Name: induction of intestinal inflammation by adoptive transfer of cbir1 tcr transgenic cd4+ t cells to immunodeficient mice
Uploaded: 2021-12-16T14:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Induction of Intestinal Inflammation by Adoptive Transfer of CBir1 TCR Transgenic CD4+ T Cells to Immunodeficient Mice at JoVE.com

This work was supported in part by the National Institutes of Health grants DK125011, AI150210, and DK124132, the University of Texas System STARs award (Y.C.), and the James W. McLaughlin Fellowship Fund from The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston (W.Y.). Figure 1 was created with BioRender.com.

All animal procedures were performed according to the University of Texas Medical Branch&#39;s Committee on the Use and Care of the animals. CBir1 TCR Tg mice were provided by Dr. Charles Elson of the University of Alabama at Birmingham. CBir1 TCR Tg mice can be female or male but should be at 8-12 weeks. Rag1-/- mice on the C57BL/6 background were obtained from the Jackson Laboratory10. Rag1-/- mice must be gender and age-matched, and either male or female ...

<ol>
	<li>Kaplan, G. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+global+burden+of+IBD:+From+2015+to+2025.">The global burden of IBD: From 2015 to 2025.</a> Nature Reviews Gastroenterology &amp; Hepatology. 12 (12), 720-727 (2015).</li><li>Ananthakrishnan, A. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epidemiology+and+risk+factors+for+IBD.">Epidemiology and risk factors for IBD.</a> Nature Reviews Gastroenterology &amp; Hepatology. 12 (4), 205-217 (2015).</li><li>Yang, W., Cong, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gut+microbiota-derived+metabolites+in+the+regulation+of+host+immune+responses+and+immune-related+inflammatory+diseases.">Gut microbiota-derived metabolites in the regulation of host immune responses and immune-related inflammatory diseases.</a> Cellular &amp; Molecular Immunology. 18 (4), 866-877 (2021).</li><li>Pickard, J. M., Zeng, M. Y., Caruso, R., N&#250;&#241;ez, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Gut microbiota: Role in pathogen colonization, immune responses, and inflammatory disease. 279 (1), 70-89 (2017).</li><li>Russler-Germain, E. V., Rengarajan, S., Hsieh, C. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antigen-specific+regulatory+T-cell+responses+to+intestinal+microbiota.">Antigen-specific regulatory T-cell responses to intestinal microbiota.</a> Mucosal Immunology. 10 (6), 1375-1386 (2017).</li><li>Chen, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microbiota+metabolite+butyrate+differentially+regulates+Th1+and+Th17+cells'+differentiation+and+function+in+induction+of+colitis.">Microbiota metabolite butyrate differentially regulates Th1 and Th17 cells' differentiation and function in induction of colitis.</a> Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. 25 (9), 1450-1461 (2019).</li><li>Cong, Y., Weaver, C. T., Lazenby, A., Elson, C. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bacterial-reactive+T+regulatory+cells+inhibit+pathogenic+immune+responses+to+the+enteric+flora.">Bacterial-reactive T regulatory cells inhibit pathogenic immune responses to the enteric flora.</a> Journal of Immunology. 169 (11), 6112-6119 (2002).</li><li>Lodes, M. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bacterial+flagellin+is+a+dominant+antigen+in+Crohn+disease.">Bacterial flagellin is a dominant antigen in Crohn disease.</a> Journal of Clinical Investigation. 113 (9), 1296-1306 (2004).</li><li>Targan, S. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antibodies+to+CBir1+flagellin+define+a+unique+response+that+is+associated+independently+with+complicated+Crohn's+disease.">Antibodies to CBir1 flagellin define a unique response that is associated independently with complicated Crohn's disease.</a> Gastroenterology. 128 (7), 2020-2028 (2005).</li><li>Mombaerts, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RAG-1-deficient+mice+have+no+mature+B+and+T+lymphocytes.">RAG-1-deficient mice have no mature B and T lymphocytes.</a> Cell. 68 (5), 869-877 (1992).</li><li>Charan, J., Kantharia, N. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=How+to+calculate+sample+size+in+animal+studies.">How to calculate sample size in animal studies.</a> Journal of Pharmacology &amp; Pharmacotherapeutics. 4 (4), 303-306 (2013).</li><li>Kwizera, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+trypan+blue+stain+in+the+TC20+automated+cell+counter+as+a+point-of-care+for+the+enumeration+of+viable+cryptococcal+cells+in+cerebrospinal+fluid.">Evaluation of trypan blue stain in the TC20 automated cell counter as a point-of-care for the enumeration of viable cryptococcal cells in cerebrospinal fluid.</a> Medical Mycology. 56 (5), 559-564 (2018).</li><li>Boyman, O., L&#233;tourneau, S., Krieg, C., Sprent, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Homeostatic+proliferation+and+survival+of+na&#239;ve+and+memory+T+cells.">Homeostatic proliferation and survival of na&#239;ve and memory T cells.</a> European Journal of Immunology. 39 (8), 2088-2094 (2009).</li><li>Chai, J. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulatory+T+cells,+derived+from+na&#239;ve+CD4+CD25-+T+cells+by+in+vitro+Foxp3+gene+transfer,+can+induce+transplantation+tolerance.">Regulatory T cells, derived from na&#239;ve CD4+CD25- T cells by in vitro Foxp3 gene transfer, can induce transplantation tolerance.</a> Transplantation. 79 (10), 1310-1316 (2005).</li><li>Bialkowska, A. B., Ghaleb, A. M., Nandan, M. O., Yang, V. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improved+Swiss-rolling+technique+for+intestinal+tissue+preparation+for+immunohistochemical+and+immunofluorescent+analyses.">Improved Swiss-rolling technique for intestinal tissue preparation for immunohistochemical and immunofluorescent analyses.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (113), e54161 (2016).</li><li>Bialkowska, A. B., Ghaleb, A. M., Nandan, M. O., Yang, V. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improved+Swiss-rolling+technique+for+intestinal+tissue+preparation+for+immunohistochemical+and+immunofluorescent+analyses.">Improved Swiss-rolling technique for intestinal tissue preparation for immunohistochemical and immunofluorescent analyses.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (113), e54161 (2016).</li><li>Fischer, A. H., Jacobson, K. A., Rose, J., Zeller, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hematoxylin+and+eosin+staining+of+tissue+and+cell+sections.">Hematoxylin and eosin staining of tissue and cell sections.</a> Cold Spring Harbor Protocols. 2008, (2008).</li><li>Erben, U., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+guide+to+histomorphological+evaluation+of+intestinal+inflammation+in+mouse+models.">A guide to histomorphological evaluation of intestinal inflammation in mouse models.</a> International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Pathology. 7 (8), 4557-4576 (2014).</li><li>Tuijnman, W. B., Van Wichen, D. F., Schuurman, H. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tissue+distribution+of+human+IgG+Fc+receptors+CD16,+CD32+and+CD64:+An+immunohistochemical+study.">Tissue distribution of human IgG Fc receptors CD16, CD32 and CD64: An immunohistochemical study.</a> APMIS. 101 (4), 319-329 (1993).</li><li>Yang, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Intestinal microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids regulation of immune cell IL-22 production and gut immunity. 11 (1), 4457 (2020).</li><li>Reinoso Webb, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+susceptibility+to+t+cell-induced+colitis+in+mice.+Role+of+the+Intestinal+Microbiota.">Differential susceptibility to t cell-induced colitis in mice. Role of the Intestinal Microbiota.</a> Inflammatory Bowel Disease. 24 (2), 361-379 (2018).</li><li>Bamias, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Down-regulation+of+intestinal+lymphocyte+activation+and+Th1+cytokine+production+by+antibiotic+therapy+in+a+murine+model+of+Crohn's+disease.">Down-regulation of intestinal lymphocyte activation and Th1 cytokine production by antibiotic therapy in a murine model of Crohn's disease.</a> Journal of Immunology. 169 (9), 5308-5314 (2002).</li><li>Steinbach, E. C., Gipson, G. R., Sheikh, S. Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Induction+of+murine+intestinal+inflammation+by+adoptive+transfer+of+effector+CD4++CD45RB+high+T+cells+into+immunodeficient+mice.">Induction of murine intestinal inflammation by adoptive transfer of effector CD4+ CD45RB high T cells into immunodeficient mice.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (98), e52533 (2015).</li><li>Atale, N., Gupta, S., Yadav, U. C., Rani, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell-death+assessment+by+fluorescent+and+nonfluorescent+cytosolic+and+nuclear+staining+techniques.">Cell-death assessment by fluorescent and nonfluorescent cytosolic and nuclear staining techniques.</a> Journal of Microscopy. 255 (1), 7-19 (2014).</li><li>Manichanh, C., Borruel, N., Casellas, F., Guarner, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+gut+microbiota+in+IBD.">The gut microbiota in IBD.</a> Nature Reviews Gastroenterology &amp; Hepatology. 9 (10), 599-608 (2012).</li><li>Sun, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microbiota-derived+short-chain+fatty+acids+promote+Th1+cell+IL-10+production+to+maintain+intestinal+homeostasis.">Microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids promote Th1 cell IL-10 production to maintain intestinal homeostasis.</a> Nature Communications. 9 (1), 3555 (2018).</li><li>Feng, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Th17+cells+induce+colitis+and+promote+Th1+cell+responses+through+IL-17+induction+of+innate+IL-12+and+IL-23+production.">Th17 cells induce colitis and promote Th1 cell responses through IL-17 induction of innate IL-12 and IL-23 production.</a> Journal of Immunology. 186 (11), 6313-6318 (2011).</li><li>Chiaranunt, P., Tometich, J. T., Ji, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> T Cell Proliferation and Colitis Are Initiated by Defined Intestinal Microbes. 201 (1), 243-250 (2018).</li><li>Feng, T., Cao, A. T., Weaver, C. T., Elson, C. O., Cong, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interleukin-12+converts+Foxp3++regulatory+T+cells+to+interferon-&#947;-producing+Foxp3++T+cells+that+inhibit+colitis.">Interleukin-12 converts Foxp3+ regulatory T cells to interferon-&#947;-producing Foxp3+ T cells that inhibit colitis.</a> Gastroenterology. 140 (7), 2031-2043 (2011).</li></ol>

Although every step is essential for the reproducibility of this colitis model, there are several critical steps. The recipient Rag-/- mice should receive adequate viable na&#970;ve CD4+ T cells to induce intestinal inflammation. We used spleens for the isolation of na&#239;ve CD4+ T cells instead of MLNs. Because the yield of na&#239;ve CD4+ T cells in MLNs is much lower than in spleens. CD62L is highly expressed in na&#239;ve T cells, and CD44 and CD25 are the activa...

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), mainly including Crohn&#39;s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), are characterized by chronic, relapsing-remitting inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, affecting millions worldwide1. Several factors have been implicated in the development and pathogenesis of IBD, including genetic susceptibility, gut microbiota, immune responses, diet, and lifestyle2. However, the exact mechanism of IBD is still not completely understood.
One of the particular interests is the interaction between gut microbiota and host immune responses in regulating intestinal inflammation3. Gut microbiota provides a series of immunostimulatory molecules and antigens, which can activate immune responses4. While the balance between effector T cells and regulatory T cells (Tregs) is critical in maintaining intestinal homeostasis, the excessive intestinal mucosal CD4+ T cell response to gut microbiota antigens contributes to intestinal inflammation5,6,7. As an immunodominant gut microbiota antigen, CBir1 flagellin has been related to the pathogenesis of human CD8,9. Furthermore, transfer of CBir1 TCR transgenic (Tg) T cells induces intestinal inflammation in immune-deficient mice6, closely resembling the human IBD, indicating that this T cell transfer model helps investigate the mechanisms of human IBD.
This work describes the detailed protocol of inducing colitis in Rag1-/- mice by adoptive transfer of CBir1 TCR Tg na&#970;ve CD4+ T cells and assessing disease severity. Besides, the anticipated results are shown, and the critical steps of the procedure and troubleshooting are discussed, which will help researchers investigate the mechanisms of pathogenesis of intestinal inflammation and test the potential drugs for treating IBD.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>0.22 &#181;m vacuum-driven disposable bottle top filter</td>
			<td>MilliporeSigma</td>
			<td>SCGPS05RE</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100x Penicillin-Streptomycin</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>30-002-CI</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100-&#181;m strainer</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>352360</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3-mL Transfer Pipette</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand</td>
			<td>13-711-9CM</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Mouse CD16/32</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>101302</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Mouse CD25-Percp/Cy5.5</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>102030</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-mouse CD3-Percp/Cy5.5</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>100327</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Mouse CD4 APC</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>100516</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Mouse CD4 Magnetic Particles</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>551539</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Mouse CD4-BV421</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>100544</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Mouse CD62L-PE</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>104408</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Mouse Foxp3-PE</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>12-5773-82</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Mouse IFN&#947;-FITC</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>505806</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Mouse IL-17A-PE/Cy7</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>506922</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Automated Cell Counter</td>
			<td>Bio-rad</td>
			<td>TC20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Brefeldin A</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>555029</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BSA</td>
			<td>Fisher Bioreagents</td>
			<td>BP1600-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>C tube</td>
			<td>Miltenyi</td>
			<td>130-093-237</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell Separation Magnet</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>552311</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagenase IV</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C5138</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DAPI</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D9542</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dissociator Machine</td>
			<td>Miltenyi</td>
			<td>130-096-427</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DNase I</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EDTA</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>46-034-CI</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EDTA (0.5 M, PH 8.0)</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>46-034-CI</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FBS</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>S11550</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Flow cytometer</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>LSD Fortessa</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heat Lamp</td>
			<td>CoverShield</td>
			<td>BR40</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&#38;E) Stain Kit</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab245880</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Insulin Syringes</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>329412</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ionomycin</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>I24222</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Live/dead Fixable Near-IR Dead Cell Stain kit</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>L10119</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MaxQ 6000 Incubated/Refrigerated Stackable Shakers</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>SHKE6000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NH4Cl</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>A687-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Percoll</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>17-0891-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phorbol-12-myristate 13-acetate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P8139</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RPMI 1640 Medium</td>
			<td>Cytiva HyClone</td>
			<td>SH3002702</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sorter</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>Arial Fusion</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tissue Automatic Processor</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>STP120</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tissue Embedding/Processing Cassette</td>
			<td>Fisher Healthcare</td>
			<td>22048142</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tris Base</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>BP154-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>True-Nuclear Transcription Factor Buffer Set (including Perm Buffer)</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>424401</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

induction of intestinal inflammation by adoptive transfer of cbir1 tcr transgenic cd4+ t cells to immunodeficient mice

With the increase of incidence, inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), which are chronic diseases affecting the gastrointestinal tract, impose a considerable health and financial burden on individuals and society. Therefore, it is critical to investigate the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis and development of IBD. Here, a gut microbiota antigen-specific T cell transfer colitis model is described. CBir1 flagellin has been recognized as the immunodominant gut bacterial antigen in experimental colitis and patients with Crohn&#39;s disease. CBir1 TCR transgenic na&#970;ve CD4+ T cells, specific to CBir1 flagellin, can induce chronic colitis after adoptive transfer into immune-deficient Rag1-/- mice. The disease severity is assessed by histopathology. The CD4+ T cell phenotypes in colonic lamina propria are also determined. This model closely resembles the development of IBD, which provides an ideal murine model for investigating the mechanisms driving the pathogenesis of IBD and testing the potential drugs for treating IBD.

Approximately 5 x 106 CBir1 TCR Tg na&#970;ve CD4+ T cells per spleen were isolated from an adult CBir1 TCR Tg mouse. Transfer of CBir1 TCR Tg na&#970;ve CD4+ T cells induced chronic colitis in recipient Rag1-/- mice. After cell transfer, clinical signs were monitored to evaluate the progression of intestinal inflammation, including weight loss, stool consistency, and hunched posture. As expected, mice began to lose weight around three weeks post cell transfer, and the...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Induction of Intestinal Inflammation by Adoptive Transfer of CBir1 TCR Transgenic CD4+ T Cells to Immunodeficient Mice at JoVE.com

Induction of Intestinal Inflammation by Adoptive Transfer of CBir1 TCR Transgenic CD4+ T Cells to Immunodeficient Mice

In this protocol, a gut microbiota antigen-specific T cell adoptive transfer colitis model is described. CD4+ T cells are isolated from CBir1 TCR transgenic mice. These are specific for an immunodominant gut microbiota antigen CBir1 flagellin, which is transferred into recipient Rag1-/- mice, leading to intestinal inflammation.

Induction of Intestinal Inflammation by Adoptive Transfer of CBir1 TCR Transgenic CD4+ T Cells to Immunodeficient Mice

With the increase of incidence, inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), which are chronic diseases affecting the gastrointestinal tract, impose a considerable ...

Inflammatory bowel disease, or IBD, imposes a considerable health and financial burden on individuals and the society. This colitis model is helpful to study the mechanisms of IBD and evaluate the treatments for IBD. This immunodominant Cbir flagellin T-cell-specific adoptive transfer colitis model provides insights into how gut bacteria antigen induces T-cell responses to induce colitis.After euthanizing the mouse, make an approximately one-centimeter left abdominal incision and pull the skin away from the abdominal muscle tissue. Then, make an approximately three-centimeter incision in the abdominal muscle tissue. Next, remove the spleen with sterile scissors and forceps.Place the spleen in a culture dish containing five milliliters of pre-cooled washing buffer. Grind the spleen with the rough surface of two sterile glass slides. Transfer the cell suspension into a 50-milliliter centrifuge tube by passing it through a 100-micrometer cell strainer.Rinse the glass slides and culture dish with five milliliters of pre-cooled washing buffer, and transfer the washing buffer into the tube. Centrifuge the cell suspension, discard the supernatant, and resuspend the cells with five milliliters of prewarmed Tris ammonium chloride lysis buffer per spleen. Incubate for 10 minutes at room temperature.Add 10 milliliters of pre-cooled washing buffer to the tube. Then, centrifuge the cell suspension, discard the supernatant, and resuspend the cells with 10 milliliters of pre-cooled isolation buffer. To count the cells, mix 10 microliters each of cell suspension and Trypan blue thoroughly, and load 10 microliters onto a slide.Then, insert the slide into the automated cell counter to obtain the viable cell number. Centrifuge the remaining cell suspension and discard all supernatant. Vortex the anti-mouse CD4 magnetic particles, directly add 50 microliters of the particles per 10 million cells, and mix with cell pellets thoroughly.Incubate the mixture for 30 minutes at four degrees Celsius. Transfer the cell particle suspension into a sterile collection tube. Add 3.5 milliliters of pre-cooled isolation buffer into the tube.Place the tube on the cell separation magnet for eight minutes at room temperature. Then, carefully aspirate off the supernatant with a three-milliliter transfer pipette. Remove the tube from the cell separation magnet.Then, resuspend the cells with 3.5 milliliters of pre-cooled isolation buffer and place the tube on the magnet for four minutes at room temperature. Carefully aspirate the supernatant with a three-milliliter pipette. Finally, resuspend the cells in one milliliter of pre-cooled FACS buffer.To transfer the cells into the recipient mice, resuspend the Cbir1 TCR transgenic-naive CD4-positive T-cells to 5 million cells per milliliter in 1x PBS. Warm the mice under a heat lamp and restrain the mice using a mouse restrainer. Intravenously inject 200 microliters of the cell suspension into the tail vein of the mice.After euthanizing the mouse, make an approximately one-centimeter ventral midline skin incision. Pull the skin away from the abdominal muscle tissue. Then, make a three-centimeter incision in the abdominal muscle tissue.Next, identify the coecum and remove the entire colon with sterile scissors and forceps. Wet the colon with pre-cooled PBS in a culture dish. Incise the colon lengthwise, and rinse it with pre-cooled PBS.Cut 1/3 of the colon longitudinally. Place the colon strip in a paper towel with the lumenal side facing upward. Perform Swiss-rolling using a toothpick.Place the colon Swiss into a cassette, and put the cassette in 10%buffered formalin for 24 hours. Dehydrate and paraffin-embed the colon with an automated processor. Then, cut five-micrometer tissue sections on a microtome.Mount the tissue on slides and perform hematoxylin and eosin staining. The Rag knockout mice began to lose weight around three weeks post-cell transfer, and their weight reached around 80 to 85%of their original weight six weeks post-cell transfer. Recipient mice showed short colon length six weeks post-cell transfer.The recipient mice demonstrated more cell infiltration in the intestinal lamina propria four weeks post-cell transfer. They showed goblet cell loss and intestinal epithelial cell hyperplasia five weeks post-cell transfer, as well as mucosal erosion and inflammatory cell infiltration in the submucosa of the colon six weeks post-cell transfer. The histopathological scores increased substantially from four to six weeks.Simultaneously, there was no inflammation in Rag knockout mice receiving PBS alone. Using this procedure, colonic cytokine levels could be determined by ELISA and qPCR.

induction-intestinal-inflammation-adoptive-transfer-cbir1-tcr

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Functional Assessment of Intestinal Motility and Gut Wall Inflammation in Rodents: Analyses in a Standardized Model of Intestinal Manipulation

Inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract is a common reason for a variety of human diseases. Animal research models are critical in investigating the complex cellular and molecular of intestinal pathology. Although the tunica mucosa is often the organ of interest in many inflammatory diseases, recent works demonstrated that the muscularis externa (ME) is also a highly immunocompetent organ that harbours a dense network of resident immunocytes.1,2 These works were performed within the standardized model of intestinal manipulation (IM) that leads to inflammation of the bowel wall, mainly limited to the ME. Clinically this inflammation leads to prolonged intestinal dysmotility, known as postoperative ileus (POI) which is a frequent and unavoidable complication after abdominal surgery.3 The inflammation is characterized by liberation of proinflammatory mediators such as IL-64 or IL-1&beta; or inhibitory neurotransmitters like nitric oxide (NO).5 Subsequently, tremendous numbers of immunocytes extravasate into the ME, dominated by polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) and monocytes and finally maintain POI.2 Lasting for days, this intestinal paralysis leads to an increased risk of aspiration, bacterial translocation and infectious complications up to sepsis and multi organ failure and causes a high economic burden.6
In this manuscript we demonstrate the standardized model of IM and in vivo assessment of gastrointestinal transit (GIT) and colonic transit. Furthermore we demonstrate a method for separation of the ME from the tunica mucosa followed by immunological analysis, which is crucial to distinguish between the inflammatory responses in these both highly immunoactive bowel wall compartments. All analyses are easily transferable to any other research models, affecting gastrointestinal function.

Postoperative ileus (POI) is a complication of abdominal surgery leading to increased morbidity and a prolonged hospital stay. Because prophylactic or therapeutic strategies are lacking intensified research is necessary. Therefore we established a standardized and feasible mouse model to investigate the pathophysiology of POI and to study potential therapeutic options.

Inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract is a common reason for a variety of human diseases. Animal research models are critical in investigating the ...

Neo-Islet Formation in Liver of Diabetic Mice by Helper-dependent Adenoviral Vector-Mediated Gene Transfer

Type 1 diabetes is caused by T cell-mediated autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. Until now insulin replacement is still the major therapy, because islet transplantation has been limited by donor availability and by the need for long-term immunosuppression. Induced islet neogenesis by gene transfer of Neuogenin3 (Ngn3), the islet lineage-defining specific transcription factor and Betacellulin (Btc), an islet growth factor has the potential to cure type 1 diabetes.
Adenoviral vectors (Ads) are highly efficient gene transfer vector; however, early generation Ads have several disadvantages for in vivo use. Helper-dependent Ads (HDAds) are the most advanced Ads that were developed to improve the safety profile of early generation of Ads and to prolong transgene expression1. They lack chronic toxicity because they lack viral coding sequences2-5 and retain only Ad cis elements necessary for vector replication and packaging. This allows cloning of up to 36 kb genes.
In this protocol, we describe the method to generate HDAd-Ngn3 and HDAd-Btc and to deliver these vectors into STZ-induced diabetic mice. Our results show that co-injection of HDAd-Ngn3 and HDAd-Btc induces 'neo islets' in the liver and reverses hyperglycemia in diabetic mice.

We describe hepatic neo-islet formation in STZ (streptozotocin)-induced diabetic mice by gene transfer of Neurogenin3 (Ngn3) and Betacellulin (Btc) using helper-dependent adenoviral vector (HDAd) and the reversal of hyperglycemia. Our method takes advantages of helper-dependent adenoviral vectors with their highly efficient in vivo transduction and the long lasting gene expression.

Type 1 diabetes is caused by T cell-mediated autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. Until now insulin replacement is still the ...

Generation of Subcutaneous and Intrahepatic Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Xenografts in Immunodeficient Mice

In vivo experimental models of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) that recapitulate the human disease provide a valuable platform for research into disease pathophysiology and for the preclinical evaluation of novel therapies. We present a variety of methods to generate subcutaneous or orthotopic human HCC xenografts in immunodeficient mice that could be utilized in a variety of research applications. With a focus on the use of primary tumor tissue from patients undergoing surgical resection as a starting point, we describe the preparation of cell suspensions or tumor fragments for xenografting. We describe specific techniques to xenograft these tissues i) subcutaneously; or ii) intrahepatically, either by direct implantation of tumor cells or fragments into the liver, or indirectly by injection of cells into the mouse spleen. We also describe the use of partial resection of the native mouse liver at the time of xenografting as a strategy to induce a state of active liver regeneration in the recipient mouse that may facilitate the intrahepatic engraftment of primary human tumor cells. The expected results of these techniques are illustrated. The protocols described have been validated using primary human HCC samples and xenografts, which typically perform less robustly than the well-established human HCC cell lines that are widely used and frequently cited in the literature. In comparison with cell lines, we discuss factors which may contribute to the relatively low chance of primary HCC engraftment in xenotransplantation models and comment on technical issues that may influence the kinetics of xenograft growth. We also suggest methods that should be applied to ensure that xenografts obtained accurately resemble parent HCC tissues.

Human tumor xenografts in immunodeficient mice are valuable tools to study cancer biology. Specific protocols to generate subcutaneous and intrahepatic xenografts from human hepatocellular carcinoma cells or tumor fragments are described. Liver regeneration induced by partial hepatectomy in recipient mice is presented as a strategy to facilitate intrahepatic engraftment.

In  vivo experimental models of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) that recapitulate  the human disease provide a valuable platform for research into disease  ...

Induction of Invasive Transitional Cell Bladder Carcinoma in Immune Intact Human MUC1 Transgenic Mice:  A Model for Immunotherapy Development

A preclinical model of invasive bladder cancer was developed in human mucin 1 (MUC1) transgenic (MUC1.Tg) mice for the purpose of evaluating immunotherapy and/or cytotoxic chemotherapy. To induce bladder cancer, C57BL/6 mice (MUC1.Tg and wild type) were treated orally with the carcinogen N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine (OH-BBN) at 3.0 mg/day, 5 days/week for 12 weeks. To assess the effects of OH-BBN on serum cytokine profile during tumor development, whole blood was collected via submandibular bleeds prior to treatment and every four weeks. In addition, a MUC1-targeted peptide vaccine and placebo were administered to groups of mice weekly for eight weeks. Multiplex fluorometric microbead immunoanalyses of serum cytokines during tumor development and following vaccination were performed. At termination, interferon gamma (IFN-&#947;)/interleukin-4 (IL-4) ELISpot analysis for MUC1 specific T-cell immune response and histopathological evaluations of tumor type and grade were performed. The results showed that: (1) the incidence of bladder cancer in both MUC1.Tg and wild type mice was 67%; (2) transitional cell carcinomas (TCC) developed at a 2:1 ratio compared to squamous cell carcinomas (SCC); (3) inflammatory cytokines increased with time during tumor development; and (4) administration of the peptide vaccine induces a Th1-polarized serum cytokine profile and a MUC1 specific T-cell response. All tumors in MUC1.Tg mice were positive for MUC1 expression, and half of all tumors in MUC1.Tg and wild type mice were invasive. In conclusion, using a team approach through the coordination of the efforts of pharmacologists, immunologists, pathologists and molecular biologists, we have developed an immune intact transgenic mouse model of bladder cancer that expresses hMUC1.

An N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine-induced bladder cancer model was developed in human mucin 1 (MUC1) transgenic mice for the purpose of testing MUC1-directed immunotherapy. After administering a MUC1-targeted peptide vaccine, a cytotoxic T lymphocyte response to MUC1 was confirmed by measuring serum cytokine levels and T-cell specific activity.

A preclinical model of invasive bladder cancer was developed in human mucin 1 (MUC1) transgenic (MUC1.Tg) mice for the purpose of evaluating immunotherapy ...

Murine Endoscopy for In Vivo Multimodal Imaging of Carcinogenesis and Assessment of Intestinal Wound Healing and Inflammation

Mouse models are widely used to study pathogenesis of human diseases and to evaluate diagnostic procedures as well as therapeutic interventions preclinically. However, valid assessment of pathological alterations often requires histological analysis, and when performed ex vivo, necessitates death of the animal. Therefore in conventional experimental settings, intra-individual follow-up examinations are rarely possible. Thus, development of murine endoscopy in live mice enables investigators for the first time to both directly visualize the gastrointestinal mucosa and also repeat the procedure to monitor for alterations. Numerous applications for in vivo murine endoscopy exist, including studying intestinal inflammation or wound healing, obtaining mucosal biopsies repeatedly, and to locally administer diagnostic or therapeutic agents using miniature injection catheters. Most recently, molecular imaging has extended diagnostic imaging modalities allowing specific detection of distinct target molecules using specific photoprobes. In conclusion, murine endoscopy has emerged as a novel cutting-edge technology for diagnostic experimental in vivo imaging and may significantly impact on preclinical research in various fields.

Murine Endoscopy for In Vivo Multimodal Imaging of Carcinogenesis and Assessment of Intestinal Wound Healing and Inflammation

Small animal imaging techniques allow serial diagnostic examinations and therapeutic interventions in vivo. Recently, the scope of applications has significantly widened and currently includes assessment of colonic tumor development, wound healing and monitoring of inflammation. This protocol illustrates these diverse potential applications of murine endoscopy.

Mouse models are widely used to study pathogenesis of human diseases and to evaluate diagnostic procedures as well as therapeutic interventions ...

Bile Duct Ligation in Mice: Induction of Inflammatory Liver Injury and Fibrosis by Obstructive Cholestasis

In most vertebrates, the liver produces bile that is necessary to emulsify absorbed fats and enable the digestion of lipids in the small intestine as well as to excrete bilirubin and other metabolic products. In the liver, the experimental obstruction of the extrahepatic biliary system initiates a complex cascade of pathological events that leads to cholestasis and inflammation resulting in a strong fibrotic reaction originating from the periportal fields. Therefore, surgical ligation of the common bile duct has become the most commonly used model to induce obstructive cholestatic injury in rodents and to study the molecular and cellular events that underlie these pathophysiological mechanisms induced by inappropriate bile flow. In recent years, different surgical techniques have been described that either allow reconnection or reanastomosis after bile duct ligation (BDL), e.g., partial BDL, or other microsurgical methods for specific research questions. However, the most frequently used model is the complete obstruction of the common bile duct that induces a strong fibrotic response after 21 to 28 days. The mortality rate can be high due to infectious complications or technical inaccuracies. Here we provide a detailed surgical procedure for the BDL model in mice that induce a highly reproducible fibrotic response in accordance to the 3R rule for animal welfare postulated by Russel and Burch in 1959.

Disruption of bile flow results in severe inflammatory cholestatic liver injury with a characteristic time-dependent sequence of morphological alterations. Here we present a protocol for the surgical ligation of the common bile duct in mice that allows to induce a strong fibrotic response after 21 to 28 days.

In most vertebrates, the liver produces bile that is necessary to emulsify absorbed fats and enable the digestion of lipids in the small intestine as well ...

Th17 Inflammation Model of Oropharyngeal Candidiasis in Immunodeficient Mice

Oropharyngeal Candidiasis (OPC) disease is caused not only due to the lack of host immune resistance, but also the absence of appropriate regulation of infection-induced immunopathology. Although Th17 cells are implicated in antifungal defense, their role in immunopathology is unclear. This study presents a method for establishing oral Th17 immunopathology associated with oral candidal infection in immunodeficient mice. The method is based on reconstituting lymphopenic mice with in vitro cultured Th17 cells, followed by oral infection with Candida albicans (C. albicans). Results show that unrestrained Th17 cells result in inflammation and pathology, and is associated with several measurable read-outs including weight loss, pro-inflammatory cytokine production, tongue histopathology and mortality, showing that this model may be valuable in studying OPC immunopathology. Adoptive transfer of regulatory cells (Tregs) controls and reduces the inflammatory response, showing that this model can be used to test new strategies to counteract oral inflammation. This model may also be applicable in studying oral Th17 immunopathology in general in the context of other oral diseases.

Although Candida infection models are available to study host immune resistance, a model to study T cell mediated immunopathology in the context of Candida infection is absent. Here we describe a method to establish Th17 immunopathology associated with oral Candida infection in immunodeficient mice.

Oropharyngeal Candidiasis (OPC) disease is caused not only due to the lack of host immune resistance, but also the absence of appropriate regulation of ...

Dry Powder and Nebulized Aerosol Inhalation of Pharmaceuticals Delivered to Mice Using a Nose-only Exposure System

Obstructive respiratory diseases like asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are currently treated by inhaled anti-inflammatory and bronchodilator drugs. Despite the availability of multiple treatments, both diseases are growing public health concerns. The majority of asthma patients are well controlled on current inhaled therapies but a substantial number of patients with severe asthma are not. Asthma affects an estimated 300 million people worldwide and approximately 20 percent have a severe form of the disease. In contrast to asthma, there are few effective therapies for COPD. An estimated 10% of the population has COPD and the trend in death rates is increasing for COPD while decreasing for other major diseases. Although developing drugs for inhaled delivery is challenging, the nose-only inhalation unit enables direct delivery of novel drugs to the lung of rodents for pre-clinical efficacy and safety/toxicology studies. Inhaled drug delivery has multiple advantages for respiratory diseases, where high concentration in the lung improves efficacy and minimizes systemic side effects. Inhaled corticosteroids and bronchodilators benefit from these advantages and inhaled delivery may also hold potential for future biologic therapies. The inhalation unit described herein can generate, sample for characterization, and uniformly deposit a drug aerosol in the lungs of rodents. This enables the pre-clinical determination of the efficacy and safety of drug doses deposited in the lungs of rodents, key data required before initiating clinical development.

The inhalation unit described herein can generate, sample for characterization, and uniformly deposit a drug aerosol in the lungs of rodents. This enables the pre-clinical determination of the efficacy and safety of drug doses deposited in the lungs; key data enabling clinical inhaled drug development.

Obstructive respiratory diseases like asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are currently treated by inhaled anti-inflammatory and ...

Fluorescence-mediated Tomography for the Detection and Quantification of Macrophage-related Murine Intestinal Inflammation

Murine models of disease are indispensable to scientific research. However, many diagnostic tools such as endoscopy or tomographic imaging are not routinely employed in animal models. Conventional experimental readouts often rely on post mortem and ex vivo analyses, which prevent intra-individual follow-up examinations and increase the number of study animals needed. Fluorescence-mediated tomography enables the non-invasive, repetitive, quantitative, three-dimensional assessment of fluorescent probes. It is highly sensitive and permits the use of molecular makers, which allows for the specific detection and characterization of distinct molecular targets. In particular, targeted probes represent an innovative tool for analyzing gene activation and protein expression in inflammation, autoimmune disease, infection, vascular disease, cell migration, tumorigenesis, etc. In this article, we provide step-by-step instructions on this sophisticated imaging technology for the in vivo detection and characterization of inflammation (i.e., F4/80-positive macrophage infiltration) in a widely used murine model of intestinal inflammation. This technique might also be used in other research areas, such as immune cell or stem cell tracking.

Target-specific probes represent an innovative tool for analyzing molecular mechanisms, such as protein expression in various types of disease (e.g., inflammation, infection, and tumorigenesis). In this study, we describe a quantitative three-dimensional tomographic assessment of intestinal macrophage infiltration in a murine model of colitis using F4/80-specific fluorescence-mediated tomography.

Murine models of disease are indispensable to scientific research. However, many diagnostic tools such as endoscopy or tomographic imaging are not ...

Induction of Nephrotic Syndrome in Mice by Retrobulbar Injection of Doxorubicin and Prevention of Volume Retention by Sustained Release Aprotinin

Nephrotic syndrome is the most extreme manifestation of proteinuric kidney disease and characterized by heavy proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and edema due to sodium retention and hyperlipidemia. To study the pathophysiology of this syndrome, rodent models have been developed based on the injection of toxic substances such as doxorubicin causing podocyte damage. In mice, only few strains are susceptible to this model. In wildtype 129S1/SvImJ mice, the administration of doxorubicin by rapid intravenous injection to the retrobulbar sinus induces experimental nephrotic syndrome that features all the symptoms of human disease including sodium retention and edema. After the onset of proteinuria, mice exhibit increased urinary serine protease activity that leads to the activation of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) and sodium retention. Pharmacological inhibition of urinary serine proteases by the treatment with sustained release aprotinin abrogates ENaC activation and prevents sodium retention. This model is ideal to study the pathophysiology of proteasuria, i.e., the excretion of active serine proteases that cause ENaC activation by the proteolysis of its &#947;-subunit. This can be regarded as the primary mechanism of ENaC activation and sodium retention in proteinuric kidney disease.

Here, we describe the induction of experimental nephrotic syndrome in 129S1/SvImJ mice by rapid retrobulbar injection of doxorubicin. We also treat nephrotic mice with sustained release pellets containing aprotinin to inhibit urinary serine protease activity and prevent sodium retention.

Nephrotic syndrome is the most extreme manifestation of proteinuric kidney disease and characterized by heavy proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and edema due ...