo two-dimensional and three-dimensional cell culture systems20,21,22,23,24,25,26, and in vivo liver engineering by decellularization and repopulation.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:605px;" width="606">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Perfusion Pump</td>
			<td style="width:104px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Perfusor VI</td>
			<td colspan="2">B. Braun, Melsungen</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Catheter</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Versatus-W&#160; Catheter</td>
			<td>Terumo</td>
			<td>SR+DU2419PX</td>
			<td>24G, 0.74&#215;19mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Versatus-W&#160; Catheter</td>
			<td>Terumo</td>
			<td>SR+DU2225PX</td>
			<td>22G, 0.9&#215;25mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">micro surgical instrument</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">micro scissors</td>
			<td>F&#183;S&#183;L</td>
			<td>No. 14058-09</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">micro serrefine</td>
			<td>F&#183;S&#183;L</td>
			<td>No.18055-05</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Micro clamps applicator</td>
			<td>F&#183;S&#183;L</td>
			<td>No. 18057-14</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Straight micro forceps</td>
			<td>F&#183;S&#183;L</td>
			<td>No. 00632-11</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Curved micro forceps</td>
			<td>F&#183;S&#183;L</td>
			<td>No. 00649-11</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">micro needle-holder</td>
			<td>F&#183;S&#183;L</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">No. 12061-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">general surgical instruments</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">standard sissors</td>
			<td>F&#183;S&#183;L</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">mosquito clamp</td>
			<td>F&#183;S&#183;L</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">serrated forcep</td>
			<td>F&#183;S&#183;L</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">teethed forcep</td>
			<td>F&#183;S&#183;L</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">needle-holder</td>
			<td>F&#183;S&#183;L</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">suture</td>
			<td style="width:104px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">4-0 prolene</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">ethicon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">4-0 ETHICON*II</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">ethicon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">6-0 silk</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">ethicon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">11-0 polyamide</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">ethicon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a novel surgical technique as a foundation for in vivo partial liver engineering in rat

Organ engineering is a novel strategy to generate liver organ substitutes that can potentially be used in transplantation. Recently, in vivo liver engineering, including in vivo organ decellularization followed by repopulation, has emerged as a promising approach over ex vivo liver engineering. However, postoperative survival was not achieved. The aim of this study is to develop a novel surgical technique of in vivo selective liver lobe perfusion in rats as a prerequisite for in vivo liver engineering. We generate a circuit bypass only through the left lateral lobe. Then, the left lateral lobe is perfused with heparinized saline. The experiment is performed with 4 groups (n = 3 rats per group) based on different perfusion times of 20 min, 2 h, 3 h, and 4 h. Survival, as well as the macroscopically visible change of color and the histologically determined absence of blood cells in the portal triad and the sinusoids, is taken as an indicator for a successful model establishment. After selective perfusion of the left lateral lobe, we observe that the left lateral lobe, indeed, turned from red to faint yellow. In a histological assessment, no blood cells are visible in the branch of the portal vein, the central vein, and the sinusoids. The left lateral lobe turns red after reopening the blocked vessels. 12/12 rats survived the procedure for more than one week. We are the first to report a surgical model for in vivo single liver lobe perfusion with a long survival period of more than one week. In contrast to the previously published report, the most important advantage of the technique presented here is that perfusion of 70% of the liver is maintained throughout the whole procedure. The establishment of this technique provides a foundation for in vivo partial liver engineering in rats, including decellularization and recellularization.

Twelve male (aged 12 - 13 weeks) Lewis rats were used to assess the effect of selective liver lobe perfusion. The experiment was performed in four groups (n = 3 rats per group). Using different perfusion periods of 20 minutes, 2 hours, 3 hours, and 4 hours, following the steps described above, we successfully achieved in vivo single lobe perfusion.
In Vivo Perfusion of the Left...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Novel Surgical Technique As a Foundation for In Vivo Partial Liver Engineering in Rat at JoVE.com

A Novel Surgical Technique As a Foundation for In Vivo Partial Liver Engineering in Rat

We establish a novel surgical technique for an in vivo single liver lobe perfusion model in rat as a prerequisite for further studying in vivo partial liver engineering in the future.

A Novel Surgical Technique As a Foundation for In Vivo Partial Liver Engineering in Rat

Organ engineering is a novel strategy to generate liver organ substitutes that can potentially be used in transplantation. Recently, in vivo liver ...

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