nano-pad fabrication using micro-embossing

Fabrication micro-gaufrée de dispositifs analytiques à base de papier nanocellulosique  

Recently, nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) paper (nanopaper) has emerged as a highly promising substrate material for various applications such as flexible electronics, energy devices, and biomedicals1,2,3,4. Derived from natural plants, nanopaper is cost-effective, biocompatible, and biodegradable, making it an appealing alternative to traditional cellulose paper5,6. Its exceptional properties include an ultra-smooth surface with a surface roughness of less than 25 nm and a dense cellulose matrix structure, allowing for the creation of highly structured nanostructures7. Abundant hydroxyl groups of nanopaper contribute to its compact and tightly packed nanocellulose structure8. Nanopaper exhibits excellent optical transparency and minimal optical haze, making it well-suited for optical sensors. Additionally, its inherent hydrophilicity enables pump-free flow, even with its thick structure, providing autonomous fluid motion9,10. Nanocellulose has diverse applications in biological sensors, conductive electronic devices, cell culture platforms, supercapacitors, batteries, and more, showcasing its versatility and potential11,12. Particularly, nanocellulose is promising for paper-based analytical microfluidic devices (&#181;PADs), offering unique advantages over conventional chromatography paper.
In the past decade, &#181;PADs have achieved significant attention due to their affordability, biocompatibility, pump-free operation, and ease of production13,14. These devices have emerged as effective point-of-care diagnostic tools, particularly in resource-limited settings15,16,17. A significant advancement in this field was the development of wax printing, pioneered by George Whitesides18 and the Bingcheng Lin group19, enabling the creation of functional &#181;PADs by incorporating microchannels on chromatography paper. Subsequently, &#181;PADs rapidly evolved, and various biosensing techniques, including electrochemical methods20, chemiluminescence21, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)22,23,24, were successfully implemented for the detection of diverse biomarkers such as proteins25,26, DNAs27,28, RNAs29,30, and exosomes31. Despite these achievements, &#181;PADs still face challenges, including slow flow speeds and solvent evaporation.
Several methods have been proposed for creating microchannels on nanopaper32,33,34. One approach involves 3D printing sacrificial ingredients into the material, but it requires a hydrophobic coating that limits pump-free operation33. Another technique involves manually stacking channel layers between nanopaper sheets using glue, which is labor-intensive32. Alternatively, spray-coating nanocellulose fibers onto pre-patterned molds can create microchannels, but it involves time-consuming and expensive mold preparation34. Notably, these methods are limited to millimeter-scale microchannels, compromising the advantages of microfluidic devices regarding reagent volume consumption and integration. Developing a simple nanopaper microchannel patterning process with micrometer-scale resolution remains a challenge.
This study presents a unique nanopaper microchannel patterning method based on practical microembossing. The approach offers several advantages over existing methods, as it requires no expensive or specialized equipment, is simple, cost-effective, and highly accurate. A convex microchannel mold is fabricated by laser cutting a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) film, known for its chemical inertness and nonstick properties. This mold is then used to emboss microchannels onto a nanopaper gel membrane. A second layer of nanopaper gel is applied on top to create closed hollow channels. Using this patterning technique, fundamental microfluidic devices on nanopaper are developed, including a laminar mixer and droplet generator. Additionally, the fabrication of surface-enhanced Raman microscopy (SERS) NanoPADs is demonstrated. In-situ creation of a silver nanoparticle-based SERS substrate is achieved by introducing two chemical reagents (AgNO3 and NaBH4) into the channels, resulting in a remarkable performance with low limits of detection (LODs).

Pleins feux sur l’auteur : Révolutionner la microfluidique grâce à la fabrication de microcanaux sur du nanopapier 

Microgaufrage : un procédé pratique pour la fabrication de microcanaux sur la microfluidique à base de papier nanocellulosique

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Nano-PAD Fabrication Using Micro-Embossing at JoVE.com

Nano-PAD Fabrication Using Micro-Embossing  

Fabrication de nano-PAD à l’aide du micro-gaufrage

Pour commencer, découpez au laser les films de polytétrafluoroéthylène ou de PTFE de 500 micromètres d’épaisseur à l’aide de la machine de découpe laser pour générer le moule à microcanaux. Disperser quatre grammes de gel de cellulose nanofibrillée oxydé TEMPO dans de l’eau distillée. Remuez fortement la suspension à 120,8 g pendant 30 minutes jusqu’à ce qu’il n’y ait plus de flocage de cellulose.Filtrez sous vide la suspension transparente pour obtenir un gel de nanopapier. Ensuite, placez le moule en PTFE sur la surface du gel de nanopapier. Utilisez une presse à chaud pour gaufrer le gel pendant 10 minutes sous une pression de 750 kilopascals à 50 degrés Celsius.Pour libérer le moule, décollez une couche supplémentaire de gel de nanopapier filtrant de la membrane filtrante. Fixez la couche pelée sur le gel de nanopapier gaufré et empilez les deux couches pour créer une structure creuse de microcanaux. Séchez les couches empilées dans un four de séchage à 75 degrés Celsius pendant 30 minutes.Ensuite, préparez les Nano-PAD avec des canaux droits et courbes. Ajoutez simultanément des gouttelettes rouges et bleues dans la zone d’entrée, ce qui permet un écoulement automatique du canal. La structuration de microcanaux à 200 micromètres a été possible avec le micro-gaufrage.

nano-pad-fabrication-using-micro-embossing

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

Nano-PAD Fabrication Using Micro-Embossing

244 vues. Pour commencer, découpez au laser les films de polytétrafluoroéthylène ou de PTFE de 500 micromètres d’épaisseur à l’aide de la machine de découpe laser pour générer le moule à microcanaux. Disperser quatre grammes de gel de cellulose nanofibrillée oxydé TEMPO dans de l’eau distillée. Remuez fortement la suspension à 120,8 g pendant 30 minutes jusqu’à ce qu’il n’y ait plus de flocage de cellulose.Filtrez sous vide la suspension transparente pour obtenir un g...

Vidéo: Nano-PAD Fabrication Using Micro-Embossing  

Microembossing: A Convenient Process for Fabricating Microchannels on Nanocellulose Paper-Based Microfluidics

Nanopaper, derived from nanofibrillated cellulose, has generated considerable interest as a promising material for microfluidic applications. Its appeal lies in a range of excellent&#160;qualities, including an exceptionally smooth surface, outstanding optical transparency, a uniform nanofiber matrix with nanoscale porosity, and customizable chemical properties. Despite the rapid growth of nanopaper-based microfluidics, the current techniques used to create microchannels on nanopaper, such as 3D printing, spray coating, or manual cutting and assembly, which are crucial for practical applications, still possess certain limitations, notably susceptibility to contamination. Furthermore, these methods are restricted to the production of millimeter-sized channels. This study introduces a straightforward process that utilizes convenient plastic micro-molds for simple microembossing operations to fabricate microchannels on nanopaper, achieving a minimum width of 200 &#181;m. The developed microchannel outperforms existing approaches, achieving a fourfold improvement, and can be fabricated within 45 min. Furthermore, fabrication parameters have been optimized, and a convenient quick-reference table is provided for application developers. The proof-of-concept for a laminar mixer, droplet generator, and functional nanopaper-based analytical devices (NanoPADs) designed for Rhodamine B sensing using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy was demonstrated. Notably, the NanoPADs exhibited exceptional performance with improved limits of detection. These outstanding results can be attributed to the superior optical properties of nanopaper and the recently developed accurate microembossing method, enabling the integration and fine-tuning of the NanoPADs.

This protocol describes a straightforward process that utilizes convenient plastic micro-molds for simple microembossing operations to fabricate microchannels on nanofibrillated cellulose paper, achieving a minimum width of 200 &#181;m.

Nanopaper, derived from nanofibrillated cellulose, has generated considerable interest as a promising material for microfluidic applications. Its appeal ...