Name: an economical and versatile high-throughput protein purification system using a multi-column plate adapter
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Research reported in this publication was supported by an Institutional Development Award (IDeA) from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under grant number P20GM103451 and an internal research grant from the University of Liverpool.

1. Denaturing Ni-NTA chromatography
<ol>
	<li>Preparing buffers 
	NOTE: See Table 1 for details of all buffers.
	<ol>
		<li>Make up 500 mL of 0.5 M NaOH, making sure to add the Milli-Q water first and then adding the NaOH slowly whilst the beaker is on a stirrer. Filter using a 0.22 &#181;m filter.</li>
		<li>Prepare 100 mL of 0.1 M nickel sulphate and filter using a 0.22 &#181;m filter.</li>
		<li>Prepare 50 mL of 2 M imidazole and filter using a 0.22 &#181;m filter.</li>
		<li>Prepare and 0.22 &...

<ol>
	<li>Zhang, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+an+Automated+Mid-Scale+Parallel+Protein+Purification+System+for+Antibody+Purification+and+Affinity+Chromatography.">Development of an Automated Mid-Scale Parallel Protein Purification System for Antibody Purification and Affinity Chromatography.</a> Protein Expression and Purification. , 128 (2016).</li><li>Renaud, J. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biophysics+in+Drug+Discovery:+Impact,+Challenges+and+Opportunities.+Nature+Reviews.">Biophysics in Drug Discovery: Impact, Challenges and Opportunities. Nature Reviews.</a> Drug Discovery. 15 (10), (2016).</li><li>Kim, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-throughput+Protein+Purification+and+Quality+Assessment+for+Crystallization.">High-throughput Protein Purification and Quality Assessment for Crystallization.</a> Methods (San Diego, Calif). 55 (1), (2011).</li><li>Pan, W., Wang, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+New+Metal+Affinity+NCTR+25+Tag+as+a+Better+Alternative+to+the+His-tag+for+the+Expression+of+Recombinant+Fused+Proteins.">A New Metal Affinity NCTR 25 Tag as a Better Alternative to the His-tag for the Expression of Recombinant Fused Proteins.</a> Protein Expression and Purification. , 164 (2019).</li><li>Locatelli-Hoops, S., Sheen, F. C., Zoubak, L., Gawrisch, K., Yeliseev, A. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Application+of+HaloTag+Technology+to+Expression+and+Purification+of+Cannabinoid+Receptor+CB2.">Application of HaloTag Technology to Expression and Purification of Cannabinoid Receptor CB2.</a> Protein Expression and Purification. 89 (1), 62-72 (2013).</li><li>Pina, A. S., Lowe, C. R., Roque, A. C. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Challenges+and+Opportunities+in+the+Purification+of+Recombinant+Tagged+Proteins.">Challenges and Opportunities in the Purification of Recombinant Tagged Proteins.</a> Biotechnology Advances. 32 (2), (2014).</li><li>Gaberc-Porekar, V., Menart, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Perspectives+of+Immobilized-Metal+Affinity+Chromatography.">Perspectives of Immobilized-Metal Affinity Chromatography.</a> Journal of Biochemical and Biophysical Methods. 49 (1-3), (2001).</li><li>Anderson, A. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Process+of+Structure-Based+Drug+Design.">The Process of Structure-Based Drug Design.</a> Chemistry &amp; Biology. 10 (9), (2003).</li><li>Cummin, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Simple+High-Throughput+Purification+Method+for+Hit+Identification+in+Protein+Screening.">A Simple High-Throughput Purification Method for Hit Identification in Protein Screening.</a> Journal of Immunological Methods. 339 (1), (2008).</li><li>Dominguez, M. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Multi-Column+Plate+Adapter+Provides+an+Economical+and+Versatile+High-Throughput+Protein+Purification+System.">A Multi-Column Plate Adapter Provides an Economical and Versatile High-Throughput Protein Purification System.</a> Protein Expression and Purification. , 152 (2018).</li><li>Bolanos-Garcia, V. M., Davies, O. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structural+Analysis+and+Classification+of+Native+Proteins+From+E.+Coli+Commonly+Co-Purified+by+Immobilised+Metal+Affinity+Chromatography.">Structural Analysis and Classification of Native Proteins From E. Coli Commonly Co-Purified by Immobilised Metal Affinity Chromatography.</a> Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1760 (9), (2006).</li><li>Ayyar, B. V., Arora, S., Murphy, C., O'Kennedy, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Affinity+Chromatography+for+Antibody+Purification.">Affinity Chromatography for Antibody Purification.</a> Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.). , (1129).</li><li>Jubb, H., Higueruelo, A. P., Winter, A., Blundell, T. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structural+Biology+and+Drug+Discovery+for+Protein-Protein+Interactions.">Structural Biology and Drug Discovery for Protein-Protein Interactions.</a> Trends in Pharmacological Sciences. 33 (5), (2012).</li><li>Grabowski, M., Niedzialkowska, E., Zimmerman, M. D., Minor, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Impact+of+Structural+Genomics:+the+First+Quindecennial.">The Impact of Structural Genomics: the First Quindecennial.</a> Journal of Structural and Functional Genomics. 17 (1), 1-16 (2016).</li></ol>

The method is robust and simple to use for relatively inexperienced protein biochemists, however there are a few considerations to bear in mind.
Caution about overfilling collection plates
The 48-well collection plate itself only holds 5 mL per well while each 96-well only holds 2 mL. This needs to be kept in mind when adding buffer and running sample through the column as there is the risk of overfilling the wells. In particular, care needs to be t...

Protein purification techniques to achieve milligram quantities of purified proteins are imperative to their characterization and analysis, especially for biophysical methods such as NMR. Protein purification is also central across other areas of study such as drug discovery processes and protein-protein interaction studies; however, achieving such quantities of pure protein can become a bottleneck for these techniques1,2,3. The principal method for protein purification is chromatography, which includes a variety of methods that rely on the individual characteristics of proteins and their tags. In affinity chromatography, proteins have an additional protein or peptide motif that works as a tag that has an affinity for a certain substrate on the chromatography resin4. The most common affinity method is immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) using His-tagged proteins, whereas another popular method is ion exchange chromatography that separates proteins based on their charge. For highest purity, a combination of affinity chromatography and ion exchange is frequently used together, usually requiring expensive lab equipment for high-throughput.
The evolving era of functional proteomics is fueling the demand for high-throughput techniques for purifying not singular proteins for specific analysis but large numbers of proteins simultaneously for comprehensive analysis and genome wide studies5. Immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) is one of the most widely used methods for high-throughput protein purification6,7 yet its automated systems are costly and unaffordable for smaller laboratories8. The more affordable plate-based alternatives that are currently available employ the use of accessible laboratory-based equipment, such as a vacuum. Although these methods are successful in improving the speed of purification, it can only achieve high-throughput purification on a smaller scale, only yielding protein in the microgram range. These limitations mean that the pre-packed 96 well filter plates (e.g., from GE Healthcare now owned by Cytiva) cannot be used before biophysical techniques9. Gravity chromatography is the most cost-efficient method of purification; however, setting up multiple columns is inconvenient and can be prone to error for multiple proteins.
A multi column plate adaptor (MCPA) has been developed and proven to successfully and conveniently run parallel affinity chromatography columns at once to purify His-tagged yeast SH3 domains10. The MCPA offers a cost-efficient high-throughput purification method that does not depend on costly instrumentation. Its flexible design can effectively purify milligrams of protein by multiple affinity chromatography columns under gravity or vacuum manifold. Furthermore, resin type, volume, and other parameters can be adjusted for each individual column for faster optimization. This study demonstrates that ion exchange chromatography by the MCPA can be used in conjunction with affinity chromatography by the MCPA to enhance the purification of the Abp1 SH3 domain. Additionally, up to 24 different proteins can be separated in parallel using these methods.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>2 mL/ well collection plate</td>
			<td>Agilent technologies</td>
			<td>201240-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5 mL/ well collection plate</td>
			<td>Agilent technologies</td>
			<td>201238-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>12 mL chromatography columns</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>7311550</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96 well long drip plate</td>
			<td>Agilent technologies</td>
			<td>200919-100</td>
			<td>Come with 0.25 um filters which are to be removed.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96 well plate seal/mat</td>
			<td>Agilent technologies</td>
			<td>201158-100</td>
			<td>Should be peirceable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>His60 Ni Superflow Resin</td>
			<td>Takara Bio</td>
			<td>635660</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HiTrap Q HP anion exchange column</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare (Cytiva)</td>
			<td>17115301</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lvis plate reader</td>
			<td>BMG LABTECH</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Compatible with FLUOstar Omega plate reader</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Male leur plugs</td>
			<td>Cole-Parmer</td>
			<td>EW-45503-70</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PlatePrep 96 well Vacuum Manifold Starter kit</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>575650-U</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Reservoir collection plate</td>
			<td>Agilent technologies</td>
			<td>201244-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>The Repeater Plus</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>2226020</td>
			<td>With 5 mL and 50 mL syringes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>VACUSAFE vacuum</td>
			<td>INTEGRA</td>
			<td>158 320</td>
			<td>The vacusafe vacuum has a vacuum range from 300 mBar to 600 mBar and a 4 L waste collection bottle</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

an economical and versatile high-throughput protein purification system using a multi-column plate adapter

Protein purification is imperative to the study of protein structure and function and is usually used in combination with biophysical techniques. It is also a key component in the development of new therapeutics. The evolving era of functional proteomics is fueling the demand for high-throughput protein purification and improved techniques to facilitate this. It was hypothesized that a multi column plate adaptor (MCPA) can interface multiple chromatography columns of different resins with multi-well plates for parallel purification. This method offers an economical and versatile method of protein purification that can be used under gravity or vacuum, rivaling the speed of an automated system. The MCPA can be used to recover milligram yields of protein by an affordable and time efficient method for subsequent characterization and analysis. The MCPA has been used for high-throughput affinity purification of SH3 domains. Ion exchange has also been demonstrated via the MCPA to purify protein post Ni-NTA affinity chromatography, indicating how this system can be adapted to other purification types. Due to its setup with multiple columns, individual customization of parameters can be made in the same purification, unachievable by the current plate-based methods.

As an example, the MCPA has successfully purified 14 AbpSH3 mutants in denaturing conditions via Ni-NTA (Figure 2A). A small contaminant ~ 25 kDa can be seen, however the protein is still largely pure. This contaminant is believed to be YodA, a common co-purified protein found in E. coli11.&#160;Figure 2B shows the purification of 11 different SH3 domains under native conditions. The small contaminant seen in denaturing ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Economical and Versatile High-Throughput Protein Purification System Using a Multi-Column Plate Adapter at JoVE.com

An Economical and Versatile High-Throughput Protein Purification System Using a Multi-Column Plate Adapter

A multi-column plate adapter allows chromatography columns to be interfaced with multi-well collection plates for parallel affinity or ion exchange purification providing an economical high throughput protein purification method. It can be used under gravity or vacuum yielding milligram quantities of protein via affordable instrumentation.

Protein purification is imperative to the study of protein structure and function and is usually used in combination with biophysical techniques. It is ...

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